1 00:00:07,440 --> 00:00:10,920 Speaker 1: Hey, Daniel, When you think of physics, what images come 2 00:00:10,960 --> 00:00:13,520 Speaker 1: to mind for you? I think of the cosmos, I 3 00:00:13,560 --> 00:00:17,400 Speaker 1: think of planets. I think of the fire inside the sun. 4 00:00:17,760 --> 00:00:22,599 Speaker 1: I think of crazy people with weird hair when you 5 00:00:22,680 --> 00:00:25,560 Speaker 1: look in the mirror. When you think of physics, what's 6 00:00:25,600 --> 00:00:31,080 Speaker 1: the difference? Well, what about a dance party. I wouldn't 7 00:00:31,080 --> 00:00:33,839 Speaker 1: say that's in the top one thousand associations I have. 8 00:00:34,000 --> 00:00:36,440 Speaker 1: Might maybe not even in the top five thousand. Well, 9 00:00:36,479 --> 00:00:39,839 Speaker 1: it turns out that physics and dance actually have a 10 00:00:39,920 --> 00:00:42,200 Speaker 1: lot in common. They have a lot of fun connections. 11 00:00:42,479 --> 00:00:45,360 Speaker 1: Is that right? Yeah, they can help us understand the 12 00:00:45,400 --> 00:00:48,440 Speaker 1: topic of our podcast to day. That's right. Thinking about 13 00:00:48,440 --> 00:00:50,199 Speaker 1: the way people dance and the way they shake their 14 00:00:50,200 --> 00:00:53,800 Speaker 1: booty could actually help you understand the physics, the crazy 15 00:00:53,880 --> 00:00:59,800 Speaker 1: topic of today's podcast. So get out there, shake your 16 00:01:00,280 --> 00:01:02,800 Speaker 1: and get ready to download some physics into your brain. 17 00:01:03,000 --> 00:01:23,720 Speaker 1: Get into the groove. It's time for physics. Hi'm h 18 00:01:24,120 --> 00:01:27,800 Speaker 1: and I'm Daniel. Welcome to our podcast, Dancing with Physicists. 19 00:01:28,959 --> 00:01:31,880 Speaker 1: How far can you get across the universe by just dancing? Now? 20 00:01:31,880 --> 00:01:34,000 Speaker 1: We're just kidding. You were not the victim of clickbait. 21 00:01:34,080 --> 00:01:37,120 Speaker 1: This is the podcast Daniel and Jorge explain the universe, 22 00:01:37,240 --> 00:01:40,200 Speaker 1: in which we take something weird, something fascinating in the 23 00:01:40,240 --> 00:01:43,920 Speaker 1: universe and try to explain it to you, sometimes using 24 00:01:44,040 --> 00:01:46,319 Speaker 1: dance to be on the podcast, we're going to talk 25 00:01:46,360 --> 00:01:51,920 Speaker 1: about a physics phenomenon that is everywhere. It's everywhere, and 26 00:01:52,000 --> 00:01:56,880 Speaker 1: it's helping make some of the greatest scientific experiments in 27 00:01:56,920 --> 00:02:00,960 Speaker 1: the world. That's right. It's really important, it's fascinating, it's weird, 28 00:02:01,240 --> 00:02:05,040 Speaker 1: it's quantum, and yet it's not really very well understood. 29 00:02:05,280 --> 00:02:09,919 Speaker 1: And more most important, it's super that's right. And it conducts. 30 00:02:10,600 --> 00:02:15,120 Speaker 1: Uh what, it's conductive. There you go, that's right. The 31 00:02:15,160 --> 00:02:24,400 Speaker 1: topic of today's podcast is super conductors. What are they? 32 00:02:24,400 --> 00:02:28,919 Speaker 1: Who are they? Who are they? Super? No? Super conductivity 33 00:02:28,960 --> 00:02:33,040 Speaker 1: is fascinating question, something behind a lot of really interesting 34 00:02:33,040 --> 00:02:36,359 Speaker 1: research in the last few decades, and something we thought 35 00:02:36,480 --> 00:02:39,560 Speaker 1: was worth getting into because there's a lot of puzzles there. Yeah. 36 00:02:40,120 --> 00:02:42,440 Speaker 1: I was just thinking, the first time I heard about 37 00:02:42,440 --> 00:02:45,839 Speaker 1: super conductors was in the eighties, right, and let's when 38 00:02:45,880 --> 00:02:48,720 Speaker 1: it sort of became this big buzz about it. That's right. 39 00:02:48,760 --> 00:02:50,480 Speaker 1: They had a lot of big advances in the eighties. 40 00:02:50,600 --> 00:02:53,200 Speaker 1: How old were you in the eighties? Or I was 41 00:02:54,000 --> 00:02:59,040 Speaker 1: old enough apparently to read about science news, but but 42 00:02:59,160 --> 00:03:01,200 Speaker 1: you would always see it tied to the to this 43 00:03:01,280 --> 00:03:05,440 Speaker 1: footage of this little magnet floating on top of something. Yeah, 44 00:03:05,480 --> 00:03:08,720 Speaker 1: that's like a classic application of super conductivity. Yeah. Yeah, so, 45 00:03:09,000 --> 00:03:11,440 Speaker 1: like I think forever, that's what people think of a 46 00:03:11,480 --> 00:03:13,919 Speaker 1: lot of people think of when they think of super conductors, 47 00:03:13,919 --> 00:03:16,480 Speaker 1: like that one image. Yeah, there's that. There's also the 48 00:03:16,680 --> 00:03:19,399 Speaker 1: super conducting super collider that they were going to build 49 00:03:19,440 --> 00:03:21,799 Speaker 1: in Texas in the nineties that was going to cost 50 00:03:21,840 --> 00:03:25,160 Speaker 1: a huge amount of money and that they canceled halfway through. 51 00:03:25,639 --> 00:03:27,600 Speaker 1: And so a lot of people connect those two phrases 52 00:03:27,600 --> 00:03:31,320 Speaker 1: super conducting and super colliding. Oh yeah, no, I didn't 53 00:03:31,360 --> 00:03:35,800 Speaker 1: hear about that one in the eighties. Um, So it 54 00:03:35,800 --> 00:03:37,480 Speaker 1: sort of seems like it's been out there in the 55 00:03:37,560 --> 00:03:41,560 Speaker 1: popular culture for a while, and but we were wondering 56 00:03:41,720 --> 00:03:43,600 Speaker 1: how much people knew about it, and you know, it's 57 00:03:43,640 --> 00:03:45,720 Speaker 1: part of the popular culture and the people maybe have 58 00:03:45,800 --> 00:03:48,440 Speaker 1: heard about it or whatever. It's strangely, it hasn't really 59 00:03:48,560 --> 00:03:52,600 Speaker 1: entered like, um, you know, um comic books or science 60 00:03:52,640 --> 00:03:56,040 Speaker 1: fiction that much. You don't see like super conducting technology 61 00:03:56,480 --> 00:03:58,480 Speaker 1: all over the place in science fiction. I mean, you 62 00:03:58,480 --> 00:04:04,160 Speaker 1: haven't seen that comic called The super Conductor Adventures of 63 00:04:04,240 --> 00:04:07,760 Speaker 1: Crime Fighting super Conductor. That's right, During the day, he's 64 00:04:07,760 --> 00:04:11,480 Speaker 1: just a mild mannered, regular bus conductor, but at night 65 00:04:13,800 --> 00:04:16,600 Speaker 1: he's a super duper conductor. No, I haven't seen that, 66 00:04:16,640 --> 00:04:18,120 Speaker 1: and you don't see it. Um. You know, playing a 67 00:04:18,120 --> 00:04:21,640 Speaker 1: prominent role in science fiction movies like particle physics is 68 00:04:21,680 --> 00:04:24,279 Speaker 1: everywhere in science fiction movies. The Higgs boson explains everything 69 00:04:24,279 --> 00:04:27,680 Speaker 1: and causes problems, etcetera. But you don't see super conductivity 70 00:04:27,800 --> 00:04:30,680 Speaker 1: used and abused much in popular culture. Do you have 71 00:04:30,760 --> 00:04:33,279 Speaker 1: I missed it? Yeah, I don't know. I guess it's 72 00:04:33,279 --> 00:04:36,680 Speaker 1: not flashy, right, it's not um. It's not a word 73 00:04:36,680 --> 00:04:43,039 Speaker 1: that sounds as cool as quantum or leasers or higgs boson. Yeah, exactly. Yeah. Anyway, 74 00:04:43,040 --> 00:04:45,839 Speaker 1: so I went around campus and I asked people, do 75 00:04:45,880 --> 00:04:48,520 Speaker 1: you know what super conductivity is? Can you explain it? 76 00:04:48,600 --> 00:04:51,320 Speaker 1: Do you understand it? Here's what people had to say. 77 00:04:51,600 --> 00:04:54,479 Speaker 1: What about super conductivity? Have you heard of that? Yes? 78 00:04:54,880 --> 00:05:01,159 Speaker 1: Can you explain that? Best? Guess maybe it has two 79 00:05:01,279 --> 00:05:07,360 Speaker 1: conductors and for some stuff. Okay, uh, yeah, I've also 80 00:05:07,520 --> 00:05:11,400 Speaker 1: heard of it, but I also have no idea either. Okay, Um, 81 00:05:11,440 --> 00:05:16,160 Speaker 1: it's a phenomena that happens at very low temperatures because 82 00:05:16,720 --> 00:05:21,640 Speaker 1: electrons have very low resistance to movement due to the 83 00:05:21,839 --> 00:05:25,960 Speaker 1: very slow vibrations of the matrix of the metal of 84 00:05:26,040 --> 00:05:28,440 Speaker 1: the nucleus of the atom, so the electrons have a 85 00:05:28,440 --> 00:05:31,920 Speaker 1: lot more space to move through. Something along those lines. 86 00:05:33,080 --> 00:05:35,599 Speaker 1: Is that the one with the magnets and they could float. 87 00:05:36,400 --> 00:05:38,800 Speaker 1: That's about all I know about that one where no 88 00:05:39,320 --> 00:05:43,279 Speaker 1: I can guess though, Um, my conductivity with like wires, 89 00:05:43,320 --> 00:05:46,680 Speaker 1: for example, or like metal so super conductive, then it's 90 00:05:46,680 --> 00:05:50,400 Speaker 1: a good conductor, doesn't burn out. I would assume that 91 00:05:50,440 --> 00:05:56,080 Speaker 1: it has something to do with objects that are conductive. Alright, Yeah, 92 00:05:56,080 --> 00:05:58,040 Speaker 1: so I like the person who said that it has 93 00:05:58,080 --> 00:06:02,800 Speaker 1: something to do with conductors and force and stuff. That's right. 94 00:06:03,080 --> 00:06:05,320 Speaker 1: And there's somebody out there who clearly is reading the 95 00:06:05,360 --> 00:06:08,000 Speaker 1: same magazine you were, because they're like, oh, it has 96 00:06:08,040 --> 00:06:11,240 Speaker 1: to do with magnets that can float. Yeah, yeah, do 97 00:06:11,279 --> 00:06:12,800 Speaker 1: you know which clip I'm talking about? I feel like 98 00:06:12,839 --> 00:06:14,919 Speaker 1: they used the same clip for years and years and 99 00:06:14,960 --> 00:06:16,960 Speaker 1: years and years and years. Yeah. I totally know what 100 00:06:17,000 --> 00:06:19,520 Speaker 1: you mean. A little black magnet floating over a very 101 00:06:19,600 --> 00:06:23,480 Speaker 1: cool surface. With like liquid hydrogen sublimating off of it. 102 00:06:23,480 --> 00:06:25,760 Speaker 1: It's pretty cool looking. And then somebody comes and pokes 103 00:06:25,800 --> 00:06:30,360 Speaker 1: the magnet and it just keeps floating there. Yeah, exactly exactly. 104 00:06:30,400 --> 00:06:32,320 Speaker 1: So people had some sense, you know, they knew what 105 00:06:32,360 --> 00:06:34,800 Speaker 1: it was. Nobody was like, I've never heard that word before, 106 00:06:34,839 --> 00:06:38,080 Speaker 1: what are you talking about? Right, But nobody could explain 107 00:06:38,080 --> 00:06:39,960 Speaker 1: it to me. Like some people knew you had to 108 00:06:40,000 --> 00:06:42,760 Speaker 1: be cold to be a superconductor, but nobody could give 109 00:06:42,800 --> 00:06:44,760 Speaker 1: me a solid explanation for what it was and how 110 00:06:44,800 --> 00:06:47,960 Speaker 1: it worked. Right. I guess this one has something understandable, 111 00:06:47,960 --> 00:06:50,840 Speaker 1: which is a conductor, and you know, I guess people 112 00:06:50,960 --> 00:06:54,440 Speaker 1: in high school figure out that or learned that it's 113 00:06:54,480 --> 00:06:58,320 Speaker 1: something that conducts electricity, and so a super conductor must 114 00:06:58,320 --> 00:07:01,760 Speaker 1: just be something that is super ad That's right, it's 115 00:07:01,800 --> 00:07:05,640 Speaker 1: awesome at conducting extracity. Right, that should be the next discovery. 116 00:07:05,720 --> 00:07:10,480 Speaker 1: Awesome conductors. That's right. Superconductors last year, this year, awesome 117 00:07:10,520 --> 00:07:14,840 Speaker 1: conductors next year, uber conductors. Um. But there is really 118 00:07:14,840 --> 00:07:18,080 Speaker 1: something special about superconductors, which is not just that they 119 00:07:18,120 --> 00:07:20,240 Speaker 1: can conduct a lot, but that they conduct with no 120 00:07:20,400 --> 00:07:23,560 Speaker 1: resistance at all, where that you can't have anything better 121 00:07:23,600 --> 00:07:26,600 Speaker 1: than a superconductor. So it is pretty amazing, and they 122 00:07:26,720 --> 00:07:30,360 Speaker 1: are really important for things like particle physics, right, Yeah, 123 00:07:30,440 --> 00:07:33,720 Speaker 1: they have a lot of really cool applications. So it's 124 00:07:33,720 --> 00:07:39,320 Speaker 1: like a physics phenomenon that has really great applications for 125 00:07:39,640 --> 00:07:43,120 Speaker 1: important experiments like the Large Hadron collider. That's right, And 126 00:07:43,160 --> 00:07:45,480 Speaker 1: it's also a really fun physics puzzle. You know. The 127 00:07:45,520 --> 00:07:47,640 Speaker 1: kind of physics that I do personally is like take 128 00:07:47,680 --> 00:07:51,240 Speaker 1: everything apart and understand the smallest bits. That's totally worthwhile 129 00:07:51,280 --> 00:07:54,080 Speaker 1: obviously and leads to deep insights. But there's a whole different, 130 00:07:54,080 --> 00:07:56,760 Speaker 1: other kind of way of doing physics that's like can 131 00:07:56,800 --> 00:07:59,559 Speaker 1: we put things together in a weird way that makes 132 00:07:59,680 --> 00:08:02,840 Speaker 1: weird materials? You know, we have lots of materials around 133 00:08:02,880 --> 00:08:04,880 Speaker 1: us on Earth that we're familiar with, but you can 134 00:08:04,920 --> 00:08:07,400 Speaker 1: think like can we rearrange those bits to make new 135 00:08:07,520 --> 00:08:10,280 Speaker 1: kinds of stuff. So there's a whole group of people 136 00:08:10,280 --> 00:08:13,000 Speaker 1: out there in physics departments because basically all their job 137 00:08:13,080 --> 00:08:15,440 Speaker 1: is is to make new kinds of goo, right, Like, 138 00:08:15,760 --> 00:08:17,720 Speaker 1: let's mix this together and add a little bit of 139 00:08:17,720 --> 00:08:19,160 Speaker 1: that and a little bit of this, and maybe if 140 00:08:19,200 --> 00:08:21,840 Speaker 1: we zap it with a laser will get this weird 141 00:08:21,880 --> 00:08:25,480 Speaker 1: crystal with strange behaviors that like nothing anybody's ever seen before. 142 00:08:26,280 --> 00:08:29,640 Speaker 1: Are you talking about solid state physics? Yeah? These days 143 00:08:29,680 --> 00:08:32,760 Speaker 1: I think they call it condensed matter physics. But essentially, yeah, 144 00:08:32,840 --> 00:08:35,360 Speaker 1: it's like, can we build new kinds of stuff? It's 145 00:08:35,400 --> 00:08:38,560 Speaker 1: like the properties of bulk materials, you know, UM, not 146 00:08:38,640 --> 00:08:41,319 Speaker 1: individual particles, but like what happens when you put all 147 00:08:41,360 --> 00:08:44,040 Speaker 1: these different kinds of particles together in a certain lattice 148 00:08:44,040 --> 00:08:47,320 Speaker 1: and a certain in a certain arrangement. Do they behave 149 00:08:47,360 --> 00:08:49,760 Speaker 1: in strange ways? And what can we learn about you know, 150 00:08:50,040 --> 00:08:53,079 Speaker 1: what solids can and cannot do, right, because they do 151 00:08:53,160 --> 00:08:56,000 Speaker 1: different things right, Like, you can make things behave in 152 00:08:56,040 --> 00:08:58,880 Speaker 1: a totally different, a new way just by the way 153 00:08:58,920 --> 00:09:01,160 Speaker 1: you arrange them. Yeah, and you know, the periodic table 154 00:09:01,280 --> 00:09:03,640 Speaker 1: is the first lesson of that. Everything in the periodic 155 00:09:03,679 --> 00:09:06,079 Speaker 1: table is made out of the same bits, right, protons 156 00:09:06,080 --> 00:09:09,720 Speaker 1: and neutrons and electrons, but they're pretty different, right. Uranium 157 00:09:09,800 --> 00:09:13,000 Speaker 1: is pretty different stuff than lithium, for example, And so 158 00:09:13,080 --> 00:09:16,360 Speaker 1: you can get an incredible variety of behaviors just by 159 00:09:16,400 --> 00:09:19,360 Speaker 1: rearranging the same stuff. And so solid state physics, that 160 00:09:19,360 --> 00:09:22,079 Speaker 1: whole field UM is just taking that to in extremes 161 00:09:22,120 --> 00:09:24,280 Speaker 1: like how can we combine these elements and zap them 162 00:09:24,280 --> 00:09:26,120 Speaker 1: and chill them and heat them and do all sorts 163 00:09:26,120 --> 00:09:29,400 Speaker 1: of crazy stuff. It's basically like cooking, right, what kind 164 00:09:29,400 --> 00:09:31,800 Speaker 1: of cakes can you make with the same ingredients right 165 00:09:32,120 --> 00:09:36,120 Speaker 1: that that taste totally different exactly and can float above 166 00:09:36,160 --> 00:09:40,280 Speaker 1: your countertop? Right? Super connecting cakes, that's the next breakthrough. 167 00:09:40,440 --> 00:09:44,679 Speaker 1: This is just renaate that department stuff physics, physics, stuff, 168 00:09:45,040 --> 00:09:48,320 Speaker 1: physics of stuff. Yeah, exactly, the physics of stuff. Hey, 169 00:09:48,320 --> 00:09:52,480 Speaker 1: stuff is pretty interesting. Rights, the whole podcast called stuff. 170 00:09:52,520 --> 00:09:56,120 Speaker 1: You should know how stuff works? Then we should join 171 00:09:56,200 --> 00:10:07,000 Speaker 1: that podcast network. I think there's stuffed pretty full cool. 172 00:10:07,000 --> 00:10:09,000 Speaker 1: So let's get into it all right, um, and let's 173 00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:12,200 Speaker 1: break it down. So let's what's a superconductor. Let's start 174 00:10:12,200 --> 00:10:15,320 Speaker 1: with just the conductor part. Dig in a little bit 175 00:10:15,320 --> 00:10:17,960 Speaker 1: into what it means to be a conductor, right, So, 176 00:10:18,000 --> 00:10:22,280 Speaker 1: a conductor is something where electricity can move through it, right, 177 00:10:22,880 --> 00:10:25,080 Speaker 1: And you have to understand the electricity moving through it 178 00:10:25,120 --> 00:10:28,360 Speaker 1: is not necessarily the same as like electrons flowing through it. 179 00:10:28,679 --> 00:10:31,360 Speaker 1: You put the electricity on one side of a of 180 00:10:31,360 --> 00:10:33,800 Speaker 1: a wire and you get electricity on the other side 181 00:10:33,840 --> 00:10:35,920 Speaker 1: of the wire. It's tempting to think about it like 182 00:10:35,960 --> 00:10:38,160 Speaker 1: a hose, like you put water on one side and 183 00:10:38,200 --> 00:10:40,640 Speaker 1: water comes out the other side. Like a tube. Yeah, 184 00:10:40,720 --> 00:10:43,200 Speaker 1: like a tube. And you know what happens is you 185 00:10:43,200 --> 00:10:46,040 Speaker 1: put electrons in on one side and the electrons all 186 00:10:46,040 --> 00:10:48,600 Speaker 1: sort of shift over like it's it's like a tube 187 00:10:48,679 --> 00:10:50,960 Speaker 1: full of water. You put a little bit of water 188 00:10:51,000 --> 00:10:52,960 Speaker 1: in the front, and a little bit of a different 189 00:10:52,960 --> 00:10:54,959 Speaker 1: piece of water that was already in there pushes out 190 00:10:54,960 --> 00:10:57,760 Speaker 1: the side. It's kind of like um, if you have 191 00:10:57,800 --> 00:10:59,480 Speaker 1: a two and you blow in it. The air that 192 00:10:59,480 --> 00:11:01,520 Speaker 1: comes out the the end is not necessarily the air 193 00:11:01,600 --> 00:11:04,920 Speaker 1: they came out of your mouth. It's like it causes 194 00:11:04,960 --> 00:11:07,800 Speaker 1: some sort of it pushes all the air through and 195 00:11:07,840 --> 00:11:09,480 Speaker 1: the ones that come out are the ones that we're 196 00:11:09,520 --> 00:11:12,920 Speaker 1: waiting closest to the end exactly. And that's only possible 197 00:11:12,960 --> 00:11:15,480 Speaker 1: if the electrons can move. Right. And so a conductor 198 00:11:15,880 --> 00:11:18,480 Speaker 1: is just any material where you have electrons that can 199 00:11:18,600 --> 00:11:21,520 Speaker 1: jump from atom to atom. Right. Think about a material 200 00:11:21,640 --> 00:11:24,720 Speaker 1: and a microscopic scale, it's really a bunch of atoms, right, 201 00:11:25,080 --> 00:11:27,280 Speaker 1: And if it's simple or regular, then it's like a 202 00:11:27,360 --> 00:11:30,560 Speaker 1: lattice like a grid, and it's like regularly distributed atoms, 203 00:11:30,880 --> 00:11:32,800 Speaker 1: and the electrons can jump from one to the other. 204 00:11:32,840 --> 00:11:35,200 Speaker 1: So if you blow on one side, you like pushing 205 00:11:35,240 --> 00:11:38,080 Speaker 1: about some electrons on one side, then all the electrons 206 00:11:38,080 --> 00:11:40,240 Speaker 1: sort of hop over one slot and you get some 207 00:11:40,360 --> 00:11:43,480 Speaker 1: out the other side. It's kind of like, um, like 208 00:11:43,480 --> 00:11:47,440 Speaker 1: playing hot potato. Yeah exactly. And the difference between something 209 00:11:47,480 --> 00:11:50,360 Speaker 1: that can conduct electricity a conductor, and something that can't, 210 00:11:50,400 --> 00:11:54,360 Speaker 1: an insulator, is that conductors have enough electrons that can 211 00:11:54,600 --> 00:11:58,600 Speaker 1: jump between atoms, whereas insulators have all their electrons held 212 00:11:58,679 --> 00:12:00,720 Speaker 1: really tight by each of those atoms in the grid, 213 00:12:01,040 --> 00:12:03,480 Speaker 1: so that there's no way for the electrons to jump 214 00:12:03,480 --> 00:12:06,920 Speaker 1: from one to the other. Conductors have these free electrons 215 00:12:06,920 --> 00:12:09,880 Speaker 1: that are sort of just like floating around happily. Okay, 216 00:12:09,960 --> 00:12:13,320 Speaker 1: So it's something that is not a conductor doesn't have 217 00:12:13,559 --> 00:12:18,280 Speaker 1: kind of a spare electrons, or they don't they don't 218 00:12:18,360 --> 00:12:22,719 Speaker 1: let electrons fly around freely. Yeah exactly. And so and 219 00:12:22,840 --> 00:12:24,720 Speaker 1: you just you know, you put electrons on one side 220 00:12:24,760 --> 00:12:26,640 Speaker 1: and they just go nowhere, right, So you can't get 221 00:12:26,640 --> 00:12:29,040 Speaker 1: electrons through the material. Okay, so wait, wait, why not? 222 00:12:29,120 --> 00:12:32,520 Speaker 1: So I introduce an electron in an insulator and something 223 00:12:32,559 --> 00:12:34,880 Speaker 1: that doesn't conduct what's going to happen to the electron? 224 00:12:35,000 --> 00:12:36,960 Speaker 1: It won't go through, yeah, it just it won't cause 225 00:12:36,960 --> 00:12:39,480 Speaker 1: a current. Right, you can't get a current through there. 226 00:12:39,520 --> 00:12:42,040 Speaker 1: You can't get all the electrons to jump over one 227 00:12:42,080 --> 00:12:45,520 Speaker 1: atom for example. Okay, so it's kind of like, Um, 228 00:12:45,559 --> 00:12:48,839 Speaker 1: a conductor has a bunch of atoms, and everyone kind 229 00:12:48,840 --> 00:12:52,200 Speaker 1: of has everyone's pretty loose with their electrons. That's right. Okay, 230 00:12:52,240 --> 00:12:54,000 Speaker 1: here's one. Oh, I'll take one. R I'll give you 231 00:12:54,040 --> 00:12:57,520 Speaker 1: another one. Oh. Um, electrons can just kind of flow 232 00:12:57,720 --> 00:13:00,440 Speaker 1: through from atom to atom. Yeah, And it's best to 233 00:13:00,440 --> 00:13:02,360 Speaker 1: think of them really as a lattice, because these atoms 234 00:13:02,400 --> 00:13:04,600 Speaker 1: individually act a little different than they do when they're 235 00:13:04,600 --> 00:13:06,920 Speaker 1: together in a material. And when they're together in a material, 236 00:13:07,200 --> 00:13:10,840 Speaker 1: the electrons slash easily back and forth between them. Um, 237 00:13:10,920 --> 00:13:13,560 Speaker 1: for a conductor, for an insulator, that doesn't happen. And 238 00:13:13,559 --> 00:13:16,160 Speaker 1: then of course there's lots of different kinds of conductors 239 00:13:16,160 --> 00:13:18,079 Speaker 1: that things that are good conductors and things that are 240 00:13:18,080 --> 00:13:21,640 Speaker 1: bad conductors. And by a lattice, you mean like a 241 00:13:21,920 --> 00:13:24,560 Speaker 1: like a grid or like a like a rack, Like 242 00:13:24,640 --> 00:13:28,040 Speaker 1: the electrons are arranged kind of like um in rows 243 00:13:28,080 --> 00:13:30,640 Speaker 1: and in columns, right, Yeah, exactly. If you zoom in 244 00:13:30,679 --> 00:13:32,600 Speaker 1: on a crystal, for example, or a piece of metal, 245 00:13:32,640 --> 00:13:35,800 Speaker 1: anything that has a regular arrangement of the atoms, you'll 246 00:13:35,800 --> 00:13:38,440 Speaker 1: see that they're organized in this in this pattern right there, 247 00:13:38,480 --> 00:13:41,560 Speaker 1: built out of these basic units, and that they're pretty regular. 248 00:13:41,679 --> 00:13:44,480 Speaker 1: You know, there's like lines of atoms. Um, it's not 249 00:13:44,520 --> 00:13:48,520 Speaker 1: just like a big heaping mess. Right. Um, These these solids, 250 00:13:48,559 --> 00:13:52,280 Speaker 1: these metals, these things that are conductors are pretty well organized, 251 00:13:52,640 --> 00:13:55,280 Speaker 1: and so you'll see them in rows and and uh. 252 00:13:55,320 --> 00:13:56,760 Speaker 1: And that's what we mean by the lattice. You have 253 00:13:56,880 --> 00:13:59,600 Speaker 1: just like a grid of atoms. And so you're saying 254 00:13:59,760 --> 00:14:03,760 Speaker 1: like us can flow through or jump freely between atoms, 255 00:14:03,840 --> 00:14:06,559 Speaker 1: but not perfectly right, that's right. And here's where the 256 00:14:06,600 --> 00:14:10,960 Speaker 1: temperature comes in. So, Um, the colder the material is. 257 00:14:11,280 --> 00:14:13,960 Speaker 1: Think about what temperature really is. What is temperature? It's 258 00:14:14,080 --> 00:14:17,480 Speaker 1: how much the atoms inside something are wiggling. The atoms 259 00:14:17,480 --> 00:14:21,280 Speaker 1: inside liquid are wiggling more than the atoms inside of solid, right, 260 00:14:21,280 --> 00:14:23,280 Speaker 1: which is why it's liquid, and the atoms inside of 261 00:14:23,320 --> 00:14:26,520 Speaker 1: gas are totally free and bouncing around everywhere. But even 262 00:14:26,520 --> 00:14:29,440 Speaker 1: inside of solid, even if it's solid, you have different temperatures. Right, 263 00:14:29,560 --> 00:14:31,280 Speaker 1: You can have a piece of metal that's hot or 264 00:14:31,280 --> 00:14:34,000 Speaker 1: piece of metal that's cold. What's happening there is that 265 00:14:34,080 --> 00:14:37,320 Speaker 1: the atoms are moving less, right, They're wiggling less, and 266 00:14:37,360 --> 00:14:39,680 Speaker 1: as it gets colder and colder, they wiggle less and 267 00:14:39,720 --> 00:14:42,080 Speaker 1: less and less. And this is important for the electron 268 00:14:42,120 --> 00:14:44,480 Speaker 1: because remember, it's trying to jump from atom to atom. 269 00:14:44,800 --> 00:14:47,760 Speaker 1: That's easier when the atoms are not wiggling around, when 270 00:14:47,800 --> 00:14:52,280 Speaker 1: they're like regularly spaced rows, like when they're frozen in place. Yes, exactly. 271 00:14:52,520 --> 00:14:55,320 Speaker 1: Here's where the dance analogy comes in. Right. Imagine trying 272 00:14:55,360 --> 00:14:57,760 Speaker 1: to walk through a crowd and everybody's like jumping. It's 273 00:14:57,800 --> 00:14:59,720 Speaker 1: like a mosh pit, right, and they're going crazy into 274 00:14:59,720 --> 00:15:02,480 Speaker 1: punk consider or something. It's really hard to get across 275 00:15:02,480 --> 00:15:05,000 Speaker 1: the crowded room if everybody's jostling and bouncing and moving 276 00:15:05,040 --> 00:15:08,120 Speaker 1: around a lot, Right, It's much easier if they're calm, 277 00:15:08,200 --> 00:15:11,720 Speaker 1: if they're like, you know, slow dancing or something. It's 278 00:15:11,800 --> 00:15:14,080 Speaker 1: kind of like, yeah, you would. If it's a marsh 279 00:15:14,080 --> 00:15:18,040 Speaker 1: pit and everyone's moving and dancing, you would just kind 280 00:15:18,040 --> 00:15:20,320 Speaker 1: of lose a lot of energy just kind of bumping 281 00:15:20,480 --> 00:15:24,200 Speaker 1: against people and just trying to make it through. Exactly. 282 00:15:24,280 --> 00:15:26,320 Speaker 1: You would lose a lot of energy. That's exactly right. 283 00:15:26,520 --> 00:15:30,600 Speaker 1: It's the resistance, right. So electrical resistance is electrons losing 284 00:15:30,760 --> 00:15:33,480 Speaker 1: energy as they bump into the atoms that are wriggling 285 00:15:33,520 --> 00:15:37,040 Speaker 1: around because they're moving like. It's related to the kinetic 286 00:15:37,200 --> 00:15:39,680 Speaker 1: motion of the atoms. Yeah, absolutely, it's related to the 287 00:15:39,720 --> 00:15:42,080 Speaker 1: kinetic motion of the atoms. It makes it harder for 288 00:15:42,120 --> 00:15:44,040 Speaker 1: the electrons to get through and as they get through, 289 00:15:44,080 --> 00:15:48,240 Speaker 1: they lose some energy. Right. Okay, so that's resistance, right, 290 00:15:48,280 --> 00:15:54,000 Speaker 1: that's um vehicles. The resistance of a wire or a conductor, 291 00:15:54,080 --> 00:15:56,960 Speaker 1: that's what it is. It's it's like electrons going through 292 00:15:57,040 --> 00:16:00,080 Speaker 1: but sort of bumping too much into the atoms. That's it. 293 00:16:00,120 --> 00:16:03,000 Speaker 1: And so things that are conductors have low resistance, and 294 00:16:03,160 --> 00:16:05,200 Speaker 1: you want to use things that have low resistance so 295 00:16:05,240 --> 00:16:07,360 Speaker 1: that most of the energy you're sending along a wire, 296 00:16:07,400 --> 00:16:10,160 Speaker 1: for example, gets there. And if you use something with 297 00:16:10,200 --> 00:16:12,640 Speaker 1: low resistance like copper or gold, then most of the 298 00:16:12,760 --> 00:16:14,280 Speaker 1: energy you put into a wire will get to the 299 00:16:14,320 --> 00:16:16,880 Speaker 1: other side. If you use something with really bad resistance, 300 00:16:16,880 --> 00:16:19,320 Speaker 1: with a lot of resistance, then it will heat up 301 00:16:19,360 --> 00:16:22,480 Speaker 1: the wire. That energy from the electrons will create resistance, 302 00:16:22,480 --> 00:16:26,720 Speaker 1: which turns into heat and that's not good. But sometimes 303 00:16:26,800 --> 00:16:29,680 Speaker 1: you sort of want resistance, right, Like in circuits, some 304 00:16:29,840 --> 00:16:32,720 Speaker 1: resistors are sometimes good. Yeah, sometimes you want resistance so 305 00:16:32,760 --> 00:16:34,800 Speaker 1: you can put it in on purpose. For example, a 306 00:16:34,880 --> 00:16:37,320 Speaker 1: light bulb, that's a resistor, right. What it does is 307 00:16:37,320 --> 00:16:39,800 Speaker 1: it steals the energy from the electrons and it heats 308 00:16:39,800 --> 00:16:41,960 Speaker 1: of the material, which then glows and gives you light. 309 00:16:42,240 --> 00:16:44,680 Speaker 1: Awesome if that's what you wanted, right, But you don't 310 00:16:44,680 --> 00:16:49,040 Speaker 1: really want them wires in your house glowing. You want 311 00:16:49,080 --> 00:16:52,000 Speaker 1: them to transmit that energy to your iPhone or whatever 312 00:16:52,000 --> 00:16:54,880 Speaker 1: it is you're sending. And those power lines along the road, right, 313 00:16:54,880 --> 00:16:57,520 Speaker 1: we don't want those heating up and melting. Want those 314 00:16:57,520 --> 00:17:00,240 Speaker 1: to transmit the energy from the power station to your 315 00:17:00,240 --> 00:17:03,560 Speaker 1: house without losing much energy. Unless you your house is 316 00:17:03,560 --> 00:17:08,160 Speaker 1: a dance floor, that would be pretty cool, Like, well, 317 00:17:08,160 --> 00:17:11,840 Speaker 1: how are you going to power those speakers without the electrons? Well, 318 00:17:11,840 --> 00:17:17,080 Speaker 1: the speakers will glow too. Sounds like an awesome party, 319 00:17:17,119 --> 00:17:19,480 Speaker 1: Send me an invite. And I think that brings us 320 00:17:19,520 --> 00:17:21,760 Speaker 1: to the cool point, which is that the resistance of 321 00:17:21,760 --> 00:17:25,200 Speaker 1: a conductor depends on the temperature. Yeah, exactly, So as 322 00:17:25,200 --> 00:17:28,400 Speaker 1: it gets colder, the lattice, this grid of atoms gets 323 00:17:28,400 --> 00:17:30,720 Speaker 1: more regular, and it gets easier for the electrons to 324 00:17:30,760 --> 00:17:33,920 Speaker 1: get through, and so the resistance goes down with temperature. 325 00:17:34,560 --> 00:17:38,080 Speaker 1: So hot wire is harder to get electrons through it 326 00:17:38,760 --> 00:17:41,159 Speaker 1: because all the apps are are moving more. But a 327 00:17:41,160 --> 00:17:45,320 Speaker 1: cold wire lets the electrons flow easy, more easy. That's right, 328 00:17:45,520 --> 00:17:48,360 Speaker 1: all right, cool, that's that's a conductor, not somebody who 329 00:17:48,440 --> 00:17:51,480 Speaker 1: drives a bus or directs an orchestra. That person is 330 00:17:51,520 --> 00:17:55,000 Speaker 1: also a conductor. Yeah, but is he a superconductor? Is 331 00:17:55,040 --> 00:18:02,320 Speaker 1: he resistant? Does he glow? Does he steal energy from 332 00:18:02,320 --> 00:18:05,080 Speaker 1: innocent electrons? All right, that's a conductor, And now let's 333 00:18:05,080 --> 00:18:08,760 Speaker 1: get into superconductors. But first let's take a quick break, 334 00:18:21,640 --> 00:18:24,359 Speaker 1: all right, Daniel, So it fills in what is a 335 00:18:24,480 --> 00:18:28,320 Speaker 1: super conductor and what is so super about them? Superconductors 336 00:18:28,359 --> 00:18:31,040 Speaker 1: are really pretty super. The thing that makes them super 337 00:18:31,200 --> 00:18:35,280 Speaker 1: is that they have zero resistance, not just like very small, 338 00:18:35,520 --> 00:18:39,680 Speaker 1: not like Ebsalon resistance, but zero, like zero point zero 339 00:18:39,760 --> 00:18:42,199 Speaker 1: zero zero zero. Keep going with the zeros there, man, 340 00:18:42,200 --> 00:18:46,520 Speaker 1: because it's zero all the way. Okay, Yeah, it's pretty crazy. 341 00:18:46,560 --> 00:18:48,280 Speaker 1: It means that, for example, if you had a loop 342 00:18:48,560 --> 00:18:50,960 Speaker 1: of super connecting wire, you could put a current into 343 00:18:51,000 --> 00:18:53,359 Speaker 1: it and it would just zoom around it forever. It 344 00:18:53,400 --> 00:18:56,600 Speaker 1: would like never get used up. It's a pretty hard 345 00:18:56,680 --> 00:18:59,080 Speaker 1: concept to imagine. It's like, it's like living in a 346 00:18:59,119 --> 00:19:01,639 Speaker 1: world without friction. And you know, it's like imagine you 347 00:19:01,720 --> 00:19:05,040 Speaker 1: had a sheet of ice, you pushed a block on it, right, 348 00:19:05,440 --> 00:19:06,959 Speaker 1: you expect it to go for a while and then 349 00:19:07,000 --> 00:19:11,040 Speaker 1: eventually slow down because every surface has some friction. But 350 00:19:11,119 --> 00:19:13,720 Speaker 1: what if you had a perfectly smooth surface with no 351 00:19:13,880 --> 00:19:16,760 Speaker 1: resistance and you pushed it, it would just go forever. 352 00:19:17,160 --> 00:19:21,600 Speaker 1: It's like a perpetual motion machine. Yeah, sort of like that. 353 00:19:22,560 --> 00:19:24,200 Speaker 1: Or is it kind of like if you if you're 354 00:19:24,200 --> 00:19:28,120 Speaker 1: out in space and you start spinning something a top, 355 00:19:28,800 --> 00:19:31,160 Speaker 1: It's just going to keep spinning for a long time 356 00:19:31,200 --> 00:19:34,760 Speaker 1: because there's nothing there's no air, no resistance, no nothing 357 00:19:34,800 --> 00:19:38,320 Speaker 1: to stop it from spinning. That's right, yeah, exactly. And 358 00:19:38,400 --> 00:19:41,480 Speaker 1: so a superconductor is something that has zero resistance and 359 00:19:41,560 --> 00:19:43,880 Speaker 1: so the electrons can just flow right through it. It's 360 00:19:43,880 --> 00:19:46,359 Speaker 1: pretty amazing, all right. So let's get into how that works. 361 00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:50,160 Speaker 1: And I think what's cool I heard is that physicists 362 00:19:50,200 --> 00:19:53,240 Speaker 1: don't really know what's going on. Yeah, well, there's some 363 00:19:53,920 --> 00:19:56,199 Speaker 1: there are different kinds of superconductors, and some of them 364 00:19:56,200 --> 00:19:59,440 Speaker 1: are pretty well understood, the old fashioned ones, the classic ones. 365 00:19:59,520 --> 00:20:02,440 Speaker 1: But rees they've made a bunch of really strange superconductors 366 00:20:02,920 --> 00:20:05,679 Speaker 1: um that nobody really understands in great detail. I mean, 367 00:20:05,720 --> 00:20:08,679 Speaker 1: we have some simulations we can describe it, but a 368 00:20:08,720 --> 00:20:11,040 Speaker 1: lot of it's just too complicated or like write down 369 00:20:11,040 --> 00:20:14,880 Speaker 1: equations on paper that we can understand. Okay, So there's 370 00:20:14,880 --> 00:20:18,480 Speaker 1: different flavors of superconductors. Yeah, the first thing they all 371 00:20:18,520 --> 00:20:20,560 Speaker 1: have in common is that you've got to get it cold. 372 00:20:20,640 --> 00:20:22,520 Speaker 1: Like we were saying earlier, you want to lower the 373 00:20:22,600 --> 00:20:25,720 Speaker 1: resistance first, get it cold, and so chill that thing down. 374 00:20:26,119 --> 00:20:28,879 Speaker 1: And people built refrigerators to get things down to like 375 00:20:29,200 --> 00:20:33,440 Speaker 1: really really really cold temperatures like ten or twenty degrees kelvin. 376 00:20:33,840 --> 00:20:36,919 Speaker 1: You know, that's like just above absolute zero. And and 377 00:20:36,960 --> 00:20:41,280 Speaker 1: the point is that one gets colder that cold, the 378 00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:46,719 Speaker 1: grid in the material stops moving, it stops vibrating, right, 379 00:20:46,920 --> 00:20:49,920 Speaker 1: that's right. And you can't get anything down to actually 380 00:20:49,960 --> 00:20:52,520 Speaker 1: absolute zero, but you can get it down really really cold, 381 00:20:52,880 --> 00:20:54,959 Speaker 1: and the grid stops vibrating, as you say, and then 382 00:20:55,000 --> 00:20:57,200 Speaker 1: it gets easier and easier for electrons to go through, 383 00:20:57,560 --> 00:20:59,920 Speaker 1: and so that will bring you down to low resistant, 384 00:21:00,080 --> 00:21:03,720 Speaker 1: even very low. Some might even say super low, but 385 00:21:03,760 --> 00:21:06,760 Speaker 1: it won't get you all the way down to zero resistance. Oh, 386 00:21:07,080 --> 00:21:09,239 Speaker 1: I see, if you just had a regular like if 387 00:21:09,240 --> 00:21:11,439 Speaker 1: I took a copper wire and I froze it to 388 00:21:11,960 --> 00:21:15,480 Speaker 1: almost zero kelvin, it would give me pretty low resistance, 389 00:21:15,520 --> 00:21:18,719 Speaker 1: but not necessarily zero resistance. I don't actually know if 390 00:21:18,760 --> 00:21:21,800 Speaker 1: copper can become a superconductor, but I just mean that 391 00:21:21,920 --> 00:21:25,280 Speaker 1: chilling it down is not the all the explanation. To 392 00:21:25,400 --> 00:21:28,520 Speaker 1: explain how something loses its resistance. You need more than 393 00:21:28,600 --> 00:21:31,800 Speaker 1: just understanding that it gets colder and therefore it's easier 394 00:21:31,800 --> 00:21:34,280 Speaker 1: for the electrons to go through. You need there's another 395 00:21:34,359 --> 00:21:37,760 Speaker 1: piece of the explanation. There's some extra magic going on there, 396 00:21:38,160 --> 00:21:41,000 Speaker 1: some extra dance magic. Yeah, exactly, because physics, if you 397 00:21:41,080 --> 00:21:44,200 Speaker 1: just think about the temperature physics as you shouldn't have superconductors, 398 00:21:44,680 --> 00:21:46,800 Speaker 1: but we do have them. It was in the early 399 00:21:46,840 --> 00:21:49,600 Speaker 1: part of the twentieth century that people made superconductors and 400 00:21:49,640 --> 00:21:52,520 Speaker 1: observed it, and people thought, what, how is this even possible? 401 00:21:53,160 --> 00:21:56,280 Speaker 1: And then the theorists spend decades thinking about it and 402 00:21:56,320 --> 00:21:59,600 Speaker 1: trying to come up with explanations like we know this exists, right, 403 00:21:59,640 --> 00:22:02,240 Speaker 1: this one favorite things in science when we have something 404 00:22:02,280 --> 00:22:04,479 Speaker 1: we know it exists, but we don't know how it 405 00:22:04,520 --> 00:22:07,480 Speaker 1: can work, Like it doesn't seem like it should be possible. 406 00:22:07,760 --> 00:22:10,120 Speaker 1: Yet here we have one. And then one night they 407 00:22:10,119 --> 00:22:14,440 Speaker 1: went dancing and they figured it all out. That's right. 408 00:22:14,440 --> 00:22:16,359 Speaker 1: They were getting knocked over in the mosh pit, and 409 00:22:16,400 --> 00:22:19,000 Speaker 1: when they woke up from their concussion, they had a 410 00:22:19,040 --> 00:22:23,879 Speaker 1: brilliant idea. Well, that's that's kind of the analogy here, right, Like, Um, 411 00:22:23,920 --> 00:22:26,919 Speaker 1: if you're this is a dance party and there's a 412 00:22:26,920 --> 00:22:29,160 Speaker 1: mosh bit and people are jumping and going crazy, it'd 413 00:22:29,160 --> 00:22:31,119 Speaker 1: be really hard to go through it. But if you 414 00:22:31,240 --> 00:22:35,200 Speaker 1: suddenly turn out the music and everyone did the manne 415 00:22:35,200 --> 00:22:38,720 Speaker 1: Can challenge, it would be a lot easier to walk 416 00:22:38,920 --> 00:22:41,680 Speaker 1: through it. But it wouldn't be perfectly easy to go through. 417 00:22:41,760 --> 00:22:45,119 Speaker 1: You still might bump into people, rub against people, and 418 00:22:45,160 --> 00:22:48,680 Speaker 1: so the resistance would be low, but not zero. That's right. 419 00:22:48,720 --> 00:22:50,960 Speaker 1: So to get down to zero and took a really 420 00:22:51,000 --> 00:22:53,159 Speaker 1: clever bit of thinking boy theorists to explain how this 421 00:22:53,200 --> 00:22:55,880 Speaker 1: could work. And it comes down to a concept called 422 00:22:56,000 --> 00:22:59,480 Speaker 1: Cooper pairs. And the short version of the explanation is 423 00:22:59,520 --> 00:23:03,240 Speaker 1: that lecture don't go through individually, they gather together into 424 00:23:03,240 --> 00:23:06,879 Speaker 1: pairs like you know, like pair dancing, um, like you know, 425 00:23:06,920 --> 00:23:09,480 Speaker 1: square dancing or waltzing or whatever. Oh my goodness, the 426 00:23:09,560 --> 00:23:13,399 Speaker 1: dance analogies don't stop. Why should they write? It's a 427 00:23:13,480 --> 00:23:17,080 Speaker 1: dance party to the end of time? Um, and going 428 00:23:17,080 --> 00:23:21,760 Speaker 1: through in pairs they can accomplish actually zero resistance, okay, 429 00:23:21,760 --> 00:23:25,439 Speaker 1: so um, it's sort of related to some quantum effects, right, Like, 430 00:23:25,520 --> 00:23:28,680 Speaker 1: at some point to get to zero resistance, you need 431 00:23:28,720 --> 00:23:31,600 Speaker 1: that sort of quantum magic to make an up. Yeah, 432 00:23:31,640 --> 00:23:34,560 Speaker 1: which is really awesome because it's really fun when quantum 433 00:23:34,560 --> 00:23:37,439 Speaker 1: mechanics is not just like hidden under the rugs, some 434 00:23:37,520 --> 00:23:40,119 Speaker 1: tiny little effect that only affects tiny particles, when it 435 00:23:40,119 --> 00:23:42,560 Speaker 1: actually gives you a macroscopic thing that you can measure, 436 00:23:42,600 --> 00:23:44,840 Speaker 1: that you can see, you can prove. Look, quantum mechanics 437 00:23:44,960 --> 00:23:47,720 Speaker 1: is real and this is an example of that. And 438 00:23:47,800 --> 00:23:50,159 Speaker 1: to understand it, a little bit of quantum mechanics you 439 00:23:50,200 --> 00:23:52,480 Speaker 1: need to know is just that electrons are a certain 440 00:23:52,520 --> 00:23:55,080 Speaker 1: kind of particle we call them fermons, and that kind 441 00:23:55,080 --> 00:23:58,119 Speaker 1: of particle doesn't like to share. It doesn't like to 442 00:23:58,119 --> 00:24:00,320 Speaker 1: be in the same state as another kind of article. 443 00:24:00,640 --> 00:24:03,760 Speaker 1: So you can't have two electrons both occupying, for example, 444 00:24:03,960 --> 00:24:06,359 Speaker 1: the lowest rung on the energy ladder of an atom. 445 00:24:06,520 --> 00:24:07,879 Speaker 1: They don't like to be in the same one. So 446 00:24:08,000 --> 00:24:10,000 Speaker 1: this one already there, the next one will feel the 447 00:24:10,040 --> 00:24:12,479 Speaker 1: second rung, and the next one will feel the third rung. 448 00:24:12,560 --> 00:24:14,119 Speaker 1: They don't all like to hang out together on the 449 00:24:14,160 --> 00:24:19,240 Speaker 1: bottom rung, right, Usually they like to dance solo. That's right, exactly. 450 00:24:19,440 --> 00:24:21,760 Speaker 1: They all think they're the best dancer ever Ene danced 451 00:24:21,760 --> 00:24:25,040 Speaker 1: by themselves in the Dance Lord. But what happens when 452 00:24:25,040 --> 00:24:27,440 Speaker 1: you get two of them together is that they act 453 00:24:27,520 --> 00:24:30,920 Speaker 1: like the other kind of quantum particle. We call those bosons, 454 00:24:30,960 --> 00:24:33,320 Speaker 1: And bosons are totally happy to pile up on top 455 00:24:33,359 --> 00:24:35,840 Speaker 1: of each other and they can occupy the same state, 456 00:24:35,960 --> 00:24:39,720 Speaker 1: no big deal. Maybe you've heard of a Bose Einstein condensate. 457 00:24:40,160 --> 00:24:43,320 Speaker 1: That's an example of a bunch of bosons getting really 458 00:24:43,320 --> 00:24:46,360 Speaker 1: really cold and all sitting in exactly the same quantum state, 459 00:24:46,480 --> 00:24:49,480 Speaker 1: the lowest energy state, and then they all act together 460 00:24:49,520 --> 00:24:51,560 Speaker 1: and do really weird quantum effects. We should do a 461 00:24:51,560 --> 00:24:54,679 Speaker 1: whole podcast on the Bosonstein condensate. That's pretty cool stuff. 462 00:24:54,720 --> 00:24:58,879 Speaker 1: But there's something going on because normally electrons don't like 463 00:24:58,920 --> 00:25:01,400 Speaker 1: to pair up like this, But when you cool down 464 00:25:01,400 --> 00:25:05,800 Speaker 1: a superconductor, suddenly it becomes possible and even preferable for 465 00:25:05,840 --> 00:25:09,360 Speaker 1: them to pair up. Yeah. Well, electrons are both negatively charged, right, 466 00:25:09,480 --> 00:25:11,440 Speaker 1: and so they don't like to hang out with each other. 467 00:25:11,480 --> 00:25:14,160 Speaker 1: They repel each other quite a bit. But you only 468 00:25:14,160 --> 00:25:17,520 Speaker 1: need a very slight attraction this. These Cooper pairs are 469 00:25:17,560 --> 00:25:20,280 Speaker 1: not like they're not like really bound tightly together, just 470 00:25:20,280 --> 00:25:22,560 Speaker 1: sort of like loosely associated. You know, they're like two 471 00:25:22,560 --> 00:25:25,880 Speaker 1: people eyeing each other across the dance floor, sending signals 472 00:25:25,880 --> 00:25:28,400 Speaker 1: back and forth. So can you describe the effect here, 473 00:25:28,440 --> 00:25:30,840 Speaker 1: like why do they pair up and how that helps 474 00:25:30,880 --> 00:25:33,960 Speaker 1: him flow through the material. The reason they pair up 475 00:25:34,280 --> 00:25:36,639 Speaker 1: is that they essentially they deform the lattice in this 476 00:25:36,800 --> 00:25:39,320 Speaker 1: in the same way, so like they're moving through the 477 00:25:39,359 --> 00:25:42,040 Speaker 1: lattice together. There's grid of atoms, and you know, think 478 00:25:42,040 --> 00:25:44,679 Speaker 1: of the lattice like you might think of like a mattress, right, 479 00:25:44,760 --> 00:25:47,280 Speaker 1: like on your bed um. If you sit down in 480 00:25:47,320 --> 00:25:50,280 Speaker 1: the mattress, it makes a depression in it. Right, If 481 00:25:50,280 --> 00:25:52,800 Speaker 1: somebody else sits on the mattress, it also makes a depression. 482 00:25:53,080 --> 00:25:55,119 Speaker 1: And which way are you most likely to roll? Right? 483 00:25:55,160 --> 00:25:57,520 Speaker 1: If there's a depression on the mattress another one next 484 00:25:57,560 --> 00:25:59,800 Speaker 1: to it that you're gonna lean in towards the center, 485 00:26:00,160 --> 00:26:02,800 Speaker 1: unless you have like a really awesome, very expensive mattress. 486 00:26:03,359 --> 00:26:07,600 Speaker 1: But making one depression makes it makes you attracted to 487 00:26:07,680 --> 00:26:11,679 Speaker 1: the next depression, right, And so that's what kind of 488 00:26:11,960 --> 00:26:16,399 Speaker 1: brings the electrons together m exactly. They sort of shake 489 00:26:16,440 --> 00:26:18,480 Speaker 1: the lattice in this way that makes them more likely 490 00:26:18,520 --> 00:26:20,840 Speaker 1: to be closer to each other than further apart. And 491 00:26:20,880 --> 00:26:23,920 Speaker 1: it has to be cold, because if the whole bed 492 00:26:24,040 --> 00:26:26,439 Speaker 1: is shaking and moving, you know, this effect is not 493 00:26:26,520 --> 00:26:28,760 Speaker 1: gonna matter. Be careful. Pretty soon we're gonna be doing 494 00:26:28,760 --> 00:26:31,880 Speaker 1: analogies involving dancing and beds, and you know where that's 495 00:26:31,880 --> 00:26:38,760 Speaker 1: going to go. Dirty dancing. Yeah, keep your dancing vertical here, folks, 496 00:26:39,520 --> 00:26:45,679 Speaker 1: I see where are you going with that key pokey? 497 00:26:51,040 --> 00:26:54,360 Speaker 1: So the electrons are moving through the lattice, and they 498 00:26:54,480 --> 00:26:56,959 Speaker 1: like to stay together. This is a very small attractive 499 00:26:56,960 --> 00:26:59,320 Speaker 1: force that keeps them in pairs. You know, it doesn't 500 00:26:59,359 --> 00:27:01,600 Speaker 1: they don't like it's not like they're you know, it's 501 00:27:01,600 --> 00:27:04,639 Speaker 1: a snow particle with a minus to charge or anything. 502 00:27:04,640 --> 00:27:06,760 Speaker 1: They're just sort of like grouped together as they move 503 00:27:06,840 --> 00:27:11,359 Speaker 1: through the lattice um and because the electrons by themselves 504 00:27:11,359 --> 00:27:14,520 Speaker 1: are fermions, things that don't like to share states, but 505 00:27:14,600 --> 00:27:19,000 Speaker 1: together they're bosons, then they act differently. If you heard, 506 00:27:19,040 --> 00:27:22,640 Speaker 1: for example, of liquid helium. Liquid helium is a super fluid. 507 00:27:22,880 --> 00:27:26,679 Speaker 1: It's something that can flow without any resistance. And the 508 00:27:26,720 --> 00:27:29,800 Speaker 1: reason is that helium is a boson, right, the atom 509 00:27:29,840 --> 00:27:32,240 Speaker 1: itself is a boson, and and when it gets really 510 00:27:32,240 --> 00:27:35,200 Speaker 1: really cold, they can flow without resistance. And so electrons 511 00:27:35,240 --> 00:27:37,000 Speaker 1: are kind of like that. When they get really really cold, 512 00:27:37,000 --> 00:27:40,080 Speaker 1: they pair up, and these cooper pairs are boson, so 513 00:27:40,119 --> 00:27:43,040 Speaker 1: they can share states just like liquid helium atoms, and 514 00:27:43,080 --> 00:27:45,320 Speaker 1: they can then they can slide through the lattice with 515 00:27:45,320 --> 00:27:48,440 Speaker 1: with basically zero resistance. It's sort of incredible. It's kind 516 00:27:48,440 --> 00:27:52,440 Speaker 1: of like individually, there's this this this whole mess of 517 00:27:52,640 --> 00:27:56,640 Speaker 1: atoms blocking their way. But once they pair up, it's 518 00:27:56,680 --> 00:27:59,720 Speaker 1: almost like the laws of physics. They're operating under a 519 00:27:59,720 --> 00:28:02,639 Speaker 1: different instead of laws of physics almost, And so then 520 00:28:02,720 --> 00:28:05,920 Speaker 1: suddenly the highway opens up in front of him. Yeah, 521 00:28:05,920 --> 00:28:08,400 Speaker 1: it's like following somebody through a dance floor is easier 522 00:28:08,560 --> 00:28:11,160 Speaker 1: than going through the dance floor yourself. Right, And so 523 00:28:11,440 --> 00:28:14,000 Speaker 1: two people moving through the dance floor together sort of 524 00:28:14,119 --> 00:28:16,680 Speaker 1: orbiting around each other a little bit can just sort 525 00:28:16,680 --> 00:28:19,000 Speaker 1: of make the other dancers move out of their way 526 00:28:19,359 --> 00:28:22,000 Speaker 1: just the right way for them to slip through without 527 00:28:22,000 --> 00:28:27,000 Speaker 1: feeling any resistance. It's like crowdsurfing exactly. It's like crowdsurfing, 528 00:28:27,480 --> 00:28:30,200 Speaker 1: and it's a subtle effect. You know. This attraction between 529 00:28:30,200 --> 00:28:33,320 Speaker 1: the electrons is small, and so it took people a 530 00:28:33,359 --> 00:28:35,480 Speaker 1: long time to understand. There are a lot of crazy 531 00:28:35,480 --> 00:28:38,240 Speaker 1: ideas that people had to explain super connectivity, most of 532 00:28:38,240 --> 00:28:40,720 Speaker 1: which were wrong. And this one crazy idea which turned 533 00:28:40,760 --> 00:28:43,400 Speaker 1: out to be true. And so that's why they have 534 00:28:43,480 --> 00:28:46,760 Speaker 1: to be cold to so that there's sort of m 535 00:28:47,760 --> 00:28:50,360 Speaker 1: room for these electronicity to get together. That's right. Super 536 00:28:50,360 --> 00:28:54,000 Speaker 1: connectivity was discovered in materials like ten or twenty degrees kelvin, 537 00:28:54,520 --> 00:28:57,479 Speaker 1: and as we said, that's necessary to have the regular 538 00:28:57,560 --> 00:29:00,000 Speaker 1: lattice and to have this thing happened. Um. And also, 539 00:29:00,080 --> 00:29:02,920 Speaker 1: this attraction between the electrons is very fragile, and so 540 00:29:02,960 --> 00:29:05,040 Speaker 1: if things are too hot, then that attraction is really 541 00:29:05,600 --> 00:29:07,920 Speaker 1: is hard to make. And so for a long time 542 00:29:08,000 --> 00:29:11,280 Speaker 1: people thought, well, superconductors are cool, they have cool applications. 543 00:29:11,480 --> 00:29:13,520 Speaker 1: But jeez, if you've got to be twenty degrees kelvin, 544 00:29:13,560 --> 00:29:15,360 Speaker 1: that's not very practical. You know, you're not gonna have 545 00:29:15,360 --> 00:29:17,880 Speaker 1: the wires in your house being twenty degrees kelvin. That's 546 00:29:17,920 --> 00:29:23,040 Speaker 1: super cold. Okay, let's get into the different flavors of superconductors, 547 00:29:23,080 --> 00:29:38,480 Speaker 1: but first let's take another break. All right, So, Daniel, 548 00:29:38,480 --> 00:29:42,120 Speaker 1: you were telling me that there are different flavors of superconductors, 549 00:29:42,400 --> 00:29:46,400 Speaker 1: like super duper conductors, and well, they're all super conductors, 550 00:29:46,400 --> 00:29:48,960 Speaker 1: but they're made in different ways, different kinds of materials. 551 00:29:49,400 --> 00:29:51,080 Speaker 1: So for like fifty years, there are only a few 552 00:29:51,120 --> 00:29:54,320 Speaker 1: superconductors that were known. But then in the eighties, probably 553 00:29:54,360 --> 00:29:57,320 Speaker 1: described by this magazine article you read, there was a breakthrough. 554 00:29:57,360 --> 00:30:01,160 Speaker 1: People found superconductors that could work at real tie high temperatures, 555 00:30:01,160 --> 00:30:03,920 Speaker 1: you know, up to like maybe between thirty and a 556 00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:06,880 Speaker 1: hundred degrees kelvin. That's still super cold. I mean, I 557 00:30:06,920 --> 00:30:09,560 Speaker 1: think parts of Canada might be a hundred degrees calenright now. 558 00:30:10,840 --> 00:30:13,520 Speaker 1: And these are like metals or I think I read 559 00:30:13,520 --> 00:30:16,720 Speaker 1: they're ceramics, right, They're they're not just all metals. There's 560 00:30:16,760 --> 00:30:18,760 Speaker 1: some of them are ceramics. Yeah, some of them are 561 00:30:18,760 --> 00:30:22,560 Speaker 1: ceramics exactly, which really surprised people. Um, but they can 562 00:30:22,600 --> 00:30:26,600 Speaker 1: do super connectivity at fairly high temperatures, you know, versus 563 00:30:26,640 --> 00:30:29,240 Speaker 1: thirty degrees and then fifty degrees in the sixty degrees, 564 00:30:29,240 --> 00:30:31,840 Speaker 1: and these days they're up above a hundred degrees kelvin, 565 00:30:32,160 --> 00:30:34,520 Speaker 1: which is still pretty cold, but it's it's getting closer 566 00:30:34,560 --> 00:30:37,360 Speaker 1: to like the liquid nitrogen level, where you can get 567 00:30:37,360 --> 00:30:40,239 Speaker 1: something cold pretty cheaply. If you eat something down like 568 00:30:40,280 --> 00:30:42,640 Speaker 1: ten degrees levin, you have to have super world class 569 00:30:42,680 --> 00:30:45,560 Speaker 1: refrigeration and liquid helium, which is all very hard. You 570 00:30:45,640 --> 00:30:48,400 Speaker 1: only need something pretty cold. You can use liquid nitrogen, 571 00:30:48,400 --> 00:30:52,520 Speaker 1: which is cheap and easily available and so maybe practical. Yeah, 572 00:30:52,800 --> 00:30:54,160 Speaker 1: now you can just go down to the store and 573 00:30:54,320 --> 00:30:58,120 Speaker 1: pop open a bottle of liquid nitrogen. That's right. And 574 00:30:58,160 --> 00:31:01,080 Speaker 1: this is a pretty exciting field because every few years, 575 00:31:01,280 --> 00:31:03,320 Speaker 1: like a new kind of materials discovered that can do 576 00:31:03,400 --> 00:31:06,640 Speaker 1: super conductivity at a higher temperature. It's like every five years, 577 00:31:06,680 --> 00:31:08,440 Speaker 1: and I'm just like, hey, look, I zapped this with 578 00:31:08,480 --> 00:31:10,400 Speaker 1: this new kind of goo, and I smeared peanut butter 579 00:31:10,480 --> 00:31:13,120 Speaker 1: on it and dunked it into good nungrogen and fried 580 00:31:13,200 --> 00:31:17,520 Speaker 1: in the microwave, and look now it's a superconductor. I 581 00:31:17,520 --> 00:31:20,320 Speaker 1: think your colleagues are probably regretting having talked to you 582 00:31:20,520 --> 00:31:23,360 Speaker 1: at this point. Probably, I mean not literally, they're not 583 00:31:23,360 --> 00:31:26,200 Speaker 1: actually using peanut butter, but they are just exploring wacky 584 00:31:26,200 --> 00:31:29,360 Speaker 1: stuff and sometimes they're surprised, like there's an amazing kind 585 00:31:29,360 --> 00:31:32,960 Speaker 1: of superconductor that uses these graphene sheets, right, this really 586 00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:35,800 Speaker 1: weird arrangement of carbon. And if you take two of them, 587 00:31:36,200 --> 00:31:38,760 Speaker 1: two sheets, and you twist one at just the right angle, 588 00:31:39,200 --> 00:31:43,280 Speaker 1: then the sheets together can act like a superconductor. And 589 00:31:43,560 --> 00:31:46,560 Speaker 1: you were saying that these high temperature superconductors, they're the 590 00:31:46,560 --> 00:31:50,160 Speaker 1: ones that we don't really understand. Yeah, because remember, to 591 00:31:50,240 --> 00:31:54,000 Speaker 1: have superconducting materials, you need these cooper pairs to move 592 00:31:54,000 --> 00:31:56,360 Speaker 1: through the materials, so you need their electrons to be 593 00:31:56,360 --> 00:31:59,560 Speaker 1: attracted to each other somehow. But that attraction is very, 594 00:31:59,640 --> 00:32:02,520 Speaker 1: very very low, and so if the material is hot, 595 00:32:02,680 --> 00:32:05,160 Speaker 1: then that attraction is basically nothing compared to the energy 596 00:32:05,160 --> 00:32:07,600 Speaker 1: of the electrons and the energy of the lattice. And 597 00:32:07,680 --> 00:32:10,520 Speaker 1: so it's hard to understand how that works. And there 598 00:32:10,520 --> 00:32:12,280 Speaker 1: are a lot of smart people working right now on 599 00:32:12,440 --> 00:32:15,520 Speaker 1: theories of high temperature superconductors, and you know, they have 600 00:32:15,560 --> 00:32:17,880 Speaker 1: some tools that have good simulations that can describe this 601 00:32:17,920 --> 00:32:20,560 Speaker 1: and describe that, but it's not as far advanced as 602 00:32:20,640 --> 00:32:24,000 Speaker 1: the theories of low temperature superconductors. And that's important because 603 00:32:24,280 --> 00:32:26,680 Speaker 1: we'd like to predict, like, hey, will this material be 604 00:32:26,720 --> 00:32:30,000 Speaker 1: a superconductor or what materials should we make in order 605 00:32:30,000 --> 00:32:32,880 Speaker 1: to have superconductors that work at room temperature? That's the 606 00:32:32,960 --> 00:32:36,680 Speaker 1: final goal. And so nobody really understands how these works. 607 00:32:36,920 --> 00:32:39,440 Speaker 1: And it's kind of hard because you can't just sort 608 00:32:39,440 --> 00:32:40,800 Speaker 1: of sort of like poke it right, you can just 609 00:32:40,840 --> 00:32:42,520 Speaker 1: sort of open it up and look look at what's 610 00:32:42,560 --> 00:32:45,440 Speaker 1: going on. You you have to kind of use theory 611 00:32:45,520 --> 00:32:49,240 Speaker 1: and simulations. Yeah, exactly. It's a complicated problem. Um, but 612 00:32:49,400 --> 00:32:52,080 Speaker 1: it's really interesting. You know. People love making new kinds 613 00:32:52,080 --> 00:32:53,600 Speaker 1: of stuff and trying to get it to do weird 614 00:32:53,680 --> 00:32:57,000 Speaker 1: things and understanding these mysteries. Um, I think it's really fun. 615 00:32:57,040 --> 00:32:59,000 Speaker 1: These guys have a lot of fun building these simulations 616 00:32:59,000 --> 00:33:01,760 Speaker 1: and thinking about it. And you know, I asked them like, 617 00:33:01,800 --> 00:33:04,760 Speaker 1: do you think there will ever be room temperature superconductors? 618 00:33:04,840 --> 00:33:07,640 Speaker 1: And nobody wants to say yes, because that's predicting the future. 619 00:33:08,200 --> 00:33:10,440 Speaker 1: But there is a lot of confidence because every few 620 00:33:10,520 --> 00:33:13,280 Speaker 1: years we get a new kind of superconductor that's warmer 621 00:33:13,320 --> 00:33:16,160 Speaker 1: than any of the others. And so if that continues, 622 00:33:16,240 --> 00:33:19,040 Speaker 1: you know, another few decades, we might get superconductors that 623 00:33:19,040 --> 00:33:22,160 Speaker 1: are at fairly warm temperatures. It's all about finding the 624 00:33:22,280 --> 00:33:25,240 Speaker 1: right recipe exactly. It's finding the right recipe, the right 625 00:33:25,280 --> 00:33:27,640 Speaker 1: kind of ingredients, mix them in the right kind of ways, 626 00:33:27,680 --> 00:33:29,520 Speaker 1: app them with the right kind of laser, all this 627 00:33:29,600 --> 00:33:33,240 Speaker 1: kind of stuff. Do a dance a certain way, exactly, 628 00:33:33,760 --> 00:33:41,080 Speaker 1: you gotta do the dance. Okay. So that's that's super 629 00:33:41,080 --> 00:33:44,080 Speaker 1: conductors and how they work. Um, but this sort of 630 00:33:44,120 --> 00:33:48,240 Speaker 1: their biggest application is kind of not really in conducting electricity. 631 00:33:48,320 --> 00:33:52,840 Speaker 1: It's more in magnets, right, and making super magnets. That's right. 632 00:33:52,880 --> 00:33:55,720 Speaker 1: Of course, there's a connection because how do you bank 633 00:33:55,760 --> 00:33:58,000 Speaker 1: an electromagnet? Right? How do you make a magnet that 634 00:33:58,080 --> 00:34:00,480 Speaker 1: you can turn on and off? But you do that 635 00:34:00,560 --> 00:34:03,320 Speaker 1: by having something which conducts electricity. You make a loop 636 00:34:03,440 --> 00:34:06,040 Speaker 1: of current, because a loop of current will make a magnet. 637 00:34:06,600 --> 00:34:09,360 Speaker 1: And so if you have something which can do super 638 00:34:09,360 --> 00:34:13,160 Speaker 1: conducting electronics, then you can have current flowing through it 639 00:34:13,160 --> 00:34:16,000 Speaker 1: at a really high rate and it doesn't heat up 640 00:34:16,040 --> 00:34:18,279 Speaker 1: and and break down. Or anything, and so you can 641 00:34:18,280 --> 00:34:23,759 Speaker 1: get really strong magnets. Oh, lets you um make magnets 642 00:34:23,760 --> 00:34:26,319 Speaker 1: that you can turn on and off. It's like a yes, 643 00:34:26,520 --> 00:34:29,759 Speaker 1: electric magnets, Yeah, electromagnets. You can turn them on and off. 644 00:34:29,800 --> 00:34:32,400 Speaker 1: You can dial their strength up and down, which is 645 00:34:32,440 --> 00:34:34,719 Speaker 1: really important for a particle collider. And if you use 646 00:34:34,800 --> 00:34:38,600 Speaker 1: superconductors then you can there's no resistance and so you 647 00:34:38,640 --> 00:34:42,400 Speaker 1: can really get really strong magnets. Yeah exactly. And you 648 00:34:42,440 --> 00:34:45,040 Speaker 1: want really strong magnets that are pretty small. They don't 649 00:34:45,040 --> 00:34:46,920 Speaker 1: take you know, they aren't like the size of a 650 00:34:46,920 --> 00:34:49,560 Speaker 1: school bus or something. So you want them to be powerful. 651 00:34:49,640 --> 00:34:51,520 Speaker 1: You want them to be small, and that's what we 652 00:34:51,560 --> 00:34:54,320 Speaker 1: need at the particle collider. And also you want super 653 00:34:54,320 --> 00:34:56,680 Speaker 1: strong magnets for other things like who doesn't want to 654 00:34:56,760 --> 00:35:00,319 Speaker 1: ride in a magnetically levitating train that would be also right. 655 00:35:01,480 --> 00:35:04,760 Speaker 1: The others are the magleft ones in Japan, right, Yeah exactly. 656 00:35:05,200 --> 00:35:07,799 Speaker 1: And um, so the stronger the magnets, the easier that 657 00:35:07,840 --> 00:35:12,319 Speaker 1: technology is, the more practical that technology is. Right and so, um, 658 00:35:12,320 --> 00:35:15,560 Speaker 1: superconductors play a lot of role in making really strong magnets. 659 00:35:15,680 --> 00:35:18,720 Speaker 1: But then also very directly, you know you want superconductivity, 660 00:35:18,920 --> 00:35:21,399 Speaker 1: Well it would be great to have in your transmission lines. 661 00:35:21,440 --> 00:35:24,320 Speaker 1: Like we were saying earlier, your electricity would be cheaper 662 00:35:24,600 --> 00:35:27,480 Speaker 1: if you could get it straight from the power station 663 00:35:27,520 --> 00:35:30,720 Speaker 1: without losing any energy. Right, they lose a significant fraction 664 00:35:30,719 --> 00:35:33,080 Speaker 1: in the energy they generate just in sending it to us. 665 00:35:33,239 --> 00:35:35,680 Speaker 1: Oh my gosh. So if you can, Yeah, if you 666 00:35:35,680 --> 00:35:39,720 Speaker 1: find a recipe for a room temperature superconductor, you would 667 00:35:39,800 --> 00:35:44,279 Speaker 1: revolutionize everything. Right, you would be a zillionaire and you 668 00:35:44,320 --> 00:35:46,279 Speaker 1: could just dance all night and not have to worry 669 00:35:46,280 --> 00:35:49,280 Speaker 1: about anything ever again, seriously, that would be a zillion 670 00:35:49,320 --> 00:35:53,160 Speaker 1: dollar invention. Temperature superconductors, like you would you would haven't 671 00:35:53,160 --> 00:35:56,640 Speaker 1: elect a grid with no loss like your you know, 672 00:35:56,680 --> 00:36:01,799 Speaker 1: your phone wouldn't heat up and lose energy. Yeah. Plus 673 00:36:01,880 --> 00:36:03,799 Speaker 1: it would be a fascinating mystery of physics, like how 674 00:36:03,800 --> 00:36:07,160 Speaker 1: does that happen? How is it possible? Um? I love 675 00:36:07,239 --> 00:36:09,920 Speaker 1: when we can create stuff that we don't understand because 676 00:36:09,920 --> 00:36:13,600 Speaker 1: it gives us like a concrete hook into some mystery 677 00:36:13,600 --> 00:36:16,480 Speaker 1: of the universe, something that says, there's something here that 678 00:36:16,520 --> 00:36:19,160 Speaker 1: will teach you a lesson, there's some insight here waiting 679 00:36:19,200 --> 00:36:21,360 Speaker 1: for you to discover. And of course there could be 680 00:36:21,400 --> 00:36:24,160 Speaker 1: insights anywhere. You never know. But when you have something 681 00:36:24,160 --> 00:36:27,000 Speaker 1: physical that you don't understand, you know there's an insight there. 682 00:36:27,000 --> 00:36:29,600 Speaker 1: There's like a concrete clue you can follow up, you know. 683 00:36:30,040 --> 00:36:34,080 Speaker 1: So to me, that's very exciting. Wow. Yeah, alright, Well, 684 00:36:34,120 --> 00:36:38,279 Speaker 1: I think that we can safely conclude that superconductors have 685 00:36:38,440 --> 00:36:42,600 Speaker 1: to do with conductors and force and stuff and dance 686 00:36:42,880 --> 00:36:45,600 Speaker 1: and dancing. So we have danced our way through this topic, 687 00:36:45,640 --> 00:36:47,480 Speaker 1: and we hope that you enjoyed it and that you 688 00:36:47,520 --> 00:36:51,000 Speaker 1: now understand a little bit more about superconductivity. So go 689 00:36:51,080 --> 00:36:54,440 Speaker 1: out there and find a pair to dance with. And 690 00:36:54,480 --> 00:36:57,640 Speaker 1: they don't necessarily have to be called Cooper, that's right, 691 00:36:57,920 --> 00:37:00,000 Speaker 1: And they even can have the same charge. Right. Sometimes 692 00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:05,160 Speaker 1: times opposites attract, sometimes electrons attract. Oh my goodness, how 693 00:37:05,160 --> 00:37:10,960 Speaker 1: many times can we dance around this punt? I don't know. 694 00:37:11,000 --> 00:37:16,040 Speaker 1: I think we're breaking down. We'll break dancing pruct a 695 00:37:16,160 --> 00:37:20,239 Speaker 1: dance all right, guys, Thanks for joining us, See you 696 00:37:20,280 --> 00:37:31,120 Speaker 1: next time, See you next time. If you still have 697 00:37:31,160 --> 00:37:34,560 Speaker 1: a question after listening to all these explanations, please drop 698 00:37:34,640 --> 00:37:36,680 Speaker 1: us a line. We'd love to hear from you. You 699 00:37:36,719 --> 00:37:40,160 Speaker 1: can find us at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel 700 00:37:40,200 --> 00:37:43,719 Speaker 1: and Jorge that's one word, or email us at feedback 701 00:37:43,760 --> 00:37:54,680 Speaker 1: at Daniel and Jorge dot com