1 00:00:00,560 --> 00:00:03,760 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Missed in History Class from how 2 00:00:03,800 --> 00:00:13,560 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,560 --> 00:00:15,640 Speaker 1: I'm to bling a chuk reboarding, and I'm fair out 4 00:00:16,040 --> 00:00:20,400 Speaker 1: and strange as it might seem, especially since we're history podcast, 5 00:00:20,480 --> 00:00:22,720 Speaker 1: the news can actually play a pretty big role in 6 00:00:22,840 --> 00:00:26,400 Speaker 1: what we choose to cover as topics. And that's because history, 7 00:00:26,480 --> 00:00:29,080 Speaker 1: or at least what we know about it, is constantly changing. 8 00:00:29,080 --> 00:00:33,680 Speaker 1: It's always evolving, and new discoveries are made, theories are formed, 9 00:00:33,880 --> 00:00:36,960 Speaker 1: old mysteries are sometimes solved, or sometimes they're made even 10 00:00:37,000 --> 00:00:40,879 Speaker 1: more complicated Ned Kelly case in point exactly. And in 11 00:00:40,920 --> 00:00:43,880 Speaker 1: all of these cases, one thing holds true. The breaking 12 00:00:43,880 --> 00:00:47,479 Speaker 1: news gives us a great opportunity to review what we 13 00:00:47,560 --> 00:00:50,640 Speaker 1: know about a particular topic, so it makes a great 14 00:00:50,640 --> 00:00:53,360 Speaker 1: opportunity for us to talk about them again. But of 15 00:00:53,400 --> 00:00:55,880 Speaker 1: course we don't have a chance to cover all of 16 00:00:55,960 --> 00:00:59,920 Speaker 1: the historical finds that are unearthed in any given years. 17 00:01:00,040 --> 00:01:02,319 Speaker 1: So last year we decided we would do a real 18 00:01:02,440 --> 00:01:05,440 Speaker 1: Newsy kind of topic a year end wrap up, and 19 00:01:05,520 --> 00:01:08,160 Speaker 1: we ended up recording an episode that covered a few 20 00:01:08,319 --> 00:01:12,759 Speaker 1: of big discoveries that we thought were either cool or 21 00:01:13,000 --> 00:01:15,360 Speaker 1: just I don't know. It's fascinating in some way that 22 00:01:15,440 --> 00:01:18,920 Speaker 1: appealed to us, and this year we've decided to do 23 00:01:19,000 --> 00:01:21,000 Speaker 1: the same, but we're going to step it up a 24 00:01:21,080 --> 00:01:25,399 Speaker 1: not too We're gonna do two episodes of historical finds, 25 00:01:26,000 --> 00:01:29,039 Speaker 1: things that have been unearthed in TWN that we just 26 00:01:29,040 --> 00:01:31,680 Speaker 1: thought were really neat. Yeah, and we've called it an 27 00:01:31,680 --> 00:01:34,360 Speaker 1: Earth in twenty eleven. That's the title. But of course, 28 00:01:34,400 --> 00:01:37,600 Speaker 1: not all of these discoveries literally came as the result 29 00:01:37,640 --> 00:01:40,600 Speaker 1: of digs and archaeological work. Some of the some of 30 00:01:40,600 --> 00:01:43,200 Speaker 1: them are just finds that came from all sorts of places, 31 00:01:43,240 --> 00:01:46,080 Speaker 1: from the ocean, for example, or even from someone's musty 32 00:01:46,120 --> 00:01:48,280 Speaker 1: old attic you never know, or somebody just putting two 33 00:01:48,280 --> 00:01:52,040 Speaker 1: and two together and making a new discovery from research, 34 00:01:52,200 --> 00:01:56,120 Speaker 1: or or finds that were already existing. Yeah, that's true. 35 00:01:56,240 --> 00:01:58,960 Speaker 1: Some of these that we're going to discuss our findings 36 00:01:59,000 --> 00:02:01,240 Speaker 1: based on things that were up either within the last 37 00:02:01,240 --> 00:02:03,559 Speaker 1: couple of years or in some cases decades ago. So 38 00:02:03,880 --> 00:02:06,840 Speaker 1: it's not something that was necessarily unearthed this year, but 39 00:02:06,920 --> 00:02:10,200 Speaker 1: the finding was unearthed, it just had some important component 40 00:02:10,240 --> 00:02:13,440 Speaker 1: of the process that happened in to make our list. 41 00:02:13,560 --> 00:02:17,560 Speaker 1: But this is of course by no means a comprehensive list. 42 00:02:17,639 --> 00:02:20,120 Speaker 1: I mean, we really had to to whittle it down, 43 00:02:20,240 --> 00:02:23,560 Speaker 1: pick and choose here. The only common thread, though, is 44 00:02:23,639 --> 00:02:26,320 Speaker 1: that there are discoveries that we found interesting, ones that 45 00:02:26,400 --> 00:02:30,160 Speaker 1: had some kind of interesting story behind them, and most 46 00:02:30,200 --> 00:02:33,800 Speaker 1: of them had some kind of tie into themes that 47 00:02:33,840 --> 00:02:35,880 Speaker 1: we've covered a lot, And I mean I found that 48 00:02:35,919 --> 00:02:39,720 Speaker 1: appealing for a yearine wrap up podcasts, we have hit 49 00:02:39,760 --> 00:02:44,959 Speaker 1: on themes this year. I don't know, shipwrecks comes to mind, medicine, medicine, 50 00:02:45,720 --> 00:02:49,520 Speaker 1: historic alcohol, historic dogs. So you're gonna notice a few 51 00:02:49,560 --> 00:02:52,519 Speaker 1: of those themes popping up in both of these episodes, 52 00:02:52,800 --> 00:02:55,200 Speaker 1: Yes you will. And that goes for the first one 53 00:02:55,240 --> 00:02:58,240 Speaker 1: that we're going to talk about, which is pirates. A 54 00:02:58,280 --> 00:03:01,680 Speaker 1: lot of people know Captain Morgan as a brand of rum, 55 00:03:01,800 --> 00:03:05,359 Speaker 1: Captain and Coke anyone, but Captain Henry Morgan was an 56 00:03:05,360 --> 00:03:09,560 Speaker 1: actual seventeenth century Welsh pirate and the wreck of one 57 00:03:09,560 --> 00:03:11,680 Speaker 1: of his ships was found off Panama by a team 58 00:03:11,680 --> 00:03:14,840 Speaker 1: of U S archaeologists this August. So just a little 59 00:03:14,880 --> 00:03:18,079 Speaker 1: background on Morgan and his ships. He was a privateer 60 00:03:18,200 --> 00:03:20,920 Speaker 1: sailing on England's behalf, so part of his work was 61 00:03:21,240 --> 00:03:24,840 Speaker 1: defending England's interests, and he also pioneered expeditions to the 62 00:03:24,880 --> 00:03:27,960 Speaker 1: New World. In the late seventeenth century, he went up 63 00:03:28,000 --> 00:03:30,480 Speaker 1: against Spain, which at the time had a pretty tight 64 00:03:30,480 --> 00:03:34,079 Speaker 1: grip on the Caribbean, and Morgan wanted to weaken Spain's 65 00:03:34,080 --> 00:03:36,880 Speaker 1: influence a bit by taking Panama City, and so in 66 00:03:36,920 --> 00:03:39,680 Speaker 1: sixteen seventy one he set out to capture a Spanish 67 00:03:39,680 --> 00:03:42,920 Speaker 1: fort called Castillo de San Lorenzo, which was on a 68 00:03:42,960 --> 00:03:46,280 Speaker 1: cliff overlooking the mouth of the Chagres River, the only 69 00:03:46,320 --> 00:03:50,240 Speaker 1: water passageway between the Caribbean and Panama City, and Morgan 70 00:03:50,320 --> 00:03:53,880 Speaker 1: and his men ultimately succeeded here, but they lost five ships, 71 00:03:53,880 --> 00:03:57,720 Speaker 1: including their flagship called the Satisfaction, in the process, and 72 00:03:57,800 --> 00:03:59,680 Speaker 1: that was due to some pretty rough seas that were 73 00:03:59,680 --> 00:04:02,560 Speaker 1: surround the fort and also a reef known as the 74 00:04:02,680 --> 00:04:06,680 Speaker 1: Lajas Reef nearby. So the discovery that these u s 75 00:04:06,800 --> 00:04:10,400 Speaker 1: archaeologists made this year is presumably from one of those 76 00:04:10,440 --> 00:04:14,960 Speaker 1: five ships, right. They made it by doing a magnetometer survey, 77 00:04:15,440 --> 00:04:18,800 Speaker 1: which looks for metal by finding any kind of deviation 78 00:04:18,920 --> 00:04:21,880 Speaker 1: in the Earth's magnetic field, and what they ended up 79 00:04:21,920 --> 00:04:24,920 Speaker 1: pulling up to the surface included a portion of the 80 00:04:24,960 --> 00:04:28,920 Speaker 1: starboard side of a wooden ships hall and a set 81 00:04:28,960 --> 00:04:33,520 Speaker 1: of unopened cargo boxes and chess that were covered in coral, 82 00:04:33,560 --> 00:04:37,680 Speaker 1: and of course everybody including us, thinking like, maybe this 83 00:04:37,760 --> 00:04:40,040 Speaker 1: is some kind of pirate treasure, maybe this is Captain 84 00:04:40,040 --> 00:04:43,520 Speaker 1: Morgan's treasure. So we were unable to find out whether 85 00:04:43,839 --> 00:04:47,000 Speaker 1: the cargo was opened at the time the story broke 86 00:04:47,279 --> 00:04:50,039 Speaker 1: um it had, it was yet to be determined, and 87 00:04:50,080 --> 00:04:53,120 Speaker 1: we haven't heard anything since then. But according to a 88 00:04:53,160 --> 00:04:56,960 Speaker 1: Discovering News article about the fine, there are at least 89 00:04:56,960 --> 00:04:58,839 Speaker 1: a few people out there who are hoping that the 90 00:04:58,920 --> 00:05:03,080 Speaker 1: boxes and chess contain gold or something that contain liquor. 91 00:05:03,200 --> 00:05:07,159 Speaker 1: And you can probably figure out why some folks might 92 00:05:07,200 --> 00:05:09,240 Speaker 1: be hoping for that. Yeah, it's because there's kind of 93 00:05:09,279 --> 00:05:12,120 Speaker 1: an interesting twist to this story. To the story of 94 00:05:12,120 --> 00:05:15,920 Speaker 1: this discovery. Though the research team included archaeologists and divers 95 00:05:15,960 --> 00:05:19,480 Speaker 1: from Texas State University and some other volunteers, the project 96 00:05:19,560 --> 00:05:22,760 Speaker 1: was actually funded by Captain Morgan, USA, the maker of 97 00:05:22,800 --> 00:05:26,039 Speaker 1: Captain Morgan's Room, and they stepped into help when the 98 00:05:26,040 --> 00:05:28,920 Speaker 1: research team ran out of funding, and that funding actually 99 00:05:28,920 --> 00:05:33,000 Speaker 1: allowed the team to do that magnet a meter survey. 100 00:05:33,040 --> 00:05:36,159 Speaker 1: So in a statement, Tom Herbs, the brand director of 101 00:05:36,279 --> 00:05:39,640 Speaker 1: Captain Morgan USA, said, quote, when the opportunity arose for 102 00:05:39,760 --> 00:05:42,600 Speaker 1: us to help make this discovery mission possible, it was 103 00:05:42,640 --> 00:05:45,560 Speaker 1: a natural fit for us to get involved. The artifacts 104 00:05:45,600 --> 00:05:48,320 Speaker 1: uncovered during this mission will help bring Henry Morgan and 105 00:05:48,360 --> 00:05:51,960 Speaker 1: his adventures to life in a way never thought possible. 106 00:05:52,360 --> 00:05:54,680 Speaker 1: So there you go. I'm kind of envisioning these Captain 107 00:05:54,720 --> 00:06:03,000 Speaker 1: Morgan commercials maybe in with like footage from the archaeological dives, 108 00:06:03,120 --> 00:06:05,920 Speaker 1: and maybe could if they were really willing to put 109 00:06:05,960 --> 00:06:10,279 Speaker 1: out some more money, some rolling stones satisfaction. I mean, 110 00:06:10,320 --> 00:06:12,600 Speaker 1: who knows it's it's a brilliant marketing move on there, 111 00:06:12,920 --> 00:06:16,440 Speaker 1: it sounds like it. But prior to making this discovery, 112 00:06:16,480 --> 00:06:20,599 Speaker 1: the team also found a collection of iron cannons in 113 00:06:20,640 --> 00:06:24,240 Speaker 1: the same general area last year. But I think we're 114 00:06:24,279 --> 00:06:27,320 Speaker 1: really most excited, as probably most people are, to find 115 00:06:27,360 --> 00:06:30,280 Speaker 1: out what's in the chest. Yeah, I mean, maybe it'll 116 00:06:30,279 --> 00:06:34,160 Speaker 1: be another entry for our Historical Spirits episodes. Maybe. So 117 00:06:34,440 --> 00:06:37,840 Speaker 1: moving on to the next couple entries on our list. 118 00:06:38,200 --> 00:06:40,960 Speaker 1: We mentioned earlier that we have talked about dogs some 119 00:06:41,160 --> 00:06:43,560 Speaker 1: this year, specifically war dogs, and they come up in 120 00:06:43,640 --> 00:06:47,720 Speaker 1: random podcast too. But we've got two interesting pieces of 121 00:06:47,800 --> 00:06:52,279 Speaker 1: news from that have to do with our canine friends. 122 00:06:52,480 --> 00:06:55,560 Speaker 1: We do. There were a couple of discoveries this year 123 00:06:55,600 --> 00:06:58,880 Speaker 1: that gave us some insight into the history of domesticated 124 00:06:58,960 --> 00:07:01,800 Speaker 1: dogs and the role that they played in humans lives. 125 00:07:01,839 --> 00:07:05,880 Speaker 1: The first for dog lovers especially maybe somewhat disturbing, though 126 00:07:05,960 --> 00:07:10,080 Speaker 1: so just be forewarned. In January, scientists released a new 127 00:07:10,120 --> 00:07:13,040 Speaker 1: analysis of a bone fragment found in Hine's Cave in 128 00:07:13,160 --> 00:07:17,200 Speaker 1: southwestern Texas, which evidence shows was occupied by a group 129 00:07:17,200 --> 00:07:21,080 Speaker 1: of hunter gatherers about nine thousand years ago. And scientists 130 00:07:21,120 --> 00:07:23,840 Speaker 1: performed genetic testing on the bone fragment and figured out 131 00:07:23,880 --> 00:07:27,200 Speaker 1: that it belonged to a dog rather than a coyote 132 00:07:27,240 --> 00:07:29,800 Speaker 1: or a wolf, for a fox or something else, making 133 00:07:29,840 --> 00:07:33,720 Speaker 1: it the earliest known evidence of dog domestication in the Americas. 134 00:07:34,040 --> 00:07:37,720 Speaker 1: It predates other examples by about eight thousand years, and 135 00:07:37,760 --> 00:07:40,360 Speaker 1: the dog was probably around twenty to thirty pounds and 136 00:07:40,400 --> 00:07:42,800 Speaker 1: may have been similar to some breeds of Mexican or 137 00:07:42,920 --> 00:07:45,840 Speaker 1: Peruvian dogs. But we mentioned some of you might not 138 00:07:45,960 --> 00:07:48,520 Speaker 1: like this story very much, and that's because this dog 139 00:07:48,680 --> 00:07:52,920 Speaker 1: was not just man's best friend. The bone fragment was 140 00:07:52,960 --> 00:07:58,400 Speaker 1: found in dried human feces, which suggests the dog might 141 00:07:58,440 --> 00:08:02,440 Speaker 1: have been man's best meal too, So it's good. Yeah, 142 00:08:02,520 --> 00:08:06,080 Speaker 1: there's a lot to learn about the rural domesticated dogs 143 00:08:06,080 --> 00:08:08,440 Speaker 1: played in humans lives over the years. I mean, they 144 00:08:08,560 --> 00:08:10,920 Speaker 1: could have been used for tours and things as well, 145 00:08:10,960 --> 00:08:17,400 Speaker 1: but they were food. We do have a more uplifting 146 00:08:17,560 --> 00:08:21,440 Speaker 1: dog related story though, hopefully yeah, hopefully, depending on how 147 00:08:21,440 --> 00:08:25,480 Speaker 1: you look at it. In February, Discovering News reported that 148 00:08:25,560 --> 00:08:29,160 Speaker 1: the burial remains of a husky like dog that lived 149 00:08:29,440 --> 00:08:33,280 Speaker 1: seven thousand years ago were found in Siberia, and it 150 00:08:33,360 --> 00:08:35,760 Speaker 1: was an unusual kind of grave pit because the dog 151 00:08:35,880 --> 00:08:39,720 Speaker 1: was buried uh in a in a site that also 152 00:08:39,960 --> 00:08:43,760 Speaker 1: contained the partial remains of five different human skeletons, and 153 00:08:44,120 --> 00:08:47,800 Speaker 1: DNA and stable isotope analysis showed that the dog ate 154 00:08:47,960 --> 00:08:51,679 Speaker 1: what humans ate today, probably better than most people can 155 00:08:51,720 --> 00:08:55,480 Speaker 1: say about their modern pampered dogs today. But this well 156 00:08:55,559 --> 00:09:00,480 Speaker 1: pampered dogs and on Sara eating pete or something. Um. 157 00:09:00,520 --> 00:09:04,720 Speaker 1: This dog, however, ate staff like fish and deer and 158 00:09:04,800 --> 00:09:09,040 Speaker 1: some small plants, so um. Researchers assume that it probably 159 00:09:09,080 --> 00:09:13,080 Speaker 1: lived and worked right alongside humans. Yeah, and there was 160 00:09:13,120 --> 00:09:15,800 Speaker 1: certain wear and tear on the dog skeleton that showed 161 00:09:15,800 --> 00:09:18,760 Speaker 1: that it probably helped transport loads during the course of 162 00:09:18,840 --> 00:09:22,120 Speaker 1: daily chores. Some fractures also suggested the dog may have 163 00:09:22,160 --> 00:09:26,000 Speaker 1: participated in hunting, although there's always the chance that its 164 00:09:26,040 --> 00:09:29,720 Speaker 1: injuries were the result of being struck by humans. However, 165 00:09:29,880 --> 00:09:32,240 Speaker 1: the fact that the dog was advanced in age when 166 00:09:32,240 --> 00:09:34,520 Speaker 1: it died and the way in which it was buried 167 00:09:34,559 --> 00:09:38,479 Speaker 1: indicates that it was likely cared for and cared about too. 168 00:09:38,760 --> 00:09:41,760 Speaker 1: Robert Losey, lead author of the study about the dog burial, 169 00:09:41,800 --> 00:09:45,080 Speaker 1: said in a Discovery News story about it quote based 170 00:09:45,120 --> 00:09:49,280 Speaker 1: on how Northern Indigenous people understand animal in historic times, 171 00:09:49,600 --> 00:09:52,040 Speaker 1: I think people burying this particular dog saw it as 172 00:09:52,040 --> 00:09:55,120 Speaker 1: a thinking, social being, perhaps on par with humans in 173 00:09:55,160 --> 00:09:58,679 Speaker 1: many ways. When I think it was even buried with objects, 174 00:09:58,760 --> 00:10:01,240 Speaker 1: to which seems like a very very kind of human 175 00:10:01,400 --> 00:10:05,000 Speaker 1: touch for for something like that. Moving on, though, we 176 00:10:05,040 --> 00:10:07,880 Speaker 1: have been talking about medicine a lot this year, and 177 00:10:07,920 --> 00:10:11,680 Speaker 1: this is kind of the ultimate entry in the medical 178 00:10:11,880 --> 00:10:16,000 Speaker 1: medicine related category. And this is a good example two 179 00:10:16,120 --> 00:10:20,560 Speaker 1: of a fine that the actual discovery happened decades ago, 180 00:10:20,679 --> 00:10:23,959 Speaker 1: way back in the seventies, but it's only recently that 181 00:10:24,360 --> 00:10:27,000 Speaker 1: new interpretation of what was found has has come up. 182 00:10:27,040 --> 00:10:30,480 Speaker 1: So back in the nineteen seventies, divers excavated the shipwreck 183 00:10:30,679 --> 00:10:34,200 Speaker 1: off the coast of Tuscany, and items aboard the ship 184 00:10:34,240 --> 00:10:36,840 Speaker 1: suggested that it was about two thousand years old, that 185 00:10:36,880 --> 00:10:40,840 Speaker 1: it had originated in Greece, and that when it went 186 00:10:40,880 --> 00:10:43,960 Speaker 1: down it was on some sort of trading mission. But 187 00:10:44,360 --> 00:10:48,040 Speaker 1: what caught the attention of researcher Emmanuela A. Petiti when 188 00:10:48,120 --> 00:10:51,360 Speaker 1: she later read about the ship's cargo, you know, the 189 00:10:51,400 --> 00:10:56,080 Speaker 1: discovery was this cash of medical supplies that had on board, 190 00:10:56,120 --> 00:10:59,360 Speaker 1: for instance, a copper bleeding cup we talked about blood 191 00:10:59,400 --> 00:11:04,319 Speaker 1: this year, to about that, to a surgical hook, viles, 192 00:11:04,320 --> 00:11:09,040 Speaker 1: a mortar, and most importantly a tin container that still 193 00:11:09,120 --> 00:11:14,240 Speaker 1: contained these quarter sized gray green pills, two thousand year 194 00:11:14,240 --> 00:11:17,439 Speaker 1: old pills that were underwater for all of that time. 195 00:11:17,760 --> 00:11:21,559 Speaker 1: Appetiti's husband, Alan Twade, is a historian in the Botany 196 00:11:21,559 --> 00:11:24,520 Speaker 1: department at the National Museum of Natural History who studies 197 00:11:24,600 --> 00:11:28,000 Speaker 1: just such ancient medicines. Except for that the whole of 198 00:11:28,040 --> 00:11:31,480 Speaker 1: his career, he's basically had to work off medical texts alone. 199 00:11:32,000 --> 00:11:35,000 Speaker 1: So Appetiti and to Wade knew that these tablets weren't 200 00:11:35,040 --> 00:11:38,600 Speaker 1: just interesting as shipwreck artifacts. They were the first known 201 00:11:38,640 --> 00:11:42,480 Speaker 1: samples of ancient medicine, according to Smithsonian Magazine. To Wade 202 00:11:42,520 --> 00:11:44,920 Speaker 1: said quote, I was going to do everything I could 203 00:11:44,960 --> 00:11:47,000 Speaker 1: to get them, and it took a little while. After 204 00:11:47,120 --> 00:11:51,600 Speaker 1: eighteen months negotiating with Italy's Department of Antiquities, to Aid 205 00:11:51,760 --> 00:11:56,240 Speaker 1: got two samples of the tablets and recruited Robert Fleischer, 206 00:11:56,280 --> 00:11:59,440 Speaker 1: who was the head geneticist at the Smithsonian Center for 207 00:11:59,480 --> 00:12:04,360 Speaker 1: conservator Shin and Evolutionary Genetics, to tackle the analysis aspect. 208 00:12:04,360 --> 00:12:07,679 Speaker 1: Because two aids work normally requires looking at tax as 209 00:12:07,679 --> 00:12:11,040 Speaker 1: he mentioned illustrations. I think already he speaks twelve languages, 210 00:12:11,080 --> 00:12:13,840 Speaker 1: so he needed to get somebody who could look under 211 00:12:13,840 --> 00:12:16,960 Speaker 1: the microscope on this one. And Fleisher was skeptical at 212 00:12:17,040 --> 00:12:20,760 Speaker 1: first because he didn't really think any viable genetic material 213 00:12:20,800 --> 00:12:24,239 Speaker 1: would be left after two thousand years, but he was convinced. 214 00:12:24,280 --> 00:12:28,199 Speaker 1: He got to work and started to extract DNA from 215 00:12:28,200 --> 00:12:32,000 Speaker 1: the tablets and compare it to the National Institutes of 216 00:12:32,080 --> 00:12:36,160 Speaker 1: Health gene Bank, which of course has records of all 217 00:12:36,160 --> 00:12:39,200 Speaker 1: sorts of plants. The first few ingredient lists that he 218 00:12:39,280 --> 00:12:42,000 Speaker 1: came up with weren't right. Twade could tell that they 219 00:12:42,000 --> 00:12:45,120 Speaker 1: contained plants not yet present in Greece two thousand years ago. 220 00:12:45,440 --> 00:12:49,280 Speaker 1: But finally, after seven years and using the most sophisticated 221 00:12:49,360 --> 00:12:53,760 Speaker 1: DNA techniques, Fleisher discovered a genetic makeup that jelled with 222 00:12:53,840 --> 00:12:59,760 Speaker 1: historical texts and that include carrot, parsley, alfalfa, celery, wild 223 00:13:00,200 --> 00:13:06,960 Speaker 1: in radish yarrow, hibiscus, and sunflower bound in clay sunflower aside, 224 00:13:07,000 --> 00:13:11,000 Speaker 1: which the researchers believe was a modern contaminant, those ingredients 225 00:13:11,000 --> 00:13:13,640 Speaker 1: fit the bill for a two thousand year old cure 226 00:13:13,720 --> 00:13:18,320 Speaker 1: for stomach ailments common of course among sailors exactly so 227 00:13:18,480 --> 00:13:21,920 Speaker 1: to Aid even thinks that this kind of tablet, I mean, 228 00:13:21,920 --> 00:13:23,720 Speaker 1: we mentioned it was a quarter size, so it's not 229 00:13:23,800 --> 00:13:27,640 Speaker 1: something you would just take as is. He figures it 230 00:13:27,720 --> 00:13:31,280 Speaker 1: was probably something you would drop in a glass of 231 00:13:31,400 --> 00:13:34,640 Speaker 1: water or wine or even vinegar, which sounds like it 232 00:13:34,640 --> 00:13:37,960 Speaker 1: would turn your stomach and then settle it. But who knows. 233 00:13:38,080 --> 00:13:42,400 Speaker 1: So there's one interesting last point to this uh this story, though, 234 00:13:42,480 --> 00:13:46,600 Speaker 1: in May of to Aide and his wife presented the 235 00:13:46,679 --> 00:13:50,360 Speaker 1: findings in Italy, and by chance they met with some 236 00:13:50,440 --> 00:13:52,480 Speaker 1: of the divers who had explored the wreck in the 237 00:13:52,600 --> 00:13:56,480 Speaker 1: nineteen seventies. And the divers were able to explain that 238 00:13:56,640 --> 00:13:59,920 Speaker 1: sunflower contamination. They said that they had kept their off 239 00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:03,520 Speaker 1: cygen tanks outdoors near the place where they were staying 240 00:14:03,559 --> 00:14:06,960 Speaker 1: before going out on the dive, and the area they 241 00:14:06,960 --> 00:14:10,080 Speaker 1: were staying was filled with sunflower field. So it's quite 242 00:14:10,120 --> 00:14:13,120 Speaker 1: possible that something got onto their dive tank and ultimately 243 00:14:13,160 --> 00:14:18,079 Speaker 1: onto the aluminum container or the tin container rather and 244 00:14:18,280 --> 00:14:21,480 Speaker 1: um onto the pills. It's good to have that explanation. 245 00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:24,240 Speaker 1: It was a big deal for to Wade to finally 246 00:14:24,320 --> 00:14:26,840 Speaker 1: see some of the medicine he studied in action, and 247 00:14:26,880 --> 00:14:30,160 Speaker 1: he told History dot Com quote, the information that you 248 00:14:30,200 --> 00:14:32,920 Speaker 1: have in a text is always exposed to the risk 249 00:14:33,040 --> 00:14:36,480 Speaker 1: of being only theoretical, and so until you have physical 250 00:14:36,520 --> 00:14:38,960 Speaker 1: evidence of what you have in the texts, you never 251 00:14:39,040 --> 00:14:41,320 Speaker 1: know what you're working on has been used in ancient 252 00:14:41,400 --> 00:14:43,920 Speaker 1: daily life and practice. And I thought this was such 253 00:14:43,960 --> 00:14:50,240 Speaker 1: an interesting multidisciplinary example here that both of uh these 254 00:14:50,240 --> 00:14:54,040 Speaker 1: researchers really needed the other researchers work to to make 255 00:14:54,120 --> 00:14:56,000 Speaker 1: sense of the find I thought it was pretty cool. 256 00:14:56,400 --> 00:15:01,200 Speaker 1: So our final entry for this list is probably the 257 00:15:01,320 --> 00:15:03,960 Speaker 1: favorite author of many of our listeners, at least she's 258 00:15:04,160 --> 00:15:07,440 Speaker 1: a common request just this month, the news broke that 259 00:15:07,520 --> 00:15:10,880 Speaker 1: British author Dr Paula Byrne had an earth a portrait 260 00:15:11,080 --> 00:15:14,640 Speaker 1: of none other than Jane Austin. And Austin is of 261 00:15:14,680 --> 00:15:17,160 Speaker 1: course best known for writing books like Pride and Prejudice 262 00:15:17,200 --> 00:15:20,440 Speaker 1: and Sense and Sensibility, but she initially published her books 263 00:15:20,440 --> 00:15:23,600 Speaker 1: anonymously and she wasn't well known until after her death. 264 00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:27,160 Speaker 1: So why is this new portrait such a big deal. Well, 265 00:15:27,240 --> 00:15:30,320 Speaker 1: according to a BBC news story about the recent discovery, 266 00:15:30,360 --> 00:15:34,080 Speaker 1: there are currently only two recognized portraits of Austin, which 267 00:15:34,080 --> 00:15:37,520 Speaker 1: I never realized before. One was a watercolor painter by 268 00:15:37,560 --> 00:15:40,520 Speaker 1: her sister Cassandra, whom Jane was really close to, and 269 00:15:40,560 --> 00:15:44,280 Speaker 1: that's the only portrait that's never been contested, and I 270 00:15:44,280 --> 00:15:47,280 Speaker 1: believe it shows her from the back, so not much 271 00:15:47,360 --> 00:15:51,760 Speaker 1: of a detailed portrait. Yeah. The new portrait, though, which 272 00:15:51,920 --> 00:15:55,800 Speaker 1: Burns husband Jonathan Bate picked up in an auction, is 273 00:15:55,840 --> 00:15:59,360 Speaker 1: a pencil drawing on vellum that has the words miss 274 00:15:59,480 --> 00:16:02,680 Speaker 1: Jane Austin inscribed on the back and it was probably 275 00:16:02,760 --> 00:16:06,680 Speaker 1: drawn around eighteen fifteen. Uh just for comparison there, Austin 276 00:16:06,720 --> 00:16:10,360 Speaker 1: died in eighteen seventeen, so late in her life and 277 00:16:10,560 --> 00:16:14,640 Speaker 1: it's supposed to bear a pretty good resemblance to Jane Austen, 278 00:16:14,760 --> 00:16:17,120 Speaker 1: or at least, since we don't have a terribly great 279 00:16:17,120 --> 00:16:19,640 Speaker 1: idea of what she looked like, at least bears a 280 00:16:19,680 --> 00:16:22,880 Speaker 1: resemblance to her family. Apparently, the sitter in the portrait 281 00:16:23,000 --> 00:16:28,400 Speaker 1: has quote the long straight Austin news. Burne is consulting 282 00:16:28,440 --> 00:16:31,480 Speaker 1: with various experts to have it authenticated. But of course 283 00:16:31,640 --> 00:16:34,160 Speaker 1: there are several reasons why people might be skeptical of 284 00:16:34,200 --> 00:16:36,880 Speaker 1: her new find. For one thing, it's been around for 285 00:16:36,960 --> 00:16:39,880 Speaker 1: a couple hundred years, so you could ask, okay, why 286 00:16:39,960 --> 00:16:43,080 Speaker 1: has it been authenticated before. Obviously the person who sold 287 00:16:43,120 --> 00:16:46,320 Speaker 1: it to her husband didn't think that it was genuine. Also, 288 00:16:46,480 --> 00:16:49,800 Speaker 1: Burne has a new book on Austin ready for a release, 289 00:16:49,960 --> 00:16:52,880 Speaker 1: so the timing of the story is really good publicity 290 00:16:52,920 --> 00:16:55,200 Speaker 1: for her in that respect. Maybe we should mention too 291 00:16:55,240 --> 00:16:58,440 Speaker 1: that the inscription on the back doesn't spell Austin with 292 00:16:58,520 --> 00:17:01,720 Speaker 1: any yes. If new story is correct, it spells it 293 00:17:01,800 --> 00:17:04,240 Speaker 1: with an eye, so that's a little a little twist 294 00:17:04,240 --> 00:17:08,280 Speaker 1: to although spellings from the eighteenth nineteenth century are a 295 00:17:08,320 --> 00:17:11,000 Speaker 1: little hard to rely on in the first place. But 296 00:17:11,240 --> 00:17:15,160 Speaker 1: that wraps it up for our News Minds of Part 297 00:17:15,280 --> 00:17:19,560 Speaker 1: one and brings us to Mega Listener Mail, an extended 298 00:17:19,640 --> 00:17:24,000 Speaker 1: listener mail segment. We have missed out on doing the 299 00:17:24,040 --> 00:17:26,440 Speaker 1: amount of listener mail we've wanted to lately, but we've 300 00:17:26,440 --> 00:17:31,320 Speaker 1: gotten so many great letters, postcards, emails from people about 301 00:17:31,400 --> 00:17:34,120 Speaker 1: episodes that we've done recently, which we've really enjoyed. We've 302 00:17:34,560 --> 00:17:36,280 Speaker 1: had a lot of fun with our research in the 303 00:17:36,320 --> 00:17:38,440 Speaker 1: last couple of months, and so we wanted to kind 304 00:17:38,440 --> 00:17:40,840 Speaker 1: of give you guys an idea of what people are 305 00:17:40,880 --> 00:17:42,399 Speaker 1: saying about some of the podcasts and some of the 306 00:17:42,400 --> 00:17:44,560 Speaker 1: little tidbits that they're throwing out us that we didn't 307 00:17:44,600 --> 00:17:50,320 Speaker 1: know before. Okay, so first we want to look at 308 00:17:50,359 --> 00:17:54,800 Speaker 1: a few emails regarding our Gunpowder Plot episodes. We did 309 00:17:55,119 --> 00:17:59,080 Speaker 1: two episodes about the Gunpowder Plot and received just tons 310 00:17:59,080 --> 00:18:02,160 Speaker 1: of emails and letters from people about it. People really 311 00:18:02,160 --> 00:18:03,960 Speaker 1: seem to enjoy it, or at least have something to 312 00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:07,080 Speaker 1: say about it from their own experienceal bonfire story. Yeah, 313 00:18:07,119 --> 00:18:09,600 Speaker 1: so we wanted to share a few of those. The 314 00:18:09,640 --> 00:18:11,720 Speaker 1: first one is from Heather and she says, my family 315 00:18:11,720 --> 00:18:13,680 Speaker 1: and I have just moved back to the States after 316 00:18:13,760 --> 00:18:16,080 Speaker 1: living in England for four years. My husband is a 317 00:18:16,080 --> 00:18:18,760 Speaker 1: brit and both my children were born there. We celebrated 318 00:18:18,760 --> 00:18:21,720 Speaker 1: Guy Fox Day each year while there. The local village 319 00:18:21,800 --> 00:18:26,520 Speaker 1: usually had a party at the village hall with food, sausages, candy, apples, etcetera, 320 00:18:26,600 --> 00:18:29,040 Speaker 1: and drink from the bar. For the adults. There was 321 00:18:29,080 --> 00:18:31,119 Speaker 1: a judging of the Guy, where the best of the 322 00:18:31,160 --> 00:18:34,040 Speaker 1: half dozen guys made by the village children was chosen. 323 00:18:34,440 --> 00:18:37,480 Speaker 1: These look basically like a scarecrow, old clothing, stuff with 324 00:18:37,520 --> 00:18:40,399 Speaker 1: straw or newspaper and decorated to look like anyone the 325 00:18:40,480 --> 00:18:43,920 Speaker 1: child wanted, usually someone famous. The winner got a prize 326 00:18:43,920 --> 00:18:46,160 Speaker 1: and then the guys may or may not have been 327 00:18:46,240 --> 00:18:49,280 Speaker 1: tossed on top of the bonfowery pile, depending on the 328 00:18:49,320 --> 00:18:51,760 Speaker 1: children's wishes. I liked that you could keep your effigy 329 00:18:51,800 --> 00:18:54,199 Speaker 1: if you wanted to. The patch of grass under the 330 00:18:54,240 --> 00:18:56,920 Speaker 1: bonfire site was usually black for the rest of the year, 331 00:18:57,040 --> 00:19:00,159 Speaker 1: which was funny to me. And she also corrects us 332 00:19:00,160 --> 00:19:01,680 Speaker 1: on one point which a few people did, so we 333 00:19:01,680 --> 00:19:04,080 Speaker 1: should mention this. She says, the penny for the guy 334 00:19:04,200 --> 00:19:06,280 Speaker 1: thing that children used to do in England was not 335 00:19:06,400 --> 00:19:09,359 Speaker 1: selling the guy, but collecting change to fund the guy 336 00:19:09,440 --> 00:19:12,840 Speaker 1: and the celebration. So thank you, Heather, Yeah, it does 337 00:19:12,920 --> 00:19:15,119 Speaker 1: make sense. Thank you for writing in and telling us 338 00:19:15,160 --> 00:19:17,600 Speaker 1: your traditions and for letting us know some more about 339 00:19:17,640 --> 00:19:19,439 Speaker 1: the Guy. And I think most of the people we 340 00:19:19,520 --> 00:19:22,719 Speaker 1: heard from writing in about Guy Fox Day were based 341 00:19:22,760 --> 00:19:26,440 Speaker 1: in England or they were transplants. But we did hear 342 00:19:26,480 --> 00:19:30,960 Speaker 1: from Jason who lives in Newfoundland, and he wrote that 343 00:19:31,040 --> 00:19:34,119 Speaker 1: Guy Fox Night is celebrated every year in my native 344 00:19:34,280 --> 00:19:38,200 Speaker 1: Newfoundland as well. Newfoundland, the most easterly point of North America, 345 00:19:38,280 --> 00:19:41,000 Speaker 1: was part of Britain until nineteen when it joined the 346 00:19:41,040 --> 00:19:46,359 Speaker 1: Confederation and became Canada's tenth province. Newfoundland's very unique culture 347 00:19:46,440 --> 00:19:50,320 Speaker 1: is heavily influenced by Ireland, Scotland and England, where most 348 00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:53,719 Speaker 1: of its people can lay claim to their ancestry. Um. 349 00:19:53,760 --> 00:19:56,920 Speaker 1: So that was neat to know that Guy Fox Day 350 00:19:56,920 --> 00:19:59,840 Speaker 1: really is something that people people take with them wherever 351 00:19:59,880 --> 00:20:02,320 Speaker 1: they go. It seems we had another one from Adam 352 00:20:02,400 --> 00:20:04,800 Speaker 1: which is on a more somber note, but I still 353 00:20:04,840 --> 00:20:08,280 Speaker 1: thought it was interesting to share. He says. Each year, 354 00:20:08,280 --> 00:20:11,440 Speaker 1: the government tries to promote the safety aspect of bonfire 355 00:20:11,520 --> 00:20:14,040 Speaker 1: Night by warning people to take care with sparklers and 356 00:20:14,080 --> 00:20:17,400 Speaker 1: not to pour petrol on the flames and things like that. However, 357 00:20:17,400 --> 00:20:18,760 Speaker 1: this year it seems that there may have been a 358 00:20:18,800 --> 00:20:22,399 Speaker 1: completely unforeseen tragedy from a fireworks display. One of the 359 00:20:22,440 --> 00:20:25,440 Speaker 1: worst motorway accidents in the UK, in which seven people 360 00:20:25,480 --> 00:20:27,800 Speaker 1: died in a multi car pile up, may have been 361 00:20:27,800 --> 00:20:31,640 Speaker 1: the result of fireworks smoke obscuring driver's vision. I don't 362 00:20:31,640 --> 00:20:33,159 Speaker 1: want to leave my letter on a somber notes, so 363 00:20:33,200 --> 00:20:34,840 Speaker 1: I will say that as a new dad, I had 364 00:20:34,840 --> 00:20:37,120 Speaker 1: the pleasure of taking my nine month old baby boy 365 00:20:37,200 --> 00:20:40,760 Speaker 1: Dylan to a public fireworks display in my hometown of Harwick, Essex, 366 00:20:40,960 --> 00:20:42,920 Speaker 1: which he loved and I can see us having many 367 00:20:42,960 --> 00:20:46,080 Speaker 1: happy bonfire nights to come, thanks in part to Guy Fox. 368 00:20:46,800 --> 00:20:49,480 Speaker 1: Probably the coolest piece of Guy Fox related mail we 369 00:20:49,560 --> 00:20:53,240 Speaker 1: got though with from Kelsey and Vermont. She's a bartender 370 00:20:53,280 --> 00:20:56,200 Speaker 1: there and she sent us a note on some lovely 371 00:20:56,320 --> 00:20:59,639 Speaker 1: stationary saying I'm finally writing to tell you that I 372 00:20:59,680 --> 00:21:03,560 Speaker 1: am a self proclaimed dork who enjoys creating drink specials 373 00:21:03,600 --> 00:21:07,120 Speaker 1: based on your historical tidbits, as I also like listening 374 00:21:07,119 --> 00:21:10,240 Speaker 1: on my way to work. Most of the drinks are 375 00:21:10,240 --> 00:21:13,120 Speaker 1: more clever than tasty, but I was pretty proud of 376 00:21:13,160 --> 00:21:15,399 Speaker 1: this one, so I thought i'd share. I call it 377 00:21:15,440 --> 00:21:20,240 Speaker 1: the Guy Fox, and the specials board would read remember 378 00:21:20,240 --> 00:21:23,680 Speaker 1: remember the fifth of November with Pama Campari and Gin 379 00:21:24,240 --> 00:21:26,680 Speaker 1: You'll dance in the street. It's bitter and sweet as 380 00:21:26,800 --> 00:21:30,800 Speaker 1: is all revolution. And she shared the recipe. Maybe we 381 00:21:30,840 --> 00:21:33,040 Speaker 1: could post that. We probably want to try it too, 382 00:21:33,080 --> 00:21:35,480 Speaker 1: don't we. Yeah, we need to try it. It sounds good. 383 00:21:35,560 --> 00:21:38,000 Speaker 1: I don't know all of the the ingredients, but she 384 00:21:38,080 --> 00:21:42,160 Speaker 1: has suggested brands and everything, so um, maybe we'll give 385 00:21:42,160 --> 00:21:45,800 Speaker 1: this a shot, uh and report back to you guys 386 00:21:45,800 --> 00:21:47,879 Speaker 1: in the new year. Next, we want to share a 387 00:21:47,920 --> 00:21:52,280 Speaker 1: few emails and letters related to the Emperor Maximilian episode. 388 00:21:52,359 --> 00:21:55,960 Speaker 1: We got a lot on this as well. People love Maximilian, yes, 389 00:21:56,040 --> 00:21:58,800 Speaker 1: And this first letter from Sarah we get a great 390 00:21:58,800 --> 00:22:01,040 Speaker 1: example of some thing that we see a lot, which 391 00:22:01,040 --> 00:22:04,360 Speaker 1: is people with their own expertise writing in to kind 392 00:22:04,359 --> 00:22:06,640 Speaker 1: of give us a different angle on a topic that 393 00:22:07,000 --> 00:22:09,520 Speaker 1: we've discussed, which we really liked. So Sarah has a 394 00:22:09,600 --> 00:22:12,400 Speaker 1: background in art history and archaeology and that's where she's 395 00:22:12,440 --> 00:22:14,800 Speaker 1: coming from, and she says, I was excited to see 396 00:22:14,840 --> 00:22:17,680 Speaker 1: that you released a podcast on Emperor Maximilian, and even 397 00:22:17,720 --> 00:22:20,600 Speaker 1: more so that you mentioned Edward Manet's series of paintings 398 00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:23,520 Speaker 1: on the subject of Maximilian's execution. I know you like 399 00:22:23,640 --> 00:22:25,560 Speaker 1: art history, so I thought i'd share a couple more 400 00:22:25,600 --> 00:22:28,240 Speaker 1: things about these works. In terms of what we see 401 00:22:28,240 --> 00:22:31,640 Speaker 1: in the painting, Manet's composition is clearly referencing a work 402 00:22:31,640 --> 00:22:35,320 Speaker 1: from the early nineteenth century, Francisco Goya's Third of May 403 00:22:35,320 --> 00:22:38,760 Speaker 1: eighteen o eight. Like in Mena's work, Goya is addressing 404 00:22:38,760 --> 00:22:42,720 Speaker 1: a contemporary political event involving an occupation by French troops 405 00:22:43,000 --> 00:22:45,879 Speaker 1: in this case of Spain, and the central incident of 406 00:22:45,920 --> 00:22:48,560 Speaker 1: the French soldiers firing on the Spanish is mimicked in 407 00:22:48,640 --> 00:22:52,760 Speaker 1: Mena's Maximilian paintings. Mane sited Goya in a number of paintings, 408 00:22:53,359 --> 00:22:55,480 Speaker 1: and in the case of these works, one of the 409 00:22:55,520 --> 00:22:59,359 Speaker 1: few times that either artist overtly referenced a highly political event, 410 00:22:59,600 --> 00:23:02,560 Speaker 1: and that email struck me too, because people do often 411 00:23:02,640 --> 00:23:05,840 Speaker 1: recommend that we cover the Third of May, so it 412 00:23:05,880 --> 00:23:09,840 Speaker 1: could be another one of these political art history combo episodes. 413 00:23:10,320 --> 00:23:12,919 Speaker 1: We also heard from a few people who had some 414 00:23:13,000 --> 00:23:16,560 Speaker 1: kind of personal insight on the Maximilian story because they 415 00:23:16,720 --> 00:23:19,159 Speaker 1: are from Mexico and they could give us a little 416 00:23:19,600 --> 00:23:23,239 Speaker 1: feel for how people really really what opinion they have 417 00:23:23,359 --> 00:23:26,440 Speaker 1: of Maximilian. There. The first is from Christo Ball, who 418 00:23:26,480 --> 00:23:29,960 Speaker 1: lives in California, and he says he's from Mexico, and 419 00:23:30,240 --> 00:23:32,919 Speaker 1: he says the mrs and I were visiting her family 420 00:23:32,960 --> 00:23:35,800 Speaker 1: near Berlin during the Christmas holiday, and since we were 421 00:23:35,840 --> 00:23:38,919 Speaker 1: so close, we decided to hop over to Vienna and 422 00:23:38,960 --> 00:23:41,479 Speaker 1: play tourists for a week. We did all the typical 423 00:23:41,480 --> 00:23:45,520 Speaker 1: touristy things like visiting castles, churches, Christmas markets and so on. 424 00:23:46,000 --> 00:23:47,679 Speaker 1: During the middle of our stay, we signed up for 425 00:23:47,680 --> 00:23:49,600 Speaker 1: a day tour that would take us to a couple 426 00:23:49,600 --> 00:23:53,960 Speaker 1: of different palaces and other landmarks throughout the city. Sometime 427 00:23:54,000 --> 00:23:56,280 Speaker 1: between visiting a three hundred year old church and a 428 00:23:56,280 --> 00:23:59,040 Speaker 1: four hundred year old palace, I asked the guide if 429 00:23:59,080 --> 00:24:02,720 Speaker 1: she knew where Maximilian was buried. Being from Mexico and 430 00:24:02,760 --> 00:24:05,919 Speaker 1: having visited some of the historical locations in the Motherland 431 00:24:05,960 --> 00:24:08,040 Speaker 1: having to do with that whole episode, I thought it 432 00:24:08,080 --> 00:24:10,800 Speaker 1: would be interesting to check out his crypt or wherever 433 00:24:10,840 --> 00:24:14,520 Speaker 1: he was interred for myself. Well before I was even 434 00:24:14,560 --> 00:24:16,640 Speaker 1: able to finish asking where he may be, the guy 435 00:24:16,760 --> 00:24:19,720 Speaker 1: gave me a really sour face and proceeded to explain 436 00:24:19,800 --> 00:24:23,600 Speaker 1: to the entire group how Maximilian was tragically murdered in Mexico, 437 00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:26,560 Speaker 1: to which I answered back that my understanding of events 438 00:24:26,760 --> 00:24:29,520 Speaker 1: was that he was executed as the leader of a 439 00:24:29,560 --> 00:24:33,000 Speaker 1: foreign nation that had unlawfully overthrown the true government of 440 00:24:33,040 --> 00:24:36,680 Speaker 1: the people. Surprisingly, she did not agree with my As 441 00:24:36,720 --> 00:24:40,600 Speaker 1: she put it, interpretation of events just goes to show 442 00:24:40,640 --> 00:24:43,800 Speaker 1: how history can be interpreted depending on where or how 443 00:24:44,040 --> 00:24:47,240 Speaker 1: you or yours were affected by it. So that was 444 00:24:47,240 --> 00:24:50,560 Speaker 1: pretty cool. He gives this perspective for both countries here 445 00:24:51,560 --> 00:24:54,399 Speaker 1: a rare thing. And we also heard from Pedro who 446 00:24:54,680 --> 00:24:57,920 Speaker 1: um said that I just listened to your Maximilian podcast, 447 00:24:58,000 --> 00:25:00,760 Speaker 1: and although it was a sad affair for or Maximilian, 448 00:25:01,160 --> 00:25:02,960 Speaker 1: I wanted to let you know that he's not seen 449 00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:05,640 Speaker 1: as a bad guy in Mexico. At least that's something right. 450 00:25:06,160 --> 00:25:08,520 Speaker 1: Historians have done good work spreading the word that he 451 00:25:08,600 --> 00:25:11,280 Speaker 1: was basically cheated into accepting the job and that he 452 00:25:11,359 --> 00:25:15,040 Speaker 1: was actually rather cool towards Mexican. Nevertheless, the myth of 453 00:25:15,040 --> 00:25:18,879 Speaker 1: Warez his defense of Mexican rights remains a strong part 454 00:25:18,960 --> 00:25:21,720 Speaker 1: of our chosen history. So I think most Mexicans will 455 00:25:21,760 --> 00:25:26,080 Speaker 1: see Maximilian as some sort of failed conqueror. So two 456 00:25:26,119 --> 00:25:31,040 Speaker 1: perspectives there are our Habsburg emperor. That last one makes 457 00:25:31,080 --> 00:25:34,000 Speaker 1: me feel a little better for poor Maximilian. And I 458 00:25:34,000 --> 00:25:40,480 Speaker 1: know a lot of people recommended a Kate Beaten comic too. Basically, Basically, 459 00:25:40,560 --> 00:25:44,560 Speaker 1: Pedro's email sums up how how Maximilian is depicted in 460 00:25:44,560 --> 00:25:48,840 Speaker 1: the comic. Um. Yeah, I just I like hearing, I 461 00:25:48,840 --> 00:25:51,840 Speaker 1: think with the Ludwig one to Bavaria, I like hearing 462 00:25:51,880 --> 00:25:57,760 Speaker 1: about how these historical figures are considered in different countries today, 463 00:25:58,080 --> 00:26:01,080 Speaker 1: what people's opinions of them are. Before we sign off 464 00:26:01,160 --> 00:26:06,199 Speaker 1: with this, listener mail Mega listener mail me, Yes, we 465 00:26:06,280 --> 00:26:10,600 Speaker 1: need to visit a segment that we have introduced recently, 466 00:26:10,800 --> 00:26:12,840 Speaker 1: which we're having a lot of fun with and apparently 467 00:26:12,880 --> 00:26:15,919 Speaker 1: listeners are too, And that's the love I listen while 468 00:26:15,960 --> 00:26:20,600 Speaker 1: I blank segment. So we're gonna just run through a 469 00:26:20,640 --> 00:26:22,240 Speaker 1: few of these, and I think you're going to be 470 00:26:22,760 --> 00:26:26,000 Speaker 1: impressed by what your fellow listeners do while they're well 471 00:26:26,000 --> 00:26:30,320 Speaker 1: they're checking out the podcast. So Melissa, for instance, in Jakarta, 472 00:26:30,520 --> 00:26:36,439 Speaker 1: listens while she's riding a motorcycle taxi. Rachel and long Beach, says, 473 00:26:36,600 --> 00:26:39,080 Speaker 1: my labmates and I now listen and learn free from 474 00:26:39,119 --> 00:26:43,120 Speaker 1: you guys while sorting mud samples, identifying insects, and sequencing 475 00:26:43,200 --> 00:26:48,680 Speaker 1: d NA cool. Brian in Ohio listens while working on 476 00:26:48,720 --> 00:26:52,480 Speaker 1: a dairy farm. He says, I manage a dred cow 477 00:26:52,560 --> 00:26:55,440 Speaker 1: dairy farm in Ohio, and I check cows to determine 478 00:26:55,480 --> 00:26:57,720 Speaker 1: if they are pregnant while I listened to stuff you 479 00:26:57,760 --> 00:27:00,159 Speaker 1: missed in history. Thank you for giving me some thing 480 00:27:00,280 --> 00:27:02,719 Speaker 1: interesting and fun to listen to while I'm out with 481 00:27:02,760 --> 00:27:07,479 Speaker 1: the cows. You're very welcome. Brian Margaret, who works at 482 00:27:07,520 --> 00:27:10,919 Speaker 1: Albert Einstein University, says that she likes to listen to 483 00:27:10,920 --> 00:27:14,080 Speaker 1: our podcast while trying to catch nematode worms for research. 484 00:27:15,000 --> 00:27:19,280 Speaker 1: Jacob listens while he or he listened while he took 485 00:27:19,359 --> 00:27:23,600 Speaker 1: this huge bike trip from Shanghai to Beijing. So we 486 00:27:23,640 --> 00:27:26,040 Speaker 1: went to China this year, Dablina, and we didn't even 487 00:27:26,040 --> 00:27:29,919 Speaker 1: know it. And Rebecca and Minneapolis says that she's a 488 00:27:29,920 --> 00:27:32,679 Speaker 1: graduate student in industrial hygiene and she works in my 489 00:27:32,760 --> 00:27:36,960 Speaker 1: college e lab culturing fungal spores for identification and remediation, 490 00:27:37,560 --> 00:27:40,480 Speaker 1: and that's what she does while she's listening to the podcast. 491 00:27:40,760 --> 00:27:46,160 Speaker 1: I look at mold spores under microscopes. And finally we 492 00:27:46,400 --> 00:27:50,280 Speaker 1: heard from twelve year old Maddie, who listens so much 493 00:27:50,680 --> 00:27:53,680 Speaker 1: that sometimes she said her mom takes away her iPod 494 00:27:53,880 --> 00:27:57,760 Speaker 1: ship so that she won't stay up all night. So 495 00:27:57,800 --> 00:28:00,240 Speaker 1: we thought that was cute. Thank you guys. Will share 496 00:28:00,320 --> 00:28:03,520 Speaker 1: some more on the next episode for sure, because y'all 497 00:28:03,520 --> 00:28:07,320 Speaker 1: are doing some interesting things all over the world. Yeah, 498 00:28:07,320 --> 00:28:09,280 Speaker 1: and if you want to keep sharing those things with us, 499 00:28:09,280 --> 00:28:11,880 Speaker 1: please write us where History Podcast at how stuff Works 500 00:28:11,920 --> 00:28:14,040 Speaker 1: dot com or you can look us up on Facebook, 501 00:28:14,119 --> 00:28:16,159 Speaker 1: or you can hit us up on Twitter at myston history. 502 00:28:16,359 --> 00:28:19,400 Speaker 1: And as always, you can find tons of articles on 503 00:28:19,520 --> 00:28:22,520 Speaker 1: tons of topics and a year end recap I believe 504 00:28:22,880 --> 00:28:28,600 Speaker 1: your end slideshow recap of by searching our homepage at 505 00:28:28,720 --> 00:28:35,680 Speaker 1: www dot how stuff works dot com. Be sure to 506 00:28:35,760 --> 00:28:38,560 Speaker 1: check out our new video podcast, Stuff from the Future. 507 00:28:38,880 --> 00:28:41,200 Speaker 1: Join how Stuff Work staff as we explore the most 508 00:28:41,200 --> 00:28:45,800 Speaker 1: promising and perplexing possibilities of tomorrow. The How Stuff Works 509 00:28:45,800 --> 00:28:49,040 Speaker 1: iPhone app has a rise. Download it today on iTunes.