1 00:00:01,040 --> 00:00:04,000 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class from how 2 00:00:04,080 --> 00:00:14,160 Speaker 1: Stuffworks dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm 3 00:00:14,200 --> 00:00:16,840 Speaker 1: Tracy being listened, and I'm Holly Fry, and today you 4 00:00:16,920 --> 00:00:21,560 Speaker 1: were going to talk about a very influential and awesome 5 00:00:22,480 --> 00:00:27,080 Speaker 1: lady mathematician and astronomer. Her name was Hypatia and she 6 00:00:27,160 --> 00:00:31,520 Speaker 1: lived in Alexandria. She was a mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher, 7 00:00:31,680 --> 00:00:35,800 Speaker 1: and although none of her original writings have survived until today, 8 00:00:36,400 --> 00:00:38,560 Speaker 1: we do know that she wrote at least one book 9 00:00:38,600 --> 00:00:42,839 Speaker 1: on astronomy and two on math. She also taught and lectured, 10 00:00:42,920 --> 00:00:46,240 Speaker 1: and she she developed a whole following of her own 11 00:00:46,320 --> 00:00:50,440 Speaker 1: devoted students, and she really helped preserve the knowledge of 12 00:00:50,479 --> 00:00:55,080 Speaker 1: other scholars like Euclid and Ptolemy. She was one of 13 00:00:55,080 --> 00:00:58,200 Speaker 1: the earliest female mathematicians and astronomers, and even though she 14 00:00:58,280 --> 00:01:01,720 Speaker 1: wasn't the very first woman ever to study these fields, 15 00:01:01,720 --> 00:01:05,039 Speaker 1: she was definitely the best known woman in antiquity to 16 00:01:05,240 --> 00:01:08,840 Speaker 1: pursue them. She was also among the greatest. At the 17 00:01:08,880 --> 00:01:12,000 Speaker 1: time of her murder, she was the foremost mathematician and 18 00:01:12,040 --> 00:01:15,759 Speaker 1: astronomer in the West and possibly in the entire world. 19 00:01:17,160 --> 00:01:20,640 Speaker 1: I know she's fantastic UH. There's no clear record of 20 00:01:20,680 --> 00:01:24,200 Speaker 1: when Hypatia was born. Her year of birth UH used 21 00:01:24,200 --> 00:01:27,000 Speaker 1: to often be cited as three seventy, but today most 22 00:01:27,000 --> 00:01:29,520 Speaker 1: scholars will generally say it was closer to three fifty 23 00:01:29,640 --> 00:01:33,000 Speaker 1: or three fifty five. But it's still all pretty speculative. 24 00:01:33,080 --> 00:01:35,360 Speaker 1: It's based on events we know she and her father 25 00:01:35,440 --> 00:01:37,919 Speaker 1: witnessed and how old they might have been at the time, 26 00:01:38,280 --> 00:01:41,480 Speaker 1: and also the age of her most famous pupil, Cinesius 27 00:01:41,520 --> 00:01:45,959 Speaker 1: of Cyrene. We also know basically nothing about her early life, 28 00:01:46,280 --> 00:01:49,720 Speaker 1: and we don't know who her mother was. It's possible 29 00:01:50,000 --> 00:01:54,240 Speaker 1: that Hapatia had a brother named Epiphanius. His name crops 30 00:01:54,320 --> 00:01:57,320 Speaker 1: up in some of her father's writings, but he might 31 00:01:57,360 --> 00:02:00,280 Speaker 1: have just been a favorite student of her father. The 32 00:02:00,320 --> 00:02:04,400 Speaker 1: translation could really go either way. Hypatious father Theon was 33 00:02:04,480 --> 00:02:07,400 Speaker 1: also a mathematician and astronomer, and he was the last 34 00:02:07,440 --> 00:02:11,120 Speaker 1: known member of the Alexandrian Museum. This museum was not 35 00:02:11,240 --> 00:02:13,520 Speaker 1: a building of exhibits and collections as we would think 36 00:02:13,520 --> 00:02:16,560 Speaker 1: of a museum today. It was more akin to a 37 00:02:16,680 --> 00:02:19,680 Speaker 1: university or a research center, and it also housed the 38 00:02:19,720 --> 00:02:23,920 Speaker 1: Fame Library at Alexandria, which contained about half a million scrolls, 39 00:02:24,280 --> 00:02:29,600 Speaker 1: including Aristotle's entire personal collection, archives of Greek plays, original 40 00:02:29,760 --> 00:02:33,320 Speaker 1: editions of scholarly writings, etcetera. And when people came to 41 00:02:33,360 --> 00:02:36,360 Speaker 1: the library, they would copy any scrolls they had with 42 00:02:36,440 --> 00:02:39,520 Speaker 1: them and leave them there. Uh. Most of the physical 43 00:02:39,560 --> 00:02:43,160 Speaker 1: buildings that made up the museum were actually destroyed by 44 00:02:43,160 --> 00:02:46,800 Speaker 1: two seventy two, and it's unclear exactly when the library 45 00:02:46,919 --> 00:02:51,320 Speaker 1: was destroyed, but it's work in preservation and education actually 46 00:02:51,320 --> 00:02:53,720 Speaker 1: continued for quite a while after that. Yes, there was 47 00:02:53,760 --> 00:02:56,760 Speaker 1: a lot of destruction and rebuilding and moving things around, 48 00:02:56,800 --> 00:03:00,359 Speaker 1: So it's a little unclear exactly when all of those buildings. Yeah, 49 00:03:00,400 --> 00:03:03,600 Speaker 1: the kind of it's really fuzzy, yes, but the work 50 00:03:03,639 --> 00:03:06,680 Speaker 1: that the museum was doing in terms of educating people 51 00:03:06,800 --> 00:03:10,200 Speaker 1: and preserving knowledge did continue on for for quite a 52 00:03:10,200 --> 00:03:14,520 Speaker 1: while after the buildings were probably also all gone. Um. 53 00:03:14,639 --> 00:03:18,359 Speaker 1: Theon's own work was also really about preservation and teaching. 54 00:03:18,919 --> 00:03:23,239 Speaker 1: Euclid's works survived in part thanks to Theon's efforts. Um. 55 00:03:23,320 --> 00:03:27,520 Speaker 1: One of Euclid's most important and influential works was called Elements, 56 00:03:27,680 --> 00:03:31,239 Speaker 1: and until the nineteenth century, the only edition of this 57 00:03:31,280 --> 00:03:36,640 Speaker 1: book that existed was Theon's edition. Theon also wrote commentaries 58 00:03:36,680 --> 00:03:39,720 Speaker 1: on some of Ptolemy's works. These were basically copies of 59 00:03:39,720 --> 00:03:44,240 Speaker 1: the original piece with explanations and additional notes. So while 60 00:03:44,320 --> 00:03:48,440 Speaker 1: Theon wasn't like a groundbreaking new mathematician coming up with 61 00:03:48,480 --> 00:03:53,520 Speaker 1: all kinds of new mathematical concepts, he was really preserving 62 00:03:53,760 --> 00:03:58,080 Speaker 1: ideas of earlier mathematicians and making sure that they survived 63 00:03:58,440 --> 00:04:01,920 Speaker 1: for later generations to learn from the first archivist and 64 00:04:02,000 --> 00:04:04,200 Speaker 1: not maybe not the first, but that was really what 65 00:04:04,360 --> 00:04:08,360 Speaker 1: his work was all about. Theon and Hypatia also worked together. 66 00:04:08,840 --> 00:04:11,760 Speaker 1: It's actually possible that Book three of his commentary on 67 00:04:11,800 --> 00:04:16,479 Speaker 1: Ptolemy's Almagest, which is a thirteen volume astronomical manual, was 68 00:04:16,600 --> 00:04:20,040 Speaker 1: really written by Hypatia. His inscription says it was quote 69 00:04:20,120 --> 00:04:23,360 Speaker 1: prepared by her. It's a little unclear whether she did 70 00:04:23,360 --> 00:04:26,800 Speaker 1: the actual writing on it um, so it's possible that 71 00:04:26,920 --> 00:04:29,919 Speaker 1: writing of hers exists, but we don't really know this 72 00:04:30,080 --> 00:04:32,200 Speaker 1: was really hers or her father's, or how exactly she 73 00:04:32,320 --> 00:04:36,039 Speaker 1: was involved in creating it. The attribution is not absolute 74 00:04:36,080 --> 00:04:39,840 Speaker 1: on that one. Right when Theon died, he was regarded 75 00:04:39,880 --> 00:04:43,560 Speaker 1: as the world's foremost mathematician, and after his death that 76 00:04:43,600 --> 00:04:47,200 Speaker 1: distinction passed on to his daughter, she continued on with 77 00:04:47,279 --> 00:04:51,440 Speaker 1: his tradition of teaching and preserving mathematical knowledge and writing 78 00:04:51,480 --> 00:04:55,640 Speaker 1: her own books and commentaries, and in point of fact, 79 00:04:56,200 --> 00:05:01,200 Speaker 1: according to historical accounts, Hypatia far surpassed her father's accomplishments. 80 00:05:01,200 --> 00:05:04,760 Speaker 1: She was said to be profoundly intelligent. She was articulate, prudent, 81 00:05:04,880 --> 00:05:07,960 Speaker 1: community minded, and to top it all off, apparently also 82 00:05:08,000 --> 00:05:14,640 Speaker 1: beautiful full package. Socrates Scholasticus, also known as Socrates of Constantinople, 83 00:05:15,120 --> 00:05:18,880 Speaker 1: not the classical philosopher Socrates, a different person with the 84 00:05:18,880 --> 00:05:22,640 Speaker 1: same name, described her this way quote, there was a 85 00:05:22,680 --> 00:05:26,760 Speaker 1: woman at Alexandria named Hypatia, daughter of the philosopher Theon, 86 00:05:27,000 --> 00:05:29,960 Speaker 1: who had made such attainments in literature and science as 87 00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:33,320 Speaker 1: to far surpass all the philosophers of her own time. 88 00:05:34,080 --> 00:05:37,640 Speaker 1: Having succeeded to the school of Plato and Platinus, she 89 00:05:37,880 --> 00:05:41,839 Speaker 1: explained the principles of philosophy to her auditors, many of 90 00:05:41,839 --> 00:05:45,200 Speaker 1: whom came from a distance to receive her instructions. On 91 00:05:45,279 --> 00:05:48,000 Speaker 1: account of the self possession and ease of manner which 92 00:05:48,040 --> 00:05:51,520 Speaker 1: she had acquired in consequence of the cultivation of her mind, 93 00:05:52,160 --> 00:05:56,640 Speaker 1: she not infrequently appeared in public in presence of the magistrates. 94 00:05:57,040 --> 00:05:59,840 Speaker 1: Neither did she feel abashed, and coming to an assembly 95 00:05:59,880 --> 00:06:03,240 Speaker 1: of men for all men on account of her extraordinary 96 00:06:03,279 --> 00:06:07,680 Speaker 1: dignity and virtue admired her, the more high praise. She 97 00:06:07,800 --> 00:06:11,320 Speaker 1: was extremely highly respected. Yeah, there are many people who, 98 00:06:11,400 --> 00:06:14,599 Speaker 1: for one reason or another did not like her. That 99 00:06:14,640 --> 00:06:19,280 Speaker 1: there's reasons often boiled down to religion. Uh. But even so, 100 00:06:19,680 --> 00:06:22,520 Speaker 1: like the praise of her mind and her ability and 101 00:06:22,520 --> 00:06:26,920 Speaker 1: her presentation is pretty much universal among all accounts. If 102 00:06:27,040 --> 00:06:30,200 Speaker 1: only everyone could enjoy such delights, I know, um, I mean, 103 00:06:30,240 --> 00:06:33,120 Speaker 1: that's really that's incredibly high praise. I can't think of 104 00:06:33,120 --> 00:06:35,760 Speaker 1: a single like public figure now that you could say that. 105 00:06:35,839 --> 00:06:39,560 Speaker 1: Of right, there's there's no one that's universally like everyone 106 00:06:39,600 --> 00:06:41,840 Speaker 1: respects them, even if they disagree with them. There's always 107 00:06:41,880 --> 00:06:46,240 Speaker 1: some you know, ra ra about the whole thing, right anyway. Uh. 108 00:06:46,360 --> 00:06:49,200 Speaker 1: We also know from surviving letters that Hypatia had the 109 00:06:49,279 --> 00:06:53,560 Speaker 1: skill and knowledge to craft scientific devices like astrolabes and 110 00:06:53,760 --> 00:06:56,640 Speaker 1: what was called the hydroscope. Although we're not sure what 111 00:06:56,680 --> 00:06:59,080 Speaker 1: the hydroscope did exactly, we just know there was a 112 00:06:59,120 --> 00:07:01,760 Speaker 1: thing called that and that had to do with astronomy, 113 00:07:01,839 --> 00:07:04,719 Speaker 1: and that she could figure out how to make one um. 114 00:07:04,920 --> 00:07:09,320 Speaker 1: Primary sources almost unanimously describe her as never marrying and 115 00:07:09,400 --> 00:07:13,240 Speaker 1: leading an entirely celibate life, so much so that the 116 00:07:13,280 --> 00:07:16,280 Speaker 1: one reference that does exist to her having a husband 117 00:07:16,400 --> 00:07:19,640 Speaker 1: named Isidorus is mostly written off as an error. Today. 118 00:07:19,760 --> 00:07:22,920 Speaker 1: There was also a historical person named Isadorus, but he 119 00:07:23,040 --> 00:07:27,000 Speaker 1: died before she lived. She was definitely not married to 120 00:07:27,040 --> 00:07:29,720 Speaker 1: that guy. Like there has been no other candidate for 121 00:07:29,800 --> 00:07:33,720 Speaker 1: who this Issodorus might have been. So pretty much all 122 00:07:33,760 --> 00:07:35,880 Speaker 1: the scholars who look at all of this, I think 123 00:07:35,960 --> 00:07:40,320 Speaker 1: that like that was one person's error and writing a 124 00:07:40,320 --> 00:07:43,320 Speaker 1: biography of her because everyone else right. And we do 125 00:07:43,400 --> 00:07:46,440 Speaker 1: know that those kinds of errors happen in transcription when 126 00:07:46,440 --> 00:07:49,160 Speaker 1: people are copying down records into other books and stuff. 127 00:07:49,200 --> 00:07:51,760 Speaker 1: It happens all the time in history. Yes, that's part 128 00:07:51,760 --> 00:07:56,320 Speaker 1: of sort of unraveling history. A lot of the time 129 00:07:56,400 --> 00:07:59,200 Speaker 1: is figuring out which accounts are factual and which ones 130 00:07:59,240 --> 00:08:03,840 Speaker 1: are either in Belle store accidentally incorrect. From the early 131 00:08:03,920 --> 00:08:07,880 Speaker 1: encyclopedia known as the Suda, there's a quote that says 132 00:08:08,400 --> 00:08:10,880 Speaker 1: she was so very beautiful and attractive that one of 133 00:08:10,880 --> 00:08:13,280 Speaker 1: those who attended her lectures fell in love with her. 134 00:08:13,720 --> 00:08:15,920 Speaker 1: He was not able to contain his desire, but he 135 00:08:15,960 --> 00:08:20,160 Speaker 1: informed her of his condition. Ignorant reports say Hypatia relieved 136 00:08:20,240 --> 00:08:23,200 Speaker 1: him of his disease by music, but truth proclaims that 137 00:08:23,320 --> 00:08:26,200 Speaker 1: music failed to have any effect. She brought some of 138 00:08:26,240 --> 00:08:28,880 Speaker 1: her female rags and threw them before him, showing him 139 00:08:28,920 --> 00:08:32,120 Speaker 1: the sign of her unclean origin, and said, you love this, 140 00:08:32,240 --> 00:08:35,200 Speaker 1: oh youth, and there is nothing beautiful about it. His 141 00:08:35,280 --> 00:08:37,640 Speaker 1: soul was turned away by shame and surprise at the 142 00:08:37,720 --> 00:08:40,199 Speaker 1: unpleasant sight, and he was brought to his right mind. 143 00:08:40,600 --> 00:08:46,680 Speaker 1: I love this story so much. I both love it 144 00:08:46,760 --> 00:08:50,480 Speaker 1: and have that. You know, Hi Patia, You're so smart? 145 00:08:50,480 --> 00:08:52,800 Speaker 1: Why you gotta hate this thing about yourself? Well, and 146 00:08:52,880 --> 00:08:55,880 Speaker 1: that one of one of the books that I read 147 00:08:55,920 --> 00:08:58,360 Speaker 1: about Hi Patia did get into that about how to 148 00:08:58,640 --> 00:09:03,040 Speaker 1: a modern woman's ear. Yeah, you do kind of. But 149 00:09:03,200 --> 00:09:08,360 Speaker 1: when you look, uh historically at at the world of 150 00:09:08,559 --> 00:09:11,679 Speaker 1: women's bodies and women's physiology, even at the time that 151 00:09:12,040 --> 00:09:15,920 Speaker 1: like a girl's first period was sometimes viewed as a 152 00:09:16,000 --> 00:09:19,600 Speaker 1: magical thing. Uh so this whole story maybe more about 153 00:09:19,960 --> 00:09:23,600 Speaker 1: power than about like how grossus this is? Yeah. Well, 154 00:09:23,679 --> 00:09:26,079 Speaker 1: and she also was moving in circles that were almost 155 00:09:26,200 --> 00:09:31,760 Speaker 1: entirely males, so that probably informed her view on things. 156 00:09:31,920 --> 00:09:34,240 Speaker 1: I were in hypacious shoes and I wanted a dude 157 00:09:34,240 --> 00:09:37,400 Speaker 1: to get away from me. That might be a thing, 158 00:09:38,320 --> 00:09:44,000 Speaker 1: that might be a weapon at my disposal. Uh. Sadly, 159 00:09:44,400 --> 00:09:46,920 Speaker 1: Hypatia lived at a time when the intellectual life in 160 00:09:46,960 --> 00:09:50,960 Speaker 1: which she so obviously excelled was quickly crumbling and disappearing, 161 00:09:51,600 --> 00:09:54,480 Speaker 1: and her life and her accomplishments are often overshadowed by 162 00:09:54,480 --> 00:09:58,520 Speaker 1: her death, and understanding how that came to be requires 163 00:09:58,520 --> 00:10:01,280 Speaker 1: some understanding of what was going on politically and socially 164 00:10:01,280 --> 00:10:04,920 Speaker 1: in Alexandria at the time. The Greek city of Alexandria 165 00:10:04,960 --> 00:10:07,840 Speaker 1: had been founded in Egypt during the reign of Alexander 166 00:10:07,880 --> 00:10:11,640 Speaker 1: the Great about six hundred years before Hypatia's birth in 167 00:10:12,840 --> 00:10:18,319 Speaker 1: b C. It really quickly became a renowned place of learning, knowledge, literature, 168 00:10:18,400 --> 00:10:21,800 Speaker 1: and culture. It was really one of the great intellectual 169 00:10:22,200 --> 00:10:27,520 Speaker 1: centers of the world. Ptolemy was Alexandria's founder and first ruler, 170 00:10:28,280 --> 00:10:31,920 Speaker 1: and Ptolemy sort of co opted the Egyptian gods Therapists, 171 00:10:31,920 --> 00:10:34,160 Speaker 1: which was a god of the underworld, as a sun 172 00:10:34,200 --> 00:10:36,640 Speaker 1: god to be worshiped in Alexandria and he built a 173 00:10:36,679 --> 00:10:40,040 Speaker 1: temple to him that temple will be important in just 174 00:10:40,160 --> 00:10:44,280 Speaker 1: a bit. Rome annexed Alexandria in a d b c. 175 00:10:45,000 --> 00:10:48,000 Speaker 1: And it continued to be governed by the Pharaohs until 176 00:10:48,040 --> 00:10:52,280 Speaker 1: Cleopatra's death fifty years later. Although it became governed by 177 00:10:52,400 --> 00:10:55,760 Speaker 1: Rome at this point, Alexandria really continued to be a 178 00:10:55,840 --> 00:11:01,040 Speaker 1: heavily Greek city with very Greek traditions and culture. Before 179 00:11:01,080 --> 00:11:05,240 Speaker 1: the advent of Christianity, both Pagans and Jews lived in Alexandria, 180 00:11:05,559 --> 00:11:08,720 Speaker 1: and Christianity was introduced to Alexandria very early in the 181 00:11:08,760 --> 00:11:12,920 Speaker 1: religion's history. The apostle Mark founded the first Christian church 182 00:11:12,960 --> 00:11:17,400 Speaker 1: in Alexandria in the year forty eight, and Christianity spread 183 00:11:17,440 --> 00:11:19,960 Speaker 1: over the next few hundred years, becoming the dominant and 184 00:11:20,000 --> 00:11:23,959 Speaker 1: eventually official religion of the Roman Empire. By the time 185 00:11:24,120 --> 00:11:29,680 Speaker 1: Hypatia was born, things were not going well in Alexandria. Christianity, Judaism, 186 00:11:29,679 --> 00:11:32,760 Speaker 1: and Paganism, which was kind of a blanket characterization for 187 00:11:32,800 --> 00:11:36,319 Speaker 1: people who were neither Christian nor Jewish, were they were 188 00:11:36,320 --> 00:11:41,200 Speaker 1: not coexisting harmoniously. There was really a lot of hostility 189 00:11:41,240 --> 00:11:43,920 Speaker 1: among the religions, and the Roman Empire at the same 190 00:11:43,960 --> 00:11:47,680 Speaker 1: time was in decline. On top of that, ongoing civil 191 00:11:47,679 --> 00:11:51,760 Speaker 1: wars were leading to the destruction of Alexandria's libraries and 192 00:11:51,880 --> 00:11:55,319 Speaker 1: other important buildings and all of the knowledge that they contained. 193 00:11:56,559 --> 00:12:00,600 Speaker 1: In three hundred sixty four, the Roman Empire split into 194 00:12:00,760 --> 00:12:04,400 Speaker 1: the Eastern and Western Empires, and Alexandria became part of 195 00:12:04,400 --> 00:12:08,600 Speaker 1: the Eastern Empire, and life there started to go rather 196 00:12:08,679 --> 00:12:12,600 Speaker 1: sharply downhill. There was constant conflict between the people of 197 00:12:12,640 --> 00:12:17,240 Speaker 1: different religions and philosophies, and the civil government was constantly 198 00:12:17,280 --> 00:12:20,119 Speaker 1: at odds with the leadership of all of these various religions, 199 00:12:20,520 --> 00:12:23,040 Speaker 1: so it was really just a hotbed in a morass 200 00:12:23,080 --> 00:12:27,400 Speaker 1: of anger and dismay so much, and there was also 201 00:12:27,559 --> 00:12:32,079 Speaker 1: internal strife within Christianity as well. Was still a relatively 202 00:12:32,240 --> 00:12:36,319 Speaker 1: new religion at this point, and some people were considering 203 00:12:36,320 --> 00:12:40,320 Speaker 1: some views to be orthodox and others heretical. Without getting 204 00:12:40,400 --> 00:12:43,600 Speaker 1: into too long of a digression on the particulars, the 205 00:12:43,920 --> 00:12:47,360 Speaker 1: orthodox Christians were the ones who believed everything outlined in 206 00:12:47,360 --> 00:12:51,040 Speaker 1: the Nicene Creed, which was originally drafted in the Council 207 00:12:51,040 --> 00:12:54,959 Speaker 1: of Nicea in three twenty five. The quote heretical Christians 208 00:12:55,080 --> 00:12:58,360 Speaker 1: disagreed with one or more of the specific tenants that's 209 00:12:58,440 --> 00:13:01,560 Speaker 1: laid out in the Nicene Creed. The Nicing Creed was 210 00:13:01,640 --> 00:13:04,360 Speaker 1: further revised and expanded over the next hundred and twenty 211 00:13:04,360 --> 00:13:06,640 Speaker 1: five years, and it's still one of the major statements 212 00:13:06,679 --> 00:13:10,920 Speaker 1: of orthodox faith in Christianity today. So there was really 213 00:13:11,679 --> 00:13:14,920 Speaker 1: huge strife within Christianity between the people who believed all 214 00:13:14,960 --> 00:13:18,240 Speaker 1: of the Nicing Creed and the people who took issue 215 00:13:18,280 --> 00:13:21,040 Speaker 1: with one or more parts of it. Yeah, you're a 216 00:13:21,120 --> 00:13:24,080 Speaker 1: heretic by virtue of disagreeing with one part of it. Basically, 217 00:13:24,400 --> 00:13:25,960 Speaker 1: that was pretty much what was going on. It was 218 00:13:26,000 --> 00:13:27,800 Speaker 1: a pretty black and white split. Yeah, well, and the 219 00:13:27,880 --> 00:13:30,800 Speaker 1: Nicing Creed was basically set down as the official this 220 00:13:30,880 --> 00:13:33,439 Speaker 1: is what we believe statement. That's basically what it is. 221 00:13:33,520 --> 00:13:35,760 Speaker 1: And so the people who did not believe in one 222 00:13:35,800 --> 00:13:39,120 Speaker 1: of those things were viewed with all kinds of like 223 00:13:39,240 --> 00:13:44,080 Speaker 1: heretical anger, suspicion, and condition and contempt are totally what 224 00:13:44,160 --> 00:13:47,240 Speaker 1: was going on. In three ninety one, the emperor ordered 225 00:13:47,280 --> 00:13:51,440 Speaker 1: that all pagan temples be destroyed. The Offulist the archbishop 226 00:13:51,559 --> 00:13:54,400 Speaker 1: carried these orders out and he destroyed the temple to 227 00:13:54,480 --> 00:13:57,440 Speaker 1: Therapist that Ptolemy had built, which at this point was 228 00:13:57,520 --> 00:14:00,560 Speaker 1: being used to house the last remnants of the museums work. 229 00:14:01,200 --> 00:14:04,040 Speaker 1: Most scholars really mark this is the final nail in 230 00:14:04,080 --> 00:14:06,840 Speaker 1: the museum's coffin, like this was really the end of 231 00:14:06,840 --> 00:14:09,640 Speaker 1: that institution. Yeah, that appears to be when the work 232 00:14:09,679 --> 00:14:13,160 Speaker 1: of the museum ceased, even though the buildings themselves were 233 00:14:13,160 --> 00:14:18,640 Speaker 1: pretty much gone before that. In four twelve, the Offalis's nephew, Cyril, 234 00:14:18,920 --> 00:14:22,960 Speaker 1: who later became Saint Cyril of Alexandria, succeeded him as 235 00:14:23,000 --> 00:14:27,080 Speaker 1: the archbishop. Cyril was even less tolerant of other religions 236 00:14:27,080 --> 00:14:30,000 Speaker 1: than his uncle had been, and he was constantly fighting 237 00:14:30,000 --> 00:14:34,960 Speaker 1: with Orestes, who was the prefect basically Alexandria's governor. And 238 00:14:35,120 --> 00:14:38,400 Speaker 1: Orestes was also Christian, but he was a more tolerant 239 00:14:38,880 --> 00:14:43,760 Speaker 1: flavor of Christian than Saint Cyril was. At this point, 240 00:14:43,800 --> 00:14:48,160 Speaker 1: tensions in Alexandria, which had already been high for many 241 00:14:48,240 --> 00:14:52,320 Speaker 1: years at this point, really started to escalate. And then 242 00:14:52,320 --> 00:14:55,960 Speaker 1: two years later a group of Jewish extremists massacred a 243 00:14:56,040 --> 00:14:58,280 Speaker 1: number of Christians by setting fire to one of the 244 00:14:58,320 --> 00:15:00,840 Speaker 1: major churches in the middle of the night and then 245 00:15:00,880 --> 00:15:03,240 Speaker 1: slaughtered the Christians who came to try to put out 246 00:15:03,240 --> 00:15:06,880 Speaker 1: the fire. In response, Cyril decided to drive the Jews 247 00:15:06,920 --> 00:15:13,000 Speaker 1: out of Alexandria, and riots immediately followed. Attempts at reconciliation failed, 248 00:15:13,480 --> 00:15:17,400 Speaker 1: and tensions between Cyril and the Christians versus Orestes in 249 00:15:17,440 --> 00:15:21,160 Speaker 1: the secular government just got worse and worse. At one point, 250 00:15:21,200 --> 00:15:24,400 Speaker 1: a monk named Ammonius tried to kill Orestes by throwing 251 00:15:24,400 --> 00:15:27,920 Speaker 1: a stone at his head during a brawl. Ammonius was 252 00:15:27,960 --> 00:15:31,960 Speaker 1: then arrested and tortured to death over the objections of 253 00:15:32,000 --> 00:15:36,880 Speaker 1: a lot of his followers, Cyril canonized Ammonious, which sort 254 00:15:36,920 --> 00:15:41,320 Speaker 1: of implicated him in this whole assassination attempt. This did 255 00:15:41,360 --> 00:15:45,200 Speaker 1: not reflect well on Cyril, and Orestes came out looking 256 00:15:45,240 --> 00:15:48,960 Speaker 1: like the victor in the whole situation. So to bring 257 00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:52,000 Speaker 1: it all back to Hypatia, we knew, or we know 258 00:15:52,200 --> 00:15:55,800 Speaker 1: that Hypatient Orestes knew one another. Arrestes often came to 259 00:15:55,840 --> 00:15:59,280 Speaker 1: her for advice and counsel, so in the aftermath of 260 00:15:59,320 --> 00:16:03,880 Speaker 1: the dispute between Cyril and Arrestes, Hypatia apparently became something 261 00:16:03,920 --> 00:16:07,160 Speaker 1: of a target for Christian zealots. She was also a 262 00:16:07,200 --> 00:16:10,680 Speaker 1: neo Platonist, so she fell under that broad pagan umbrella 263 00:16:11,440 --> 00:16:14,880 Speaker 1: and was consequently a target for persecution. Right, she apparently 264 00:16:14,880 --> 00:16:17,840 Speaker 1: didn't write down a lot of her philosophical writings. She 265 00:16:17,920 --> 00:16:20,320 Speaker 1: lectured a lot, but didn't record a lot of that 266 00:16:20,520 --> 00:16:22,640 Speaker 1: in writing, so we don't know a lot of the 267 00:16:22,640 --> 00:16:26,200 Speaker 1: particulars of what her beliefs were. That everyone pretty much 268 00:16:26,200 --> 00:16:28,960 Speaker 1: agrees that she was a neo Platonist, and since she 269 00:16:29,040 --> 00:16:33,440 Speaker 1: got lumped in with the bigger quote pagan group, sorting 270 00:16:33,440 --> 00:16:35,440 Speaker 1: out any of it is probably a little bit of 271 00:16:35,880 --> 00:16:40,640 Speaker 1: a trick. So in March of four fift or possibly 272 00:16:40,720 --> 00:16:45,040 Speaker 1: for sixteen, during Lent, a mob of Christian zealots led 273 00:16:45,080 --> 00:16:48,640 Speaker 1: by a man named Peter the Lector, attacked the carriage 274 00:16:48,640 --> 00:16:51,760 Speaker 1: that Hypatia was traveling in. They pulled her out of 275 00:16:51,800 --> 00:16:55,200 Speaker 1: it and dragged her into a nearby church, and once 276 00:16:55,280 --> 00:16:57,680 Speaker 1: there they stripped her naked and beat her to death 277 00:16:57,800 --> 00:17:01,400 Speaker 1: with roof tiles. After that they dismembered her body and 278 00:17:01,480 --> 00:17:05,680 Speaker 1: burned the pieces. We'll just let that sit for a minute. Yeah, 279 00:17:05,720 --> 00:17:09,639 Speaker 1: it's so gruesome and savage. It's gruesome and savage, and 280 00:17:09,680 --> 00:17:12,520 Speaker 1: it's like all of the accounts, some of them kind 281 00:17:12,560 --> 00:17:15,479 Speaker 1: of used different words for for what was used to 282 00:17:15,600 --> 00:17:18,720 Speaker 1: beat her to death, but the the account is pretty 283 00:17:18,800 --> 00:17:24,840 Speaker 1: much the same in all the historical sources, Okay. Uh 284 00:17:25,000 --> 00:17:29,399 Speaker 1: mathematics professor Ari Blankee theorizes a more specific cause for 285 00:17:29,440 --> 00:17:32,560 Speaker 1: the mob's targeting of Hypatia that it actually had to 286 00:17:32,600 --> 00:17:36,440 Speaker 1: do with when to celebrate Easter, which according to the 287 00:17:36,480 --> 00:17:39,480 Speaker 1: First Council of Nicia, falls on the first Sunday after 288 00:17:39,520 --> 00:17:42,840 Speaker 1: the first full moon on or after the spring equinox. 289 00:17:43,440 --> 00:17:47,879 Speaker 1: Thanks to its astronomical tradition, Alexandria was responsible for setting 290 00:17:47,880 --> 00:17:51,520 Speaker 1: the exact dates for Easter, which the rest of Rome followed. 291 00:17:51,920 --> 00:17:55,600 Speaker 1: But Blankie speculates that Hypatia calculated that the equinox would 292 00:17:55,640 --> 00:17:58,240 Speaker 1: fall on a different date than the one Alexandria was 293 00:17:58,280 --> 00:18:02,560 Speaker 1: actually using, which would embarrassed the Alexandrian Church and cause 294 00:18:02,640 --> 00:18:05,240 Speaker 1: it to lose face before the rest of Rome. So 295 00:18:05,359 --> 00:18:09,080 Speaker 1: it's really much more of an astronomy intrigue story from 296 00:18:09,080 --> 00:18:11,240 Speaker 1: that point of view, right, and that that that is 297 00:18:11,280 --> 00:18:14,320 Speaker 1: one of those things that uh I can see where 298 00:18:14,359 --> 00:18:16,280 Speaker 1: we would get to that conclusion, but it's not something 299 00:18:16,320 --> 00:18:21,000 Speaker 1: that is actually cited in any of the historical sources. 300 00:18:21,640 --> 00:18:25,800 Speaker 1: But Alexandria and the rest of Rome did celebrate Easter 301 00:18:25,920 --> 00:18:29,760 Speaker 1: on two completely different dates, uh in in four seventeen. 302 00:18:29,920 --> 00:18:33,600 Speaker 1: So if if this did, if it was a precursor, 303 00:18:33,640 --> 00:18:35,640 Speaker 1: that that seems to be a little piece of evidence, 304 00:18:35,680 --> 00:18:40,040 Speaker 1: but it's not something that's actually referenced in historical sources. Yeah, 305 00:18:40,160 --> 00:18:42,440 Speaker 1: it's like a piece together. It's a fairly well thought 306 00:18:42,440 --> 00:18:45,920 Speaker 1: out theory based on circumstantial evidence. There's no hard case 307 00:18:45,960 --> 00:18:48,840 Speaker 1: file on it, right, And regardless of what the root 308 00:18:48,920 --> 00:18:53,119 Speaker 1: cause was for Hypatia to be targeted, the general consensus 309 00:18:53,160 --> 00:18:56,600 Speaker 1: today is also that St. Cyril as he later became, 310 00:18:57,160 --> 00:19:00,840 Speaker 1: was not directly involved in her death, but that his 311 00:19:00,960 --> 00:19:05,040 Speaker 1: actions did really inflame the tensions that led up to it. 312 00:19:06,240 --> 00:19:09,600 Speaker 1: After Hypatia's death, the tradition of education and knowledge in 313 00:19:09,640 --> 00:19:14,200 Speaker 1: Alexandria pretty much died out. Uh. Most of what remains 314 00:19:14,240 --> 00:19:17,639 Speaker 1: of the scholarly traditions of Alexandria we have, uh it 315 00:19:17,800 --> 00:19:21,680 Speaker 1: thanks to the Arabs who captured Alexandria roughly two hundred 316 00:19:21,760 --> 00:19:24,040 Speaker 1: years after all of this was over, and many of 317 00:19:24,080 --> 00:19:26,639 Speaker 1: the Greek documents that still exist are in the form 318 00:19:26,920 --> 00:19:31,320 Speaker 1: of translations into Arabic. Yes. Uh. And it's not that 319 00:19:31,400 --> 00:19:35,119 Speaker 1: suddenly everyone was stupid after after high patient time. But 320 00:19:35,520 --> 00:19:38,600 Speaker 1: she had really been at that point the keystone in 321 00:19:38,640 --> 00:19:42,520 Speaker 1: this intellectual tradition, and once she died, there was not 322 00:19:42,840 --> 00:19:45,480 Speaker 1: an immediate new person to take over. And based on 323 00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:49,920 Speaker 1: what the climate was like socially and politically in Alexandria 324 00:19:49,960 --> 00:19:55,720 Speaker 1: at that point, other cities easily moved into like into 325 00:19:55,720 --> 00:20:00,000 Speaker 1: a higher rung of you know, what's the smartest place, uh, 326 00:20:00,760 --> 00:20:03,280 Speaker 1: because it was not a good time to be a 327 00:20:03,320 --> 00:20:07,080 Speaker 1: scholar in in Alexandria anymore. In the words of the 328 00:20:07,119 --> 00:20:11,760 Speaker 1: poet Palladus of Alexandria, writing in the fourth or fifth century, quote, 329 00:20:11,960 --> 00:20:17,360 Speaker 1: revered Hypatia ornament of learning, stainless star of wise teaching. 330 00:20:17,920 --> 00:20:20,600 Speaker 1: When I see thee in thy discourse, I worshiped the 331 00:20:21,359 --> 00:20:24,200 Speaker 1: looking on the starry house of the Virgin, for thy 332 00:20:24,280 --> 00:20:34,600 Speaker 1: business is in heaven. So lovely memorial to her. Yeah, 333 00:20:34,840 --> 00:20:38,480 Speaker 1: she comes up frequently in lists of important women in 334 00:20:38,720 --> 00:20:43,880 Speaker 1: science and philosophy. She's well she should, yes, so as 335 00:20:43,880 --> 00:20:46,719 Speaker 1: we said before there, you know, there were certainly female 336 00:20:46,760 --> 00:20:51,440 Speaker 1: scholars before Hypatia, but she was the first, uh, especially 337 00:20:51,440 --> 00:20:56,600 Speaker 1: in the Western world, truly famous female scholar about whom 338 00:20:56,640 --> 00:21:01,359 Speaker 1: we have a pretty large amount of information. Know, I 339 00:21:01,400 --> 00:21:04,960 Speaker 1: love her. It is not surprising at all that now 340 00:21:05,000 --> 00:21:08,800 Speaker 1: there are you know, but there are journals, academic journals 341 00:21:08,880 --> 00:21:11,399 Speaker 1: named after her, and the conferences and things like that. So, 342 00:21:13,400 --> 00:21:16,000 Speaker 1: by chance, do you also have some listener mail for us? 343 00:21:16,119 --> 00:21:19,240 Speaker 1: Have two pieces of listener mail. We are going to 344 00:21:19,280 --> 00:21:23,160 Speaker 1: read them both because they are both about wonderful animal. Uh. 345 00:21:23,200 --> 00:21:26,679 Speaker 1: They are both about our recent episode about Felicia the ferret, 346 00:21:26,880 --> 00:21:28,520 Speaker 1: And we're going to start with this email that we 347 00:21:28,560 --> 00:21:31,880 Speaker 1: got from Cynthia. Cynthia says, hi, ladies, I loved your 348 00:21:31,880 --> 00:21:34,760 Speaker 1: episode featuring Felicia the Ferret and the animals of the 349 00:21:34,800 --> 00:21:38,560 Speaker 1: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. Last year, I worked as a 350 00:21:38,600 --> 00:21:41,680 Speaker 1: communications intern at the lab and had the great honor 351 00:21:41,720 --> 00:21:45,280 Speaker 1: of living on site at the laboratory dorms. Since many 352 00:21:45,280 --> 00:21:48,760 Speaker 1: of the lab's experiments take place underground, Fermi Lab has 353 00:21:48,800 --> 00:21:51,399 Speaker 1: worked very hard to restore most of their campus to 354 00:21:51,440 --> 00:21:55,480 Speaker 1: its original prairie state before European settlement. Not only is 355 00:21:55,520 --> 00:21:59,679 Speaker 1: the prairie restoration involved an important plant and animal conservation 356 00:21:59,720 --> 00:22:03,240 Speaker 1: where it's a very beautiful place to live, work, or visit. 357 00:22:03,560 --> 00:22:05,760 Speaker 1: I'd encourage anyone in the area to take a drive 358 00:22:05,800 --> 00:22:09,160 Speaker 1: through the laboratory grounds and visit the Letterman Science Center. 359 00:22:10,359 --> 00:22:13,119 Speaker 1: Living in the dorms right next to bison was an 360 00:22:13,160 --> 00:22:17,399 Speaker 1: amazing experience, and I regularly saw coyotes, foxes, deer, and 361 00:22:17,440 --> 00:22:19,919 Speaker 1: other wild life. I think it's wonderful how many of 362 00:22:19,960 --> 00:22:22,400 Speaker 1: the world's top business was working at the cutting edge 363 00:22:22,400 --> 00:22:25,080 Speaker 1: of science have come together to preserve this little slice 364 00:22:25,080 --> 00:22:28,520 Speaker 1: of nature near Chicago. Thank you so much for covering 365 00:22:28,600 --> 00:22:32,440 Speaker 1: FIRMU Lab in your podcast. Thank you so much for 366 00:22:32,480 --> 00:22:35,119 Speaker 1: that letter. So cool. I know we were so happy 367 00:22:35,119 --> 00:22:37,480 Speaker 1: to hear that, and I agree that's what drew me 368 00:22:37,480 --> 00:22:39,120 Speaker 1: to the story in the first place, is the fact 369 00:22:39,160 --> 00:22:41,800 Speaker 1: that it is all these scientists who are also kind 370 00:22:41,840 --> 00:22:45,640 Speaker 1: of into animal preserving animals. Again, it's a story about 371 00:22:45,640 --> 00:22:49,800 Speaker 1: science and animals. And there's no torture, there's no like unpleasant, 372 00:22:50,080 --> 00:22:55,240 Speaker 1: there's no dogs in space forever, there's no jimpanzees. It's 373 00:22:55,280 --> 00:22:59,119 Speaker 1: just good stuff. Uh. And then another and another wonderful 374 00:22:59,680 --> 00:23:01,879 Speaker 1: piece of mail. This is an actual card that we 375 00:23:01,920 --> 00:23:04,600 Speaker 1: got in the mail and it has number one adorable 376 00:23:04,640 --> 00:23:09,240 Speaker 1: animals on it. Um there are there are rabbits and 377 00:23:09,280 --> 00:23:12,440 Speaker 1: guinea pigs and a little weasel. Uh. It's it's super 378 00:23:12,480 --> 00:23:16,240 Speaker 1: duper cute. Uh, and it is from Corey, and Corey says, 379 00:23:16,280 --> 00:23:19,120 Speaker 1: Dear Tracy and Holly, I just listened to your podcast 380 00:23:19,160 --> 00:23:21,320 Speaker 1: about Felicia the ferret and wanted to let you know 381 00:23:21,520 --> 00:23:24,280 Speaker 1: a lot has changed in the ferret world since we 382 00:23:24,280 --> 00:23:29,040 Speaker 1: were kids. I'm happy to hear this. She goes on. 383 00:23:29,320 --> 00:23:33,080 Speaker 1: I work in Indiana's oldest and only exotic Animals Specialty 384 00:23:33,200 --> 00:23:37,399 Speaker 1: veterinary clinic, and our doctor has been seeing ferrets since 385 00:23:37,640 --> 00:23:40,639 Speaker 1: they first began to appear on the pet market. She 386 00:23:40,760 --> 00:23:43,960 Speaker 1: says that back then they made terrible pets for children, 387 00:23:44,240 --> 00:23:46,840 Speaker 1: would bite all the time, and she wasn't even able 388 00:23:46,880 --> 00:23:50,240 Speaker 1: to pick them up without thick leather gloves. Then, about 389 00:23:50,240 --> 00:23:54,159 Speaker 1: twenty years ago Marshall's Farms ferrets really started to take off. 390 00:23:54,200 --> 00:23:58,400 Speaker 1: These breeders began selecting only the nicest and gentlest ferrets 391 00:23:58,440 --> 00:24:01,520 Speaker 1: for their breeding stock, and the result today is that 392 00:24:01,640 --> 00:24:04,800 Speaker 1: bites from ferrets are extremely rare, and I wasn't I 393 00:24:04,840 --> 00:24:07,480 Speaker 1: wouldn't hesitate to hand a faret to any child. Now, 394 00:24:07,960 --> 00:24:11,000 Speaker 1: there is a downside to all the selective breeding. Ferrets 395 00:24:11,040 --> 00:24:14,400 Speaker 1: have a much higher incidence of congenital disorders and much 396 00:24:14,440 --> 00:24:17,639 Speaker 1: shorter lifespans as well. They're also spade a neuter to 397 00:24:17,720 --> 00:24:20,440 Speaker 1: the very young age, and tends to be much smaller 398 00:24:20,440 --> 00:24:25,520 Speaker 1: than intact ferrets. Unfortunately, nothing can be done about the smell, though, 399 00:24:25,680 --> 00:24:29,639 Speaker 1: which is why I will never have a ferret, sincerely, Corey. 400 00:24:29,880 --> 00:24:33,720 Speaker 1: So that definitely the when I was a child and 401 00:24:33,760 --> 00:24:36,720 Speaker 1: being like, I want to ferret and seeing ferrets in 402 00:24:36,720 --> 00:24:38,960 Speaker 1: the science center who were kind of biting and mean 403 00:24:39,160 --> 00:24:41,639 Speaker 1: and all of that. That was definitely earlier than the 404 00:24:41,760 --> 00:24:45,919 Speaker 1: twenty year ago introduction of much nicer, gentler ferrets. And 405 00:24:45,920 --> 00:24:47,560 Speaker 1: if you heard the kind of chuckle in my voice 406 00:24:47,600 --> 00:24:50,320 Speaker 1: that was talking about selecting the gentlest ferrets for the 407 00:24:50,320 --> 00:24:53,159 Speaker 1: breeding stock, that's because I'm thinking, of course, that is 408 00:24:53,160 --> 00:24:55,240 Speaker 1: what we should do if we want to have nice ferrets, 409 00:24:55,600 --> 00:24:59,720 Speaker 1: to breed the nice ferrets with each other. So I 410 00:25:00,000 --> 00:25:03,400 Speaker 1: also really loved hearing this more information, and she drew 411 00:25:03,440 --> 00:25:05,719 Speaker 1: us pictures of farets in the cars so great. It's 412 00:25:05,760 --> 00:25:08,920 Speaker 1: a really fun. There are little ferret sketches, cute, qute, cute. 413 00:25:09,359 --> 00:25:12,880 Speaker 1: This was definitely like a good male day. Sure when 414 00:25:12,880 --> 00:25:16,280 Speaker 1: we got this one, for sure, And I mean I 415 00:25:16,320 --> 00:25:18,320 Speaker 1: asked for the smell. I have friends that have ferrets, 416 00:25:18,359 --> 00:25:22,000 Speaker 1: and I think, you know, we're very very fastidious about it. 417 00:25:22,040 --> 00:25:24,960 Speaker 1: You can keep that to a bare minimum. Walk in 418 00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:28,000 Speaker 1: their house and go ferret house. Well, and you know 419 00:25:28,400 --> 00:25:30,960 Speaker 1: we both have cats. Yeah, I have a cat that 420 00:25:31,000 --> 00:25:32,720 Speaker 1: you can't touch at the vet without gloves or it 421 00:25:32,720 --> 00:25:39,199 Speaker 1: will bite you. So this is not a faret hate scenario. No, no, 422 00:25:39,359 --> 00:25:42,200 Speaker 1: And I wasn't trying to sube that ferrets are terrible animals. 423 00:25:42,400 --> 00:25:45,639 Speaker 1: They're adorable, you know, so cute. When I was a child, 424 00:25:45,760 --> 00:25:49,680 Speaker 1: people caution to me about them being biting and smelly. Yeah. 425 00:25:49,920 --> 00:25:53,040 Speaker 1: And I want all the weird animals to be my friends. 426 00:25:53,080 --> 00:25:55,840 Speaker 1: So that's cool tee for penguin walked in and try 427 00:25:55,880 --> 00:26:02,280 Speaker 1: to be friended snake, no problem. Uh. You know, I've 428 00:26:02,320 --> 00:26:04,840 Speaker 1: been playing a game called Don't Start. It's one of 429 00:26:04,880 --> 00:26:07,080 Speaker 1: my favorite games player right now. And and you can 430 00:26:07,080 --> 00:26:09,520 Speaker 1: tweak your settings of the world when you build it. 431 00:26:09,760 --> 00:26:13,280 Speaker 1: Mine is currently set to lots of pigs. Huh. Yes, 432 00:26:13,359 --> 00:26:17,840 Speaker 1: you can have fewer pigs, normal pigs, h more pigs, 433 00:26:18,119 --> 00:26:20,679 Speaker 1: lots of pigs. I have the maximum number of pigs. 434 00:26:21,880 --> 00:26:23,800 Speaker 1: I will want to talk to you at length later 435 00:26:23,840 --> 00:26:26,000 Speaker 1: about how that affects the outcome of the game. I 436 00:26:26,040 --> 00:26:28,800 Speaker 1: will totally get into that, Okay, if this were if 437 00:26:28,840 --> 00:26:30,960 Speaker 1: this were our prior podcast, pop Stuff, you might have 438 00:26:31,000 --> 00:26:35,359 Speaker 1: a whole episode on it, But we don't about pigs 439 00:26:35,359 --> 00:26:37,639 Speaker 1: and videos about pleeds and video games and how they 440 00:26:37,720 --> 00:26:41,520 Speaker 1: change the gameplay. Anyway, thank you all for indulging us 441 00:26:41,520 --> 00:26:44,040 Speaker 1: with that digression. If you would like to write to 442 00:26:44,160 --> 00:26:47,520 Speaker 1: us about video game pigs, or ferrets, or hypatia or 443 00:26:47,560 --> 00:26:50,320 Speaker 1: any other subject, you may. We are at History Podcast 444 00:26:50,359 --> 00:26:53,880 Speaker 1: at Discovery dot com. We're also on Facebook at Facebook 445 00:26:53,920 --> 00:26:56,960 Speaker 1: dot com slash history class stuff and on Twitter at 446 00:26:57,040 --> 00:27:00,160 Speaker 1: missed in History, are Tumbler Isn't missed in History dot 447 00:27:00,160 --> 00:27:03,840 Speaker 1: tumbler dot com, and we are also on Pinterest. If 448 00:27:03,840 --> 00:27:06,080 Speaker 1: you'd like to learn more about what we talked about today, 449 00:27:06,160 --> 00:27:08,800 Speaker 1: you can come to our website. But the word hypatia 450 00:27:08,960 --> 00:27:12,800 Speaker 1: into search bar. 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