1 00:00:00,720 --> 00:00:03,920 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how 2 00:00:03,960 --> 00:00:17,079 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:17,160 --> 00:00:19,919 Speaker 1: My name is Holly Fry and I am Tracy V. Wilson. 4 00:00:19,960 --> 00:00:22,480 Speaker 1: And as Women's History Month it is, and we've talked 5 00:00:22,480 --> 00:00:24,960 Speaker 1: about some women already this month, but we're going to 6 00:00:25,040 --> 00:00:28,120 Speaker 1: talk about smart uh. And one thing I think that 7 00:00:28,160 --> 00:00:30,600 Speaker 1: always comes to mind for people when they are thinking 8 00:00:30,600 --> 00:00:34,000 Speaker 1: about women's history is or women in history is the 9 00:00:34,040 --> 00:00:37,320 Speaker 1: Salem witch Trials, which are fascinating in a very rich 10 00:00:37,360 --> 00:00:40,159 Speaker 1: tapestry of things to explore. But we're actually going to 11 00:00:40,280 --> 00:00:43,720 Speaker 1: turn back the clock a few decades to a witch 12 00:00:43,760 --> 00:00:49,120 Speaker 1: trial that happened before the really big onslaught of um 13 00:00:49,440 --> 00:00:52,879 Speaker 1: of the Salem witch trials. And it happened in East Hampton, right, 14 00:00:53,000 --> 00:00:56,280 Speaker 1: not in quite the New England area that people associate 15 00:00:56,360 --> 00:01:01,520 Speaker 1: with witch hunts and that sort of vindictive implementation to things, 16 00:01:02,360 --> 00:01:05,640 Speaker 1: but it was sort of the at the early stage, 17 00:01:05,680 --> 00:01:08,959 Speaker 1: there were other witch trials happening then. This is in 18 00:01:09,040 --> 00:01:13,840 Speaker 1: the sixteen late sixteen fifties, but as you'll see in 19 00:01:13,880 --> 00:01:18,679 Speaker 1: this story, not as much of a clear like how 20 00:01:18,720 --> 00:01:22,080 Speaker 1: to handle it mentality as there was by the time 21 00:01:22,520 --> 00:01:25,720 Speaker 1: things really got rolling in the witch trial arena when 22 00:01:25,760 --> 00:01:29,440 Speaker 1: when the which trials really were underway in Massachusetts, there 23 00:01:29,440 --> 00:01:33,440 Speaker 1: was a lot of hanging going on, and this, unfortunately 24 00:01:33,680 --> 00:01:35,840 Speaker 1: to spoil the ending, does not quite go in that 25 00:01:35,880 --> 00:01:40,720 Speaker 1: direction exactly. There are somewhat surprising results in this one. UH. 26 00:01:40,720 --> 00:01:43,680 Speaker 1: And what we're talking about is Goody Garlic, who who 27 00:01:43,760 --> 00:01:47,000 Speaker 1: is a woman that lived in East Hampton. Uh. And 28 00:01:47,120 --> 00:01:50,080 Speaker 1: this whole story starts in the spring of sixteen fifty 29 00:01:50,120 --> 00:01:54,000 Speaker 1: seven or sixteen fifty eight, depending on which calendar you're using. 30 00:01:54,400 --> 00:01:56,200 Speaker 1: If you go by the Julian calendar, it would have 31 00:01:56,200 --> 00:01:58,920 Speaker 1: been fifty seven. The Gregorian calendar it would have been 32 00:01:58,920 --> 00:02:01,360 Speaker 1: fifty eight, because the British did not switch over to 33 00:02:01,400 --> 00:02:05,200 Speaker 1: the Gregorian calendar until the mid seventeen hundreds, and in 34 00:02:05,280 --> 00:02:09,440 Speaker 1: the Julian calendar, March was the new year, so these 35 00:02:09,480 --> 00:02:13,680 Speaker 1: events happened prior to that. So you'll sometimes see them 36 00:02:13,680 --> 00:02:16,560 Speaker 1: listed as fifty seven and sometimes there's fifty eight. It's 37 00:02:16,639 --> 00:02:19,720 Speaker 1: just depending on where the source material, which calendar, which 38 00:02:19,720 --> 00:02:24,280 Speaker 1: calendar they went by. So UM. George Dewan wrote a 39 00:02:24,360 --> 00:02:28,400 Speaker 1: really great piece for the New York Archives UH talking 40 00:02:28,440 --> 00:02:32,480 Speaker 1: about this particular incident. But also he can characterizes the times, 41 00:02:33,480 --> 00:02:37,000 Speaker 1: particularly in East Hampton, as it being a very gossipy, 42 00:02:37,200 --> 00:02:42,519 Speaker 1: whispery innuendo late in society. Yes, it hit into context. 43 00:02:42,600 --> 00:02:45,440 Speaker 1: It was a tiny, tiny community. They were thirty four 44 00:02:45,480 --> 00:02:47,919 Speaker 1: families living in East Hampton in the time. They were 45 00:02:48,120 --> 00:02:51,880 Speaker 1: relatively isolated. The community was only about ten years old, 46 00:02:52,840 --> 00:02:55,919 Speaker 1: still trying to get a foothold really and established themselves 47 00:02:55,919 --> 00:02:59,000 Speaker 1: as a community, which had led to the unfortunate side 48 00:02:59,000 --> 00:03:02,600 Speaker 1: effect of it also being very back body and gossipy, 49 00:03:02,639 --> 00:03:05,320 Speaker 1: and people being angry at their neighbors for one thing 50 00:03:05,440 --> 00:03:07,839 Speaker 1: or another exactly. And if you look at the town 51 00:03:07,919 --> 00:03:11,280 Speaker 1: records for this time one you can get really lost 52 00:03:11,320 --> 00:03:16,400 Speaker 1: because they just were so wonderfully meticulous about notating everything 53 00:03:16,400 --> 00:03:18,880 Speaker 1: that was happening. But you'll see that there was a 54 00:03:18,880 --> 00:03:21,960 Speaker 1: lot of discord among the citizens and they often played 55 00:03:22,000 --> 00:03:26,560 Speaker 1: out in in the way of official complaints. They had 56 00:03:26,600 --> 00:03:30,000 Speaker 1: set up this sort of structure where you could go 57 00:03:30,080 --> 00:03:32,679 Speaker 1: and complain that you were shafted and did not get 58 00:03:32,720 --> 00:03:34,520 Speaker 1: the right amount of corn that you had been promised, 59 00:03:34,600 --> 00:03:36,920 Speaker 1: or you know that this piece of land that was 60 00:03:36,960 --> 00:03:40,880 Speaker 1: in dispute um they would officially complain so that that 61 00:03:40,960 --> 00:03:45,040 Speaker 1: was all on record and they really were very detailed about, 62 00:03:45,080 --> 00:03:49,200 Speaker 1: you know, including all of these arguments over property, money, 63 00:03:49,400 --> 00:03:52,440 Speaker 1: legal claims as part of the town history. Right. I 64 00:03:52,440 --> 00:03:55,320 Speaker 1: sort of imagine it is is like a a long 65 00:03:55,360 --> 00:03:58,560 Speaker 1: ago version of today's homeowner associations and all the squabbling 66 00:03:58,600 --> 00:04:00,440 Speaker 1: that can go on there with a different it's being 67 00:04:00,440 --> 00:04:02,880 Speaker 1: that normally the home Miners Association is not going to 68 00:04:02,880 --> 00:04:06,040 Speaker 1: put you to death if you were found guilty of 69 00:04:06,280 --> 00:04:09,960 Speaker 1: not paying your door the right color. Uh. And so 70 00:04:10,000 --> 00:04:13,000 Speaker 1: Goody Garlic was the wife of Joshua Garlic. Her name 71 00:04:13,040 --> 00:04:16,720 Speaker 1: was actually Elizabeth. Goody is actually a term similar to 72 00:04:16,760 --> 00:04:20,400 Speaker 1: the way we would use mrs today. Uh. It's short 73 00:04:20,440 --> 00:04:23,360 Speaker 1: for good wife, and it kind of is a way 74 00:04:23,360 --> 00:04:28,120 Speaker 1: that was often used to refer to normally married women, um, 75 00:04:28,279 --> 00:04:30,279 Speaker 1: the wife of the good wife part being the clue 76 00:04:30,320 --> 00:04:35,159 Speaker 1: there who were not particularly high status. It's not necessarily 77 00:04:35,240 --> 00:04:38,000 Speaker 1: a derogative term, but it was just a very common 78 00:04:38,000 --> 00:04:40,680 Speaker 1: way to refer to any woman. So as we go 79 00:04:40,800 --> 00:04:42,919 Speaker 1: through this storreal here a lot of people being referred 80 00:04:42,960 --> 00:04:45,960 Speaker 1: to as Goody and that is what that means. And 81 00:04:46,000 --> 00:04:50,839 Speaker 1: she was about fifty when this whole event took place, right, 82 00:04:51,760 --> 00:04:56,080 Speaker 1: and it all sort of was catalyzed by one tragic event, 83 00:04:56,800 --> 00:04:58,800 Speaker 1: and it's interesting and we'll talk about it a little 84 00:04:58,800 --> 00:05:03,080 Speaker 1: bit more later that this event actually doesn't always show 85 00:05:03,160 --> 00:05:06,440 Speaker 1: up in the tellings of the Goody Garlic story. One 86 00:05:06,480 --> 00:05:09,480 Speaker 1: of the historians in particular that I read a lot 87 00:05:09,480 --> 00:05:12,360 Speaker 1: of her work around it, mentions that she gotten interested 88 00:05:12,520 --> 00:05:17,400 Speaker 1: because she had gone on a tour and heard sort 89 00:05:17,400 --> 00:05:21,640 Speaker 1: of the really glossy version of it, and then she 90 00:05:21,760 --> 00:05:24,520 Speaker 1: knew it seemed like two sort of easy and packaged, 91 00:05:24,720 --> 00:05:28,440 Speaker 1: and so she started looking at various historians accounts of 92 00:05:28,480 --> 00:05:34,000 Speaker 1: this entire episode and how it played out, and they 93 00:05:34,040 --> 00:05:37,080 Speaker 1: there's really a lot of variety to it. And she 94 00:05:37,279 --> 00:05:40,040 Speaker 1: draws some interesting conclusions and will link to her research 95 00:05:40,040 --> 00:05:44,279 Speaker 1: in the show notes about why this particular event that 96 00:05:44,320 --> 00:05:47,200 Speaker 1: really catalyzed it kind of gets lost. But so it 97 00:05:47,240 --> 00:05:50,120 Speaker 1: starts out with a young girl by the name of 98 00:05:50,120 --> 00:05:53,320 Speaker 1: Elizabeth Gardner Howell. She was married to Arthur Howell, and 99 00:05:53,400 --> 00:05:56,680 Speaker 1: she was only sixteen, and she had recently become a mother. 100 00:05:56,839 --> 00:06:01,320 Speaker 1: She had had a daughter, and in the days following 101 00:06:02,120 --> 00:06:08,480 Speaker 1: the child's birth, she became quite ill um She in 102 00:06:08,520 --> 00:06:12,360 Speaker 1: fact had a fevered episode in which she cried out 103 00:06:12,720 --> 00:06:15,240 Speaker 1: a witch. A witch. Now you are come to torture 104 00:06:15,279 --> 00:06:17,480 Speaker 1: me because I spoke two or three words against you. 105 00:06:17,839 --> 00:06:20,320 Speaker 1: In the morning, you will come fawning. And that all 106 00:06:20,320 --> 00:06:23,440 Speaker 1: sounded very odd and sort of awkward to the modern ear, 107 00:06:24,160 --> 00:06:28,120 Speaker 1: but that's actually recorded. It's part of the That quote 108 00:06:28,160 --> 00:06:31,599 Speaker 1: is part of the transcripts from the hearings that eventually happened. 109 00:06:32,480 --> 00:06:35,200 Speaker 1: So a neighbor thought as happened. Yes, he had come 110 00:06:35,240 --> 00:06:37,159 Speaker 1: to check on her, she was home alone with the child. 111 00:06:37,480 --> 00:06:40,160 Speaker 1: He had actually come to speak to her husband, Arthur. 112 00:06:40,560 --> 00:06:43,640 Speaker 1: But who was out and happened to witness this episode. Yes, 113 00:06:43,720 --> 00:06:46,320 Speaker 1: so his name was Samuel Parson. He saw it has 114 00:06:46,360 --> 00:06:50,920 Speaker 1: happened and became worried that she was bewitched. Yes. Uh. 115 00:06:50,960 --> 00:06:54,120 Speaker 1: And in the meantime, Elizabeth's mother, Mary Gardner, who lived 116 00:06:54,160 --> 00:06:57,520 Speaker 1: very nearby. Again, tiny community, so everyone kind of lives 117 00:06:57,600 --> 00:06:59,960 Speaker 1: very close. It was basically a street with a row 118 00:07:00,040 --> 00:07:02,840 Speaker 1: of houses on either side. So when it boils down 119 00:07:02,920 --> 00:07:05,560 Speaker 1: to yes, and most accounts will sort of mention the 120 00:07:06,000 --> 00:07:08,440 Speaker 1: elder Gardener's home as being just across the street, so 121 00:07:08,480 --> 00:07:10,920 Speaker 1: she was very close. So Mary Gardner was ill at 122 00:07:10,960 --> 00:07:14,600 Speaker 1: the time, and Elizabeth's father, Lion Gardner, who was very 123 00:07:14,640 --> 00:07:16,960 Speaker 1: prominent man in the town, and he factors in a 124 00:07:16,960 --> 00:07:20,240 Speaker 1: lot as this story develops, left his wife's bedside to 125 00:07:20,280 --> 00:07:23,480 Speaker 1: go to his daughter's house because he had been sent 126 00:07:23,560 --> 00:07:26,480 Speaker 1: for and he was so worried about her the behavior 127 00:07:26,520 --> 00:07:29,160 Speaker 1: that was being described, and he witnessed the frantic behavior 128 00:07:29,240 --> 00:07:34,520 Speaker 1: and her claims of witchcraft, and Elizabeth Gardner Howell actually 129 00:07:34,560 --> 00:07:38,760 Speaker 1: claimed to have seen Goody Garlic, her neighbor, and a 130 00:07:38,800 --> 00:07:42,640 Speaker 1: black figure in her room, which if you were to 131 00:07:42,680 --> 00:07:45,120 Speaker 1: hear somebody say that that would be troubling, that they 132 00:07:45,160 --> 00:07:48,000 Speaker 1: are seeing these visions of a person and a specter 133 00:07:48,160 --> 00:07:51,040 Speaker 1: that the person has brought with them to torment you 134 00:07:51,600 --> 00:07:55,680 Speaker 1: in a room, that would be troubling. So eventually her mother, 135 00:07:55,760 --> 00:07:58,679 Speaker 1: Mary was well enough to visit. She crossed the street 136 00:07:58,760 --> 00:08:01,320 Speaker 1: and started trying to come her daughter, saying that she 137 00:08:01,480 --> 00:08:06,239 Speaker 1: was having bad dreams. But Elizabeth really insisted that Goody 138 00:08:06,280 --> 00:08:11,080 Speaker 1: Garlic had bewitched her. She was quite sincere on this point, 139 00:08:11,520 --> 00:08:13,400 Speaker 1: but that was what was going on. She was adamant, 140 00:08:13,440 --> 00:08:19,240 Speaker 1: completely believed that that was happening, and that evening or 141 00:08:19,280 --> 00:08:21,880 Speaker 1: an evening related to that, three women of the town 142 00:08:21,920 --> 00:08:27,560 Speaker 1: were watching over Elizabeth, and Elizabeth started to address Goody Garlic, 143 00:08:27,600 --> 00:08:29,920 Speaker 1: who was not with them physically as though she were 144 00:08:29,960 --> 00:08:32,600 Speaker 1: in the room. Yes, and she says, Ah, Garlic, you 145 00:08:32,679 --> 00:08:34,439 Speaker 1: jeered me when I came to your house to call 146 00:08:34,520 --> 00:08:36,920 Speaker 1: my husband home. You laughed and jeered me, and I 147 00:08:36,960 --> 00:08:40,800 Speaker 1: went crying away. Oh you are a pretty one send 148 00:08:40,800 --> 00:08:42,720 Speaker 1: for Garlic and his wife. I would tear her in 149 00:08:42,760 --> 00:08:46,000 Speaker 1: pieces and leave the birds to pick her bones. Uh. 150 00:08:46,040 --> 00:08:48,600 Speaker 1: And she went on because the women that were there 151 00:08:48,640 --> 00:08:52,600 Speaker 1: with her watching over her, uh, questioned this outburst and 152 00:08:52,640 --> 00:08:54,920 Speaker 1: asked her, you know why is she saying these things? 153 00:08:55,360 --> 00:08:57,560 Speaker 1: And she replied to them, did you not see her 154 00:08:57,640 --> 00:08:59,800 Speaker 1: last night stand by my bedside, ready to pull me 155 00:08:59,840 --> 00:09:02,680 Speaker 1: to pieces? She pricked me with pins, and she brought 156 00:09:02,720 --> 00:09:05,040 Speaker 1: a black thing to the foot of my bed. So 157 00:09:05,120 --> 00:09:07,240 Speaker 1: she thought not only was she bringing a black specter 158 00:09:07,360 --> 00:09:10,120 Speaker 1: into the room that no one else was seeing, but 159 00:09:10,240 --> 00:09:15,439 Speaker 1: that she and the specter were actually pricking her with pins. 160 00:09:14,960 --> 00:09:19,760 Speaker 1: So slightly troubling again and very adamant, I mean, she 161 00:09:19,840 --> 00:09:23,800 Speaker 1: really felt strongly that this was actually happening to her. Right. 162 00:09:23,960 --> 00:09:27,679 Speaker 1: She later had a coughing fit, which the women who 163 00:09:27,720 --> 00:09:30,960 Speaker 1: were looking after her tried to calm using oil and sugar, 164 00:09:31,120 --> 00:09:35,840 Speaker 1: which was an alleged treatment for witchcraft, and at that 165 00:09:35,880 --> 00:09:39,160 Speaker 1: point Elizabeth allegedly coughed up a pin. Two different women 166 00:09:39,480 --> 00:09:42,120 Speaker 1: witnessed that a pin fell out of her mouth after 167 00:09:42,160 --> 00:09:45,400 Speaker 1: she had this coughing fit. Yes, and that does come 168 00:09:45,440 --> 00:09:48,600 Speaker 1: up later on. Again, they testified that they saw this happen. 169 00:09:49,120 --> 00:09:55,520 Speaker 1: There is no clear, definitive account of how that actually happened, 170 00:09:55,720 --> 00:09:57,760 Speaker 1: if it happened for real, if it was slight of hand, 171 00:09:57,800 --> 00:10:00,520 Speaker 1: if the women were fibbing later on, but there is 172 00:10:00,600 --> 00:10:03,200 Speaker 1: testimony on the record that they saw this pin come 173 00:10:03,200 --> 00:10:06,679 Speaker 1: out of her mouth. So that night, Goody Simon's stayed 174 00:10:06,720 --> 00:10:10,120 Speaker 1: the night with Elizabeth. They they she slept there in 175 00:10:10,160 --> 00:10:11,679 Speaker 1: the bed with her to watch over her, and at 176 00:10:11,679 --> 00:10:15,360 Speaker 1: the same time, Arthur Howell, the husband of Elizabeth, another neighbor, 177 00:10:15,360 --> 00:10:19,800 Speaker 1: William Russell, and the gardener's slave, her parents slave watched 178 00:10:19,800 --> 00:10:22,560 Speaker 1: over the sleeping women. And they kept hearing weird sounds 179 00:10:22,559 --> 00:10:25,280 Speaker 1: throughout the night that we're not explained. There was one 180 00:10:25,320 --> 00:10:27,840 Speaker 1: in a fireplace, there was one that was under the bed, 181 00:10:28,360 --> 00:10:30,400 Speaker 1: but they could never locate the source of the noise. 182 00:10:31,040 --> 00:10:33,720 Speaker 1: And Elizabeth would wake up periodically and claim that she 183 00:10:33,800 --> 00:10:37,560 Speaker 1: was being pricked with pins. Uh and Unfortunately, Elizabeth did 184 00:10:37,640 --> 00:10:39,880 Speaker 1: not recover. Ever, she got worse and worse, her fever 185 00:10:40,040 --> 00:10:44,839 Speaker 1: horson and she passed away on February sixteen fifty seven. Again, 186 00:10:44,880 --> 00:10:49,280 Speaker 1: if we're going by the Julian calendar, her baby, though, survived, 187 00:10:49,800 --> 00:10:53,760 Speaker 1: even without her mother there to breastfeed her. Which, uh 188 00:10:54,040 --> 00:10:55,760 Speaker 1: did you find whether they were able to find a 189 00:10:55,760 --> 00:10:59,760 Speaker 1: wet nurse or I never saw any account of how 190 00:10:59,840 --> 00:11:02,880 Speaker 1: the baby was taken care of in that regard. I 191 00:11:02,920 --> 00:11:06,280 Speaker 1: know she did legally. The documents were quickly drawn up 192 00:11:06,280 --> 00:11:08,680 Speaker 1: to say that she was staying with her father. Uh. 193 00:11:08,679 --> 00:11:11,040 Speaker 1: It would be unusual for a baby without a mother 194 00:11:11,160 --> 00:11:13,160 Speaker 1: to survive at the time, but she did, and she 195 00:11:13,200 --> 00:11:15,760 Speaker 1: went on to lead, by all accounts, a pretty standard 196 00:11:15,760 --> 00:11:19,559 Speaker 1: normal life. But yeah, I wondered too, and I didn't 197 00:11:19,559 --> 00:11:23,880 Speaker 1: find any any hard evidence or accounts one way or 198 00:11:23,880 --> 00:11:25,800 Speaker 1: the other of how the baby was nourished from that 199 00:11:25,840 --> 00:11:29,360 Speaker 1: point on. It seems most likely that probably they found 200 00:11:29,400 --> 00:11:33,280 Speaker 1: someone else in the community who also either had a 201 00:11:33,360 --> 00:11:35,720 Speaker 1: child or had had a child, which was very common, 202 00:11:35,720 --> 00:11:37,559 Speaker 1: and that will actually come up later in the story 203 00:11:37,640 --> 00:11:41,800 Speaker 1: regarding someone else. Yes, Uh, so a hearing was underway 204 00:11:42,559 --> 00:11:46,360 Speaker 1: pretty much immediately and by some accounts. The calendar gets 205 00:11:46,360 --> 00:11:49,600 Speaker 1: a little weird because I did see some that suggests 206 00:11:49,640 --> 00:11:52,640 Speaker 1: the hearing had actually started even before Elizabeth had passed, 207 00:11:53,200 --> 00:11:55,440 Speaker 1: but verifying that was a little bit tricky. The date 208 00:11:55,440 --> 00:11:57,760 Speaker 1: stone always match up, but it was within a couple 209 00:11:57,760 --> 00:12:00,760 Speaker 1: of days. So it is conceivedable that they could have 210 00:12:00,800 --> 00:12:05,560 Speaker 1: started investigating these allegations since um claims were already being 211 00:12:05,559 --> 00:12:09,319 Speaker 1: made about Goody yardlic being implicated in the illness of Elizabeth. 212 00:12:10,240 --> 00:12:13,160 Speaker 1: But so the investigation had already begun by the time 213 00:12:13,200 --> 00:12:15,760 Speaker 1: Elizabeth had passed and really kicked in a high gear, 214 00:12:16,360 --> 00:12:19,280 Speaker 1: and they wanted to determine at that point if she 215 00:12:19,400 --> 00:12:22,240 Speaker 1: had been murdered, and if so, if witchcraft had been involved, 216 00:12:22,559 --> 00:12:25,440 Speaker 1: because both of those things were punishable by death. And 217 00:12:25,559 --> 00:12:27,560 Speaker 1: I feel like we should do a quick side note 218 00:12:27,600 --> 00:12:31,079 Speaker 1: and mentioned again in modern times we talked about witchcraft, 219 00:12:31,120 --> 00:12:34,000 Speaker 1: and we look at it as a quaint belief of 220 00:12:34,440 --> 00:12:37,280 Speaker 1: times past, but it was a very real fear for 221 00:12:37,320 --> 00:12:39,720 Speaker 1: this community at this time, and it was not uncommon 222 00:12:39,800 --> 00:12:43,040 Speaker 1: for people in general to be afraid of the dark arts, 223 00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:47,520 Speaker 1: so we used the dark arts to explain otherwise unexplainable 224 00:12:47,600 --> 00:12:51,320 Speaker 1: things correct, So it it really was something that was 225 00:12:51,360 --> 00:12:55,199 Speaker 1: taken very very seriously. When someone was accused of something 226 00:12:55,280 --> 00:12:58,600 Speaker 1: like that, it was investigated just as we would investigate 227 00:12:58,640 --> 00:13:06,120 Speaker 1: any UH legation today of a criminal nature. So this hearing, though, 228 00:13:06,200 --> 00:13:08,640 Speaker 1: was interesting because it was the first witchcraft hearing in 229 00:13:08,679 --> 00:13:11,040 Speaker 1: East Hampton. There had been others in New England already, 230 00:13:11,040 --> 00:13:13,280 Speaker 1: but East Hampton had never dealt with this subject before 231 00:13:13,320 --> 00:13:16,000 Speaker 1: on a legal level. UH. And a hearing began and 232 00:13:16,120 --> 00:13:19,800 Speaker 1: three village justices presided over it. They were John Wolford, 233 00:13:19,880 --> 00:13:24,400 Speaker 1: John Hand and Thomas Baker. And there is also some 234 00:13:24,480 --> 00:13:30,280 Speaker 1: discrepancy about how many witnesses actually testified. Most sources site eleven, 235 00:13:30,720 --> 00:13:33,040 Speaker 1: but the New York Archives telling of the story does 236 00:13:33,080 --> 00:13:37,120 Speaker 1: mention thirteen witnesses, so just keep that in mind. I 237 00:13:37,320 --> 00:13:39,959 Speaker 1: just in terms of volume, it seems like eleven is 238 00:13:40,040 --> 00:13:44,720 Speaker 1: the more accurate, but the archivists are usually very careful 239 00:13:44,760 --> 00:13:47,200 Speaker 1: with their numbers, so it could just be a matter 240 00:13:47,240 --> 00:13:50,880 Speaker 1: of someone accounting differently in historical records. And that's a 241 00:13:50,960 --> 00:13:54,200 Speaker 1: pretty significant portion of the population of the town at 242 00:13:54,240 --> 00:13:57,520 Speaker 1: that time. Yeah, either way, you're close to a third 243 00:13:57,760 --> 00:14:04,199 Speaker 1: whichever number happens. UH. And according to UH one text, 244 00:14:04,960 --> 00:14:08,160 Speaker 1: like I said, there were eleven, but most interesting are 245 00:14:08,200 --> 00:14:12,000 Speaker 1: that three people that never testified that we're very very involved. 246 00:14:12,480 --> 00:14:17,080 Speaker 1: One is Lying Gardner, the deceased father. One is Goody Garlic. 247 00:14:17,200 --> 00:14:20,200 Speaker 1: She never came forward to defend herself. She didn't speak 248 00:14:20,280 --> 00:14:22,080 Speaker 1: up to do so. I wonder if she was given 249 00:14:22,080 --> 00:14:25,160 Speaker 1: the options to do so. It seemed like she was 250 00:14:25,480 --> 00:14:30,240 Speaker 1: and she just wasn't interested in addressing any of these accusations. Uh. 251 00:14:30,280 --> 00:14:32,560 Speaker 1: And the other is a woman named Goody Davis, who 252 00:14:32,560 --> 00:14:36,240 Speaker 1: will come up again as we go forward. The only 253 00:14:36,280 --> 00:14:38,960 Speaker 1: person who wanted to defend Goody Garlic was her husband, 254 00:14:39,760 --> 00:14:43,160 Speaker 1: which is interesting you know that no one would come 255 00:14:43,200 --> 00:14:45,920 Speaker 1: forward to speak on her behalf because there are some 256 00:14:46,480 --> 00:14:49,200 Speaker 1: accounts also that say that she had friends in very 257 00:14:49,240 --> 00:14:52,000 Speaker 1: high places, which will figure into the lore as we 258 00:14:52,040 --> 00:14:55,240 Speaker 1: go forward and how this kind of gets absolved later on. 259 00:14:55,320 --> 00:14:58,120 Speaker 1: But if that were the case, you would think more 260 00:14:58,160 --> 00:15:01,200 Speaker 1: people would come forward to defend her. But again, dealing 261 00:15:01,200 --> 00:15:04,200 Speaker 1: with a very fearful subject that was not always easily explainable. 262 00:15:05,240 --> 00:15:10,440 Speaker 1: So going into this hearing, they used a seven point 263 00:15:10,560 --> 00:15:14,480 Speaker 1: system of criteria for determining the presence of witchcraft. And 264 00:15:14,520 --> 00:15:19,040 Speaker 1: this list is so intriguing to me because so many 265 00:15:19,080 --> 00:15:20,920 Speaker 1: of them are are really, what we've sort of mentioned 266 00:15:20,920 --> 00:15:23,720 Speaker 1: a couple of times, is something tragic happens that you 267 00:15:23,760 --> 00:15:29,040 Speaker 1: can't really explain witchcraft? Yeah, it's like, is it unexplainable witchcraft? 268 00:15:29,080 --> 00:15:32,120 Speaker 1: It must be which So point one, for example, when 269 00:15:32,120 --> 00:15:36,080 Speaker 1: a healthful body shall be suddenly taken without probable reason 270 00:15:36,240 --> 00:15:41,080 Speaker 1: or apparent natural cause. So basically, when someone dies without 271 00:15:41,080 --> 00:15:45,280 Speaker 1: an obvious cause it was previously healthy, right, And Samuel 272 00:15:45,280 --> 00:15:49,720 Speaker 1: Parsons testimony of Elizabeth's the sudden onset of Elizabeth's illness 273 00:15:50,120 --> 00:15:52,760 Speaker 1: easily met this requirement. The next one is when the 274 00:15:52,760 --> 00:15:55,960 Speaker 1: afflicted party in his fit tells truly what the witch 275 00:15:56,120 --> 00:15:58,840 Speaker 1: or other absent parties are doing or saying or the like. 276 00:15:59,760 --> 00:16:05,760 Speaker 1: So again, kind of odd because it's basically, at that 277 00:16:05,800 --> 00:16:08,280 Speaker 1: point there's no way to verify right there, just saying 278 00:16:08,520 --> 00:16:12,080 Speaker 1: it's what someone said, right, you're taking someone's word for it, 279 00:16:12,160 --> 00:16:14,160 Speaker 1: who may or may not be ill from fever at 280 00:16:14,200 --> 00:16:17,440 Speaker 1: that point or some other affliction. And several witnesses had 281 00:16:17,480 --> 00:16:20,880 Speaker 1: heard Elizabeth mentioned the black specters being pricked with pins, 282 00:16:20,880 --> 00:16:23,640 Speaker 1: goody garlic being in the room when she wasn't actually 283 00:16:23,680 --> 00:16:26,560 Speaker 1: there physically for other people to see, So that was 284 00:16:26,640 --> 00:16:29,960 Speaker 1: met very easily. The third was when there was a 285 00:16:30,080 --> 00:16:33,480 Speaker 1: supernatural strength such that a strong man or two shall 286 00:16:33,520 --> 00:16:35,440 Speaker 1: not be able to keep down a child or a 287 00:16:35,480 --> 00:16:40,720 Speaker 1: weak person upon a bed. Arthur Howell described the ways 288 00:16:40,760 --> 00:16:43,600 Speaker 1: that Elizabeth would try to strike out at the black figures, 289 00:16:44,000 --> 00:16:46,480 Speaker 1: and how he couldn't hold her in his grasp when 290 00:16:46,480 --> 00:16:48,000 Speaker 1: she tried to do this. So, even though she was 291 00:16:48,120 --> 00:16:50,040 Speaker 1: very ill when she was trying to fight back against 292 00:16:50,040 --> 00:16:54,200 Speaker 1: these specters that she saw, her strength appeared to be 293 00:16:54,240 --> 00:16:57,240 Speaker 1: more than it should have been considering her physical condition 294 00:16:57,280 --> 00:17:00,840 Speaker 1: at that point. The fourth one is the parties shall 295 00:17:00,880 --> 00:17:03,760 Speaker 1: do strange things or say strange things, and yet, when 296 00:17:03,760 --> 00:17:05,800 Speaker 1: out of their fits, know nothing of what they did 297 00:17:05,880 --> 00:17:09,359 Speaker 1: or said. So there was plenty of strange behavior in 298 00:17:09,400 --> 00:17:13,120 Speaker 1: all of the witness accounts. But according to one scholar, 299 00:17:13,640 --> 00:17:16,520 Speaker 1: she makes an interesting point that nevertheless, and I'm quoting 300 00:17:16,560 --> 00:17:19,760 Speaker 1: at this point, Nevertheless, none of the testimony clarifies whether 301 00:17:19,800 --> 00:17:22,480 Speaker 1: her delirium was punctuated by moments of clarity in which 302 00:17:22,520 --> 00:17:24,359 Speaker 1: she was unaware of what she had said or done. 303 00:17:25,640 --> 00:17:30,119 Speaker 1: So we're not sure if that part of the criteria 304 00:17:30,200 --> 00:17:34,800 Speaker 1: was actually really focused on at that point, um, but 305 00:17:34,880 --> 00:17:39,080 Speaker 1: we do know that she definitely had fits. The fifth 306 00:17:39,080 --> 00:17:45,639 Speaker 1: point when a party doth the found it up crooked pins, needles, nails, coal, lead, straw, 307 00:17:45,920 --> 00:17:49,920 Speaker 1: hair or the like. Lots of foreign objects in that list. 308 00:17:50,440 --> 00:17:52,080 Speaker 1: And we had the two women who we spoke about 309 00:17:52,119 --> 00:17:54,760 Speaker 1: previously testifying that they saw a pin fall out of 310 00:17:54,760 --> 00:17:58,399 Speaker 1: Elizabeth's mouth after she had a coughing fit. The sixth 311 00:17:58,520 --> 00:18:01,399 Speaker 1: is when the party shall see visitly some apparition, and 312 00:18:01,480 --> 00:18:06,400 Speaker 1: shortly after some mischiefel shall befall him. Goody Simon's testified 313 00:18:06,440 --> 00:18:09,840 Speaker 1: about Elizabeth's visions of black things in the room and 314 00:18:09,920 --> 00:18:12,880 Speaker 1: her rapid decline in health was already well established since 315 00:18:12,920 --> 00:18:16,119 Speaker 1: many people had witnessed her going from fairly okay to 316 00:18:16,240 --> 00:18:18,240 Speaker 1: really really ill in a very brief period of time. 317 00:18:18,720 --> 00:18:21,919 Speaker 1: The seventh point was when two or more are similarly 318 00:18:22,080 --> 00:18:25,400 Speaker 1: taken in strange fits, so basically, when more than one 319 00:18:25,400 --> 00:18:29,480 Speaker 1: person in the community is having the same experience. There 320 00:18:29,480 --> 00:18:32,439 Speaker 1: were two witnesses who backed Goody Simon's claimed that she 321 00:18:32,480 --> 00:18:36,600 Speaker 1: had had fits after seeing specters, and the garlic black 322 00:18:36,640 --> 00:18:40,359 Speaker 1: Cat was implicated as a specter figure. Yes, so Goody 323 00:18:40,359 --> 00:18:42,639 Speaker 1: Simmons had said she had seen the black Cat and 324 00:18:42,840 --> 00:18:45,480 Speaker 1: shortly after either had fits or her fits had gotten 325 00:18:45,520 --> 00:18:49,280 Speaker 1: worse after seeing the animal. So all seven of those 326 00:18:49,680 --> 00:18:54,159 Speaker 1: criteria were meant easily during testimony and then in the 327 00:18:54,240 --> 00:18:55,919 Speaker 1: in the midst of all of that testimony, there were 328 00:18:55,960 --> 00:19:00,480 Speaker 1: additional accusations made against Goodye Garlic. So in addition of 329 00:19:00,560 --> 00:19:04,320 Speaker 1: those seven criteria having been met by witness testimony easily, 330 00:19:04,640 --> 00:19:07,840 Speaker 1: additional accusations were made as part of that testimony, and 331 00:19:07,880 --> 00:19:12,119 Speaker 1: they sort of formed a bigger dossier of what people 332 00:19:12,200 --> 00:19:17,399 Speaker 1: perceived to be witchcraft behavior around Goody Garlic. Uh. It 333 00:19:17,480 --> 00:19:20,120 Speaker 1: was claimed that she caused four other deaths, one an 334 00:19:20,200 --> 00:19:25,000 Speaker 1: unidentified man, one a black child, and two infants. They 335 00:19:25,160 --> 00:19:27,919 Speaker 1: said that at one point she poisoned an infant with 336 00:19:27,960 --> 00:19:32,560 Speaker 1: cursed milk. Uh. As we had just mentioned, Goody Simon's 337 00:19:32,560 --> 00:19:35,720 Speaker 1: claimed that she had fits because of Goody Garlic. There 338 00:19:35,800 --> 00:19:38,720 Speaker 1: was a litter of piglets that died after the sow 339 00:19:38,840 --> 00:19:43,040 Speaker 1: had a very unusual birth which was attributed to her, 340 00:19:43,880 --> 00:19:46,160 Speaker 1: and at one point an ox had broken its legs 341 00:19:46,200 --> 00:19:49,520 Speaker 1: suddenly and her husband. Goody Garlic's husband, Joshua, is also 342 00:19:49,560 --> 00:19:52,960 Speaker 1: implicated here because he had apparently uttered some threats in 343 00:19:52,960 --> 00:19:56,480 Speaker 1: a disagreement with Lyon Gardner, who owned the ox, and 344 00:19:56,600 --> 00:19:59,919 Speaker 1: was the father of Elizabeth, who had just died shortly 345 00:20:00,000 --> 00:20:02,879 Speaker 1: before it happened, so they had had a verbal dispute 346 00:20:03,160 --> 00:20:06,920 Speaker 1: and then suddenly the ox's leg was broken. So once 347 00:20:06,960 --> 00:20:11,640 Speaker 1: witchcraft was established to have been involved, the next section 348 00:20:11,800 --> 00:20:15,800 Speaker 1: of the hearing is um meeting the criteria to prove 349 00:20:15,840 --> 00:20:19,680 Speaker 1: that the accused was the perpetrator of that witchcraft. So 350 00:20:20,240 --> 00:20:24,320 Speaker 1: there are three rules. Three criteria that that the accused 351 00:20:24,320 --> 00:20:26,879 Speaker 1: had appeared to the sick party and his or her fits, 352 00:20:27,880 --> 00:20:30,560 Speaker 1: that the afflicted was able to name the suspected witch, 353 00:20:31,320 --> 00:20:34,320 Speaker 1: and that the afflicted could describe the which is actions, 354 00:20:34,440 --> 00:20:38,200 Speaker 1: all of which has happened in what we've described so far. Right, 355 00:20:38,200 --> 00:20:41,199 Speaker 1: So the existing testimony that meant the first seven criteria 356 00:20:41,359 --> 00:20:44,560 Speaker 1: also pretty cleanly wrap up this portion of it as well. 357 00:20:45,280 --> 00:20:48,760 Speaker 1: So at that point, uh, things are not looking great 358 00:20:48,800 --> 00:20:52,720 Speaker 1: for Goody Garlic. Um. So one thing that's interesting is 359 00:20:53,160 --> 00:20:56,640 Speaker 1: historian Loretta Orian, who I've mentioned some of her work 360 00:20:56,680 --> 00:21:00,080 Speaker 1: previously in this in this episode, is that many of 361 00:21:00,119 --> 00:21:03,440 Speaker 1: the histories of the Easthampton area mentioned the trial of 362 00:21:03,480 --> 00:21:07,240 Speaker 1: Goody Garlic, but Elizabeth Gardner Howell's death is really not 363 00:21:07,480 --> 00:21:10,520 Speaker 1: part of it. The charges tend to be pretty general 364 00:21:11,240 --> 00:21:15,200 Speaker 1: about goody bewitching neighbors with herbs, ruining crops, sending her 365 00:21:15,280 --> 00:21:18,320 Speaker 1: spector cat after people. They're kind of more what we 366 00:21:18,359 --> 00:21:22,199 Speaker 1: would think of today is pretty standard witchy behaviors of 367 00:21:22,240 --> 00:21:24,879 Speaker 1: the time, you know, the things that we think of 368 00:21:24,960 --> 00:21:29,080 Speaker 1: historically is what people were accused of. And somehow Elizabeth's 369 00:21:29,119 --> 00:21:33,080 Speaker 1: death is really not is focused on as the catalyst 370 00:21:33,160 --> 00:21:37,800 Speaker 1: for this trial as it was. And Oriyan postulates that 371 00:21:37,840 --> 00:21:40,119 Speaker 1: part of that is because the Gardener family was very, 372 00:21:40,200 --> 00:21:45,080 Speaker 1: very important in the area and they really laid down 373 00:21:45,119 --> 00:21:48,680 Speaker 1: a lot of the groundwork for the community, and that 374 00:21:49,000 --> 00:21:53,600 Speaker 1: they maybe didn't want their family name associated with all 375 00:21:53,640 --> 00:21:56,200 Speaker 1: of this, and that some because there are still members 376 00:21:56,200 --> 00:21:59,720 Speaker 1: that Gardner family descendants there that you know, give to 377 00:21:59,800 --> 00:22:02,160 Speaker 1: hers that are part of this and right, so Ryan 378 00:22:02,240 --> 00:22:04,000 Speaker 1: is postulating that they just kind of want to keep 379 00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:06,119 Speaker 1: the family name out of it. And well, it was 380 00:22:06,160 --> 00:22:09,679 Speaker 1: one of those tours where as we talked about earlier 381 00:22:09,720 --> 00:22:12,040 Speaker 1: about you know, hearing the story while on a tour 382 00:22:12,160 --> 00:22:14,040 Speaker 1: like it was one of those tours of of one 383 00:22:14,080 --> 00:22:18,640 Speaker 1: of the old family properties that uh that she heard 384 00:22:18,640 --> 00:22:20,520 Speaker 1: about this story for the first time. Yeah, that really 385 00:22:20,520 --> 00:22:23,600 Speaker 1: catalyzed her interest in it and really sessing out the 386 00:22:23,600 --> 00:22:26,639 Speaker 1: truth in all of the various histories. And because the 387 00:22:26,720 --> 00:22:30,920 Speaker 1: community was very, very small, the Garlics had dealings with everyone, 388 00:22:31,240 --> 00:22:35,560 Speaker 1: and some of them, you know, involved disagreements, but all 389 00:22:35,560 --> 00:22:37,639 Speaker 1: of them of course came into focus at this time. 390 00:22:37,920 --> 00:22:40,200 Speaker 1: And because there is at that point so much information 391 00:22:40,200 --> 00:22:43,040 Speaker 1: about it, that's kind of what informs a lot of 392 00:22:43,080 --> 00:22:46,480 Speaker 1: the historical writings about it that that give Goody Garlic 393 00:22:46,560 --> 00:22:51,200 Speaker 1: more of a general witchcraft accusation rather than the specificity 394 00:22:51,240 --> 00:22:54,000 Speaker 1: of a murder. One thing that comes out that's very 395 00:22:54,040 --> 00:22:58,040 Speaker 1: interesting as you read this is there is an alternate 396 00:22:58,119 --> 00:22:59,960 Speaker 1: villain in this story as we look at it kind 397 00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:03,119 Speaker 1: of from our perspective, and that's Goody Davis, who was 398 00:23:03,200 --> 00:23:07,919 Speaker 1: this woman who clearly did not like Goody Garlic and 399 00:23:08,040 --> 00:23:10,680 Speaker 1: she felt that she had been personally wronged by her, 400 00:23:11,119 --> 00:23:13,719 Speaker 1: and much of the testimony against Goody Garlic, even though 401 00:23:13,720 --> 00:23:17,720 Speaker 1: Goody Davis never testified, it kind of came to light 402 00:23:17,800 --> 00:23:20,119 Speaker 1: that it could all be tracked back to stories that 403 00:23:20,160 --> 00:23:24,000 Speaker 1: Goody Davis had told people. So Goody Davis had lost 404 00:23:24,040 --> 00:23:27,240 Speaker 1: her own baby after what she claimed was Goody Garlic 405 00:23:27,400 --> 00:23:31,639 Speaker 1: casting the evil eye on it. Uh. The story is 406 00:23:31,800 --> 00:23:34,480 Speaker 1: that Goody Garlic had noted that the baby was ill, 407 00:23:35,080 --> 00:23:38,560 Speaker 1: saying the child is not well for it growne And 408 00:23:38,680 --> 00:23:41,359 Speaker 1: later after she said those words, the baby didn't open 409 00:23:41,400 --> 00:23:43,879 Speaker 1: its eyes or make noise ever again, and it died 410 00:23:43,920 --> 00:23:47,720 Speaker 1: five days later. H and Goody Davis. Her point of 411 00:23:47,800 --> 00:23:50,280 Speaker 1: view was that this was an active of witchcraft or 412 00:23:50,280 --> 00:23:54,159 Speaker 1: the evil eye from Goody Garlic. So an interesting element 413 00:23:54,160 --> 00:23:57,440 Speaker 1: comes into the story here regarding the Gardener family because 414 00:23:57,440 --> 00:24:00,159 Speaker 1: allegedly the day that this testimony came up in the 415 00:24:00,160 --> 00:24:04,040 Speaker 1: East Hampton hearing involving Goody Davis believing that her child 416 00:24:04,160 --> 00:24:09,120 Speaker 1: had been cursed by Goodye Garlic, servants of Lion Gardner, 417 00:24:09,640 --> 00:24:11,919 Speaker 1: a good Man Veil and his spouse claimed to have 418 00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:14,680 Speaker 1: heard Lyon Gardner say and remember this is the father 419 00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:17,840 Speaker 1: of the girl who has just died, and I quote 420 00:24:18,240 --> 00:24:21,000 Speaker 1: Goody Davis had taken an Indian child to nurse for 421 00:24:21,040 --> 00:24:23,760 Speaker 1: a little wampum and had starved her own child to death. 422 00:24:24,800 --> 00:24:29,320 Speaker 1: So someone with a pretty serious stake in seeing justice 423 00:24:29,359 --> 00:24:32,360 Speaker 1: done or vengeance if he really believed this woman had 424 00:24:32,440 --> 00:24:36,760 Speaker 1: killed his daughter, was actually speaking out against the women 425 00:24:36,800 --> 00:24:40,520 Speaker 1: that were accusing Goody Garlic and saying, oh no, you 426 00:24:40,600 --> 00:24:43,480 Speaker 1: brought that on yourself, although again he did not officially 427 00:24:43,480 --> 00:24:45,880 Speaker 1: testify in the trial. These are things that his servants 428 00:24:45,920 --> 00:24:48,720 Speaker 1: overheard him saying, and they reported back to other people. 429 00:24:49,400 --> 00:24:52,000 Speaker 1: So it establishes Lion is very even tempered and being 430 00:24:52,040 --> 00:24:55,200 Speaker 1: a voice of reason, even in you know, the depths 431 00:24:55,200 --> 00:24:59,040 Speaker 1: of grief, grief over losing his daughter, and in some 432 00:24:59,320 --> 00:25:02,440 Speaker 1: versions of history it's even suggested that Lyon Gardner is 433 00:25:02,440 --> 00:25:05,000 Speaker 1: actually a friend of Goody Garlic and that they have 434 00:25:05,040 --> 00:25:07,520 Speaker 1: a pretty good relationship and he actually wants to protect her. 435 00:25:07,880 --> 00:25:10,360 Speaker 1: We do know that Goody Garlic worked for him at 436 00:25:10,400 --> 00:25:15,800 Speaker 1: one point, but there's no real clear documentation that they 437 00:25:15,840 --> 00:25:18,920 Speaker 1: were really any more than that, you know, neighbors and friends. 438 00:25:18,960 --> 00:25:21,679 Speaker 1: I mean, there are even disputes in that long public 439 00:25:21,680 --> 00:25:24,920 Speaker 1: record that I mentioned earlier between the Garlics and the Gardeners, 440 00:25:24,960 --> 00:25:28,240 Speaker 1: But really there are disputes amongst almost every single family, 441 00:25:28,280 --> 00:25:30,560 Speaker 1: like you could do all of the possible permutations of 442 00:25:31,040 --> 00:25:33,240 Speaker 1: family to family amongst the thirty four that lived there, 443 00:25:33,280 --> 00:25:35,560 Speaker 1: and each of them have had some argument at some 444 00:25:35,560 --> 00:25:38,439 Speaker 1: point in time that was documented. So right, and I 445 00:25:38,440 --> 00:25:42,880 Speaker 1: still keep imagining it is as a seventeenth century condo association, 446 00:25:43,280 --> 00:25:46,080 Speaker 1: and everyone's squabbling with everyone all the time. It did 447 00:25:46,080 --> 00:25:48,879 Speaker 1: appear to have a lot of squabbles. And at this 448 00:25:48,960 --> 00:25:52,800 Speaker 1: point there is an another interesting development, which is that 449 00:25:52,880 --> 00:25:56,240 Speaker 1: the case moves on it the judgment is not handed 450 00:25:56,240 --> 00:25:59,080 Speaker 1: down there in East Hampton. Now they decided to send 451 00:25:59,080 --> 00:26:02,600 Speaker 1: it to Hartford, which had more experience in dealing with 452 00:26:02,720 --> 00:26:06,440 Speaker 1: charges like this. There was some trepidation on the parts 453 00:26:06,480 --> 00:26:08,800 Speaker 1: of the magistrates about ruling in a case that had 454 00:26:08,840 --> 00:26:13,680 Speaker 1: such serious consequences for the accused, which, considering the lore 455 00:26:13,880 --> 00:26:17,800 Speaker 1: of witch hunts, is pretty level headed. Like when you 456 00:26:17,840 --> 00:26:21,480 Speaker 1: read transcripts of witch trials and sort of read accounts 457 00:26:21,520 --> 00:26:25,080 Speaker 1: of uh towns in which a big witch trial became 458 00:26:25,119 --> 00:26:27,760 Speaker 1: the central focus, there tended to be a lot of 459 00:26:28,080 --> 00:26:30,560 Speaker 1: hysteria and a lot of rush to judgment, And this 460 00:26:30,640 --> 00:26:33,520 Speaker 1: is really like, we need to give this case to 461 00:26:33,680 --> 00:26:39,000 Speaker 1: someone else who has more experience considering the ramifications that 462 00:26:39,119 --> 00:26:42,119 Speaker 1: might come down. Yes, and it it does make me 463 00:26:42,200 --> 00:26:44,199 Speaker 1: wonder if some of that is just based on the 464 00:26:44,200 --> 00:26:46,120 Speaker 1: fact that it is such a small community and they 465 00:26:46,119 --> 00:26:48,359 Speaker 1: do all know each other, like if they have a 466 00:26:48,400 --> 00:26:50,919 Speaker 1: sense of the level of import of each person in 467 00:26:50,960 --> 00:26:55,040 Speaker 1: that community, or if they just rude that level headed generally, 468 00:26:55,960 --> 00:26:59,040 Speaker 1: and we don't know so uh Baker in hand were 469 00:26:59,040 --> 00:27:01,639 Speaker 1: then dispatched to Conecticut. They were two of the magistrates 470 00:27:01,640 --> 00:27:05,440 Speaker 1: that had heard the hearing there in East Hampton, and 471 00:27:05,520 --> 00:27:08,480 Speaker 1: they were bringing Goody Garlic to her trial there in 472 00:27:08,560 --> 00:27:12,520 Speaker 1: Hampton there in the Hartford rather, they were also finishing 473 00:27:12,600 --> 00:27:16,119 Speaker 1: up negotiations to make East Hampton part of the Connecticut colony. 474 00:27:16,240 --> 00:27:19,639 Speaker 1: So there was a double intent there in their travels, 475 00:27:20,680 --> 00:27:23,159 Speaker 1: and Lyon Gardner was actually part of the party, but 476 00:27:23,240 --> 00:27:25,480 Speaker 1: records indicate he did not have any involvement in the 477 00:27:25,520 --> 00:27:27,920 Speaker 1: Garlic case at that point. He was just there to 478 00:27:28,040 --> 00:27:31,960 Speaker 1: assist with the Connecticut negotiations. So there's some haziness and 479 00:27:32,000 --> 00:27:35,679 Speaker 1: some inconsistency at this point. There are accounts that claimed 480 00:27:35,720 --> 00:27:39,160 Speaker 1: there was no Hartford trial at all, and that Gardner 481 00:27:39,280 --> 00:27:42,879 Speaker 1: used his influence to spare the Garlics from that what 482 00:27:43,080 --> 00:27:45,360 Speaker 1: was likely to happen, which was that Goody Garlic would 483 00:27:45,400 --> 00:27:48,120 Speaker 1: be executed. But there are also records of the case 484 00:27:48,200 --> 00:27:51,840 Speaker 1: being heard by Governor John Winthrop Jr. And his six 485 00:27:51,840 --> 00:27:55,600 Speaker 1: other magistrates, as well as a twelve manajury. So we 486 00:27:55,720 --> 00:27:59,640 Speaker 1: mentioned that mostly because I mean, there really are government documents. 487 00:27:59,760 --> 00:28:02,960 Speaker 1: Govern records that indicate that this trial did happen. But 488 00:28:03,000 --> 00:28:05,080 Speaker 1: again it goes back to that sort of desire to 489 00:28:05,160 --> 00:28:08,120 Speaker 1: do very glossy versions of history. There are many accounts 490 00:28:08,160 --> 00:28:11,160 Speaker 1: that really seem to firmly believe that that trial never happened, 491 00:28:12,160 --> 00:28:15,200 Speaker 1: which kind of interesting. And so the indictment against Goody 492 00:28:15,280 --> 00:28:19,880 Speaker 1: Garlic that accompanied her to Hartford reads Elizabeth Garlic, thou 493 00:28:19,960 --> 00:28:22,600 Speaker 1: art indicated by the name of Elizabeth Garlic, the wife 494 00:28:22,640 --> 00:28:25,359 Speaker 1: of Joshua Garlic of East Hampton, that, not having the 495 00:28:25,400 --> 00:28:28,800 Speaker 1: fear of God before thine eyes, thou hast entertained Satan, 496 00:28:29,160 --> 00:28:32,000 Speaker 1: the great enemy of God and mankind, And by his help, 497 00:28:32,080 --> 00:28:34,960 Speaker 1: since the year sixteen fifty hath done works above the 498 00:28:34,960 --> 00:28:37,720 Speaker 1: course of nature, to the loss of lives of several persons, 499 00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:41,040 Speaker 1: with several other sorceries, and in particular the wife of 500 00:28:41,160 --> 00:28:44,000 Speaker 1: Arthur Howell, for which according to the laws of God 501 00:28:44,040 --> 00:28:47,840 Speaker 1: and the established law of the Commonwealth, thou deservest to die. Yeah, 502 00:28:47,960 --> 00:28:49,640 Speaker 1: so we we don't really have a lot of record 503 00:28:49,680 --> 00:28:54,560 Speaker 1: of what actually transpired in this court, So we don't 504 00:28:54,560 --> 00:28:57,200 Speaker 1: know what really happened in the courtroom. We don't really 505 00:28:57,480 --> 00:29:02,640 Speaker 1: know if Goody Garlic testified We just know that an 506 00:29:02,640 --> 00:29:05,840 Speaker 1: event happened at which there was a trial. Yes, there 507 00:29:05,880 --> 00:29:07,920 Speaker 1: has also never been any record of whether a witch 508 00:29:07,960 --> 00:29:10,720 Speaker 1: is mark was ever found on her. Which was pretty 509 00:29:10,720 --> 00:29:13,880 Speaker 1: common for women who were jailed as witches to have 510 00:29:13,960 --> 00:29:18,120 Speaker 1: their bodies searched pretty thoroughly for such a thing. Uh, 511 00:29:18,160 --> 00:29:21,040 Speaker 1: And there's never any record of one of those having 512 00:29:21,040 --> 00:29:23,400 Speaker 1: been found. We don't know if that ever happened to her, 513 00:29:23,440 --> 00:29:25,840 Speaker 1: but it is. It was such a common practice that 514 00:29:25,880 --> 00:29:28,080 Speaker 1: it would have been more unusual if it had not happened, 515 00:29:28,840 --> 00:29:35,640 Speaker 1: for her to have been pretty thoroughly examined. But here's 516 00:29:35,640 --> 00:29:41,360 Speaker 1: the interesting thing. The findings of the court are as such. 517 00:29:42,320 --> 00:29:46,000 Speaker 1: This was actually the judgment that they sent to the 518 00:29:46,000 --> 00:29:49,480 Speaker 1: town of East Hampton, along with some other documents which 519 00:29:49,480 --> 00:29:51,680 Speaker 1: we will talk about in just a moment, and it reads, 520 00:29:52,120 --> 00:29:54,959 Speaker 1: the jury doth not find Elizabeth, the wife of Joshua 521 00:29:55,000 --> 00:29:58,840 Speaker 1: Garlic guilty according to the indictment Joshua Garlic of East 522 00:29:58,880 --> 00:30:02,440 Speaker 1: Hampton for himself and wife Elizabeth, doth acknowledge himself bound 523 00:30:02,480 --> 00:30:06,680 Speaker 1: to this Commonwealth in a recognization of thirty eleven. We'll 524 00:30:06,720 --> 00:30:09,040 Speaker 1: come back to what that is, Uh, that he and 525 00:30:09,080 --> 00:30:11,360 Speaker 1: his wife shall carry good behavior to all the members 526 00:30:11,400 --> 00:30:13,720 Speaker 1: of this jurisdiction until the Court at East Hampton in 527 00:30:13,760 --> 00:30:16,560 Speaker 1: September or October next and that they will then and 528 00:30:16,600 --> 00:30:20,080 Speaker 1: there personally appear if he till that time continues his 529 00:30:20,160 --> 00:30:22,880 Speaker 1: habitation upon the island, but if he shall remove his 530 00:30:22,960 --> 00:30:25,960 Speaker 1: dwelling to the main within this jurisdiction, then they here 531 00:30:26,000 --> 00:30:28,880 Speaker 1: shall personally appear at the Quarter Court in Hartford on 532 00:30:28,920 --> 00:30:32,560 Speaker 1: the first Thursday of September next. So what that actually 533 00:30:32,560 --> 00:30:36,360 Speaker 1: means is that um Joshua actually had to pay a 534 00:30:36,400 --> 00:30:40,200 Speaker 1: bond to ensure that his wife would behave going forward. Like, 535 00:30:40,240 --> 00:30:42,640 Speaker 1: they didn't find her guilty, but they also found her 536 00:30:42,680 --> 00:30:47,080 Speaker 1: still suspicious, so not guilty but still suspicious kind of 537 00:30:47,160 --> 00:30:50,160 Speaker 1: like they have to do parole hearings even though she 538 00:30:50,320 --> 00:30:56,920 Speaker 1: was never in prison. Found great uh and that they 539 00:30:56,920 --> 00:30:59,560 Speaker 1: had to check in with the court either in East 540 00:30:59,560 --> 00:31:01,760 Speaker 1: Hampton or if they moved off of that island to 541 00:31:01,800 --> 00:31:04,400 Speaker 1: the mainland, they would have to go to Hartford from 542 00:31:04,440 --> 00:31:07,400 Speaker 1: time to time. Uh. So, Yeah, they didn't find her 543 00:31:07,400 --> 00:31:10,240 Speaker 1: guilty but also not quite not guilty. But this was 544 00:31:10,280 --> 00:31:15,600 Speaker 1: a surprisingly conservative approach. There had already been which is 545 00:31:15,960 --> 00:31:19,760 Speaker 1: tried in Hartford, that had been found guilty and had 546 00:31:19,760 --> 00:31:22,680 Speaker 1: been put to death. So it's very very interesting that 547 00:31:22,720 --> 00:31:26,200 Speaker 1: this happened, and the absence of testimony and the accounts 548 00:31:26,200 --> 00:31:28,840 Speaker 1: of what actually happened at the trial has kind of 549 00:31:28,840 --> 00:31:32,560 Speaker 1: created this nice little hotbed for speculation, right. I really 550 00:31:32,560 --> 00:31:35,400 Speaker 1: wish that we had those because many people really wish 551 00:31:35,440 --> 00:31:38,320 Speaker 1: that we had Like when you look at the criteria 552 00:31:38,400 --> 00:31:42,440 Speaker 1: and what went on in uh in East Hampton, it 553 00:31:42,960 --> 00:31:46,000 Speaker 1: seems like, from the point of view of witchcraft trials 554 00:31:46,040 --> 00:31:49,200 Speaker 1: at the time, to be almost an open inch at case. Yeah, 555 00:31:49,280 --> 00:31:52,640 Speaker 1: but generally went down. The deck was definitely stacked against 556 00:31:52,680 --> 00:31:56,360 Speaker 1: her at that point. So that's one of the reasons 557 00:31:56,440 --> 00:32:00,560 Speaker 1: kind of this mythology around Lyon Gardner has grown up 558 00:32:00,600 --> 00:32:03,800 Speaker 1: through the years, is that people have filled in those 559 00:32:03,800 --> 00:32:07,200 Speaker 1: blanks with him, you know, kind of swooping in almost 560 00:32:07,200 --> 00:32:11,200 Speaker 1: a D. S X. Makina like and doing some wonderful 561 00:32:11,280 --> 00:32:14,520 Speaker 1: thing that spared her at that point. But we don't know. 562 00:32:15,480 --> 00:32:18,400 Speaker 1: What we do know is that Governor John Winthrop sent 563 00:32:18,520 --> 00:32:21,880 Speaker 1: a letter to East Hampton along with that verdict, commending 564 00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:24,560 Speaker 1: the community for their Christian care and prudence, and that's 565 00:32:24,560 --> 00:32:28,040 Speaker 1: a quote in examining and handling the case, And he 566 00:32:28,120 --> 00:32:31,000 Speaker 1: also included in that letter the declaration of acceptance of 567 00:32:31,000 --> 00:32:34,480 Speaker 1: the town into the Connecticut government, so the two things 568 00:32:34,520 --> 00:32:36,560 Speaker 1: that were happening at the same time got lumped in 569 00:32:36,640 --> 00:32:39,560 Speaker 1: one letter together. He also included a bill for the 570 00:32:39,600 --> 00:32:41,760 Speaker 1: cost of jaling and trying Goody Garlic, which is kind 571 00:32:41,760 --> 00:32:44,479 Speaker 1: of funny. Uh if you read the letter, he's kind 572 00:32:44,480 --> 00:32:47,040 Speaker 1: of like and by the way, find attached you owe 573 00:32:47,080 --> 00:32:50,240 Speaker 1: us a little bit of money. Uh. Now, in the meantime, 574 00:32:50,320 --> 00:32:54,840 Speaker 1: Joshua Garlic actually filed a suit for defamation against Getty Davis, who, 575 00:32:54,880 --> 00:32:56,880 Speaker 1: as we mentioned, a lot of the testimony that came 576 00:32:56,920 --> 00:32:59,959 Speaker 1: up was tracked back to gossip and rumors she may 577 00:33:00,120 --> 00:33:04,160 Speaker 1: have started. It is worth noting that defamation suits were 578 00:33:04,200 --> 00:33:07,040 Speaker 1: pretty common when it came to settling differences at the time. 579 00:33:07,120 --> 00:33:11,000 Speaker 1: Like I mentioned, all possible permutations of family to family 580 00:33:11,560 --> 00:33:14,360 Speaker 1: had at some point in time had some disagreement or 581 00:33:14,440 --> 00:33:20,240 Speaker 1: argument that is recorded in the the the town records, 582 00:33:20,320 --> 00:33:24,040 Speaker 1: so it's not completely uncommon. But what sort of an 583 00:33:24,040 --> 00:33:27,520 Speaker 1: interesting coda is that Goodie Davis actually died shortly after this, 584 00:33:27,800 --> 00:33:30,960 Speaker 1: like within a couple of weeks. Uh, So she was 585 00:33:31,000 --> 00:33:34,800 Speaker 1: never really brought to any sort of accountability for any 586 00:33:34,800 --> 00:33:37,560 Speaker 1: of her actions, and I you know, don't think the 587 00:33:37,600 --> 00:33:40,800 Speaker 1: defamation suit really went anywhere. And then it's sort of 588 00:33:40,880 --> 00:33:45,240 Speaker 1: become a legend now, as many things do, a local 589 00:33:45,320 --> 00:33:47,840 Speaker 1: legend in which this story that people tell sort of 590 00:33:47,880 --> 00:33:50,920 Speaker 1: have a kind of glossy finish of what originally happened, 591 00:33:50,960 --> 00:33:55,720 Speaker 1: but skips over a lot of pertinent details, and the 592 00:33:55,840 --> 00:33:59,400 Speaker 1: legend based tellings of the storyline. Gardner gives the garlic 593 00:33:59,400 --> 00:34:01,560 Speaker 1: S a cottage john his own land for them to 594 00:34:01,680 --> 00:34:04,160 Speaker 1: live the rest of their lives in. And we know 595 00:34:04,240 --> 00:34:06,520 Speaker 1: that the Garlics did return to East Hampton and they 596 00:34:06,560 --> 00:34:10,280 Speaker 1: did live out their lives there, but there's a record 597 00:34:10,440 --> 00:34:13,960 Speaker 1: of one cottage on Gardner's island where Goody Simon actually lived, 598 00:34:14,320 --> 00:34:17,920 Speaker 1: but there is no such record of a Garlic house. Uh. However, 599 00:34:18,080 --> 00:34:21,160 Speaker 1: they did live there in East Hampton, Goody and Joshua 600 00:34:22,719 --> 00:34:25,520 Speaker 1: into their nineties, which is so old for the time. 601 00:34:26,200 --> 00:34:29,640 Speaker 1: There is a record of Joshua's death, but there's no 602 00:34:29,680 --> 00:34:32,759 Speaker 1: written account of his wife's passing, so we're not sure 603 00:34:32,760 --> 00:34:36,080 Speaker 1: exactly when she died. I have seen written that one 604 00:34:36,120 --> 00:34:38,280 Speaker 1: died at ninety two and one died at ninety four, 605 00:34:38,960 --> 00:34:43,000 Speaker 1: but I wasn't able to verify that, but most historians 606 00:34:43,000 --> 00:34:45,960 Speaker 1: agree that they did live into ripe old age and 607 00:34:46,080 --> 00:34:50,240 Speaker 1: presumably died of natural causes there. So that's the story 608 00:34:50,280 --> 00:34:52,200 Speaker 1: of Goody Garlic. She's one of the few people who 609 00:34:52,280 --> 00:34:54,360 Speaker 1: was tried as a witch and sort of lived to 610 00:34:54,400 --> 00:34:56,400 Speaker 1: tell the tale, although she didn't seem to say much 611 00:34:56,400 --> 00:34:59,239 Speaker 1: about it, but she did survive it and go on 612 00:34:59,360 --> 00:35:01,480 Speaker 1: to lea more or less a normal life for the 613 00:35:01,480 --> 00:35:05,520 Speaker 1: rest of her days. Yeah, it's just so unusual, really 614 00:35:05,920 --> 00:35:10,400 Speaker 1: extremely unusual. But part of that again, she probably benefited 615 00:35:10,440 --> 00:35:14,120 Speaker 1: from having been on the early part of the wave 616 00:35:14,280 --> 00:35:17,200 Speaker 1: of witchcraft fear and having been in a small enough 617 00:35:17,200 --> 00:35:20,280 Speaker 1: community that they really were trying to take their time 618 00:35:20,320 --> 00:35:24,239 Speaker 1: with the hearing and and the decision of it right well, 619 00:35:24,239 --> 00:35:28,480 Speaker 1: And a lot of the sort of big name witchcraft 620 00:35:28,640 --> 00:35:32,240 Speaker 1: trials in the United States happened a little further about 621 00:35:32,239 --> 00:35:35,239 Speaker 1: thirty five years later, and a little bit north north 622 00:35:35,239 --> 00:35:37,799 Speaker 1: of there, and a little bit later, Hi, you went 623 00:35:37,840 --> 00:35:40,719 Speaker 1: down a rabbit hole of of like archival records with 624 00:35:40,760 --> 00:35:42,719 Speaker 1: this episode, I went down a rabbit hole of trying 625 00:35:42,719 --> 00:35:46,200 Speaker 1: to find out for sure whether Goody Garlic is the 626 00:35:46,280 --> 00:35:50,320 Speaker 1: namesake of Magrat Garlic in the Discworld books by Terry Pratchett. 627 00:35:50,960 --> 00:35:54,799 Speaker 1: She is a witch who uh factors heavily into many 628 00:35:54,960 --> 00:35:57,760 Speaker 1: of the books that they're known as the Witch books. 629 00:35:57,760 --> 00:36:00,960 Speaker 1: That there's sort of several plot lines that the Discworld 630 00:36:00,960 --> 00:36:03,520 Speaker 1: books follows, and one of them is about a trio 631 00:36:03,640 --> 00:36:07,440 Speaker 1: of witches, and Magrat Garlic is one of them. I 632 00:36:07,480 --> 00:36:09,399 Speaker 1: love her. I would not be surprised if there were 633 00:36:09,480 --> 00:36:12,319 Speaker 1: some inspiration. And he definitely names a lot of his 634 00:36:12,440 --> 00:36:16,080 Speaker 1: characters after either historical figures or sort of a lampooning 635 00:36:16,160 --> 00:36:19,359 Speaker 1: way of coming up with neat names. For somebody cut 636 00:36:19,360 --> 00:36:22,279 Speaker 1: me own throat. Dibbler is the like a shuckster who 637 00:36:22,480 --> 00:36:26,000 Speaker 1: sells bad stuff, for example. So I went hunting for 638 00:36:26,200 --> 00:36:29,680 Speaker 1: whether Goodye Garlic is the source of Magrat Garlics name 639 00:36:29,680 --> 00:36:33,360 Speaker 1: and did not find a weird authoritative source on that. 640 00:36:33,719 --> 00:36:36,360 Speaker 1: But I'm going to now believe that she is. And 641 00:36:36,520 --> 00:36:39,919 Speaker 1: she's a fascinating story. H So that is the tale 642 00:36:39,920 --> 00:36:42,160 Speaker 1: of Getty Garlic and her trial that went much better 643 00:36:42,200 --> 00:36:45,960 Speaker 1: than most it. I believe you also have a listener 644 00:36:46,000 --> 00:36:49,480 Speaker 1: mail do. This is from listener Beth, and this is 645 00:36:49,480 --> 00:36:53,680 Speaker 1: actually from a podcast before you and I were doing it. 646 00:36:53,719 --> 00:36:57,240 Speaker 1: But it's really good information for people to have. She says, Hello, 647 00:36:57,280 --> 00:37:00,520 Speaker 1: I just listened to the Unearthed and podcast. As a 648 00:37:00,520 --> 00:37:03,520 Speaker 1: pre Columbian art historian, I just couldn't let two things go, 649 00:37:04,160 --> 00:37:07,040 Speaker 1: especially two things I try to beat into my students heads. 650 00:37:07,440 --> 00:37:09,640 Speaker 1: The first is about the temples. You said that the 651 00:37:09,680 --> 00:37:12,480 Speaker 1: Maya tore down and covered their temples. That is incorrect. 652 00:37:12,760 --> 00:37:15,240 Speaker 1: The Maya rarely tore down a temple. They simply built 653 00:37:15,280 --> 00:37:18,000 Speaker 1: over old ones, often protecting the earlier temple with some 654 00:37:18,040 --> 00:37:20,440 Speaker 1: sort of film. I describe it to my students as 655 00:37:20,440 --> 00:37:22,959 Speaker 1: the layers of an onion. The second point is about 656 00:37:23,000 --> 00:37:26,480 Speaker 1: the word Mayan. It is frequently misused. Mayan with the 657 00:37:26,640 --> 00:37:29,640 Speaker 1: N on the end only should be used when referring 658 00:37:29,640 --> 00:37:33,279 Speaker 1: to the language example Mayan hieroglyphics. Any other time you 659 00:37:33,320 --> 00:37:36,839 Speaker 1: talk about the Maya, whether it be the people, culture, religion, architecture, art, 660 00:37:36,880 --> 00:37:40,040 Speaker 1: et cetera, use the word Maya. This misuse of the 661 00:37:40,040 --> 00:37:42,239 Speaker 1: word is one of my biggest pet peeves. That being said, 662 00:37:42,280 --> 00:37:45,719 Speaker 1: I really enjoy the podcast, especially for long runs. Thank you, 663 00:37:45,760 --> 00:37:48,120 Speaker 1: But that's really good information. It's people to have because 664 00:37:48,120 --> 00:37:49,839 Speaker 1: I know I have done it before, I'm sure many 665 00:37:49,880 --> 00:37:51,759 Speaker 1: many other people have. Right, I need to go on 666 00:37:51,840 --> 00:37:54,000 Speaker 1: a quest on the website to make sure the website 667 00:37:54,080 --> 00:37:58,799 Speaker 1: uses it correctly and all times. Yes, ah, that could 668 00:37:58,800 --> 00:38:01,279 Speaker 1: be tricky. We're gonna have some work ahead of maybe so, 669 00:38:01,719 --> 00:38:03,840 Speaker 1: but that's cool. We can edit, which is one of 670 00:38:03,840 --> 00:38:06,960 Speaker 1: the wonderful things about online content. If you would like 671 00:38:07,000 --> 00:38:09,440 Speaker 1: to write to us with insights and knowledge you may 672 00:38:09,440 --> 00:38:11,640 Speaker 1: know things about goody garlic that we did not uncover, 673 00:38:12,160 --> 00:38:15,400 Speaker 1: you can do so at History Podcast at Discovery dot com. 674 00:38:15,440 --> 00:38:17,400 Speaker 1: You can also follow us on Twitter at missed in 675 00:38:17,480 --> 00:38:20,720 Speaker 1: History or on Facebook at facebook dot com slash history 676 00:38:20,760 --> 00:38:23,080 Speaker 1: class stuff. If you want to learn a little bit 677 00:38:23,080 --> 00:38:26,320 Speaker 1: more related to the topics we talked about today, you 678 00:38:26,360 --> 00:38:28,080 Speaker 1: can go to our website and type in the words 679 00:38:28,080 --> 00:38:32,080 Speaker 1: Salem in the search bar, and one of the articles 680 00:38:32,120 --> 00:38:35,359 Speaker 1: that comes up is worth the American Colonists drug during 681 00:38:35,360 --> 00:38:39,040 Speaker 1: the Salem which trial, and it's a really fascinating examination 682 00:38:39,320 --> 00:38:42,560 Speaker 1: of I believe it's called ergot poisoning, which is this 683 00:38:43,040 --> 00:38:45,480 Speaker 1: fungus that can grow on wheat and can cause some 684 00:38:45,640 --> 00:38:48,800 Speaker 1: very irrational behavior can and it's a really cool article. 685 00:38:48,880 --> 00:38:50,520 Speaker 1: So if you would like to learn about that or 686 00:38:50,560 --> 00:38:52,839 Speaker 1: anything else, you can do so at our website, which 687 00:38:52,880 --> 00:39:00,640 Speaker 1: is how Stuff Works dot com. For more on this 688 00:39:00,800 --> 00:39:03,279 Speaker 1: and thousands of other topics. Is it how to works 689 00:39:03,320 --> 00:39:20,080 Speaker 1: dot com? Netflix streams TV shows and movies directly to 690 00:39:20,160 --> 00:39:23,279 Speaker 1: your home, saving you time, money, and hassle. As a 691 00:39:23,320 --> 00:39:26,800 Speaker 1: Netflix member, you can instantly watch TV episodes and movies 692 00:39:26,840 --> 00:39:29,600 Speaker 1: streaming directly to your PC, Mac, or right to your 693 00:39:29,640 --> 00:39:32,360 Speaker 1: TV with your Xbox three, sixty P S three or 694 00:39:32,440 --> 00:39:37,040 Speaker 1: Nintendo we console, plus Apple devices, Kindle and Nook. Get 695 00:39:37,080 --> 00:39:40,640 Speaker 1: a free thirty day trial membership. Go to www dot 696 00:39:40,680 --> 00:39:43,640 Speaker 1: Netflix dot com slash history and sign up now.