1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,320 Speaker 1: Hey everyone, it's Eaves. Just wanted to let you know 2 00:00:02,360 --> 00:00:04,520 Speaker 1: that you'll be hearing an episode from me and an 3 00:00:04,559 --> 00:00:07,360 Speaker 1: episode from Tracy V. Wilson today. I hope you enjoyed 4 00:00:07,400 --> 00:00:11,160 Speaker 1: the show. Welcome to this Day in History class from 5 00:00:11,200 --> 00:00:13,520 Speaker 1: how Stuff Works dot com and from the desk of 6 00:00:13,520 --> 00:00:15,840 Speaker 1: Stuff you Missed in History Class. It's the show where 7 00:00:15,840 --> 00:00:18,119 Speaker 1: we explore the past one day at a time with 8 00:00:18,200 --> 00:00:25,079 Speaker 1: a quick look at what happened today in history. Hello, 9 00:00:25,160 --> 00:00:28,000 Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy B. Wilson, and 10 00:00:28,040 --> 00:00:31,920 Speaker 1: it's December nine. The Cretan Autonomous State was established on 11 00:00:31,960 --> 00:00:35,360 Speaker 1: this day in under the old style Julian calendar, that 12 00:00:35,440 --> 00:00:39,280 Speaker 1: was December twenty one under the Gregorian calendar. This followed 13 00:00:39,400 --> 00:00:41,720 Speaker 1: a link the occupation of the island of Crete by 14 00:00:41,760 --> 00:00:46,279 Speaker 1: the Ottoman Empire back during the Fourth Crusade. Crete had 15 00:00:46,360 --> 00:00:50,040 Speaker 1: been sold to Venice, but the predominantly Greek population largely 16 00:00:50,120 --> 00:00:52,879 Speaker 1: objected to this, and the Venetians weren't all that benevolent 17 00:00:52,920 --> 00:00:55,640 Speaker 1: when it came to the Greek populations, So the Ottoman 18 00:00:55,680 --> 00:00:59,600 Speaker 1: Empire concluded that Crete might welcome them as liberators and 19 00:00:59,680 --> 00:01:02,680 Speaker 1: fight with them against Finnie. So to that end, the 20 00:01:02,720 --> 00:01:07,440 Speaker 1: Ottomans invaded Crete in sixteen forty five. Venice, though, was 21 00:01:07,520 --> 00:01:10,680 Speaker 1: determined to stay in control, and this led to a 22 00:01:10,840 --> 00:01:14,920 Speaker 1: lengthy standoff in a twenty two year siege of the 23 00:01:14,959 --> 00:01:18,360 Speaker 1: city of Candia, before Venice finally ceded the island of 24 00:01:18,400 --> 00:01:21,800 Speaker 1: Crete to the Ottomans on September sixth of sixteen sixty nine. 25 00:01:22,319 --> 00:01:25,120 Speaker 1: Fast forward more than two hundred years to eighteen ninety six, 26 00:01:25,360 --> 00:01:28,160 Speaker 1: at which point the Ottoman Empire is starting to wane 27 00:01:28,560 --> 00:01:33,319 Speaker 1: and numerous other international powers have a vested interest in 28 00:01:33,400 --> 00:01:37,480 Speaker 1: making sure that warfare doesn't start in the wake of 29 00:01:37,520 --> 00:01:42,560 Speaker 1: this power vacuum. This included Russia, France, Italy, Great Britain, Germany, 30 00:01:42,640 --> 00:01:46,160 Speaker 1: and Austria Hungary, all of them had a vested interest 31 00:01:46,280 --> 00:01:51,320 Speaker 1: in what was happening on Crete. International team finally convinced 32 00:01:51,400 --> 00:01:54,120 Speaker 1: the Ottoman Empire to reform the government of Crete and 33 00:01:54,200 --> 00:01:57,320 Speaker 1: to place a Christian governor in a European commission that 34 00:01:57,360 --> 00:02:01,000 Speaker 1: would oversee things like police and the court. But at 35 00:02:01,000 --> 00:02:04,840 Speaker 1: this point, Creed's population included both Christians and Muslims, and 36 00:02:04,840 --> 00:02:07,600 Speaker 1: while the Christians were delighted at the idea of having 37 00:02:07,680 --> 00:02:11,359 Speaker 1: a Christian government in charge, the Muslims were not. This 38 00:02:11,520 --> 00:02:16,400 Speaker 1: led to ongoing religiously motivated violence as international powers tried 39 00:02:16,639 --> 00:02:20,400 Speaker 1: and failed to put Crete under local control. The Great 40 00:02:20,440 --> 00:02:23,280 Speaker 1: Powers had taken for granted that the Ottoman Empire would 41 00:02:23,320 --> 00:02:26,720 Speaker 1: ultimately leave Crete, but it wasn't exactly clear to anyone 42 00:02:26,880 --> 00:02:30,360 Speaker 1: when or how that would happen. Ultimately, there were only 43 00:02:30,480 --> 00:02:35,520 Speaker 1: four nations who still were actively involved in Crete at 44 00:02:35,520 --> 00:02:38,680 Speaker 1: this point. That was Russia, France, Italy, and Great Britain. 45 00:02:39,080 --> 00:02:42,120 Speaker 1: They divided up the island, placed forces in each of 46 00:02:42,160 --> 00:02:45,520 Speaker 1: these four quadrants that they created, and they started searching 47 00:02:45,560 --> 00:02:48,360 Speaker 1: for a high commissioner who would take over the island, 48 00:02:48,400 --> 00:02:52,880 Speaker 1: and that search started in the spring of perhaps unsurprisingly, 49 00:02:53,200 --> 00:02:56,240 Speaker 1: this led to huge amounts of unrest, with local residents 50 00:02:56,240 --> 00:02:59,640 Speaker 1: objecting to various aspects of the rule that they were under, 51 00:02:59,680 --> 00:03:02,440 Speaker 1: and the ended up in what was known as the 52 00:03:02,560 --> 00:03:07,200 Speaker 1: candy At Massacre, which started in August under the Julian 53 00:03:07,240 --> 00:03:10,920 Speaker 1: calendar or September six under the Gregorian calendar, and we 54 00:03:10,960 --> 00:03:15,360 Speaker 1: talked about that on this show on September six, which 55 00:03:15,360 --> 00:03:17,400 Speaker 1: is also why some of what we've talked about might 56 00:03:17,440 --> 00:03:20,920 Speaker 1: sound a little familiar. As many as eight hundred Christians 57 00:03:20,919 --> 00:03:23,959 Speaker 1: on Crete were killed in this massacre and the aftermath 58 00:03:24,000 --> 00:03:26,680 Speaker 1: of the massacre of the British authorities tried to restore order, 59 00:03:27,160 --> 00:03:30,160 Speaker 1: tried to bring the perpetrators to justice, and they became 60 00:03:30,200 --> 00:03:33,520 Speaker 1: increasingly impatient and frustrated with the Ottoman forces that were 61 00:03:33,560 --> 00:03:37,200 Speaker 1: still on the island. The international powers finally ordered the 62 00:03:37,240 --> 00:03:40,640 Speaker 1: Ottoman forces to withdraw entirely, how that the last of 63 00:03:40,680 --> 00:03:43,640 Speaker 1: their force were not removed until they've Ember six. That 64 00:03:43,840 --> 00:03:47,600 Speaker 1: same month, Russia, France, Italy and Great Britain finally agreed 65 00:03:47,720 --> 00:03:50,080 Speaker 1: on a High Commissioner to take over Crete, and that 66 00:03:50,160 --> 00:03:53,480 Speaker 1: was Prince George of Greece and Denmark. This was a 67 00:03:53,640 --> 00:03:57,600 Speaker 1: three year renewable term for him to act as High Commissioner. 68 00:03:58,200 --> 00:04:01,120 Speaker 1: He arrived on December nine, to the Julian calendar, and 69 00:04:01,160 --> 00:04:04,280 Speaker 1: that's what marked the beginning of the Cretan autonomous state. 70 00:04:04,760 --> 00:04:08,520 Speaker 1: The other forces started to withdraw after the High Commissioner arrived, 71 00:04:08,680 --> 00:04:12,200 Speaker 1: and while this did, at least in name, create an 72 00:04:12,200 --> 00:04:15,280 Speaker 1: autonomous state of Crete, it also started the process of 73 00:04:15,320 --> 00:04:20,200 Speaker 1: Crete becoming increasingly connected to Greece before finally becoming part 74 00:04:20,240 --> 00:04:24,560 Speaker 1: of the Nation of Greece. In one note about our 75 00:04:24,640 --> 00:04:28,080 Speaker 1: next week of episodes, Christopher Hasciot is, whose name you 76 00:04:28,160 --> 00:04:31,240 Speaker 1: have heard as a researcher on this show before, will 77 00:04:31,279 --> 00:04:33,480 Speaker 1: be filling in for me as a guest host. This 78 00:04:33,560 --> 00:04:36,240 Speaker 1: is going to make sure we still have podcasts over 79 00:04:36,279 --> 00:04:39,840 Speaker 1: the holidays. Thanks to Eaves Jeff Cote for her research 80 00:04:39,880 --> 00:04:41,960 Speaker 1: work on today's show, and thanks to Ksey P. Graham 81 00:04:42,000 --> 00:04:45,039 Speaker 1: and Chandler Maze for their audio work. You can subscribe 82 00:04:45,080 --> 00:04:48,080 Speaker 1: to This Day in History Class on Apple Podcasts, Google podcast, 83 00:04:48,200 --> 00:04:50,760 Speaker 1: I Heart Radio app and we're relped to get podcast 84 00:04:50,800 --> 00:04:53,440 Speaker 1: and you can tune in tomorrow for a massive and 85 00:04:53,720 --> 00:05:05,640 Speaker 1: unsolved heist. Hi everyone, I'm Eves and welcome to This 86 00:05:05,760 --> 00:05:08,760 Speaker 1: Day in History Class, a podcast where we one day 87 00:05:08,760 --> 00:05:12,080 Speaker 1: ship nugs of history straight to your brain through your earhole. 88 00:05:18,760 --> 00:05:23,039 Speaker 1: The day was December nine, nine seventy nine. Members of 89 00:05:23,040 --> 00:05:27,680 Speaker 1: the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication signed 90 00:05:27,720 --> 00:05:32,280 Speaker 1: a statement that declared that smallpox have been eradicated worldwide 91 00:05:32,600 --> 00:05:36,880 Speaker 1: and that the return of the virus was unlikely. Smallpox, 92 00:05:37,000 --> 00:05:40,280 Speaker 1: a disease caused by the Bariola virus, has been around 93 00:05:40,279 --> 00:05:44,320 Speaker 1: for at least three thousand years, though its origin is unknown. 94 00:05:45,400 --> 00:05:48,200 Speaker 1: The disease was fatal for about three in every ten 95 00:05:48,320 --> 00:05:52,560 Speaker 1: people who contracted it. People who had smallpox got fevers, 96 00:05:52,880 --> 00:05:57,960 Speaker 1: body aches, rashes, sores, and scabs, and it was contagious 97 00:05:58,200 --> 00:06:02,679 Speaker 1: spread through person to person, content act and saliva. At first, 98 00:06:02,880 --> 00:06:06,000 Speaker 1: very elation was used to control the spread of smallpox. 99 00:06:06,560 --> 00:06:10,040 Speaker 1: Very elation was a method of immunization where patients would 100 00:06:10,040 --> 00:06:14,520 Speaker 1: be purposefully exposed to the material from smallpox pustules so 101 00:06:14,560 --> 00:06:19,080 Speaker 1: they developed symptoms of smallpox. These patients would develop a 102 00:06:19,160 --> 00:06:22,000 Speaker 1: mild form of the disease and were less likely to 103 00:06:22,080 --> 00:06:26,359 Speaker 1: die than those who contracted smallpox naturally. But in the 104 00:06:26,400 --> 00:06:31,440 Speaker 1: seventeen nineties, English doctor Edward Jenner realized that vaccination could 105 00:06:31,440 --> 00:06:36,360 Speaker 1: prevent people from getting smallpox. At first, cowpox was used 106 00:06:36,400 --> 00:06:39,280 Speaker 1: to make the smallpox vaccine, but in later years the 107 00:06:39,400 --> 00:06:43,280 Speaker 1: vaccinia virus was used to create the vaccine. By the 108 00:06:43,320 --> 00:06:48,160 Speaker 1: twentieth century, the smallpox vaccine had become widely available. Vaccination 109 00:06:48,200 --> 00:06:51,680 Speaker 1: against smallpox became mandatory in many places around the world, 110 00:06:52,040 --> 00:06:56,520 Speaker 1: and cases of smallpox declined, but smallpox remained one of 111 00:06:56,560 --> 00:06:59,720 Speaker 1: the main causes of death due to infectious disease, and 112 00:06:59,800 --> 00:07:03,560 Speaker 1: then nineteen fifties there were around fifty million cases of 113 00:07:03,600 --> 00:07:07,479 Speaker 1: the disease every year, when eradication of the disease was 114 00:07:07,520 --> 00:07:10,920 Speaker 1: discussed at the World Health Assembly in nineteen fifty three. 115 00:07:11,000 --> 00:07:13,480 Speaker 1: There was a little confidence that the effort would succeed 116 00:07:13,880 --> 00:07:18,160 Speaker 1: since attempts to eradicate other diseases had failed, but Soviet 117 00:07:18,200 --> 00:07:21,880 Speaker 1: epidemiologists Victor shot in Off was convinced that freeze dried 118 00:07:21,960 --> 00:07:27,560 Speaker 1: smallpox vaccines could be the answer to an effective eradication program. 119 00:07:27,720 --> 00:07:31,440 Speaker 1: World Health Organization member states voted to start a global 120 00:07:31,520 --> 00:07:35,560 Speaker 1: smallpox eradication campaign at the World Health Assembly in nineteen 121 00:07:35,600 --> 00:07:40,160 Speaker 1: fifty nine. Vaccination campaigns in some countries were successful in 122 00:07:40,240 --> 00:07:43,480 Speaker 1: eliminating the disease, but the global campaign was hindered by 123 00:07:43,560 --> 00:07:47,440 Speaker 1: lack of funds, lack of personnel, limited commitment from countries, 124 00:07:47,600 --> 00:07:52,280 Speaker 1: and a shortage of vaccine donations. Smallpox continued to kill 125 00:07:52,400 --> 00:07:56,480 Speaker 1: thousands of people in other countries like India, Indonesia, and 126 00:07:56,640 --> 00:08:00,760 Speaker 1: countries in Sub Saharan Africa. So in nineteen sixty seven, 127 00:08:00,880 --> 00:08:06,400 Speaker 1: the World Health Organization launched the Intensified Smallpox Eradication Program, 128 00:08:06,440 --> 00:08:12,320 Speaker 1: which provided technical assistance to countries eradication campaigns. This program 129 00:08:12,360 --> 00:08:16,840 Speaker 1: was more successful thanks to mass vaccination campaigns, the establishment 130 00:08:16,880 --> 00:08:20,480 Speaker 1: of a surveillance system to investigate cases and the development 131 00:08:20,520 --> 00:08:24,200 Speaker 1: of the bifurcated needle. The last known natural case of 132 00:08:24,240 --> 00:08:28,600 Speaker 1: smallpox was in Somalia in nineteen seventy seven. Hospital cook 133 00:08:28,640 --> 00:08:32,400 Speaker 1: Ali Mao Malin, who worked in the smallpox eradication program 134 00:08:32,400 --> 00:08:35,440 Speaker 1: in Somalia, was exposed to the disease while he was 135 00:08:35,480 --> 00:08:39,160 Speaker 1: in a vehicle with two children who had smallpox. He 136 00:08:39,280 --> 00:08:45,280 Speaker 1: recovered in later died in of malaria. After Ali Maomalin's case, 137 00:08:45,640 --> 00:08:48,760 Speaker 1: a lab accident in England that caused a minor outbreak 138 00:08:49,000 --> 00:08:53,840 Speaker 1: triggered the last known instances of smallpox. Janet Parker was 139 00:08:53,880 --> 00:08:57,120 Speaker 1: the last person to die of smallpox in nineteen seventy eight. 140 00:08:58,240 --> 00:09:01,480 Speaker 1: On December nine, nineteen seven, v D nine, members of 141 00:09:01,480 --> 00:09:06,240 Speaker 1: the Global Commission for Certification of Smallpox Eradication certified that 142 00:09:06,360 --> 00:09:10,960 Speaker 1: smallpox had been eradicated, and in May of nineteen eighty, 143 00:09:11,080 --> 00:09:14,320 Speaker 1: the World Health Assembly, acting on the recommendation of the 144 00:09:14,320 --> 00:09:19,360 Speaker 1: Global Commission, announced that worldwide eradication had been achieved and 145 00:09:19,400 --> 00:09:23,280 Speaker 1: that only people working with orthopox virus in research labs 146 00:09:23,559 --> 00:09:29,160 Speaker 1: could use the smallpox vaccination. After the disease was declared eradicated, 147 00:09:29,200 --> 00:09:31,959 Speaker 1: the stocks of the virus that remained were destroyed or 148 00:09:32,000 --> 00:09:34,720 Speaker 1: sent to one of two labs, the Centers for Disease 149 00:09:34,760 --> 00:09:38,319 Speaker 1: Control and Prevention in Atlanta and the State Research Center 150 00:09:38,360 --> 00:09:43,840 Speaker 1: of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR in Russia. Debate later arose 151 00:09:43,920 --> 00:09:47,120 Speaker 1: over whether the remaining lab stocks of variola virus should 152 00:09:47,120 --> 00:09:52,000 Speaker 1: be destroyed. The World Health Organization recommended destroying it, but 153 00:09:52,360 --> 00:09:56,720 Speaker 1: stocks of the virus still exist. Smallpox is the only 154 00:09:56,760 --> 00:10:01,839 Speaker 1: infectious disease affecting humans that has been eradicated. I'm Eve 155 00:10:01,920 --> 00:10:04,920 Speaker 1: jeffco and hopefully you know a little more about history 156 00:10:04,960 --> 00:10:08,640 Speaker 1: today than you did yesterday. Have a hard time staying 157 00:10:08,679 --> 00:10:12,200 Speaker 1: present as you mindlessly scroll through social media. Lucky for 158 00:10:12,280 --> 00:10:15,840 Speaker 1: you were stuck in the past at t D i 159 00:10:16,360 --> 00:10:21,439 Speaker 1: h C podcast on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter, or if 160 00:10:21,480 --> 00:10:23,920 Speaker 1: you are so inclined, you can send us a message 161 00:10:24,000 --> 00:10:28,800 Speaker 1: at this day at I heart media dot com. Thanks 162 00:10:28,840 --> 00:10:31,880 Speaker 1: for listening, Mary History to all, and to all a 163 00:10:31,880 --> 00:10:32,360 Speaker 1: good night.