Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind from how Stuff
Speaker 1: Works dot com. Hey, you're welcome to stuff to Blow
Speaker 1: your mind. My name is Robert Lamb and I'm Julie Buchlas. Julie,
Speaker 1: what what is in this room with us right now? Pure? Sweeten?
Speaker 1: It's not pure? A little oxygen in there. There's oxygen
Speaker 1: in there because we are breathing and we are alive
Speaker 1: right now, and we're not concerned about running out because
Speaker 1: the room is relatively well ventilated. I mean they had
Speaker 1: to cover up most of the ventilation with soundproofing, but
Speaker 1: I think there's a little air is getting in just enough.
Speaker 1: As long as we don't go three or four hours
Speaker 1: in here, will probably not die, which is a good thing, right, Um.
Speaker 1: And typically we don't go three or four hours in
Speaker 1: here anyway, No one podcast followed by a second like
Speaker 1: two hours max. Yeah, you go over. Maybe we could
Speaker 1: punch in a little bit towards that three hour point,
Speaker 1: but there's still plenty of oxygen. That's my point. And yeah,
Speaker 1: that's the main concern here, and that's what we're talking
Speaker 1: about today. Oxygen. How did it get here and into us? Um?
Speaker 1: How can we manipulate it? Because that's always a question, right,
Speaker 1: like this is so cool, how can we use it
Speaker 1: for our own gain? And um, of course we're going
Speaker 1: to explore as you already sort of alluded to one
Speaker 1: of those tropes and films like oh there's not enough
Speaker 1: oxygen in thirty seconds, we're going to run out. Oh yeah,
Speaker 1: I mean, especially in your space your space movies, you're
Speaker 1: underwater movies. That's always an important trope. I mean, because
Speaker 1: the core idea here is that humans have evolved to
Speaker 1: live in a very particular portion of our atmosphere. And
Speaker 1: if you start going too high, you start going too low.
Speaker 1: If you move outside of that atmosphere and into an
Speaker 1: underwater environment or out into the into orbit, then you
Speaker 1: have to bring a portion of your actual atmosphere with
Speaker 1: you in some sort of pressurized compain or at least
Speaker 1: an air mask. UM. I was recently looking into Winston
Speaker 1: Churchill and uh during the Second World War. UM, they
Speaker 1: they developed this egg for him to recline in and
Speaker 1: smoke in and read in. UM. Egg egg a big
Speaker 1: pressurized egg because the planes that they were depending on
Speaker 1: they were not pressurized, so you would have to wear
Speaker 1: an air mask to go at a high altitude and
Speaker 1: you would need to be at a high altitude, uh,
Speaker 1: you know, to be safe in in a war torn world. Um,
Speaker 1: the sadly than ever actually used this egg. But it's
Speaker 1: just another example, like you want Winston Churchill up there
Speaker 1: out of a comfortable area of the atmosphere, Well, then
Speaker 1: you have to have an egg of atmosphere for Winston
Speaker 1: Churchill to take with him. So this was this idea
Speaker 1: like if everything went to crap with the war, how
Speaker 1: do we say Winston Churchill? When it was just more like,
Speaker 1: how do we fly him around at a high altitude
Speaker 1: and keep him comfortable and stay And it just turned
Speaker 1: out that it was too large to fit in the
Speaker 1: airplane and then it was too heavy to fit in
Speaker 1: the airplane. After that, I have a blog post on
Speaker 1: it you can go check. Oh yeah, and he was
Speaker 1: going to smoke in it too, And that was that
Speaker 1: was a core design principle there. Well, we have been
Speaker 1: trying to uh you know, take oxygen into our own
Speaker 1: hands for a long time, and I would say this
Speaker 1: is this is something that was pretty popular. I don't know,
Speaker 1: maybe in the early two thousand's oxygen bars. I I've
Speaker 1: heard a lot about these and now I've I've read
Speaker 1: a little bit, but I've I've never seen one. I've
Speaker 1: never visited one. Um, I just heard. I'd remember hearing
Speaker 1: stuff about how Michael Jackson. Jackson supposedly slept in an
Speaker 1: oxygen tent, and I guess that's that's partially really like
Speaker 1: a hyperbaric one. I think so. But again, this may
Speaker 1: be a complete hearsay, and I don't want to tarnish
Speaker 1: man's good name. Sure, Um, all right, So there's this
Speaker 1: idea that there's a purity in this oxygen, right, if
Speaker 1: you just get more of it, then maybe you could
Speaker 1: think clear. And so that's what these oxygen bars were
Speaker 1: trying to sell to people, Like, sit down and have
Speaker 1: a twenty minute huff of some of this oxygen. Like,
Speaker 1: I don't see. I think the concentration was compared to
Speaker 1: that we normally get. Yes, but the thing is you're
Speaker 1: not really getting anything out of it. Yeah. It kind
Speaker 1: of reminds me of the there's certain vitamins, of course
Speaker 1: that you can mean some vitamins you can you can
Speaker 1: have a toxic reaction to, but other vitamins, if you
Speaker 1: take over the recommended amount, you're just gonna pee it out. Anyway.
Speaker 1: I mean, your body has evolved to deal with certain
Speaker 1: levels of intake, and if you exceed some of those levels, uh,
Speaker 1: if it doesn't hurt you, then it it's not really
Speaker 1: going to do you any good, right, because, as you said,
Speaker 1: that's what we're sort of molded for, that's what we
Speaker 1: crawled out of the muck and UH and evolved to
Speaker 1: deal with. So yeah, if you if you have something
Speaker 1: tremendously stronger than you start, it's not gonna really pay off,
Speaker 1: right because at that level, the blood is almost completely
Speaker 1: and we're talking about saturated, So that means there's really
Speaker 1: no need for more oxygen. Now. Of course in UH,
Speaker 1: in hospital environments, you'll sometimes see a hundred percent oxygen
Speaker 1: administered for a very short amount of time. But but
Speaker 1: they still they have to be careful with that because
Speaker 1: it can result in various health problems in some individuals
Speaker 1: if it's if there's prolonged use. So again, it underlines
Speaker 1: the fact that we've we've developed, we've evolved to deal
Speaker 1: with and going higher doesn't help and it could conceivably
Speaker 1: hurt in some situations. Yeah, and if you're wondering, like, well,
Speaker 1: why is oxygen really important in the first place. We
Speaker 1: we should celebrate it at all times, really, because it's
Speaker 1: one of the reasons why life here on Earth exists
Speaker 1: in the first place. That's right, If you travel back
Speaker 1: far enough in time, you will encounter a very different
Speaker 1: world than we have now. Yeah, because if you think
Speaker 1: about it, for the first two billion years of earth existence,
Speaker 1: we're talking about this modeled volcano popped planet, it had
Speaker 1: little oxygen about point zero zero zero one percent of
Speaker 1: current levels. But then about two point three billion years
Speaker 1: ago there was a really big change when This change
Speaker 1: had a lot to do with photosynthesizing bacteria, which began
Speaker 1: to create oxygen. And Elizabeth Barber, writing for the Christian
Speaker 1: Science Monitor, had this great disc ccryption. She says, it was,
Speaker 1: so far as we know, a moment unlike any other
Speaker 1: in the universe. While Mars, just sixty million years older
Speaker 1: than Earth browned and reddened, Earth was furnished in greens
Speaker 1: and blues, and later in all the brilliant colors that
Speaker 1: decorate its planet and animals and all the protests in between.
Speaker 1: The modern Earth owes about eighty five of its oxygen
Speaker 1: to phytoplankton, beginning with the cinobacteria blue green algae that
Speaker 1: first quilted the planet those billions of years ago. I
Speaker 1: love that quilted the planet with his blue green algae. Yeah,
Speaker 1: I love that description. Um, it's it's interesting. I was
Speaker 1: reading around different accounts of the Great Oxidation event and uh,
Speaker 1: Phil Plate of Bad Astronomy and his right up on this.
Speaker 1: He actually framed it more as this is really a
Speaker 1: mass extinction event of one uh species, like really kicking
Speaker 1: into high gear to the detriment of most of the
Speaker 1: other life forms. Because before before this guy hit the scene, Um,
Speaker 1: we're talking about the the Santo bacteria. Not late Um,
Speaker 1: you had you had a world of simple bacteria, mostly
Speaker 1: in the ocean and uh, and you know, these these
Speaker 1: bacteria just doing their thing and then the one superstar
Speaker 1: kicks it up and begins to to change the environment,
Speaker 1: to change the atmosphere ultimately change the climate as well. Yeah,
Speaker 1: and um, I mean what I think is so interesting
Speaker 1: about Santo bacteria is not only did it contribute to
Speaker 1: the creation of diurnal and nocturnal patterns, which we talked
Speaker 1: about in our last episode. I believe it's called the
Speaker 1: dark um. But yeah, as you say, it completely changed
Speaker 1: the profile of life and the oxygen profile, and in turn,
Speaker 1: in doing that it helped to create multicellular life which
Speaker 1: then would turn around and munch on the sino bacteria.
Speaker 1: And so thanks a lot for all the oxygen and
Speaker 1: creating us. I think we're going to feast upon you.
Speaker 1: I mean, it's kind of kind of like a horse race,
Speaker 1: right where everything everything is kind of running neck and neck,
Speaker 1: and then one of the horses just really starts running
Speaker 1: ahead of the pack and it's clear that this, this
Speaker 1: is going to be the winner. And in this case,
Speaker 1: the winner is going to be the kind of the
Speaker 1: initial model for everything that comes afterwards. Yeah, so you have,
Speaker 1: I mean, photosynthetic life forms are dominating here. And the
Speaker 1: interesting thing about this is that you look, you're kind
Speaker 1: of travel back in deep time and you think about this,
Speaker 1: and the interesting question becomes, well, did it happen just
Speaker 1: in little pockets around the Earth or did it just
Speaker 1: sort of spread willy nilly, And we can't answer that,
Speaker 1: of course right now, but it's interesting to even think
Speaker 1: that this huge sea change was happening. Yeah, there was
Speaker 1: a two thousand and thirteen paper post in Nature that
Speaker 1: actually suggested that the Earth's atmosphere was already somewhat oxygenated. Um,
Speaker 1: you know, not oxygen rich or anything, but but there
Speaker 1: was already a certain amount of oxygenation going on about
Speaker 1: three billion years ago, and so that that would revise
Speaker 1: the timeline some some what kind of in sort of
Speaker 1: a six hundred million year transition point. Yeah, And I
Speaker 1: think trans action is key, right, because that's not when
Speaker 1: the sea change happened. It just sort of like it
Speaker 1: was round in pockets. And if you look at that study,
Speaker 1: its researchers at the University of Southern Denmark, they actually
Speaker 1: analyze a pair of two point nine two to two
Speaker 1: point nine six billion year old rocks for evidence of
Speaker 1: oxidation and lo and behold they found it. So that's
Speaker 1: how we know that it was it was lurking, shall
Speaker 1: we say. So fast forward to the present. We live
Speaker 1: in this world that has a plenty of oxygen and
Speaker 1: uh and and we all have sort of the grade
Speaker 1: school science understanding of how it happens. I think we
Speaker 1: can all picture that a diagram of administration. It always
Speaker 1: looks like it's all going down, like just at your
Speaker 1: local neighborhood park. Sure, and then you see that, you know,
Speaker 1: you see the human breathing out the CEO two and
Speaker 1: then the human breathing in the oxygen that plants and
Speaker 1: trees create. And so this idea is that if we
Speaker 1: lived in this treeless world, this shrub less world, we
Speaker 1: wouldn't have any oxygen. And that's partly true, but it's
Speaker 1: not the whole story indeed, because we can really lay
Speaker 1: most of the credit at the feet if they had
Speaker 1: feet of the phytoplankton. These are single cell plants that
Speaker 1: live at the ocean surface. They only need two things
Speaker 1: for photostints of this, and that is energy from the sun,
Speaker 1: new troots from the water, and uh, they're actually responsible
Speaker 1: for producing half the world's oxygen half of it. Yeah,
Speaker 1: so it really recasts your idea of I think, how
Speaker 1: the atmosphere is formed, because we tend to think more
Speaker 1: land base. But of course, the more and more we
Speaker 1: learn about the ocean, the more we understand how much
Speaker 1: it is informing our atmosphere and how that changeability of
Speaker 1: the ocean can really cause some some very drastic changes. Yeah.
Speaker 1: I mean, when you look at this and when you
Speaker 1: look at just models for global climate in general, we
Speaker 1: really live on a water world and the way that
Speaker 1: water behaves um is tremendously important in our various systems.
Speaker 1: The the the be the creation of oxygen, or be
Speaker 1: at our weather, weather patterns. Yeah, and we could dive
Speaker 1: deep into the ocean and have an entire episode on this,
Speaker 1: and we perhaps will later. Um. I know that we
Speaker 1: have covered it before, and we've talked about this idea
Speaker 1: of dragging the ocean really disturbing the life forms. There
Speaker 1: is completely sort of a stab in the dark by
Speaker 1: humans not realizing that our entire ecosystems that were disturbing
Speaker 1: that that actually affect us land lovers. Um. So all right,
Speaker 1: you guys, put that in your pipe and smoke it,
Speaker 1: because we're gonna take a quick break and we get back.
Speaker 1: We're going to talk about binding and storing oxygen like
Speaker 1: oxygen ninjas. All right, we're back. We've been talking about
Speaker 1: the the origins of oxygen, the importance of oxygen, where
Speaker 1: oxygen is coming from in the world that we, uh,
Speaker 1: we experience every day. But now we're gonna get a
Speaker 1: little high tech, because you know how humans are. We
Speaker 1: can't help but but hack into everything. We we we
Speaker 1: hack into our bodies, we hack into the world around us,
Speaker 1: and of course we also hack into digital infrastructures of
Speaker 1: our own creation. But but we can't help a tinker
Speaker 1: and try to figure out how to manipulate things a
Speaker 1: little more in our favor. And of course we've done
Speaker 1: that with oxygen as well. Its particularly in this case
Speaker 1: with the binding and storing of oxygen. Yeah. I like
Speaker 1: to think about this is a couple of scientists sitting around,
Speaker 1: perhaps on the rooftop of their building one night, saying,
Speaker 1: wouldn't it be cool we could just like suck all
Speaker 1: the oxygen out of the room. And then they're like, yeah,
Speaker 1: we could do that. I could literally do that. We
Speaker 1: could literally do that. And it turns out the researchers
Speaker 1: at the University of Southern Denmark had that kind of
Speaker 1: stoner moment. They synthesized a crystalline material that absorbs and
Speaker 1: stores oxygen in large quantities. As you say, it can
Speaker 1: be used to bind, store, and transport oxygen like a
Speaker 1: dense artificial hemoglobin. I love that, that idea that you
Speaker 1: just have your own portable hemoglobin. Yeah, I mean the
Speaker 1: idea that you have this material that works like like
Speaker 1: a biological system, that's it's capable of just sucking all
Speaker 1: this oxygen out of the room. And and I have
Speaker 1: a feeling that a lot of you have probably caught
Speaker 1: some of at least the headlines that have made their
Speaker 1: way regarding this, because people really latched onto that sucks
Speaker 1: all the oxygen out of the room, because it's it's
Speaker 1: an amazing stat but of course it can't help but
Speaker 1: stir our imaginations. But we can't help but imagine somebody, say,
Speaker 1: pulling this out at a dinner party, and then all
Speaker 1: the air in the room just rushes into this material. Thanksgiving,
Speaker 1: I don't think so. Yeah, conversation starts getting a little uncomfortable,
Speaker 1: you just whip it out and uh takes the breath
Speaker 1: literally out of everyone's face. Yeah. And I think this
Speaker 1: was exacerbated because when it was first put out the media,
Speaker 1: it was something like, oh, a spoonful of this stuff
Speaker 1: was like out of all the oxygen in the room.
Speaker 1: In fact, a ten liter bucket of this solid material
Speaker 1: would be enough to store all the oxygen in a room.
Speaker 1: And we're talking about a few grains could contain enough
Speaker 1: oxygen in a single breath. Now, once trapped, this oxygen
Speaker 1: can be stored until the material is heated gently to
Speaker 1: release the oxygen and the cool thing about this is
Speaker 1: that it can absorb and release oxygen a whole lot,
Speaker 1: like many different times without losing its ability. And this
Speaker 1: is according to Christine Mackenzie. She's a physics professor at
Speaker 1: the University of Seven Denmark. She said, it's like dipping
Speaker 1: a sponge in water, squeezing the water out of it
Speaker 1: and repeating the process over and over again. Yes, she
Speaker 1: pointed out, the material is both a sensor and a
Speaker 1: container for the oxygen. It can be used to bind,
Speaker 1: to store, to transport. So I mean you can really
Speaker 1: the mind can run wild with the various potential uses
Speaker 1: for this that was obvious. One of course, would be
Speaker 1: for any kind of environment where you needed to take
Speaker 1: oxygen with you, be it diving, traveling into space. But
Speaker 1: I mean also it would have tremendous potential for use
Speaker 1: in automobiles that use fuel cells and need a regulated
Speaker 1: oxygen supply. So and it's again when you think about
Speaker 1: the fact that we live in such an oxygen dependent
Speaker 1: world and we have oxygen dependent lives. Uh, there from
Speaker 1: this tremendous application for this technology. Yeah. Now, the key
Speaker 1: component of the material is cobalt because it's bound in
Speaker 1: a specifically designed organic molecule, and again this is from mackenzie.
Speaker 1: She says that cobalt gives the material precisely the molecular
Speaker 1: electronic structure that enables it to absorb oxygen from its surroundings,
Speaker 1: and she said the mechanism is well known from all
Speaker 1: breathing creatures on Earth. Humans and many other species use iron,
Speaker 1: while other animals like craps and spiders use copper. She said,
Speaker 1: small amounts of metals are essential for the absorption of oxygen.
Speaker 1: So actually, it's not entirely surprising to see this effect
Speaker 1: in our new material. So here again is another example
Speaker 1: of biomimicry, right right, Yeah, And indeed, that's one of
Speaker 1: the tremendous things about this material is that it's it's
Speaker 1: it's just a it's a material that when we manipulate
Speaker 1: it a little bit, it can it can actually replicate
Speaker 1: some of the processes that they go on inside the
Speaker 1: human body. Yeah. No, McKenzie and her team are researching
Speaker 1: whether light can trigger oxygen's released from the material, which
Speaker 1: would be halfway too artificial photosynthesis. Again, the implication of
Speaker 1: this is is pretty widespread, and especially when you're thinking
Speaker 1: about terror forming. Yes, so in this we get into
Speaker 1: the quest to create a material that is essentially an
Speaker 1: artificial leaf. Um not in the it looks like a
Speaker 1: leaf necessarily, but then it can carry out photosynthus and
Speaker 1: so in this we turn to the Royal College of
Speaker 1: Art where Julian Melakori has developed a photosynthetic material. It
Speaker 1: allegedly lives and breathes just like a leaf. It sorbs
Speaker 1: carbon dioxide and water and releases oxygen, and it works
Speaker 1: by suspending chloroplast. These are the part of the plant
Speaker 1: where photosynsus actually happens in a material made from silk protein. Yeah,
Speaker 1: Melchiori envisions the facades of buildings and lampshades covered in
Speaker 1: this photosynthetic material, and it would essentially exhale fresh air
Speaker 1: for us. I love. I love these sort of utopian
Speaker 1: futuristic technologies. Yeah, yeah, you can imagine somebody's kind of
Speaker 1: waxing poetic about it. In the future of the lamp
Speaker 1: will not only illuminate the room, but if we'll breathe,
Speaker 1: the lamp is a living thing and deserving of our respect.
Speaker 1: It is a is a cohabitative that's your utopian voice. Yeah,
Speaker 1: I like it, of course. The the other implication of
Speaker 1: this again is, hey, you know, we know that we
Speaker 1: can grow plants in zero gravity, but a material like
Speaker 1: this could produce oxygen with less management and in time
Speaker 1: and effort required for growing plants. So again terraforming off planet,
Speaker 1: you know. And it's I have to say though, it's
Speaker 1: kind of it's kind of scary in a way because
Speaker 1: it's like saying, oh, but we don't necessarily need the
Speaker 1: plants to get what we need, right. Maybe it just
Speaker 1: ends up with a situation like in uh, like in
Speaker 1: Silent Running, where they decided to just blow up all
Speaker 1: the gardens that they have in space. They don't need
Speaker 1: them anymore. Maybe that's why they didn't need them need
Speaker 1: them anymore, because they had it. They developed a technology
Speaker 1: like this that they could run on Earth and just
Speaker 1: build all the plants they wanted it plastic trees, if
Speaker 1: you will. It's funny how technology like this makes the
Speaker 1: movie Wally even more relevant, this idea that what we
Speaker 1: will be on this generation ship or generational ship and
Speaker 1: looking back at like this specimen of a plant and
Speaker 1: all this footage of growing things. Now it's worth noting
Speaker 1: that both of these examples of these types we've talked about.
Speaker 1: I mean, these are early goings with these materials. They're
Speaker 1: they're not being manufactured yet. You're not gonna be buying
Speaker 1: them even it's sharper image in the next a few months.
Speaker 1: But they show tremendous potential and it really helps us
Speaker 1: um get a better idea of where we're headed in
Speaker 1: the future. Well, and you know, you can sit here
Speaker 1: and think about all it could you know, maybe it
Speaker 1: could even help with our atmosphere. Things got out of whack, right,
Speaker 1: You could create some sort of balance there. Yeah, not
Speaker 1: a replacement by any means. I was being a bit
Speaker 1: hyperbolic with all that, but but in terms of just
Speaker 1: sort of tweaking things a little bit more in our favor. Yeah,
Speaker 1: and then you know, emergency room medicine and space exploration.
Speaker 1: It has really some some great ideas tagging along with it.
Speaker 1: And then of course you have more of the dystopian
Speaker 1: negative view, and this is where things get probably much
Speaker 1: more fictional and dark, and you start thinking, oh, but
Speaker 1: then perhaps the world takes a turn and there is
Speaker 1: no ability to restore balance, and you know, the oxygen
Speaker 1: is is poorly saturated throughout and it becomes a question
Speaker 1: of the oxygen haves and the oxygen have not. I
Speaker 1: love that. That's that's a tremendous vision of the future
Speaker 1: where we're just the oxygen you breathe that we take
Speaker 1: for granted. Now he's no longer free. Um. And of
Speaker 1: course I can't help but think of like a potential
Speaker 1: like cinematic layout where a uh you know, a guy
Speaker 1: walks into a bank, puts on a gas mask and
Speaker 1: whips out his his bucket of material and sucks all
Speaker 1: the oxygen and then he runs off with the money
Speaker 1: or uh you know. It's easy to to to run
Speaker 1: loud with those today as well. But where where I
Speaker 1: see the real potential for possible weaponization of this kind
Speaker 1: of thing is not so much like an oxygen sucking device.
Speaker 1: But it makes me think, Um, you know, what else
Speaker 1: is possible with meta materials in the future. Could we
Speaker 1: create one that generates a toxic chemical compound instead of
Speaker 1: just creating oxygen? I don't know, but it makes me
Speaker 1: wonder what is possible? Yeah, this is the interesting dark territory.
Speaker 1: So does it enter into bioterrorism? I think it's what
Speaker 1: you're saying. Yeah, yeah, could if we can create a
Speaker 1: material that that traps oxygen. If we can create a
Speaker 1: material that acts like a leaf, you know, what's what's
Speaker 1: to say that in the future we can't create materials
Speaker 1: capable of other chemical transitions. Good good questions here? Um,
Speaker 1: you know what I'm gonna throw in here, just because
Speaker 1: that's a bit depressing that. Um, the question about how
Speaker 1: baby birds breathe inside and egg. I came across this
Speaker 1: during our research, because you know how you can kind
Speaker 1: of go down that sort of research vortex and you're like, oh,
Speaker 1: I don't it's not really relevant, But that's quite interesting.
Speaker 1: I don't think i'd ever thought about that. Well, what's
Speaker 1: the answer. Well, the folks that mental plust did um,
Speaker 1: and they have an article on it, and it says like,
Speaker 1: you know, obviously we know that when we're babies, we
Speaker 1: we have the luxury of an umbilical cord to give
Speaker 1: us oxygen. But baby birds, well they have to sit
Speaker 1: inside of that egg. And it turns out that when
Speaker 1: the eggs are laid by the mother, they're really warm,
Speaker 1: and as they cool, the material inside the egg shrinks
Speaker 1: a little bit and the two membranes they pull apart
Speaker 1: a little and create a small pocket or sack of air,
Speaker 1: and then as the developing bird grows, it breathes in
Speaker 1: oxygen from the air sack and exhales carbon dioxide. And
Speaker 1: there are several thousand microscopic pores all over the surface
Speaker 1: of the egg and this allows that CEO two to
Speaker 1: escape and fresh air to get in. Well, that's beautiful.
Speaker 1: I never never even thought about that, right, I mean,
Speaker 1: talk about a portable atmosphere. Yeah, and it brings us
Speaker 1: right back again to the egg, from church shells to
Speaker 1: the egg of your common bird. It's right here we
Speaker 1: go three six yeah, all right, Well, then you have it,
Speaker 1: a little crash course in oxygen where it comes from,
Speaker 1: what we do with it, and what we're trying to
Speaker 1: do with it with some cutting edge technology. Um hey,
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