1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,000 Speaker 1: Hey everyone. Technically you're getting two days in History today 2 00:00:03,120 --> 00:00:05,680 Speaker 1: because we were running two episodes from the History Vault. 3 00:00:05,840 --> 00:00:08,879 Speaker 1: You'll also hear two hosts, me and Tracy v. Wilson. 4 00:00:09,200 --> 00:00:13,119 Speaker 1: Hope you enjoy. Welcome to this Day in History Class 5 00:00:13,160 --> 00:00:15,600 Speaker 1: from how Stuff Works dot Com and from the desk 6 00:00:15,640 --> 00:00:17,799 Speaker 1: of Stuff you Missed in History Class. It's the show 7 00:00:17,800 --> 00:00:20,119 Speaker 1: where we explore the past one day at a time 8 00:00:20,200 --> 00:00:27,440 Speaker 1: with a quick look at what happened today in history. Hello, 9 00:00:27,520 --> 00:00:30,040 Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy Vie Wilson, and 10 00:00:30,040 --> 00:00:33,720 Speaker 1: it's November five. Shirley Chisholm became the first black woman 11 00:00:33,760 --> 00:00:37,600 Speaker 1: elected to Congress on this day in nine She was 12 00:00:37,640 --> 00:00:40,280 Speaker 1: the oldest daughter of Charles and Ruby st Hill, and 13 00:00:40,280 --> 00:00:43,200 Speaker 1: they were immigrants from the Caribbean. She had spent about 14 00:00:43,320 --> 00:00:46,720 Speaker 1: seven years of her childhood living in Barbados. She had 15 00:00:46,760 --> 00:00:49,680 Speaker 1: been born into the United States, but for economic and 16 00:00:49,720 --> 00:00:52,320 Speaker 1: financial reasons, her parents sent her and her sisters to 17 00:00:52,320 --> 00:00:54,480 Speaker 1: live with her grandmother and be raised by an aunt 18 00:00:54,480 --> 00:00:57,760 Speaker 1: when they were small. Her parents wanted all of their 19 00:00:57,840 --> 00:01:00,440 Speaker 1: children to go to college, and they wanted to own 20 00:01:00,480 --> 00:01:03,480 Speaker 1: their own home, but they just couldn't make ends meet, 21 00:01:03,640 --> 00:01:05,440 Speaker 1: and that was why they had sent the children to 22 00:01:05,560 --> 00:01:09,360 Speaker 1: Barbados for a few years. The schools in the British 23 00:01:09,360 --> 00:01:12,399 Speaker 1: colony of Barbados, who were another reason. Ruby st Hill 24 00:01:12,480 --> 00:01:14,959 Speaker 1: thought that their daughters would have a better education that 25 00:01:15,040 --> 00:01:17,400 Speaker 1: was focused on the fundamentals of reading and writing and 26 00:01:17,440 --> 00:01:22,360 Speaker 1: arithmetic back in Barbados. They returned to New York when 27 00:01:22,400 --> 00:01:25,520 Speaker 1: Shirley was about ten, and she had some trouble adjusting. 28 00:01:25,640 --> 00:01:27,840 Speaker 1: She was put into a third grade class, which was 29 00:01:27,880 --> 00:01:30,360 Speaker 1: a lot too young for her and not really challenging 30 00:01:30,400 --> 00:01:32,720 Speaker 1: at all. She was way beyond that in her coursework, 31 00:01:33,040 --> 00:01:36,000 Speaker 1: but because she was mostly doing well and reading, writing, 32 00:01:36,000 --> 00:01:39,240 Speaker 1: and arithmetic, while naturally, because she hadn't been living in 33 00:01:39,280 --> 00:01:42,160 Speaker 1: the United States, not really caught up on US history 34 00:01:42,240 --> 00:01:44,200 Speaker 1: or geography, and that's why she was put into a 35 00:01:44,200 --> 00:01:47,760 Speaker 1: younger grade. She got tutoring though, and she went on 36 00:01:47,800 --> 00:01:50,920 Speaker 1: to really excel When she graduated from high school. She 37 00:01:50,920 --> 00:01:53,760 Speaker 1: had scholarships to Vassar in Oberlin for college, but she 38 00:01:53,800 --> 00:01:56,960 Speaker 1: couldn't afford the room and board, so instead she went 39 00:01:57,000 --> 00:02:00,200 Speaker 1: to Brooklyn College, and after graduating from there, when into 40 00:02:00,200 --> 00:02:04,200 Speaker 1: early childhood education. She participated in her first political campaign 41 00:02:04,200 --> 00:02:07,000 Speaker 1: in nineteen fifty three. That was the campaign of Louis S. 42 00:02:07,000 --> 00:02:10,079 Speaker 1: Flag Jr. To become the first black judge in Brooklyn, 43 00:02:10,919 --> 00:02:13,800 Speaker 1: but she was frustrated with how women were being treated 44 00:02:13,800 --> 00:02:17,400 Speaker 1: in politics. A lot of women were very active in 45 00:02:17,440 --> 00:02:20,760 Speaker 1: political organizations, and the problem was they were really being 46 00:02:20,800 --> 00:02:24,120 Speaker 1: relegated tasks like cleaning up and making food and arranging 47 00:02:24,160 --> 00:02:28,799 Speaker 1: social events, not on things like making policy or being 48 00:02:28,840 --> 00:02:32,440 Speaker 1: the ones running for the office. So that changed for 49 00:02:32,520 --> 00:02:35,760 Speaker 1: her in nineteen sixty four when she ran for state representative. 50 00:02:35,880 --> 00:02:39,639 Speaker 1: She won and served for two terms. Then in nineteen 51 00:02:39,720 --> 00:02:43,119 Speaker 1: sixty eight, a court ordered reapportionment created a new congressional 52 00:02:43,160 --> 00:02:46,800 Speaker 1: district in New York. It was centered on Shirley Chishom's 53 00:02:46,800 --> 00:02:50,840 Speaker 1: neighborhood of Bedford Stuyvesant, and this newly created thirteenth District 54 00:02:50,880 --> 00:02:54,080 Speaker 1: was majority black. It also had a large Puerto Rican population, 55 00:02:54,160 --> 00:02:56,799 Speaker 1: so it was pretty much taken for granted that whoever 56 00:02:56,960 --> 00:02:59,680 Speaker 1: was elected from this brand new district was probably going 57 00:02:59,760 --> 00:03:02,960 Speaker 1: to be lack. It was also pretty much taken for 58 00:03:03,000 --> 00:03:06,079 Speaker 1: granted that it was going to be a man. However, 59 00:03:06,680 --> 00:03:09,800 Speaker 1: Shirley Chisholm first won the Democratic primary and then her 60 00:03:09,840 --> 00:03:12,760 Speaker 1: opponent in the general election was James Farmer. Who was 61 00:03:12,840 --> 00:03:16,040 Speaker 1: running on both the Republican and Liberal Party tickets. He 62 00:03:16,240 --> 00:03:19,240 Speaker 1: was the former head of the Congress of Racial Equality 63 00:03:19,360 --> 00:03:21,480 Speaker 1: or CORE, as well as one of its founders. He 64 00:03:21,520 --> 00:03:24,760 Speaker 1: had helped organize and participated in the Freedom Rides, and 65 00:03:24,960 --> 00:03:27,120 Speaker 1: he and a lot of other people thought his election 66 00:03:27,320 --> 00:03:30,760 Speaker 1: was a sure thing. It was not, though his campaign 67 00:03:30,880 --> 00:03:34,960 Speaker 1: really focused on gender, because when it came to actual issues, 68 00:03:35,160 --> 00:03:37,640 Speaker 1: he and Shirley Chisholm agreed on a lot of things. 69 00:03:38,320 --> 00:03:40,800 Speaker 1: So he presented himself as a strong man who was 70 00:03:40,840 --> 00:03:43,320 Speaker 1: really needed in Washington, while saying that she was just 71 00:03:43,400 --> 00:03:46,680 Speaker 1: some school teacher. He was not the only person that 72 00:03:46,720 --> 00:03:49,400 Speaker 1: was focused on her gender. The New York Times ran 73 00:03:49,480 --> 00:03:54,400 Speaker 1: this headline during their campaign, farmer and woman in lively 74 00:03:54,520 --> 00:03:59,240 Speaker 1: Bedford Stuyvesant Race. However, though Shirley Chisholm leaned on her 75 00:03:59,280 --> 00:04:03,560 Speaker 1: record as a state representative in Albany, she pointed back 76 00:04:03,600 --> 00:04:05,880 Speaker 1: to all the work that she had done to really 77 00:04:06,080 --> 00:04:09,640 Speaker 1: benefit the people of Brooklyn. She reached out specifically to 78 00:04:09,720 --> 00:04:13,080 Speaker 1: women about women's issues, and women outnumbered men in the 79 00:04:13,080 --> 00:04:15,480 Speaker 1: district when it came to registered voters by about three 80 00:04:15,520 --> 00:04:19,800 Speaker 1: thousand people. She also spoke fluent Spanish, so she reached 81 00:04:19,800 --> 00:04:24,000 Speaker 1: directly out to the district's Puerto Rican community herself. On 82 00:04:24,040 --> 00:04:27,120 Speaker 1: November five of nineteen sixty eight, she won that election 83 00:04:27,160 --> 00:04:30,239 Speaker 1: against James Farmer thirty four thousand, eight hundred and eighty 84 00:04:30,279 --> 00:04:33,760 Speaker 1: five to thirteen thousand, seven hundred and seventy seven. She 85 00:04:33,839 --> 00:04:36,440 Speaker 1: went on to serve seven terms in Congress, and she 86 00:04:36,520 --> 00:04:39,800 Speaker 1: also ran her president in nineteen seventy two. She didn't 87 00:04:39,839 --> 00:04:42,680 Speaker 1: win the presidential nomination, but she did help open the 88 00:04:42,720 --> 00:04:45,800 Speaker 1: door for other candidates like her. You can learn more 89 00:04:45,839 --> 00:04:49,279 Speaker 1: about Shirley Chisholm in the November five episode of Stuff 90 00:04:49,279 --> 00:04:51,360 Speaker 1: You Miss in History Class That is the same day 91 00:04:51,360 --> 00:04:53,320 Speaker 1: as this episode is coming out, So if you're one 92 00:04:53,360 --> 00:04:55,320 Speaker 1: of the folks who listens to This Day in History 93 00:04:55,320 --> 00:04:57,760 Speaker 1: Class the minute it drops, the other one might not 94 00:04:57,839 --> 00:05:01,400 Speaker 1: quite be published yet. Thanks much to Casey Pigraham and 95 00:05:01,520 --> 00:05:03,760 Speaker 1: Chandler Mays for their audio work on the show, and 96 00:05:03,800 --> 00:05:05,680 Speaker 1: you can subscribe to the Stay in History Class on 97 00:05:05,720 --> 00:05:09,040 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, and where Realty get your podcasts, 98 00:05:09,040 --> 00:05:11,279 Speaker 1: and you can tune in tomorrow for a denunciation of 99 00:05:11,320 --> 00:05:23,520 Speaker 1: a massive injustice. Hi everyone, I'm Eves. Welcome to This 100 00:05:23,600 --> 00:05:26,480 Speaker 1: Day and History Class, a show that will convince you 101 00:05:26,520 --> 00:05:29,719 Speaker 1: that history can be fascinating even when you expect it 102 00:05:29,760 --> 00:05:41,800 Speaker 1: not to be. The day was November seven. Item A 103 00:05:41,880 --> 00:05:46,320 Speaker 1: nervatar Bill was born in Erie County, Pennsylvania. Tarbell was 104 00:05:46,360 --> 00:05:51,279 Speaker 1: an investigative journalist, biographer, educator, and lecturer. She exposed the 105 00:05:51,320 --> 00:05:54,520 Speaker 1: corruption of big businesses and contribute it to the dissolution 106 00:05:54,640 --> 00:05:58,360 Speaker 1: of the standard oil monopoly through her journalism, and she's 107 00:05:58,360 --> 00:06:01,360 Speaker 1: remembered as one of the foremost so called mud breakers 108 00:06:01,440 --> 00:06:05,720 Speaker 1: of the progressive era. Muck breaker was the initially pejorative 109 00:06:05,800 --> 00:06:09,840 Speaker 1: name given to reform minded journalist who wrote about big business, 110 00:06:09,839 --> 00:06:14,320 Speaker 1: exposing political and economic corruption. Tarbell was born in a 111 00:06:14,360 --> 00:06:18,880 Speaker 1: farmhouse and had hollow Her father, Franklin Sumner Tarbell, was 112 00:06:18,920 --> 00:06:22,760 Speaker 1: a carpenter. Her mother Esther, and Tarbill was a teacher. 113 00:06:22,800 --> 00:06:26,800 Speaker 1: Before she got married, Ida had three younger siblings, one 114 00:06:26,880 --> 00:06:30,400 Speaker 1: of whom died as a child. When oil was discovered 115 00:06:30,440 --> 00:06:33,520 Speaker 1: in Erie County and incited a rush of business, Ida's 116 00:06:33,520 --> 00:06:37,280 Speaker 1: father started up a shop making wooden oil tanks. As 117 00:06:37,320 --> 00:06:40,599 Speaker 1: Franklin grew his oil business, the family moved to Rouseville 118 00:06:40,880 --> 00:06:44,120 Speaker 1: then Titus Fille in Pennsylvania, though he was later forced 119 00:06:44,120 --> 00:06:48,400 Speaker 1: out of business. By standard oil. Ida graduated from Allegheny 120 00:06:48,440 --> 00:06:51,120 Speaker 1: College in eighteen eighty with a Bachelor of Arts degree 121 00:06:51,120 --> 00:06:54,839 Speaker 1: in biology. Once she graduated, she began teaching at Poland 122 00:06:54,920 --> 00:06:58,800 Speaker 1: Union Seminary in Ohio, but after two years there she 123 00:06:58,920 --> 00:07:02,400 Speaker 1: quit to pursue a career year in writing. She began 124 00:07:02,480 --> 00:07:05,800 Speaker 1: working at The Chautauquan, a magazine about self improvement, and 125 00:07:05,839 --> 00:07:10,320 Speaker 1: eventually became its managing editor, but in she left for 126 00:07:10,440 --> 00:07:14,120 Speaker 1: Paris to study history at the Sorbonne. While in Paris, 127 00:07:14,160 --> 00:07:18,000 Speaker 1: Tarbell also wrote articles for US publications, but a notable 128 00:07:18,000 --> 00:07:21,520 Speaker 1: turrent in her writing career came when she met Samuel S. McClure, 129 00:07:21,800 --> 00:07:26,320 Speaker 1: who created the popular literary magazine McClure's. She began writing 130 00:07:26,320 --> 00:07:29,560 Speaker 1: for the magazine, and when she returned to the United States, 131 00:07:29,600 --> 00:07:32,960 Speaker 1: she joined the magazine's staff as a writer and associate editor. 132 00:07:34,080 --> 00:07:36,920 Speaker 1: She wrote a series on Napoleon Bonaparte and a series 133 00:07:36,920 --> 00:07:40,360 Speaker 1: on Abraham Lincoln, both of which were later published as books, 134 00:07:40,800 --> 00:07:43,200 Speaker 1: and she and other writers at the magazine began to 135 00:07:43,240 --> 00:07:47,680 Speaker 1: tackle social issues like corporate trusts. One of Tarbill's most 136 00:07:47,720 --> 00:07:51,760 Speaker 1: noteworthy pieces of investigative journalism during the Progressive era, a 137 00:07:51,800 --> 00:07:54,640 Speaker 1: time of great social activism and political reform in the 138 00:07:54,720 --> 00:07:58,200 Speaker 1: United States was the book The History of the Standard 139 00:07:58,240 --> 00:08:02,480 Speaker 1: Oil Company, published in eighteen o four. The history was 140 00:08:02,520 --> 00:08:06,760 Speaker 1: originally published as nineteen articles in McClure's. It exposed the 141 00:08:06,800 --> 00:08:10,840 Speaker 1: abuses of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil monopoly and contributed 142 00:08:10,920 --> 00:08:14,960 Speaker 1: to the company being prosecuted under anti trust laws. She 143 00:08:15,080 --> 00:08:17,920 Speaker 1: garnered a lot of attention and popularity from her journalism 144 00:08:18,000 --> 00:08:21,720 Speaker 1: about oil and monopolies, but in nineteen o six she 145 00:08:21,880 --> 00:08:24,880 Speaker 1: and some of her colleagues left McClure's after a dispute 146 00:08:24,880 --> 00:08:28,400 Speaker 1: with McClure himself. They soon took over a publication called 147 00:08:28,400 --> 00:08:33,920 Speaker 1: The American Magazine. There, Tarbell continued her journalism, writing about 148 00:08:33,920 --> 00:08:36,720 Speaker 1: things like corporate crime, the tariff, and the history of 149 00:08:36,720 --> 00:08:40,960 Speaker 1: the women's movement. She was critical of the women's suffrage movement, 150 00:08:41,240 --> 00:08:44,600 Speaker 1: denouncing its militant parts and characterizing it as anti men. 151 00:08:45,840 --> 00:08:49,160 Speaker 1: She espoused her support of home and family and criticized 152 00:08:49,200 --> 00:08:53,240 Speaker 1: the movements in attention to those roles and values. Tarbell 153 00:08:53,320 --> 00:08:57,040 Speaker 1: spent time traveling to examine factory conditions, and she came 154 00:08:57,080 --> 00:09:00,520 Speaker 1: to admire Ford's mass production methods and treatment of workers. 155 00:09:01,559 --> 00:09:04,640 Speaker 1: In nineteen sixteen, President Woodrow Wilson offered her a spot 156 00:09:04,640 --> 00:09:09,079 Speaker 1: on the Federal Tariff Commission, but she refused. After American 157 00:09:09,120 --> 00:09:11,960 Speaker 1: Magazine was sold in nineteen fifteen, she worked as a 158 00:09:12,040 --> 00:09:15,560 Speaker 1: lecturer and a freelance writer. She wrote books about business 159 00:09:15,559 --> 00:09:19,160 Speaker 1: and business leaders, including one on Owen D. Young, who 160 00:09:19,200 --> 00:09:23,080 Speaker 1: founded the Radio Corporation of America. She also wrote a 161 00:09:23,080 --> 00:09:26,120 Speaker 1: series on Mussolini, in which she offered him praise, and 162 00:09:26,160 --> 00:09:30,520 Speaker 1: she published an autobiography. Critics have noted that though Tarbell 163 00:09:30,640 --> 00:09:34,400 Speaker 1: was considered a muckraker, she often championed American capitalism and 164 00:09:34,440 --> 00:09:38,839 Speaker 1: took conservative stances. She died of pneumonia in Connecticut in 165 00:09:38,920 --> 00:09:42,719 Speaker 1: nineteen four, leaving behind a legacy of work that influenced 166 00:09:42,840 --> 00:09:47,120 Speaker 1: many other investigative journalists. I'm each Jeff Coote, and hopefully 167 00:09:47,160 --> 00:09:49,360 Speaker 1: you know a little more about history today than you 168 00:09:49,400 --> 00:09:53,440 Speaker 1: did yesterday. Keep up with us on Twitter, Facebook and 169 00:09:53,600 --> 00:09:59,240 Speaker 1: Instagram at T d h C podcast, or if you 170 00:09:59,280 --> 00:10:01,600 Speaker 1: would prefer to email us, you can send us a 171 00:10:01,640 --> 00:10:06,160 Speaker 1: message at this day at i heart media dot com. 172 00:10:06,200 --> 00:10:08,440 Speaker 1: We're here every day so you know where to find 173 00:10:08,559 --> 00:10:14,640 Speaker 1: us by. For more podcasts from my Heart Radio, visit 174 00:10:14,679 --> 00:10:17,160 Speaker 1: the i Heart Radio app Apple podcasts, or wherever you 175 00:10:17,200 --> 00:10:18,319 Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows.