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Speaker 1: Brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve camera.

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Speaker 1: It's ready. Are you welcome to Stuff you should Know

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Speaker 1: from House stuff Works dot Com? Hey, and welcome to

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Speaker 1: the podcast. I'm Josh Clark. Charles W. Chuck Bryant is

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Speaker 1: looking deeply into the eyes of Nicola Tesla right now.

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Speaker 1: For some reason, I never noticed that he literally is

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Speaker 1: staring at me the whole time. You know, I once

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Speaker 1: wrote an article for how stuff Works dot Com about

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Speaker 1: why the eyes and some paintings follow you. Oh really, Yeah, dude,

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Speaker 1: why didn't you tell me about that? I don't know.

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Speaker 1: We've never a podcast about it because it would literally

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Speaker 1: be like a five minute podcast. Well, maybe we can

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Speaker 1: bring it up, but yeah, your podcast. Maybe it's worth reading, though.

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Speaker 1: I think if you typed in eyes and painting or

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Speaker 1: something like that in the search bar how stuff works

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Speaker 1: dot Com, it would bring it up. I figured it

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Speaker 1: was because the eyes were cut out and there was

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Speaker 1: a psychopathic killer behind. It's a painting, that's to the

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Speaker 1: second paget. Also, while we're just doing pluggyness, right, why

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Speaker 1: don't you follow us on Twitter? It's a it's a

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Speaker 1: party over there, right. Our handle sometimes not what you

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Speaker 1: think right off the top of your head. But it

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Speaker 1: makes sense when you hear it s Y s K podcast, right,

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Speaker 1: And there's no like We're not like um Justin Bieber

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Speaker 1: or Lady Gaga. We don't say stupid stuff about being backstage.

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Speaker 1: We're actually a cool news aggregator, right, okay? Uh? And

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Speaker 1: then also we're on Facebook. We have a stuff you

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Speaker 1: should know Facebook page, Chuck and Chuck. You kill it

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Speaker 1: on that interacting with people coming out, shaking hands in

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Speaker 1: your robe and you know, with a little shrimp in

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Speaker 1: your mouth from being in the green room. You know, Hey,

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Speaker 1: how's it going, good to meet you? Thanks for coming out.

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Speaker 1: I can't imagine any were disgusting any coming at someone

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Speaker 1: with a robe and shrimp in my well. It happens

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Speaker 1: every day on Facebook, right, Um. And then I guess

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Speaker 1: now are you ready for the intro? Yes? Yeah, I

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Speaker 1: want I want you to go back with me to

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Speaker 1: uh alright, freshman in college. Baby, I'm a freshman in

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Speaker 1: high school. And um, I am in my room in

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Speaker 1: uh Kennesaw, Georgia, in my parents house, and it's nighttime

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Speaker 1: and I'm reading I don't remember what I'm reading, but

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Speaker 1: I'm like sitting on my bed reading. I'm actually laying

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Speaker 1: with my elbows up on my bed reading right. Um,

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Speaker 1: And I look over and notice that my closet door

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Speaker 1: is cracked slightly. This is abnormal. Usually my closet door

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Speaker 1: is shut tightly. Still. Uh yeah, even still, even still

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Speaker 1: to this day, I don't see any reason to leave

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Speaker 1: it open. It's funny how this little thing stick around.

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Speaker 1: So I remember making this little comment to myself, like, oh,

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Speaker 1: you know, that's that's weird. It's probably somebody in there, right,

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Speaker 1: But I go back to reading, and uh, I get this,

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Speaker 1: this annoying sensation. That's like getting my attention out of

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Speaker 1: the corner of my eye. And I look over and

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Speaker 1: now the door is correct by about three times more

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Speaker 1: than it was before. Well, I have tremendous amounts of sense.

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Speaker 1: So I throw my book down and start running towards

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Speaker 1: the door of my room. Right as I get to

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Speaker 1: my to the handle, my hands on the door knob

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Speaker 1: and starting to turn it, the closet door is thrown open.

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Speaker 1: And my dad, because I'm going I'm not kidding, this

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Speaker 1: is a true story. I went from a standing position

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Speaker 1: with my hand on the door knob to completely flat

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Speaker 1: on my back and like maybe a half of a motion.

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Speaker 1: It wasn't even one full motion, right, I was on

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Speaker 1: my back, screaming, staring at my dad, screaming in terror,

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Speaker 1: looking at him like you were looking at Nikola Tesla.

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Speaker 1: I see that it's my dad, but I'm so afraid

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Speaker 1: that I can't stop screaming. My mom has time to

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Speaker 1: make it up the stairs into my room and start

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Speaker 1: yelling at my dad, asking what did you do to Josh?

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Speaker 1: And I'm sitting there looking at them having this argument,

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Speaker 1: still screaming, going back and forth. Character. He is a character.

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Speaker 1: He looked so sad and so remorseful, realized. But I

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Speaker 1: I don't think I was wrong in in in noticing

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Speaker 1: a little glimmer of disappointment in his eye, like what

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Speaker 1: happened to you? Kid? Did you get to be such

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Speaker 1: a panny waist? So there is my fear story, Chuck,

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Speaker 1: that's my great fear story. We used to antagonize Eddie,

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Speaker 1: my friend Eddie in college. He was his roommates to

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Speaker 1: Eddy for years and we scare him all the time,

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Speaker 1: so awful, like coming home from the movie what was

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Speaker 1: the one with the author the James con Oh Misery misery,

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Speaker 1: came home from misery and like mate Bouten, literally unsto

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Speaker 1: screwed lightbulbs all over the apartment like hid in closets.

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Speaker 1: Eddie was smart enough to turn on the television for

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Speaker 1: light that we didn't count on that next time we

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Speaker 1: unplug the TV. It's tough to give him past that. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it was always fun and he got to kick out

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Speaker 1: of it too, you could tell, which we'll get too later.

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Speaker 1: So yeah, we're gonna get to a lot in this one. Right,

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Speaker 1: This is how fear works. This is gonna be a

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Speaker 1: good one. I think. I think it already is. Well, okay,

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Speaker 1: thanks to your story. So, Chuck, I think we should

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Speaker 1: start out by basically defining fear. Webster's Dictionary defines fear

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Speaker 1: as such river in high school, and that was just

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Speaker 1: the way to start your You thought you were so smart. Yeah, uh,

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Speaker 1: it defines it. It doesn't, but we define it as

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Speaker 1: a chain reaction in the brain starts with a stimuli

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Speaker 1: can be many different things, and it ends up with

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Speaker 1: the fight or flight response in the end, exactly which

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Speaker 1: we know that you know about the fireflight response. Having

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Speaker 1: listened to this podcast faithfully since two thousand eight, yes, right. Um,

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Speaker 1: So we're not gonna go into too much detail about

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Speaker 1: the fireflight response because you already know this, but suffice

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Speaker 1: to say that fear is an autonomic response, which so

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Speaker 1: the autonomic nervous system. We've never mentioned this before. It's

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Speaker 1: really nervous. It is the nervous system that responds to stress,

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Speaker 1: and it's made up of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic

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Speaker 1: nervous systems. I don't think we have talked about that happened, no,

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Speaker 1: but it's like the umbrella nervous system that's like whoa,

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Speaker 1: okay and then calm down right right, And autonomic I

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Speaker 1: mean it almost means automatic in this case because it's

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Speaker 1: just triggered. We don't plan it. That just happens. That

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Speaker 1: pointer Sister's song could have been called autonomic. It's so interchangeable,

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Speaker 1: you know. Um so, yeah, well, there's not a lot

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Speaker 1: we can do, and we don't necessarily know what's going on.

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Speaker 1: Like um, analysis of the situation isn't necessarily a part

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Speaker 1: of being afraid. It's more like get out of there, right. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: we'll find yeah, we'll find that there's other ways that

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Speaker 1: that can happen right, coming soon as in a few minutes. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: So let's let's just go over what parts of the

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Speaker 1: brain are responsible for fear, right, Yeah, and this will

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Speaker 1: come up in in a in a minute here when

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Speaker 1: we describe how the paths go, there's just ended it.

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Speaker 1: But the thalamus um picks up on things that you

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Speaker 1: hear and see and smell um and in the way

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Speaker 1: of sensory data. Uh, sensory cortex interprets this. You got.

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Speaker 1: The hippocampus its stores the sea horse. Yes, that's right.

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Speaker 1: It's stores and receives conscious memories and starts to establish

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Speaker 1: like a context for what's going on. In this case,

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Speaker 1: fear amygdala plays a big part. It decodes the emotions

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Speaker 1: and determines the threat and stores old fear memories, fear

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Speaker 1: memories like if if something really bad happens to you

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Speaker 1: and you have to create like a real fear memory.

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Speaker 1: The amygdalas where that sits, okay, And then finally the

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Speaker 1: hypothalamus is where it always ends up no matter which

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Speaker 1: path it takes. People talk about those paths. The hypothalamus

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Speaker 1: is the on off switch for the fight or flight response.

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Speaker 1: It makes it's go time, and the only part of

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Speaker 1: your brain that can tell the hypothalamus whether it's go

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Speaker 1: time or whether go time is past. Is the right

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Speaker 1: It's the gate keeper to the autonomic nervous system. I'm

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Speaker 1: still just as thrilled about the brain as I was

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Speaker 1: when we first started studying this stuff. I know, I

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Speaker 1: think I'm more thrills. Yeah, so, Chuck, Josh. There is

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Speaker 1: a guy named Joseph Ledo. Have you heard of him?

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Speaker 1: He is a nervoscientist at n y U. And he

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Speaker 1: came up with two categories for our fear response. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and they happened simultaneously. But there is what he's dubbed

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Speaker 1: a low road and a high road. And like I said,

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Speaker 1: both of them happened at the same time. Um. But

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Speaker 1: the low road is basically like the quick, nasty, dirty

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Speaker 1: response to fear, right, like, holy crap. Right, So um,

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Speaker 1: let's say there's a pretty good example in this article

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Speaker 1: by Julia Layton. Yeah, actually, both of the ones who

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Speaker 1: are recording today or Julia Layne's Yeah, way to go Layton,

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Speaker 1: She's good. Um. So, uh, let's say that you're sitting

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Speaker 1: at home, right and your underwear with a beer perched

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Speaker 1: on your stomach, and you're just watching some wrestling have

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Speaker 1: you been watching me have webcams set up in your house?

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Speaker 1: You do a lot of stuff because I encourage you

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Speaker 1: too without you know it. Okay, um uh, So you're

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Speaker 1: sitting at home as such, and um, all of a sudden,

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Speaker 1: your door just starts rattling, right, yeah, Okay, there's something

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Speaker 1: that's going to happen called the low road for your response,

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Speaker 1: and that is the sound and the sight of your

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Speaker 1: door rattling is the century data that suddenly goes into

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Speaker 1: what the thalamus, which sorts it and says, hey, um, amygdala,

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Speaker 1: I need your help. It's like forwarding the email. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: like there is a potential threat here and we need

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Speaker 1: to respond. And the amigellas says, you know what, you're right, thalamus,

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Speaker 1: I'm going to contact the hypocampus now, the hypothalamus right

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Speaker 1: and and basically get the fear fight or flight response going. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: just like just in case, let's go ahead and turn

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Speaker 1: it on. Right. So you are now your beer is

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Speaker 1: spilled all over the floor because you left up out

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Speaker 1: of your your easy chair. Okay. At the same time

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Speaker 1: this is going on, um, the high road response is

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Speaker 1: taking place, thankfully. Yes, So the high road responses, uh

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Speaker 1: it takes longer, but it gives you a much more

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Speaker 1: thoughtful analysis of what's going on. There's a couple of

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Speaker 1: extra stops along the way. Uh, that leads to reason

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Speaker 1: and context and that kind of thing. So this time

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Speaker 1: it goes to the century cortex first, and the century

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Speaker 1: cortex says, you know, what, this has happened before or no,

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Speaker 1: it's it says like there's more than one interpretation. Has

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Speaker 1: it happened before? And the hippocampus says, you know, and

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Speaker 1: remember that time in that big windstorm the tree fell

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Speaker 1: outside and he thought of the boogeman was coming to

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Speaker 1: get you, So remember that, right, Like, the hippocampus goes

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Speaker 1: and gets your memories to to analyze them for context.

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Speaker 1: Compared to this, the sensory cortex is saying, like, what

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Speaker 1: else is going on here right there? At exactly? Is

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Speaker 1: their patio furniture moving? Are their trees scraping on the window?

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Speaker 1: And all of a sudden you're like, okay, it is

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Speaker 1: wind right, that's right. But let's say that your um,

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Speaker 1: your your your brain, your sensory cortex said, um, no,

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Speaker 1: what I hear is a guy shouting like I'm coming

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Speaker 1: in right and your hippocampus is like, well, last time

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Speaker 1: that happened, like guy came in a ski mask and

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Speaker 1: I was hog type for three days before anybody around me. Right,

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Speaker 1: it was not the wind. So that leap up out

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Speaker 1: of the easy chair is your low road response and

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Speaker 1: standing there while your brain is interpreting the rest of

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Speaker 1: the data and then coming to the conclusion that yeah,

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Speaker 1: there's somebody coming through the door and then running out

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Speaker 1: your back door. That's the result of the high road response. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: Or if you determine or inside the brain that hey,

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Speaker 1: this is just a windstorm, then it sends the message

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Speaker 1: to the amygdala saying, hey, go tell the hypothalamus just

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Speaker 1: shut down the whole system. Not the whole system, because

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Speaker 1: you'd be dead, but shut down the fight or flight response.

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Speaker 1: It's just trees. And Emily is on the ceiling still

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Speaker 1: at this point because her high road is probably longer

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Speaker 1: than mine and the low road very very quick. Yes,

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Speaker 1: we heard gun shots one time in l A and

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Speaker 1: Emily literally it was like on the floor. I turned around,

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Speaker 1: like did you hear that? And she was on the

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Speaker 1: ground like in prone position. Wow. But you know I

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Speaker 1: grew up rough tumble, so I heard gun shots a

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Speaker 1: lot more than she did. Did you have a hard

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Speaker 1: scrapple youth, I did. I don't even know that, not

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Speaker 1: like the the streets of acron Rare, Emily grew the

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Speaker 1: tender streets of acron Ohio. Yeah, they were very tender,

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Speaker 1: all right, Josh. So you pointed out, which is very important,

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Speaker 1: that both of these things are happening at the same time.

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Speaker 1: And that is why, even if you realize very quickly

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Speaker 1: that there is no imminent danger, you're still going me

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Speaker 1: coming down from that fight or flight response for a

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Speaker 1: little bit, because your low road has also already been triggered, right,

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Speaker 1: and it all ends on hypothal in the hypothalmus either way. Yes,

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Speaker 1: are we done? I guess? So that was really rapid, man.

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Speaker 1: Now we're not done, because we gotta talk about emotions,

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Speaker 1: right and why we get scared. Well, yeah, there's very

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Speaker 1: little um argument about what emotions are for, and basically

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Speaker 1: they are motivators, right, yep, they are survival based motivators. Specifically, um,

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Speaker 1: the basic ones there's uh, let's see, anger, fear, surprised discussed, joy,

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Speaker 1: and sadness. Those are the six basic emotions that an

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Speaker 1: anthropologist named Paul Ekman identified in the nineteen seventies. Right, yeah,

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Speaker 1: you see that's sick. Um, and uh, you know we're

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Speaker 1: talking about fear right now, but you could make the

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Speaker 1: this is the this is the case for all of

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Speaker 1: at least those basic, if not all, the emotions that

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Speaker 1: a human can experience. Is that their motivators. They're saying

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Speaker 1: there's something in going on with you, specifically right now

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Speaker 1: in your environment or in your life, and a kind

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Speaker 1: of a medicine or both. Right yeah, Um, with fear,

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Speaker 1: it's normally something's in your environment. Yeah, and it's clearly

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Speaker 1: a motivator to survive. Right. So um, let's say that, Um,

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Speaker 1: you're you're a caveman. Okay, So I'm back on the

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Speaker 1: couch with my bigger and um, you're sitting there, Uh

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Speaker 1: you see a snake. You just don't don't have a

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Speaker 1: very good feeling about it, so you don't go up

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Speaker 1: and touch it. But your friend Erg sitting next to you,

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Speaker 1: is like, well what is this? And Erg gets bit

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Speaker 1: and dies a horrible nasty death right in front of

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Speaker 1: your eyes. What happened to tuktok? Know you're tuktok Okay,

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Speaker 1: so um, you tuktok have just formed possibly the fear memory, uh,

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Speaker 1: in response to snakes. You are doing a very crude

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Speaker 1: interpretation of natural selection and evolution. You are going to

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Speaker 1: be able to go mate, and mayhaps that fear memory

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Speaker 1: will somehow epigenetically be passed on to your offspring and

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Speaker 1: then it's a trait eventually. Yes, So, um, fear is

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Speaker 1: a survival based motivator, right, Yeah, And Caveman is an

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Speaker 1: apt description because if you feared the right things back

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Speaker 1: in the day, like snakes and tigers and lightning, then

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Speaker 1: you had a good chance of surviving and procreating, and

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Speaker 1: all of a sudden you had a stronger, uh, smarter,

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Speaker 1: wiser population exactly. But all those is going on, you know,

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Speaker 1: long long, long ago, and a lot of people argue

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Speaker 1: long before we were humans, but you know, back when

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Speaker 1: we were still prey to snakes like primates, that's still

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Speaker 1: stuck around and that's probably where they first started. But um,

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Speaker 1: we didn't have any idea that this was evolution at work.

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Speaker 1: And it wasn't until like the late nineteenth century that

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Speaker 1: Darwin really kind of got the attention of the world

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Speaker 1: and said, hey, these are inherent traits that are passed

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Speaker 1: down like fear is not something that's necessarily learned. It's

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Speaker 1: something we have instinctively. And he conducted this pretty cool

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Speaker 1: little experiment that he wrote about in um his book

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Speaker 1: The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, which

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Speaker 1: is published in eighteen seventy two, And he went to

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Speaker 1: the zoo right well, yeah, he was um specifically there.

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Speaker 1: The debate at the time was about the face of

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Speaker 1: fear the Edward monk, like, holy crap, face that everyone

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Speaker 1: gets when they're scared. You took it as being scared.

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Speaker 1: I thought that was a scream of joy, the face

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Speaker 1: of fear, Yeah, our monk. Oh really, I thought he

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Speaker 1: was like I just got the best deal on this muffler.

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Speaker 1: It looked more to me like home alone. Oh my gosh.

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Speaker 1: Oh no, that was joy. Though at the time he

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Speaker 1: was glad his parents were gone. Right, No, no no, he was.

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Speaker 1: He couldn't believe it. That was I think surprised, and

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Speaker 1: then later joy and then later sadness. Yeah, when he

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Speaker 1: learned what we all know eventually, the family is important,

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Speaker 1: and don't fear the creepy old man in your neighborhood.

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Speaker 1: Actually you probably should, probably should. I think Chris Colemus

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Speaker 1: did a great disservice to children by by making that

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Speaker 1: a moral Alright, So yeah, I always interpreted monks because

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Speaker 1: it was called the scream as as terror, regardless that

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Speaker 1: face we all make when we're scared, you know, out

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Speaker 1: of our pants. Uh. He went and Darwin went and

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Speaker 1: stood in front of a clear uh PLEXI I guess

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Speaker 1: it was quite glass at the time, I would think

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Speaker 1: it was, and had a puff adder jump, you know,

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Speaker 1: leaped towards his face. Even though he knew he was protected,

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Speaker 1: he still reacted with that fear face and jumped back.

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Speaker 1: And he said basically that, uh, my will and reason

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Speaker 1: were powerless against the imagination of danger, even though he's

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Speaker 1: never experienced it. So like I've never been bitten by

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Speaker 1: a snake, but or actually they said that people that

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Speaker 1: have never even Yeah, So he came to this conclusion

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Speaker 1: that that fear and you know, likely all of our

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Speaker 1: basic emotions are very much passed down through the generations, right,

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Speaker 1: And uh, he came to that conclusion because he couldn't

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Speaker 1: control himself when the snake, which you'd never been bitten by,

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Speaker 1: um lunged at the glass which was safely in between them.

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Speaker 1: He still couldn't control it. So he concluded, Yeah, there's

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Speaker 1: there's a lot more going onto this than you know.

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Speaker 1: This is something I've learned because why would I be

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Speaker 1: afraid of a snake? And I know rationally that there's

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Speaker 1: glass there, So that this stuff is so ancient. Are

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Speaker 1: modern trappings of civilization e g. A glass and a

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Speaker 1: zoo can't subdue it? Yeah? Yeah, the same at baseball

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Speaker 1: games when Pete they fouled the ball back and they know,

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Speaker 1: you know, there's a screen right in front of you,

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Speaker 1: and you will never get hit by a baseball, but

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Speaker 1: people still jump back and that bay maybe more that

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Speaker 1: may be less fear and more just an autonomic reaction

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Speaker 1: to something coming at you. That was Darwin's point. Really, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's the same thing. Yeah, because if we didn't experience fear,

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Speaker 1: like a baseball coming out would be like and then boom. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: same same with anything that we we moved to get

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Speaker 1: away from. You always feel like a goober too at

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Speaker 1: the game when that happens. Well, that's a that's a

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Speaker 1: higher um emotion that supposedly are specific to humans and

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Speaker 1: a couple of other higher primates, which is embarrassment that

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Speaker 1: only exists in relation to other people. Right, I don't

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Speaker 1: think I said the word goober in like a decade.

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Speaker 1: It's a good one, just flew out of my mouth.

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Speaker 1: I love goober's. I've said, can I have another goober?

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Speaker 1: But what was that? The peanut and chopped Yeah? Um,

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Speaker 1: so Chuck Darwin basically said, I'm right, you're wrong, you're idiots.

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Speaker 1: Um and uh. Fear is now seen as a a

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Speaker 1: basic emotional response, that's an inherited one. Yeah. And it's

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Speaker 1: the same as it was in the caveman days, except

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Speaker 1: it's not lines and tigers now it's people breaking into

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Speaker 1: your house, home invasion, terrorist attack. Well put um. And

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Speaker 1: then there's another point that Darwin made. I don't know

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Speaker 1: if he hammered at home, but um, we can anticipate things, right,

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Speaker 1: Like we don't have to see a snake by erg

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Speaker 1: to be afraid of a specific snake, right or have

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Speaker 1: it experienced right or um? And it doesn't go away

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Speaker 1: with each snake, like each new snake doesn't necessarily not

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Speaker 1: represent a new threat. Snakes in general do right. Um.

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Speaker 1: And that's because we can anticipate things right. That's another

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Speaker 1: survival mode that um, that fear triggers or that I

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Speaker 1: guess the centered around fear. We can anticipate being afraid,

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Speaker 1: and apparently studies have shown that we can become physiologically

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Speaker 1: and psychologically just does afraid when we anticipate being afraid

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Speaker 1: of something, then when we're actually confronted with that thing

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Speaker 1: we're afraid of. Yeah, well, which is like a fear

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Speaker 1: of flying would be a perfect example of that, Yes,

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Speaker 1: it would. You can be just as scared, probably as

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Speaker 1: if you have actually been in a plane crash, if

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Speaker 1: you have a really really intense phobia flying, dude, I

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Speaker 1: can tell you that even if you've ever been on

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Speaker 1: a even a remotely scary flight, you can very much

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Speaker 1: be afraid anticipatoryally of a plane crash. It's very scary.

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Speaker 1: You've gotten pretty good though, right, dude. I am great.

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Speaker 1: I slept through the last takeoff I was on. Really

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Speaker 1: I could not believe it. You mean, was like, who

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Speaker 1: are you checking your bolts? Yeah? Yeah, and nothing. I

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Speaker 1: was on no scotch, no pills, no nothing. You weren't

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Speaker 1: on scotch, no scotch. Well that's called fear extinction, and

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Speaker 1: we'll get to that. Yeah, more foreshadowing other precursor. That

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Speaker 1: was very anticipatory. So speaking of conditioning, which we were not.

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Speaker 1: Let's talk about a very cruel experiment in the night

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Speaker 1: twenties by Mr John Watson Little Albert. Little Albert was

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Speaker 1: an eleven month old baby. I think they call Albert

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Speaker 1: a toddler. They call him an infant, and that's a

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Speaker 1: baby starting to toddle, just starting the title, So a

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Speaker 1: little Albert. They wanted to teach Albert fear of white rats.

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Speaker 1: The problem was, I guess it wouldn't have problem is

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Speaker 1: probably pretty good for the sake of the experiment, was

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Speaker 1: that he loved white rats, and when the white rats

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Speaker 1: would come around, little Albert would even reach for them,

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Speaker 1: and guests try to pet them, and until they started

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Speaker 1: playing this loud booming noise. No you know what they did.

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Speaker 1: They took a claw hammer and a piece of metal

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Speaker 1: and burned it right behind his head every time he

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Speaker 1: went to go. That was the loud booming noise. So uh,

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Speaker 1: it didn't take long before Albert was crying and moving

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Speaker 1: away from the white rats as expected. And not just

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Speaker 1: white rats, chuck rabbits, really for coats, cotton balls. They

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Speaker 1: showed that fear isn't just think that we in hear it.

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Speaker 1: It can be conditioned, and little Albert became sick fried Fishbocker.

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Speaker 1: Here's the worst part. You ready for it. That's not true,

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Speaker 1: you're ready. Well, no one knows who little Albert is. Well,

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Speaker 1: he wasn't sick freed Fishbocker. Well you so, John Watson

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Speaker 1: UM was planning on reversing this fear conditioning, but was

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Speaker 1: caught having an affair with an assistant and was fired

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Speaker 1: before he could so exactly, and Um Watson went on

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Speaker 1: to UM get into the advertising game, and uh it

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Speaker 1: was successful and actually married I think the lady he

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Speaker 1: was having an affair with UM, but burned all of

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Speaker 1: his notes and I think before he died in so

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Speaker 1: no one to this day has any idea who what

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Speaker 1: when was this the nineteen twenties, so little Albert would

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Speaker 1: be old or dead, would be like probably dead, probably

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Speaker 1: died of fright at a young age. And that horrible.

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Speaker 1: That was pretty horrible. But out of this horrible old

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Speaker 1: time experiment, which if you're interested, I like top five

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Speaker 1: horrific psychological experiments for the blogs, this is one of them. Um.

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Speaker 1: The what came out of it was an understanding that

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Speaker 1: fear is conditioned, right, and if you can condition somebody.

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Speaker 1: If you can teach somebody to fear, you can teach

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Speaker 1: people to unfear. Yeah. Right, But before we get to that,

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Speaker 1: chuck more precursors. I think we should, um, I think

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Speaker 1: we should talk about some of the most common fears. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I didn't realize that phobia is there are only three

422
00:24:30,960 --> 00:24:32,720
Speaker 1: main types, and I guess it's sort of a loose

423
00:24:33,359 --> 00:24:36,119
Speaker 1: A lot of them fall under these umbrellas, So that

424
00:24:36,200 --> 00:24:39,760
Speaker 1: must be the deal. Because a gooraphobia fear of places

425
00:24:39,760 --> 00:24:42,880
Speaker 1: where escape might not be be easy or help may

426
00:24:42,880 --> 00:24:45,800
Speaker 1: not be available. Oh, that's like a fear of big

427
00:24:45,800 --> 00:24:48,439
Speaker 1: open places. Yeah, but I think in a broader sense

428
00:24:48,440 --> 00:24:50,920
Speaker 1: it's just fear of of I may not be able

429
00:24:50,960 --> 00:24:53,320
Speaker 1: to get help in case I need it. You know.

430
00:24:53,400 --> 00:24:56,600
Speaker 1: One of the characteristics of agoraphobia in some cases is

431
00:24:56,720 --> 00:24:59,439
Speaker 1: like being afraid. You're like if you're out on the beach,

432
00:24:59,760 --> 00:25:01,879
Speaker 1: being afraid you won't have anything to grab onto and

433
00:25:02,000 --> 00:25:05,399
Speaker 1: just flying off the earth. Really yeah, yeah, like you

434
00:25:05,440 --> 00:25:08,520
Speaker 1: can't go into big open spaces. It's like the opposite

435
00:25:08,520 --> 00:25:12,320
Speaker 1: of claustrophobia. Joan Cusack on that show that awesome Showtime

436
00:25:12,320 --> 00:25:14,480
Speaker 1: show has a goora phobia. You can't lead the house.

437
00:25:15,200 --> 00:25:18,080
Speaker 1: And it's like really kind of heartbreaking, maybe because it's

438
00:25:18,160 --> 00:25:21,760
Speaker 1: Joan Cusack, you know, and you have like you want

439
00:25:21,800 --> 00:25:23,760
Speaker 1: good things for her, you want good things for the

440
00:25:23,760 --> 00:25:27,760
Speaker 1: whole Cusack family. Yeah, that's true. Uh. Social phobias obviously

441
00:25:27,800 --> 00:25:30,600
Speaker 1: have anything to do with people. And then specific phobias

442
00:25:30,720 --> 00:25:32,240
Speaker 1: is the third category, which is a bit of a

443
00:25:32,280 --> 00:25:35,600
Speaker 1: cop out because that's like everything else that you're afraid of,

444
00:25:36,000 --> 00:25:41,280
Speaker 1: including you're ready, phobophobia, fear a phobias, fear of fear,

445
00:25:41,520 --> 00:25:47,120
Speaker 1: fear of fear, that's everybody. No, this is like debilitating

446
00:25:47,600 --> 00:25:50,960
Speaker 1: phobia that you don't like that you're afraid of becoming

447
00:25:50,960 --> 00:25:52,840
Speaker 1: afraid at some point. So what do you just set

448
00:25:52,840 --> 00:25:55,200
Speaker 1: your life up very safely, like don't watch horror movies,

449
00:25:55,240 --> 00:25:59,920
Speaker 1: don't Okay, well should we read this gallop pole? Yeah,

450
00:26:00,160 --> 00:26:02,479
Speaker 1: and I couldn't find a more recent one. No, this

451
00:26:02,520 --> 00:26:04,920
Speaker 1: is probably fairly accurate. Still though with two thousand five

452
00:26:04,960 --> 00:26:08,280
Speaker 1: and sort of sad they pulled teenagers in the United

453
00:26:08,280 --> 00:26:10,359
Speaker 1: States and their top ten things they were afraid of

454
00:26:11,119 --> 00:26:15,280
Speaker 1: terrorist attacks was number one. I wonder if that's still

455
00:26:15,280 --> 00:26:19,520
Speaker 1: the case. I bet it's not. Maybe Spider's death failure,

456
00:26:19,720 --> 00:26:23,640
Speaker 1: war heights, crime, being alone in the future, and nuclear war.

457
00:26:25,400 --> 00:26:27,760
Speaker 1: And I made my own top five as a teenager,

458
00:26:27,800 --> 00:26:30,720
Speaker 1: as a Baptist teenager, like back then, you did, No,

459
00:26:30,840 --> 00:26:33,240
Speaker 1: I did it, but this is what little Chuck was

460
00:26:33,280 --> 00:26:37,080
Speaker 1: afraid of. And this isn't a joke. In order, sex Satan,

461
00:26:37,600 --> 00:26:40,879
Speaker 1: alcohol and drugs. Sex in Satan was my top five

462
00:26:43,800 --> 00:26:46,840
Speaker 1: And honestly, I even took notes and scribbled things out,

463
00:26:46,880 --> 00:26:49,520
Speaker 1: and that was about as accurate as I could get it. Huh.

464
00:26:50,160 --> 00:26:53,160
Speaker 1: And you overcame the first one with the second one

465
00:26:54,320 --> 00:26:57,920
Speaker 1: with the aid of the third one, but they popped

466
00:26:57,920 --> 00:27:02,200
Speaker 1: back in at four and five. Yeah, when you sobered up, Um,

467
00:27:02,400 --> 00:27:08,240
Speaker 1: so common fears, Josh industry, What did you say, dentistry

468
00:27:08,400 --> 00:27:10,520
Speaker 1: being or not? I thought that's what it's not becoming

469
00:27:10,560 --> 00:27:14,439
Speaker 1: a dentist, but going to the dentist flying Speaking in

470
00:27:14,480 --> 00:27:16,960
Speaker 1: public heights is a huge one. Yeah, we've gotten better

471
00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:18,680
Speaker 1: at the speaking in public thing, but we still get

472
00:27:18,720 --> 00:27:22,280
Speaker 1: very I still get terrified. Yeah, but we'll ever be

473
00:27:22,520 --> 00:27:26,520
Speaker 1: okay with that. No, not like super like Tony Robbins,

474
00:27:26,520 --> 00:27:29,280
Speaker 1: free and easy, because I imagine he's a cool customer

475
00:27:29,359 --> 00:27:33,760
Speaker 1: before he goes on stage. He's not throwing up. Although

476
00:27:33,800 --> 00:27:35,639
Speaker 1: you know, he might take beta blockers. Those are for

477
00:27:35,720 --> 00:27:39,240
Speaker 1: stage right now, Is that right? Yeah, it's one of

478
00:27:39,240 --> 00:27:41,400
Speaker 1: the you know how every drug on the planet says, well,

479
00:27:41,560 --> 00:27:44,960
Speaker 1: we've also discovered it helps with this. So beta blockers

480
00:27:45,160 --> 00:27:47,879
Speaker 1: evidently a lot of musicians use it. Well, we should

481
00:27:47,880 --> 00:27:51,480
Speaker 1: start doing beta blockers. Okay, Chuck. We were just talking

482
00:27:51,520 --> 00:27:53,840
Speaker 1: about universal fears, or what what a lot of people

483
00:27:53,880 --> 00:27:57,600
Speaker 1: think are universal fears, and there's some behind um, there's

484
00:27:57,640 --> 00:28:02,439
Speaker 1: some ideas behind universal fears, like snakes, spiders, that that

485
00:28:02,520 --> 00:28:06,920
Speaker 1: they are incredibly ancient, that are our fear of them

486
00:28:07,080 --> 00:28:11,560
Speaker 1: is probably pre human back when we were chimps who

487
00:28:11,560 --> 00:28:15,399
Speaker 1: were getting eaten by snakes, right, or who interacted with

488
00:28:15,440 --> 00:28:18,040
Speaker 1: spiders on a regular basis, and that's why we can

489
00:28:18,160 --> 00:28:21,400
Speaker 1: fear them without ever having had a bad experience with one,

490
00:28:21,600 --> 00:28:25,040
Speaker 1: or humans in the case of rats, because rats carried

491
00:28:25,040 --> 00:28:28,520
Speaker 1: disease that killed large populations of people. They think that's

492
00:28:28,560 --> 00:28:30,600
Speaker 1: why we're scared of rats today. That one is a

493
00:28:30,600 --> 00:28:33,119
Speaker 1: little hinky to me, because we've only been aware of

494
00:28:33,160 --> 00:28:35,639
Speaker 1: germ theory since like the nineteenth century. You know, I

495
00:28:35,680 --> 00:28:38,560
Speaker 1: don't really buy that. No. I think maybe rats, like

496
00:28:39,200 --> 00:28:42,320
Speaker 1: too many rats, like chew the eyeballs out of like

497
00:28:42,360 --> 00:28:46,600
Speaker 1: a sleeping friend. That's why I think we're afraid of rats,

498
00:28:46,600 --> 00:28:50,640
Speaker 1: not disease. I've never seen that happen in a movie. Um, really,

499
00:28:51,800 --> 00:28:54,440
Speaker 1: the balls out of a sleeping friend. No, I'm saying

500
00:28:54,480 --> 00:28:57,560
Speaker 1: like in real life and like life. You know, I'm

501
00:28:57,560 --> 00:29:02,440
Speaker 1: saying years and years ago. Okay, do you understand? Really? No,

502
00:29:02,560 --> 00:29:04,680
Speaker 1: I think I get it now. I think like way

503
00:29:04,760 --> 00:29:06,959
Speaker 1: back in the day, back when we were living in

504
00:29:07,040 --> 00:29:09,920
Speaker 1: caves or terrible shelter, would see the rats of the

505
00:29:09,960 --> 00:29:12,800
Speaker 1: eyeballs out of well, out of erg while he was sleeping,

506
00:29:12,840 --> 00:29:14,800
Speaker 1: and Tuck Tuck was like, whoa, I need to steer

507
00:29:14,880 --> 00:29:18,000
Speaker 1: clear of those rats. Okay. But there are some that

508
00:29:18,040 --> 00:29:21,840
Speaker 1: are not necessarily universal, that are actually culturally bound, right

509
00:29:21,920 --> 00:29:26,480
Speaker 1: or at least regionally bound, like um. A good example

510
00:29:26,480 --> 00:29:28,800
Speaker 1: in this article is, if you live on the coast,

511
00:29:29,240 --> 00:29:32,040
Speaker 1: you're probably going to have a greater fear of hurricanes

512
00:29:32,080 --> 00:29:34,360
Speaker 1: than somebody who lives in the Midwest, who's probably gonna

513
00:29:34,360 --> 00:29:38,920
Speaker 1: have a greater fear of tornadoes, especially lately, for goodness sake, Yes, God,

514
00:29:39,520 --> 00:29:42,800
Speaker 1: what is going on? It's tornadoes, man. Um. And then

515
00:29:42,840 --> 00:29:45,080
Speaker 1: there's some that are like you literally have to live

516
00:29:45,080 --> 00:29:48,280
Speaker 1: in this particular society to experience this fear kind of

517
00:29:48,480 --> 00:29:51,800
Speaker 1: not necessarily because I sometimes experienced this fear. Um, there's

518
00:29:51,800 --> 00:29:58,160
Speaker 1: one in Japan called taijien kiofusho kyofusio, right, which is

519
00:29:58,200 --> 00:30:06,400
Speaker 1: basically a cult cultural bound Japanese fear of inadvertently um irritating,

520
00:30:06,880 --> 00:30:12,040
Speaker 1: offending or offending somebody by being overly respectful or polite. Yeah,

521
00:30:12,880 --> 00:30:15,920
Speaker 1: so not only are you afraid of, you know, offending

522
00:30:16,000 --> 00:30:19,560
Speaker 1: somebody by being disrespectful or not polite enough, there's a

523
00:30:19,640 --> 00:30:23,040
Speaker 1: threshold where you could be overly polite and an offensive one,

524
00:30:23,040 --> 00:30:26,640
Speaker 1: and there's there's a fear of reaching that point. Right,

525
00:30:26,720 --> 00:30:28,760
Speaker 1: Or if you're the president, you might now have a

526
00:30:28,840 --> 00:30:33,640
Speaker 1: fear of giving a toast in England incorrectly, I have

527
00:30:33,640 --> 00:30:36,600
Speaker 1: a fear of seeing that again. That was mortifying, It

528
00:30:36,720 --> 00:30:39,680
Speaker 1: was it was so uncomfortable to watch. If you don't

529
00:30:39,720 --> 00:30:42,360
Speaker 1: know that. The President Obama recently went to England for

530
00:30:42,400 --> 00:30:45,160
Speaker 1: a state visit and apparently had a gaff or two

531
00:30:45,240 --> 00:30:47,400
Speaker 1: in his toast in front of a lot of people,

532
00:30:47,880 --> 00:30:49,640
Speaker 1: Like he raised his glass first, and the queen is

533
00:30:49,680 --> 00:30:52,400
Speaker 1: supposed to do that first, and she kept he had

534
00:30:52,440 --> 00:30:54,240
Speaker 1: his glass and did you see, she just kept looking

535
00:30:54,240 --> 00:30:57,640
Speaker 1: down a well. He was giving a toast during the

536
00:30:57,760 --> 00:31:01,680
Speaker 1: national anthem to her right, not realizing that everybody wasn't

537
00:31:01,720 --> 00:31:03,960
Speaker 1: being quiet, not because they were listening to his tasted,

538
00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:06,719
Speaker 1: because they were respectfully being quiet during the national anthem,

539
00:31:06,840 --> 00:31:09,480
Speaker 1: which he was trying to talk over that. The aftermath

540
00:31:09,600 --> 00:31:12,040
Speaker 1: was so awful because he looked around, he realized that

541
00:31:12,040 --> 00:31:14,880
Speaker 1: no one else's glasses raised, and he just quietly put

542
00:31:14,920 --> 00:31:19,000
Speaker 1: his glass. It was awful. So he also signed the

543
00:31:19,080 --> 00:31:22,960
Speaker 1: Queen's guest Book and dated it like May eleven, two eight,

544
00:31:23,360 --> 00:31:25,840
Speaker 1: So apparently Obahamas living in two thousand and eight. I

545
00:31:25,920 --> 00:31:30,080
Speaker 1: think he was nervous. Does all get out in Ireland?

546
00:31:30,400 --> 00:31:32,400
Speaker 1: He drank a pine of guinness at everybody. Well, that's

547
00:31:32,400 --> 00:31:35,760
Speaker 1: because that's the only rule Ireland has. You go to

548
00:31:35,840 --> 00:31:38,120
Speaker 1: England and they probably give him a dossier of like,

549
00:31:38,320 --> 00:31:41,240
Speaker 1: don't do this. He was probably chicken in his boots.

550
00:31:41,680 --> 00:31:43,640
Speaker 1: Well put, chuck, That's why we don't go in state

551
00:31:43,680 --> 00:31:48,840
Speaker 1: visits to England much so chuck. Yes um. We have

552
00:31:49,000 --> 00:31:53,240
Speaker 1: talked about fear, right, yes um. And we also talked about,

553
00:31:53,240 --> 00:31:56,720
Speaker 1: well we foreshadowed I think fear extinction, right um. John

554
00:31:56,720 --> 00:32:00,640
Speaker 1: Watson was planning on basically making a little all Albert's

555
00:32:00,720 --> 00:32:04,360
Speaker 1: fears go away through a process called fear extinction, which

556
00:32:04,400 --> 00:32:08,240
Speaker 1: is a type of conditioning. But it's like the reversal

557
00:32:08,280 --> 00:32:09,760
Speaker 1: of it. Yeah, we should point out the reason this

558
00:32:09,840 --> 00:32:12,480
Speaker 1: is important is because fear is okay in doses because

559
00:32:12,480 --> 00:32:15,040
Speaker 1: it is a survival tool. But it's not good to

560
00:32:15,080 --> 00:32:17,280
Speaker 1: live in constant fear. It's not good for your body

561
00:32:17,720 --> 00:32:21,320
Speaker 1: because it just reeks havoc on your internal systems because

562
00:32:21,360 --> 00:32:23,880
Speaker 1: of fight or flight is so intense exactly, it lowers

563
00:32:23,920 --> 00:32:26,520
Speaker 1: your immune system, you know, it raises the heart, blood pressure,

564
00:32:26,520 --> 00:32:28,280
Speaker 1: all that stuff. I think we talked about that. And

565
00:32:28,320 --> 00:32:32,280
Speaker 1: can you scare someone to death? Yes? Yeah, um, so

566
00:32:32,440 --> 00:32:36,680
Speaker 1: fear extinction. Well, any kind of fear conditioning is say,

567
00:32:36,960 --> 00:32:40,760
Speaker 1: hitting a claw hammer on a um on a piece

568
00:32:40,760 --> 00:32:43,200
Speaker 1: of metal behind a baby's head whenever he touches a

569
00:32:43,200 --> 00:32:47,080
Speaker 1: little white rat. Right. The opposite of that is having

570
00:32:47,080 --> 00:32:49,560
Speaker 1: the baby touch a little white rat and not making

571
00:32:49,600 --> 00:32:54,120
Speaker 1: that horrible sound. You can also say, um, condition rats

572
00:32:54,200 --> 00:32:57,200
Speaker 1: to fear a sound like just the tone like a

573
00:32:57,360 --> 00:33:00,320
Speaker 1: ding by giving them an electric shock in their change.

574
00:33:00,320 --> 00:33:02,680
Speaker 1: Every time that thing sounds, they're gonna come to fear.

575
00:33:02,720 --> 00:33:07,000
Speaker 1: That sound if you make that ding without delivering the shock. Eventually,

576
00:33:07,320 --> 00:33:12,120
Speaker 1: this fear memory, this conditioned fear, is going to be unlearned. Yes,

577
00:33:12,720 --> 00:33:14,959
Speaker 1: And uh, one thing that they learned out of that

578
00:33:14,960 --> 00:33:17,920
Speaker 1: that was pretty interesting is that they theorize that the

579
00:33:18,000 --> 00:33:21,240
Speaker 1: extinction memories form in the amygdala, but instead of staying there,

580
00:33:21,760 --> 00:33:27,360
Speaker 1: they're transferred to the medial prefinal cortex to be stored. So, uh,

581
00:33:28,360 --> 00:33:30,560
Speaker 1: it's still triggered in the amygdala, but that's where the

582
00:33:30,760 --> 00:33:36,600
Speaker 1: new learned non fear resides, right, they think that's what

583
00:33:36,680 --> 00:33:38,040
Speaker 1: they think that because it's the brain, it's all of

584
00:33:38,080 --> 00:33:40,840
Speaker 1: them to theory. The deal with the extinction too is exposure.

585
00:33:40,920 --> 00:33:44,040
Speaker 1: So one of the things that they'll do is, um,

586
00:33:44,200 --> 00:33:45,880
Speaker 1: let's say, if you're afraid of heights, they'll ench you

587
00:33:45,960 --> 00:33:49,640
Speaker 1: closer and closer to the edge of the building until

588
00:33:49,640 --> 00:33:51,840
Speaker 1: you realize, like, all right, nothing's happening in here. It's cool,

589
00:33:51,880 --> 00:33:54,640
Speaker 1: I'm not falling off. And then eventually, if you're exposed

590
00:33:54,640 --> 00:33:58,600
Speaker 1: to this enough, supposedly you can reverse some of these fears. Um.

591
00:33:58,640 --> 00:34:02,360
Speaker 1: That's that's general like behavioral psychology, just little by little,

592
00:34:02,720 --> 00:34:07,400
Speaker 1: because you're making smaller you're making memories every time I

593
00:34:07,440 --> 00:34:10,560
Speaker 1: didn't get bitten this time. That's weird, So maybe I'll

594
00:34:10,600 --> 00:34:12,600
Speaker 1: go a little further. I didn't get bitten again, and

595
00:34:12,600 --> 00:34:15,280
Speaker 1: then ultimately you're like, I'm probably not gonna get bitten,

596
00:34:15,280 --> 00:34:17,160
Speaker 1: so I don't need to be afraid. And that's when

597
00:34:17,200 --> 00:34:22,440
Speaker 1: you get bitten, you're done. Have you ever did you

598
00:34:22,480 --> 00:34:27,120
Speaker 1: used to watch the Bob Newhart show? Which old Yeah,

599
00:34:27,160 --> 00:34:29,080
Speaker 1: the not the old one, that the old old one,

600
00:34:29,640 --> 00:34:33,400
Speaker 1: the one from the seven Yes, um there was, Yes,

601
00:34:33,840 --> 00:34:36,960
Speaker 1: there's a great one called um flying the Unfriendly Skies

602
00:34:37,480 --> 00:34:40,800
Speaker 1: where he took like a group, one of his groups

603
00:34:40,800 --> 00:34:44,600
Speaker 1: that was afraid of flying a plane. And it's hilarious.

604
00:34:44,640 --> 00:34:47,080
Speaker 1: I was watching it today. Penny Marshall's the stewardess, said

605
00:34:47,080 --> 00:34:51,560
Speaker 1: young young just starting out. Penny Marshall, Bob Newhart equals

606
00:34:51,719 --> 00:34:56,279
Speaker 1: national treasure, agreed, I said it, So, Chuck, if the

607
00:34:56,400 --> 00:35:01,439
Speaker 1: cognitive behavioral treatment is not working, how got some drugs? Man? Yeah,

608
00:35:01,480 --> 00:35:05,520
Speaker 1: what's the deal with this? Well, there's a protein in

609
00:35:05,800 --> 00:35:11,359
Speaker 1: our brains called n M D A and methyl d spirate, right,

610
00:35:11,560 --> 00:35:15,520
Speaker 1: and it's in the a magdala and if you inhibit it,

611
00:35:16,040 --> 00:35:19,239
Speaker 1: so this is a double negative. If you inhibit it,

612
00:35:19,840 --> 00:35:25,799
Speaker 1: you also inhibit fear extinction. So science is reason if

613
00:35:25,840 --> 00:35:29,880
Speaker 1: you promote UM an m d A, right, then you

614
00:35:29,880 --> 00:35:32,640
Speaker 1: will also promote fear extinction. And they're finding that that's

615
00:35:32,640 --> 00:35:37,560
Speaker 1: actually the case. There's a tuberculosis drug and antibiotic that

616
00:35:37,640 --> 00:35:40,400
Speaker 1: promotes the production of the protein and m d A,

617
00:35:40,840 --> 00:35:43,480
Speaker 1: and they give it to people um and then give

618
00:35:43,520 --> 00:35:46,319
Speaker 1: them exposure therapy as well, right, because the whole deal

619
00:35:46,400 --> 00:35:48,080
Speaker 1: is they don't want to try and replace it with

620
00:35:48,080 --> 00:35:50,960
Speaker 1: a drug, but it just speeds up the classic conditioning

621
00:35:50,960 --> 00:35:55,080
Speaker 1: experiment and the the I guess a trial with rats

622
00:35:55,320 --> 00:35:59,880
Speaker 1: has proven this is possible. They condition them to to

623
00:36:00,120 --> 00:36:02,080
Speaker 1: fear a sound or a light or something with electric

624
00:36:02,080 --> 00:36:06,240
Speaker 1: shocks classical conditioning, and then said, well, here we're gonna

625
00:36:06,280 --> 00:36:09,280
Speaker 1: inject you with this tuberculous of antibiotic and the rats

626
00:36:09,360 --> 00:36:14,480
Speaker 1: that um uh, we're on the drug learned fear extinction

627
00:36:14,600 --> 00:36:18,879
Speaker 1: faster than the ones that we're doing it without the drug. Right.

628
00:36:19,120 --> 00:36:21,359
Speaker 1: Can we talk about one more experiment that we didn't cover,

629
00:36:22,320 --> 00:36:25,200
Speaker 1: And this is neat but itself this just sort of

630
00:36:25,280 --> 00:36:29,239
Speaker 1: hinky to me because you and we talked earlier about

631
00:36:29,280 --> 00:36:31,680
Speaker 1: the thrill of being afraid. That's why people go to

632
00:36:31,760 --> 00:36:34,200
Speaker 1: horror movies. That's why they get on roller coasters, and

633
00:36:34,280 --> 00:36:37,200
Speaker 1: people say that it's it can be akin to uh

634
00:36:37,360 --> 00:36:42,880
Speaker 1: sexual arousal. And this dude name Arthur Aaron did an

635
00:36:42,960 --> 00:36:45,680
Speaker 1: experiment which I thought was a little odd. He had

636
00:36:45,760 --> 00:36:50,160
Speaker 1: men walked across uh a suspension bridge, two different bridges,

637
00:36:50,239 --> 00:36:53,239
Speaker 1: one and these were four fifty ft long over a

638
00:36:53,239 --> 00:36:56,720
Speaker 1: two d and thirty ft gully. One bridge was very stable,

639
00:36:57,200 --> 00:37:00,319
Speaker 1: one bridge was not and very shaky, and he had

640
00:37:00,360 --> 00:37:02,640
Speaker 1: the men walk across this. At the other end of

641
00:37:02,680 --> 00:37:06,600
Speaker 1: the bridge, he had his very attractive female assistant waiting,

642
00:37:07,080 --> 00:37:12,319
Speaker 1: asked him some some red herring questions that didn't have

643
00:37:12,320 --> 00:37:14,200
Speaker 1: anything to do with the experiment, and then said, oh,

644
00:37:14,200 --> 00:37:16,920
Speaker 1: and here's my number if you have any questions. Apparently

645
00:37:17,080 --> 00:37:20,640
Speaker 1: three of the men, who of the thirty three men,

646
00:37:21,360 --> 00:37:25,960
Speaker 1: only two sorry called the woman afterward who walked across

647
00:37:26,000 --> 00:37:28,520
Speaker 1: the stable bridge. The guys that walked on the shaky bridge,

648
00:37:28,960 --> 00:37:33,040
Speaker 1: nine of the thirty three called her bam proven No.

649
00:37:34,160 --> 00:37:36,800
Speaker 1: I guess they just were like I can do anything.

650
00:37:37,320 --> 00:37:40,880
Speaker 1: What's your number? Or they're like, hey, I'm really turned

651
00:37:40,880 --> 00:37:43,440
Speaker 1: on because I almost just died. What's your number? What's

652
00:37:43,440 --> 00:37:47,080
Speaker 1: your number? Or I'm going to call you so choke?

653
00:37:47,120 --> 00:37:48,759
Speaker 1: What do you do if you have like if you

654
00:37:48,800 --> 00:37:52,600
Speaker 1: don't really want the drugs, you're you're not um debilitated.

655
00:37:53,080 --> 00:37:56,120
Speaker 1: And I should also say, the National Institutes of Health

656
00:37:56,200 --> 00:37:59,240
Speaker 1: say about nineteen million people in the United States alone,

657
00:37:59,760 --> 00:38:03,759
Speaker 1: so for from mental illnesses that involve irrational fear responses,

658
00:38:04,440 --> 00:38:08,840
Speaker 1: so everything from like a phobia, panic disorder, post traumatic

659
00:38:08,840 --> 00:38:12,320
Speaker 1: stress disorder, nineteen million people in the US alone. I

660
00:38:12,320 --> 00:38:16,160
Speaker 1: wan't I thought more than that, really. Yeah, but let's

661
00:38:16,200 --> 00:38:17,799
Speaker 1: say you're not one of these people where you're not

662
00:38:17,840 --> 00:38:21,319
Speaker 1: clinically afraid, but you still don't like heights or you know,

663
00:38:21,440 --> 00:38:23,560
Speaker 1: you can get on a plane, but you are not happy.

664
00:38:23,960 --> 00:38:26,799
Speaker 1: What are the eight tips? Well, one, Josh, is that

665
00:38:26,960 --> 00:38:29,600
Speaker 1: it doesn't matter why you're scared. So it's not like

666
00:38:29,680 --> 00:38:33,400
Speaker 1: to develop a big understanding of your fear helps you

667
00:38:33,480 --> 00:38:37,680
Speaker 1: overcome it actually delays that progress is what they say

668
00:38:38,080 --> 00:38:41,080
Speaker 1: as what prevention magazines, because number two says learn about

669
00:38:41,120 --> 00:38:43,640
Speaker 1: the thing you fear, right, I guess, not why you're scared,

670
00:38:43,680 --> 00:38:47,879
Speaker 1: but to learn more about it, like maybe injecting rationality

671
00:38:48,000 --> 00:38:51,320
Speaker 1: like this is how often plane actually goes down or

672
00:38:51,360 --> 00:38:54,120
Speaker 1: something like that. Yes, take baby steps, train yourself to

673
00:38:54,160 --> 00:38:58,279
Speaker 1: not be afraid hanging around someone who's not afraid of that. Like,

674
00:38:58,520 --> 00:39:00,680
Speaker 1: if you're afraid of heights, hanging around with me, because

675
00:39:00,680 --> 00:39:04,320
Speaker 1: I'm not afraid of heights. Talk about it, because sharing

676
00:39:04,320 --> 00:39:08,480
Speaker 1: out loud makes things better. Uh, play mind games with

677
00:39:08,520 --> 00:39:12,360
Speaker 1: yourself like that. And they used the classic example of

678
00:39:12,360 --> 00:39:16,000
Speaker 1: picturing a crowd naked. If you're speaking in front of him.

679
00:39:16,040 --> 00:39:18,319
Speaker 1: I've heard that you're that. That does not help, and

680
00:39:18,360 --> 00:39:20,480
Speaker 1: it may actually make things worse. I could see that,

681
00:39:21,160 --> 00:39:23,359
Speaker 1: and uh, don't look at the big picture, just look

682
00:39:23,400 --> 00:39:26,279
Speaker 1: at each little one step at a time, and uh,

683
00:39:26,520 --> 00:39:29,080
Speaker 1: seek help. If you have like really irrational fear, go

684
00:39:29,200 --> 00:39:33,160
Speaker 1: talk to someone. Seek help. Indeed, and seek this article.

685
00:39:33,280 --> 00:39:36,440
Speaker 1: You got anything else, So seek this article by typing

686
00:39:36,560 --> 00:39:39,719
Speaker 1: fear f e A R, not f E r E

687
00:39:40,440 --> 00:39:42,880
Speaker 1: into the search part. How stuff works dot com is

688
00:39:42,880 --> 00:39:47,400
Speaker 1: gonna bring up this article and some other cool stuff, right, yes, um,

689
00:39:47,480 --> 00:39:50,000
Speaker 1: And since I said that, Chuck, you know what time

690
00:39:50,040 --> 00:39:52,319
Speaker 1: it is. That's right, you know what the real is.

691
00:39:52,920 --> 00:39:57,399
Speaker 1: It's time for listener, mate, Josh, I'm gonna call this

692
00:39:57,880 --> 00:40:02,279
Speaker 1: Hellos from Kazakhstan. Yeah, I just read an article in

693
00:40:02,360 --> 00:40:07,200
Speaker 1: the New Yorker about Kazakhstan and it's new capital. Um.

694
00:40:07,239 --> 00:40:12,120
Speaker 1: I believe it's called like Astana. Um. Yeah, Astana, the

695
00:40:12,120 --> 00:40:16,160
Speaker 1: the president of kazakh Stein like just has sunk billions

696
00:40:16,280 --> 00:40:18,640
Speaker 1: into creating a new capital in the middle of the

697
00:40:18,840 --> 00:40:21,560
Speaker 1: steps of the country. Good for him. And Kazakhstan is

698
00:40:21,560 --> 00:40:25,320
Speaker 1: the ninth largest country in the world by land mass.

699
00:40:25,800 --> 00:40:29,160
Speaker 1: It also shares the longest border in the world. Uh.

700
00:40:29,239 --> 00:40:32,320
Speaker 1: It shares it with the Sobviet. Wow, you're just recalling

701
00:40:32,320 --> 00:40:34,520
Speaker 1: all this too. It's very impressive. Uh. And I told

702
00:40:34,520 --> 00:40:36,520
Speaker 1: this guy that I would make fun of his accent

703
00:40:36,560 --> 00:40:38,960
Speaker 1: and read it as Borat and he said, I love it.

704
00:40:39,480 --> 00:40:48,280
Speaker 1: Nice and he literally titled it Hellos from Kazakhstan. Uh.

705
00:40:48,360 --> 00:40:52,960
Speaker 1: Your podcast is being played in Astana, Kazakhstan. That's the capital,

706
00:40:53,120 --> 00:40:55,719
Speaker 1: all right, so he lives. I discovered your podcast when

707
00:40:55,719 --> 00:41:00,359
Speaker 1: I once bought an iPod gizmo. I start did my

708
00:41:00,520 --> 00:41:03,520
Speaker 1: discovery of American culture when I won scholarship to study

709
00:41:03,560 --> 00:41:06,600
Speaker 1: my twelfth grade in American high school. That was an

710
00:41:06,640 --> 00:41:08,560
Speaker 1: awesome year for a guy who has never been to

711
00:41:08,640 --> 00:41:11,879
Speaker 1: McDonald's in his life and has never sat in nice

712
00:41:11,920 --> 00:41:15,960
Speaker 1: single seat student desks. I guess they said on benches

713
00:41:17,000 --> 00:41:20,799
Speaker 1: also include the traditional yellow school buses. I live with

714
00:41:20,880 --> 00:41:24,640
Speaker 1: great host family who further showed me culture. After graduating

715
00:41:24,719 --> 00:41:28,319
Speaker 1: high school, I want another scholarship to study at Canadian college.

716
00:41:28,760 --> 00:41:30,840
Speaker 1: As you have guessed. In four years in Canada, my

717
00:41:30,880 --> 00:41:34,359
Speaker 1: mentality got syncd with Northern American culture. Now I am

718
00:41:34,400 --> 00:41:37,640
Speaker 1: back in Kazakhstan and got job in I T Field.

719
00:41:39,000 --> 00:41:41,319
Speaker 1: I get stop that. Stop that, No, you gotta keep going,

720
00:41:42,000 --> 00:41:44,520
Speaker 1: you gotta finish. I am writing all of this because

721
00:41:44,560 --> 00:41:46,920
Speaker 1: every day on my way to work I listened to podcast,

722
00:41:47,040 --> 00:41:49,680
Speaker 1: and you guys always bring back good memories of USA

723
00:41:49,760 --> 00:41:52,960
Speaker 1: and Canada. For fifty minutes, I feel as if I

724
00:41:52,960 --> 00:41:56,799
Speaker 1: am in USA in Canada. I hope this feeling never

725
00:41:56,840 --> 00:42:00,320
Speaker 1: goes away. You also make me smile and laugh in uses,

726
00:42:00,920 --> 00:42:03,120
Speaker 1: and I look like idiot to other gray faces and

727
00:42:03,160 --> 00:42:06,959
Speaker 1: bus other what gray faces? I guess it just means

728
00:42:07,440 --> 00:42:10,960
Speaker 1: stinky commuters in kindict time. But the last I wish

729
00:42:11,160 --> 00:42:14,560
Speaker 1: everyone here understood English to listen to you guys, so

730
00:42:14,600 --> 00:42:17,839
Speaker 1: they should start their day with smile. Thanks for great

731
00:42:17,880 --> 00:42:20,719
Speaker 1: work and share of American culture is get and he

732
00:42:20,800 --> 00:42:24,440
Speaker 1: had been, which means regards and that is from Gaza

733
00:42:24,440 --> 00:42:27,560
Speaker 1: atte Gizatt he was thrilled that I would be making

734
00:42:27,600 --> 00:42:30,319
Speaker 1: fun of his exit. That is awesome. Thank you, Zat.

735
00:42:30,480 --> 00:42:33,719
Speaker 1: We are glad to keep you entertained and say hello

736
00:42:33,760 --> 00:42:36,600
Speaker 1: to boor At for us. Yeah who is actually British?

737
00:42:36,640 --> 00:42:40,080
Speaker 1: You know? Kay? Alright, just play and Freddie Mercury is

738
00:42:40,120 --> 00:42:44,880
Speaker 1: he really? That'll be great? Yeah wait our guy? No, no, no,

739
00:42:45,040 --> 00:42:51,319
Speaker 1: not not he's at Giza. We appreciate that. Um, if

740
00:42:51,520 --> 00:42:54,960
Speaker 1: you are afraid of something weird, we want to hear

741
00:42:54,960 --> 00:42:58,160
Speaker 1: about it. That includes you to Gazatte. We want to know. Um.

742
00:42:58,280 --> 00:43:02,600
Speaker 1: Send us an email at Stuff Podcast at how stuff

743
00:43:02,600 --> 00:43:09,719
Speaker 1: works dot com. Be sure to check out our new

744
00:43:09,800 --> 00:43:13,160
Speaker 1: video podcast, Stuff from the Future. Join how Stuff Work

745
00:43:13,239 --> 00:43:16,760
Speaker 1: staff as we explore the most promising and perplexing possibilities

746
00:43:16,800 --> 00:43:22,040
Speaker 1: of tomorrow, brought to you by the reinvented two thousand

747
00:43:22,040 --> 00:43:24,200
Speaker 1: twelve camera. It's ready, are you