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Speaker 1: Hello, and welcome to Savor Prediction of iHeart Video. I'm

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Speaker 1: Annie Reese and I'm.

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Speaker 2: Lauren vocal Bum and today we have a classic episode

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Speaker 2: for you about ice like frozen water.

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Speaker 1: Yes. Was there any particular reason this was on your mind? Lauren?

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Speaker 2: You know, I was going through our backlog and I

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Speaker 2: was like, that one was a really interesting episode, and

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Speaker 2: then I listened to it and I was like, oh,

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Speaker 2: it was, yeah, and so here we are.

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Speaker 1: That one was a really interesting one. It's one of

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Speaker 1: the things that I think a lot of people me

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Speaker 1: included take for granted ice.

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Speaker 2: Oh absolutely, and just like exactly where refrigeration technology has

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Speaker 2: taken us and how important it is to not only

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Speaker 2: you know, like like our health and well being, but

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Speaker 2: just just a lot of things about our daily life

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Speaker 2: depend upon it. And it's pretty cool.

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Speaker 1: It is.

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Speaker 2: Our food ways were irrevocably changed and we can have

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Speaker 2: more medicine and stuff like that, and that's terrific.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's usually a pretty consistent timeline element in the

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Speaker 1: history of like and then refrigeration. Yep. Yeah, it really

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Speaker 1: did change things. But we were we were quite young

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Speaker 1: when we recorded this.

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Speaker 2: We were this was pretty early on, but I think

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Speaker 2: it's I think it's still a solid episode.

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Speaker 1: Mm hmmm, mm hmm. This one was an interesting one

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Speaker 1: to come back to because times have changed since we

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Speaker 1: recorded it, and now I don't know how to feel

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Speaker 1: when I hear the word ice anymore.

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Speaker 2: But yeah, yeah, it's real weird listening to our perhaps

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Speaker 2: more innocent selves tossing the word ice around with just

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Speaker 2: no cares in the world. And I guess the only

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Speaker 2: thing that we're going to say about that here is

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Speaker 2: that we deeply respect and appreciate our immigrant communities. You know,

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Speaker 2: not only because they sometimes share their amazing food and

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Speaker 2: food ways with us. That part is nice, but you know,

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Speaker 2: just as human beings. We like human beings.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and that's the thing about food that we make

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Speaker 1: the point on here so often is that connection, right,

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Speaker 1: That sharing community part is so important. If you would

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Speaker 1: like to know more about ICE, the government agency and

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Speaker 1: how we got to hear the other show I'm On

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Speaker 1: Stuff whe Never Told You has a four part mini

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Speaker 1: series on that can check that out.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, in this episode, you say that you don't really

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Speaker 2: enjoy having beverages with icy.

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Speaker 1: Still do not, No, I know that has not changed.

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Speaker 1: I do like really cool beverages though, okay, like not

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Speaker 1: cold but really cool.

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Speaker 2: Interesting, all right.

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Speaker 1: I know people with their temperature preferences when it comes

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Speaker 1: to beverages and food I find fascinating.

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Speaker 2: Oh yeah, like I will put I'm the kind of

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Speaker 2: guy who puts like extra ice into a beverage in order,

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Speaker 2: like at the risk of watering it down to get

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Speaker 2: it extra cold, because sometimes under the right circumstance, I

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Speaker 2: just want it to be yeah, very chilly.

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Speaker 1: Mm hmmm. Yeah again, I feel like it's on the

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Speaker 1: same plain to me, is the texture preference thing that

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Speaker 1: people have?

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Speaker 2: Oh yeah, oh yeah, imature preference. Yeah. I'll also like

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Speaker 2: microwave a cold cup of coffee. I know it changes

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Speaker 2: the flavor. I'm a beast, It's okay. And then if

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Speaker 2: it gets a little too hot during that microwave session,

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Speaker 2: I'll pop an ice cube in there. You're going through

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Speaker 2: multiple stages, and listening to this episode makes me feel

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Speaker 2: like I am some kind of royalty to be able

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Speaker 2: to do that.

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Speaker 3: But now it's too hot, we must get the ice.

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Speaker 3: You know, you have your preferences.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, we have the technology.

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Speaker 1: Exactly, and you can learn more about how in this episode. Yeah.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, so without further ado, Let's let former Annie and

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Speaker 2: Lauren take it away. Hello, and welcome to Savor. I'm

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Speaker 2: Annie Reas and I'm Lauren Vogelbaum. And today we're talking

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Speaker 2: about ice.

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Speaker 1: Yes, and this is one of those things I can't

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Speaker 1: have because of my tooth.

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Speaker 2: Oh really?

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Speaker 1: Oh man? Yeah? But I actually, I mean did not

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Speaker 1: like ice before that. Oh really no, I thought it

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Speaker 1: was taking out space that could be used for more drink.

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Speaker 1: Oh waist. I like cold.

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Speaker 2: I mean I lived for like fourteen years in Florida too,

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Speaker 2: so ice was pretty important to my lifestyle.

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Speaker 1: I like a chill drink without ice. Ah.

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Speaker 2: Does this impact your cocktail decisions? Like, if you're at

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Speaker 2: a cocktail bar, do you specifically try to order straight

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Speaker 2: up drinks rather than on the rocks drinks?

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Speaker 1: I do like straight up drinks better, but I also

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Speaker 1: appreciate that rocks slow you down in the case of

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Speaker 1: alcohol specifically, like, that's two different nights that I might

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Speaker 1: be aiming to have I see you. But despite all

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Speaker 1: of this, I have an embarrassment of riches when it

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Speaker 1: comes to ice molds. I've got, like any Star Wars

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Speaker 1: thing you can't imagine, the millennium falcon is my favorite.

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Speaker 1: I got the spherical thing, the big cube thing. I'm

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Speaker 1: not sure why.

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Speaker 2: I love a big cube.

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Speaker 1: Who doesn't love a big cube? All right? Show us

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Speaker 1: that person, please? All right. It all brings us to

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Speaker 1: our question ice. What is it?

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Speaker 2: Well? Ice is frozen water?

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Speaker 1: Done and done? Yep? Cool. Well, now that that's that

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Speaker 1: we're with.

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Speaker 2: Now, No, the technical details that go into ice being

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Speaker 2: frozen water are really fascinating. I promise you're making a

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Speaker 2: face like you don't entirely believe me. But okay, let's

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Speaker 2: break this down a little bit.

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Speaker 1: Follow along.

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Speaker 2: Okay, all right, first, basic physics review. Any given substance

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Speaker 2: has a temperature at which it's solid, at which it's liquid,

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Speaker 2: and at which it's gas.

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Speaker 1: Right.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, there's also plasma and like a few weird ones,

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Speaker 2: but most of those are not going to get served

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Speaker 2: to you in your glass of root beer. So let's

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Speaker 2: concentrate for now.

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Speaker 1: Okay.

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Speaker 2: If you apply increasing energy to a solid like plastic

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Speaker 2: or iron, the molecules in it will become increasingly energetic.

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Speaker 2: They'll break structural bonds among each other and start sluicing around.

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Speaker 2: And that's that's a liquid. Uh huh uh huh. Apply

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Speaker 2: even more energy to that liquid, and the molecules will

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Speaker 2: get even more energetic. They'll break apart entirely and float off.

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Speaker 2: That's a gas, and heat is energy, or the transfer

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Speaker 2: of energy from one object to another. But yeah, so okay,

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Speaker 2: if you've got water, that's a bunch of molecules of

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Speaker 2: H two O hanging out with each other. H two Oh,

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Speaker 2: that's a two hydrogen atoms stuck to an oxygen atom,

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Speaker 2: sort of like a mickey mouse head.

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Speaker 1: I never thought of it. Yeah, yeah, no, that's.

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Speaker 2: Basically what it looks like under normal Earth circumstances from

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Speaker 2: between the temperatures of about zero to one hundred celsius

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Speaker 2: or thirty two to two hundred and twelve fahrenheigh. The

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Speaker 2: hydrogen atoms in those hto molecules are constantly making and

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Speaker 2: breaking loose bonds with each other. They're slushing.

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Speaker 1: Oh my gosh, you look so scandalized. I am scandalized,

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Speaker 1: sloshing my skinness.

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Speaker 2: But okay, so you apply heat above that upper point,

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Speaker 2: they'll break those bonds and escape as water vapor into

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Speaker 2: the air. And if you remove energy to blow that

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Speaker 2: lower point, the molecules will slow down so much that

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Speaker 2: the hydrogen atoms lock up with each other in these

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Speaker 2: fascinatingly orderly repeating patterns called crystals. Water molecules take up

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Speaker 2: more space locked together as crystals than they do as

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Speaker 2: a liquid, which is a why water expands as it

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Speaker 2: freezes and b why ice floats in water. It's the

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Speaker 2: same mass but less dense. And physically speaking, when you

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Speaker 2: put ice in drink, you're not making the drink cold,

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Speaker 2: You're making the ice warm until it melts back into water.

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Speaker 1: You are blowing my mind, Lauren, blowing my mind?

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Speaker 2: What about what about nutrition?

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Speaker 1: Though? Well, the average ice cube, I believe has two

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Speaker 1: seven hundred and thirty eight calories, So watch out. No,

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Speaker 1: it's it's water.

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Speaker 2: So it's made of water.

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Speaker 1: It's made of water, unless you're making ice out of espresso,

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Speaker 1: which I do recommend, and your coffee not in your water? Ooh,

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Speaker 1: are like pickle juice circulate that? Then that's different. But

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Speaker 1: we're talking about water ice. Yeah.

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Speaker 2: And also there's like a lot more than I could

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Speaker 2: have said about ice physics up there. But I'm this

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Speaker 2: is a food show.

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Speaker 1: It is. And one of the things that I kept

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Speaker 1: running into on this episode that I love about ice

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Speaker 1: is I mean think about ice skating and ice sculpture.

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Speaker 1: There's so many non food things that ice is involved in.

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Speaker 2: But I think we should do an episode on ice

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Speaker 2: sculpture at some point because it is food and hospitality.

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Speaker 1: Related, it's adjacent.

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Speaker 2: It's a yes enough, so I think it deserves its

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Speaker 2: own episode.

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Speaker 1: Oh, I'm in I was sort of bummed when I

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Speaker 1: didn't get to research it too much. There's a little

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Speaker 1: bit about ice sculpture in here. But Americans love ice,

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Speaker 1: and we have probably heard I've definitely heard when you're

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Speaker 1: traveling in different countries not to expect as much ice

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Speaker 1: and drinks, and that has been my experience. Again, I'm

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Speaker 1: totally on board with this, but a lot of people

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Speaker 1: I travel with we're not so happy about it. The

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Speaker 1: ice industry makes a cool two point five billion dollars annually,

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Speaker 1: and most of that comes from the prepackaged stuff you

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Speaker 1: find in those like beer coolers and stores.

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Speaker 2: Sure, the word ice in its modern English spelling dates

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Speaker 2: from the fourteen hundreds, which is like a surprisingly long

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Speaker 2: time for a word to have survived in a in

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Speaker 2: a single spelling, but the sound of the word actually

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Speaker 2: dates back to Proto Germanic, which is also just a

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Speaker 2: very long time. Yeah for a word ho stuck around.

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Speaker 1: I love that it is. I also love as it

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Speaker 1: is clear novelty ice shapes.

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Speaker 2: I was trying to remember.

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Speaker 1: Was it Virgin Atlantic flights that had those ice cube

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Speaker 1: shaped like Richard Branson's head. I'm pretty sure that's true.

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Speaker 1: But that's beautiful. Can you imagine having like a mold

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Speaker 1: of your own face for ice cubes for people on

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Speaker 1: a plane that you own for them to enjoy.

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Speaker 2: I hadn't imagined that previously, but now now I'm thinking

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Speaker 2: of it, and I like it the more that I

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Speaker 2: think about it.

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Speaker 1: It's resolution season, Lauren. You could make a goal. You

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Speaker 1: could make a goal.

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Speaker 2: I believe three D printing could make this dream come true.

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Speaker 1: I think it could, and we have access. But anyway,

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Speaker 1: there's a lot of shapes out there. There's smiley faces,

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Speaker 1: goldfish teeth, shark fins, legos, snowflake stars, skulls, fossil ships,

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Speaker 1: robots and guns because freeze, get it, graz because freeze,

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Speaker 1: get it. Beans meant to be used with coffee as

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Speaker 1: in cool beans, get it, those shotglasses, icicles for wine.

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Speaker 1: So many options out there.

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Speaker 2: It's a beautiful ice scape.

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Speaker 1: It is, or a frozen healthscape. I just like saying

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Speaker 1: frozen healthscape. It's a good term.

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Speaker 2: I wanted to put a note in here about refrigerators

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Speaker 2: and freezers, kind of mixing in with the physics, but

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Speaker 2: also in a transition sort of way, because these are

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Speaker 2: amazing machines that transfer heat from the inside of a

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Speaker 2: box to the outside of that box. Thus they regulate

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Speaker 2: the temperature on the inside of that box and keep

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Speaker 2: it relatively low compared with the air around the box.

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Speaker 2: I don't usually think about it, but it really is

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Speaker 2: just awesome. Yeah, and it's not only awesome because cold

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Speaker 2: things are fun to eat. As it turns out, most

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Speaker 2: bacteria that cause disease in humans, that is, pathogenic bacteria

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Speaker 2: go into a hibernation of sorts below about forty degrees

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Speaker 2: fahrenheit aka four point four celsius or wherein they're not reproducing,

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Speaker 2: and that's why we keep our fridges at or below

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Speaker 2: that temperature. However, many non pathogenic bacteria and other microorganisms

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Speaker 2: can grow at those temperatures, and some of them like

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Speaker 2: eating our food as much as we do, which is

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Speaker 2: what causes food to spoil. As we've said before on

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Speaker 2: the show, microorganisms are eating your food before you get

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Speaker 2: a chance to causing unpleasant flavors and textures. But even

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Speaker 2: they will go into hibernation or maybe even die off

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Speaker 2: when you bring food down to around thirty two fahrenheit

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Speaker 2: or zero celsius, because that's the temperature at which water freezes,

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Speaker 2: and microbes generally need liquid water to survive just as

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Speaker 2: much as we do. For a long time, ice cubes

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Speaker 2: weren't just a thing to put in drinks. They were

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Speaker 2: one of the only things that could keep your food

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Speaker 2: safe to eat for more than a couple hours. And

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Speaker 2: we'll get into the history of that right after we

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Speaker 2: get back from a quick break for a word from

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Speaker 2: our sponsor, and we're back. Thank you, sponsor, Yes, thank you. So.

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Speaker 1: American rapper and actor Ice Cube was born as O'sha

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Speaker 1: Jackson in nineteen sixty nine.

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Speaker 2: Oh wait, yeah, I mean also a good ice cube

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Speaker 2: to talk about.

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Speaker 1: He has a good ice cube to talk about. Thank

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Speaker 1: you for coming along on this slame joke with me.

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Speaker 1: All right, So ice has been around for a long

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Speaker 1: long time, but humans harvesting ice is not quite as old.

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Speaker 1: It's so old, but not quite as long comparatively, right, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: In some northern areas where ice is easier to come by,

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Speaker 1: hunter gatherers were harvesting ice earlier than other people, primarily

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Speaker 1: for preservation and storage. Hunters in icy regions would use

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Speaker 1: the ice as a way to make the meat from

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Speaker 1: and their kills keep for longer periods. They might not

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Speaker 1: have known why this worked precisely that they knew that

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Speaker 1: it did. In some cases, when any leftover kill was

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Speaker 1: buried to hide it from predators or other hunters and

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Speaker 1: the conditions were right, they were essentially freezing food. Sometimes

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Speaker 1: this happened via totally unavoidable accident. It was just that

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Speaker 1: cold gonna happen. Natural caves or insulated underground pits are

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Speaker 1: chambers were popular ways to keep things like grains chilly

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Speaker 1: and preserved. Ice pits existed four thousand years ago in Mesopotamia.

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Speaker 1: Evidence suggest the Chinese were harvesting and storing ice by

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Speaker 1: one one hundred BCE, and this ice might be transported

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Speaker 1: for several miles. The upper class in ancient civilizations like Persia, Rome, Greece,

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Speaker 1: and Egypt, who could afford to paid someone to go

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Speaker 1: up a mountain and get ice and or snow, used

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Speaker 1: it in drinks chilled fruits and frozen desserts like flavored

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Speaker 1: ices no matter the weather, and tea, which has been

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Speaker 1: around for quite some time, as see our tea episode

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Speaker 1: for that. Yes Yes, was one of the first flavored

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Speaker 1: drinks to be ice. Also lemonadeh early lemonade. Yeah.

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Speaker 2: In Persia in particular by around four hundred BCE that

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Speaker 2: worked out how to create ice through the fascinating physics

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Speaker 2: of nocturnal cooling.

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Speaker 1: Ooh, nocturnal cool nocturnal cooling.

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Speaker 2: Okay, yeah, yeah, So this is a way to make

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Speaker 2: artificial ice, to make man made ice, in which you're

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Speaker 2: taking advantage of this natural thing that just happens to

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Speaker 2: make ice overnight, even when the ambient air temperature is

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Speaker 2: well above freezing. So Persia's cities, even in deserts, were

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Speaker 2: serviced by these underground canals, and to make this ice,

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Speaker 2: they would make these wide, shallow pits or channels that

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Speaker 2: were protected by tall walls from daytime sun and nighttime

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Speaker 2: wind and fill them with just a couple inches of

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Speaker 2: water overnight. Because the open sky is very cold when

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Speaker 2: the sun isn't hitting it, heat would radiate up out

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Speaker 2: of the water into the sky and by the early

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Speaker 2: hours of the morning, the water would freeze. It can

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Speaker 2: be like forty degrees fahrenheit outside, like four point five

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Speaker 2: celsius or more and this will work.

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Speaker 1: Wow. Yeah.

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Speaker 2: The surface area of the pans er channels also helps it.

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Speaker 2: As water evaporates into the air. It takes a bit

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Speaker 2: more heat energy to do it. And they had these

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Speaker 2: domed buildings to store the ice in during warmer times

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Speaker 2: that were highly insulated, vented at the top, built over

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Speaker 2: these cool pits. It was amazing technology for the time.

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Speaker 1: That sounds pretty amazing. That's another thing that I didn't

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Speaker 1: get to look into. But things like a glose of

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Speaker 1: ice has so many uses. It does it does?

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Speaker 2: Oh is hotels?

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Speaker 1: Iso tell I've been through an ice bar. Yeah, all

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Speaker 1: these memories are flooding back. Oh my goodness, I was

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Speaker 1: in China. It was so cold.

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Speaker 2: Anyway, you're already like you run, yeah, like you're chilly

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Speaker 2: all the time.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. There's usually some gloves and a scarf involved in

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Speaker 1: this podcasting.

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Speaker 2: Oh yeah, she's been in here in like a parka.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, still cold. I had fun though at the ice bar.

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Speaker 1: But back to the history. Yes, in the Mediterranean, snow

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Speaker 1: harvested from the mountains was sold per day are stored

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Speaker 1: in pits that were covered with branches, leafmets, or cloth.

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Speaker 1: While Alexander the Great was in Petra, he oversaw the

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Speaker 1: digging of trenches that were then filled with snow and

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Speaker 1: covered with branches so that his soldiers could enjoy it

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Speaker 1: chilled wine in the summer. How kind, Yeah, chilled wine

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Speaker 1: very important. Snow and ice weren't just used for food

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Speaker 1: and drink and food storage. Early physicians also used ice

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Speaker 1: to treat all sorts of ailments, many that we still

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Speaker 1: use ice for today, like inflammation and fever. But when

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Speaker 1: the Roman Empire fell, so too did ice for popularity,

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Speaker 1: and it wasn't until like the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries

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Speaker 1: that it started to kind of come back onto the scene.

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Speaker 1: Ice harvested from Lebanon's mountains was shipped to Cairo to

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Speaker 1: be enjoyed by Egyptian royalty. Around this time, ice sculptures

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Speaker 1: started to enter the elegant party scene as a centerpiece

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Speaker 1: at banquets, and if we look at Europe, Italians often

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Speaker 1: get the credit for reintroducing ice to that continent, followed

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Speaker 1: swiftly by the French. But the French were doing it

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Speaker 1: more as a show of well so were the Italian

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Speaker 1: They both were, like the case of Henry the Third,

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Speaker 1: who impressed his guest with tables piled high with snow

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Speaker 1: and dice. However, many Europeans turned up their noses at

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Speaker 1: the idea of chill drinks. One quote from the time

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Speaker 1: described it as a mark of excessive and effeminate luxury.

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Speaker 1: Huh yeah.

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Speaker 2: How Indeed, over on the Indian subcontinent, by the mid

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Speaker 2: to late sixteenth century, some of the also not unshowy

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Speaker 2: royalty of the Mughal Empire were having ice harvested in

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Speaker 2: the Himalayas and carted down daily, as ice drenths and

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Speaker 2: desserts were very vogue, and also it's just hot as

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Speaker 2: all get out during the summer, and a lot of

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Speaker 2: cities that the royalty were hanging out in in times

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Speaker 2: when that was too expensive or just as a supplement,

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Speaker 2: their ice cellars would be filled up with ice created

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Speaker 2: through the aforementioned nocturnal cooling. And some of the reports

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Speaker 2: I was reading about it, they had a great system

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Speaker 2: set up, Like outside of the cities in open fields,

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Speaker 2: they had these shallow beds dug lined with us straw

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Speaker 2: or other dried plant waste for insulation, and on cold,

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Speaker 2: clear still nights, a whole team of workers would be

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Speaker 2: called with like vocal calls or music to come fill

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Speaker 2: earthenware pans and enter too deep with water and fit

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Speaker 2: them into the beds, and in the morning they would

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Speaker 2: pack the ice into the cellars.

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Speaker 1: Is pretty amazing good system indeed.

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Speaker 2: Well maybe not for the workers.

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Speaker 1: No fruit ice.

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Speaker 2: Yes, productive system.

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Speaker 1: That's a good word. Around the same time, many of

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Speaker 1: the well to do in Europe, the Middle East, and

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Speaker 1: China had ice houses, from palaces and estates to monasteries

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Speaker 1: and abbey's. I'm starting to think the well off people

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Speaker 1: in this time in these areas just had a lot

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Speaker 1: of houses. You got your pineapple house, you got your orangerie,

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Speaker 1: you got your ice house. Just a very specific little

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Speaker 1: house for whatever, for whatever thing you want to show

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Speaker 1: off that you could not only get, but could make

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Speaker 1: a house for. Of course, they did have to show

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Speaker 1: off these things even more, and by eighteenth century the

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Speaker 1: architecture of these ice houses had gotten quite showy, featuring

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Speaker 1: things like Grecian pillars or Gothic archways. These ice houses

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Speaker 1: were almost solely used for ice. At first makes sense,

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Speaker 1: but not until later did people start to view them

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Speaker 1: as we might a refrigerator as a place to store food. Yeah, however,

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Speaker 1: ice had become more commonplace by this time. They might

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Speaker 1: not have had ice houses, but peasants in Europe were

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Speaker 1: known to have little stacks of ice constructed out of branches, leaves,

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Speaker 1: and heather for installation. Yeah yeah, yeah, and they would

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Speaker 1: put these structures near water that froze during the winter time.

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Speaker 1: During the nineteenth century Europe, in places where warm and

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Speaker 1: mild winters failed to produce ice, merchants that depended on

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Speaker 1: ice for business, like butchers, would scramble to buy ice

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Speaker 1: from Greenland's cargo ships of ice. Archaeological evidence indicates that

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Speaker 1: ice pits were present in Jamestown, Virginia, all the way

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Speaker 1: back in the seventeenth century, as the colonists brought the

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Speaker 1: European proclivity for chill drinks and ice desserts with them.

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Speaker 2: And the technology of these little makeshift ice houses.

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Speaker 1: Yeah right. To get this ice, ice harvesters would cut

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Speaker 1: it from frozen bodies of water in the winter and

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Speaker 1: store it in these pits or cellars during the rest

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Speaker 1: of the year.

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Speaker 2: They also might have built huts over these cellars to

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Speaker 2: a prevent loss of cool air and be to keep

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Speaker 2: perishable items in like meat and milk.

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Speaker 1: By eighteenth century, the pits and cellars were improved upon

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Speaker 1: with the ice house, which was used for chilling food

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Speaker 1: and drink and making ice cream. Ice cream comes up

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Speaker 1: all the time in the history of ice and storing ice.

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Speaker 2: Two These were more formal sellers that were reinforced by

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Speaker 2: stone lining and topped with more elaborate buildings.

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Speaker 1: Yes, and two people who had probably very elaborate buildings

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Speaker 1: Thomas Jefferson and George Washington, who both had ice houses.

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Speaker 1: One of the first advertisements for ice was published in

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Speaker 1: Philadelphia in seventeen ninety nine. Europeans visiting the northern United

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Speaker 1: States in the seventeen nineties reported Americans drinking iced water

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Speaker 1: and that hotels employed buckets of ice to cool down

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Speaker 1: their room. The first cargo shipment of ice made the

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Speaker 1: journey from New York to Charleston, South Carolina, also in

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Speaker 1: seventeen ninety nine, and one fellow out of Boston, Frederick Tudor,

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Speaker 1: made quite a lot of money shipping ice harvested from

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Speaker 1: Massachusetts overseas. Between eighteen oh five and eighteen sixty over

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Speaker 1: twelve thousand tons of ice. His nickname the ice cream.

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Speaker 2: Like from Adventure Time?

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Speaker 1: Is that his name it is, isn't it?

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Speaker 2: I think so?

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Speaker 1: The ice gaing ice care. It's like game of throw.

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Speaker 1: It could be, you know, depending on the move that

427
00:24:23,080 --> 00:24:27,960
Speaker 1: you're in. He pushed for the construction of ice chest.

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Speaker 1: He sent sales agents out to encourage businesses to sell

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Speaker 1: ice cream with an ice chest. Sung the praises of

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Speaker 1: ice for preserving food. Helped popularize the sale of fizzy water,

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Speaker 1: and he gave any bar owner that agreed to sell

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Speaker 1: iced drinks at the same price as warm ones a

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Speaker 1: year's worth of free ice oooh oh tricksy yes, And

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Speaker 1: perhaps in part due to this, the market and popularity

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Speaker 1: of cold drinks grew a lot during the mid nineteenth

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Speaker 1: se If we go back a bit to Frederick Tudor,

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Speaker 1: he's got an interesting story. Yeah. He got the idea

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Speaker 1: to get into the ice biz from a passing remark

439
00:25:09,480 --> 00:25:11,919
Speaker 1: from his brother about how nice it would be to

440
00:25:12,000 --> 00:25:14,399
Speaker 1: have an ice cold drink and ice cream on a

441
00:25:14,440 --> 00:25:17,560
Speaker 1: hot summer day. They were picnicking when he said this,

442
00:25:19,359 --> 00:25:22,439
Speaker 1: and Tudor was like Eurika and decided that they should

443
00:25:22,440 --> 00:25:25,680
Speaker 1: ship some ice down to the Caribbean. He reasoned once

444
00:25:25,720 --> 00:25:29,480
Speaker 1: people tried it, they wouldn't be able to go on

445
00:25:29,840 --> 00:25:32,880
Speaker 1: without it. The brothers were just about the only ones

446
00:25:32,880 --> 00:25:35,720
Speaker 1: who thought this was a good idea, though, no one

447
00:25:35,840 --> 00:25:39,520
Speaker 1: in the Boston area would transport the ice, so they

448
00:25:39,520 --> 00:25:42,240
Speaker 1: had to spend about five thousand dollars of their own

449
00:25:42,280 --> 00:25:46,359
Speaker 1: money to get their own ship. Their eighteen oh six

450
00:25:46,480 --> 00:25:49,440
Speaker 1: launch was met with this observation from the Boston Gazette.

451
00:25:50,200 --> 00:25:53,080
Speaker 1: No joke, A vessel with a cargo of eighty tons

452
00:25:53,119 --> 00:25:56,199
Speaker 1: of ice has cleared out from this port of Martinique.

453
00:25:56,480 --> 00:25:59,480
Speaker 1: We hope this will not prove to be a slippery speculation.

454
00:26:00,640 --> 00:26:04,240
Speaker 1: Oh you gotta give props or drops? Are new Lauren.

455
00:26:05,600 --> 00:26:08,840
Speaker 1: When the ice arrived to Martinique, none the worse for travel.

456
00:26:09,240 --> 00:26:14,280
Speaker 1: No one wanted it. No one wanted it, and Tudor's

457
00:26:14,320 --> 00:26:17,440
Speaker 1: brother left the business, leaving Frederick all by his lonesome.

458
00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:21,320
Speaker 1: A couple of trade embargoes and a dwindling fortune later,

459
00:26:21,520 --> 00:26:25,760
Speaker 1: he finally turned a profit in eighteen ten. However, his

460
00:26:25,880 --> 00:26:31,560
Speaker 1: fortune quickly cooled thanks to the weather dubbed ice famines, war,

461
00:26:32,160 --> 00:26:36,439
Speaker 1: and bailouts for some of his relatives. I like that

462
00:26:36,520 --> 00:26:41,000
Speaker 1: it's more one bailout. Yeah. Tudor ended up in Debtor's

463
00:26:41,000 --> 00:26:43,880
Speaker 1: prison three times during the span of eighteen oh nine

464
00:26:43,920 --> 00:26:47,520
Speaker 1: to eighteen thirteen, spent much of his time outside of

465
00:26:47,520 --> 00:26:52,880
Speaker 1: Debtor's prison avoiding the sheriff. He was determined, though, and

466
00:26:53,080 --> 00:26:56,439
Speaker 1: of this determination, the idea of get one free, of

467
00:26:56,480 --> 00:26:59,800
Speaker 1: giving away that free ice was born. Free ice just too.

468
00:27:00,600 --> 00:27:04,720
Speaker 1: Shipping improvements helped stacking the ice closer together, insulating with

469
00:27:04,800 --> 00:27:09,640
Speaker 1: sawdust instead of straw, and his business took off. Tudor

470
00:27:10,080 --> 00:27:13,120
Speaker 1: partnered with Nathaniel Wyeth, who got the idea to use

471
00:27:13,200 --> 00:27:17,360
Speaker 1: horse drawn plows to cut the ice along square grids.

472
00:27:17,840 --> 00:27:22,000
Speaker 1: Then laborers sawed these ice grids into blocks, which they

473
00:27:22,040 --> 00:27:25,480
Speaker 1: then floated downstream to be put up on a conveyor

474
00:27:25,560 --> 00:27:28,680
Speaker 1: belt that transported them to ice houses, which was.

475
00:27:28,640 --> 00:27:30,240
Speaker 2: Pretty ice farming.

476
00:27:30,400 --> 00:27:36,000
Speaker 1: Yeah. Yeah. It wasn't safe though, numb hands, sharp tools,

477
00:27:36,200 --> 00:27:40,920
Speaker 1: heavy towers of ice that slid and broke bones, something

478
00:27:40,920 --> 00:27:43,119
Speaker 1: called ice man's knees or knees that were covered in

479
00:27:43,200 --> 00:27:46,240
Speaker 1: bruises in blood after days on end of shoveling ice.

480
00:27:46,800 --> 00:27:49,679
Speaker 1: And it wasn't as profitable as they wanted it to be. Either.

481
00:27:50,200 --> 00:27:55,040
Speaker 1: Only ten percent of this ice was ever sold. Still,

482
00:27:55,640 --> 00:27:59,200
Speaker 1: Tudor kept pushing. He was once quoted as saying ice

483
00:27:59,240 --> 00:28:04,280
Speaker 1: would make him inevitably and unavoidably rich. Wow, he really

484
00:28:04,359 --> 00:28:08,040
Speaker 1: had his heart and heads set on this. He got

485
00:28:08,040 --> 00:28:10,560
Speaker 1: his ice King nickname after a shipment of one hundred

486
00:28:10,640 --> 00:28:14,320
Speaker 1: eighty tons of ice arrived in Calcutta in eighteen thirty three.

487
00:28:15,200 --> 00:28:19,000
Speaker 1: The British stations there loved the ice. Some even credited

488
00:28:19,119 --> 00:28:23,000
Speaker 1: the success of his shipment with reopening the trade route

489
00:28:23,040 --> 00:28:26,960
Speaker 1: between India and Boston. Oh wow. Queen Victoria reportedly loved

490
00:28:27,240 --> 00:28:30,320
Speaker 1: Tudor ice too, specifically Tudor ice, and had it shipped

491
00:28:30,480 --> 00:28:33,560
Speaker 1: from Boston rather than use what was more readily available

492
00:28:33,560 --> 00:28:38,280
Speaker 1: to her in Europe. Fifty two thousand tons of ice

493
00:28:38,360 --> 00:28:41,680
Speaker 1: made it to twenty eight US cities by eighteen forty seven,

494
00:28:42,000 --> 00:28:44,520
Speaker 1: either by ship our train, and over half of that

495
00:28:44,800 --> 00:28:48,520
Speaker 1: was Tudors. He had ice harvesting rights to most of

496
00:28:48,560 --> 00:28:52,600
Speaker 1: the ponds and Massachusetts, and Henry David Thereaux once wrote

497
00:28:52,680 --> 00:28:56,760
Speaker 1: about watching the ice harvesting. He was both annoyed and impressed.

498
00:28:57,360 --> 00:28:58,000
Speaker 2: I feel like.

499
00:28:58,040 --> 00:29:05,080
Speaker 1: That's the row in. Generally, Tudor's ice helped along innovations

500
00:29:05,120 --> 00:29:09,000
Speaker 1: in medicine and science as well. It impacted so many

501
00:29:09,080 --> 00:29:13,160
Speaker 1: industries like fishing and beer. Tudor died in eighteen sixty

502
00:29:13,200 --> 00:29:15,680
Speaker 1: four a rich man, and this is when the American

503
00:29:15,760 --> 00:29:19,200
Speaker 1: ice harvesting scene was at its most competitive. It was

504
00:29:19,240 --> 00:29:21,680
Speaker 1: one of the most powerful industries in the United States

505
00:29:21,720 --> 00:29:25,600
Speaker 1: at the dawn of the twentieth century. Prior to and

506
00:29:25,680 --> 00:29:27,560
Speaker 1: during the time of Tudor. By the way, there were

507
00:29:27,640 --> 00:29:31,160
Speaker 1: other methods of producing ice as salt and mineral acid

508
00:29:31,200 --> 00:29:35,400
Speaker 1: mixture by machine, but these methods were expensive and produced

509
00:29:35,520 --> 00:29:38,240
Speaker 1: lower quality ice, and were primarily used in areas where

510
00:29:38,240 --> 00:29:41,560
Speaker 1: getting ice was difficult, like polluted areas or the American

511
00:29:41,640 --> 00:29:45,960
Speaker 1: South during the Civil War. But let's jump to eighteen

512
00:29:46,080 --> 00:29:49,200
Speaker 1: forty four. Okay, all right. Looking to alleviate some of

513
00:29:49,200 --> 00:29:52,600
Speaker 1: the discomfort of his yellow fever patients in an American

514
00:29:52,640 --> 00:29:55,640
Speaker 1: position by the name of John Gory built a refrigerator

515
00:29:55,680 --> 00:29:59,000
Speaker 1: to cool the room they were housed in. It's possible

516
00:29:59,160 --> 00:30:03,400
Speaker 1: this is the first instance of an ice tray. Documentation

517
00:30:03,480 --> 00:30:09,240
Speaker 1: suggests that the patients received ice drinks. Australia's James Harrison

518
00:30:09,280 --> 00:30:11,200
Speaker 1: got a patent for an ice maker in eighteen fifty

519
00:30:11,280 --> 00:30:15,320
Speaker 1: five and Alexander Twinning or Twining of Connecticut patented one

520
00:30:15,440 --> 00:30:19,920
Speaker 1: in eighteen fifty three. We get Gustave's swift shipping chilled

521
00:30:19,920 --> 00:30:22,120
Speaker 1: beef as opposed to a living cows via train in

522
00:30:22,160 --> 00:30:23,320
Speaker 1: eighteen seventy eight.

523
00:30:23,400 --> 00:30:26,680
Speaker 2: And around this time folks started developing technology to make

524
00:30:26,960 --> 00:30:31,680
Speaker 2: higher quality and commercially sustainable artificial ice. By the eighteen nineties,

525
00:30:31,720 --> 00:30:34,480
Speaker 2: the production of artificial ice was on the rise, such

526
00:30:34,520 --> 00:30:38,160
Speaker 2: that ice factories were being opened in the temperate American North,

527
00:30:38,360 --> 00:30:41,480
Speaker 2: in addition to the slightly longer standing businesses in the

528
00:30:41,600 --> 00:30:45,040
Speaker 2: South and down into South America. These factories were essentially

529
00:30:45,080 --> 00:30:49,000
Speaker 2: giant refrigerators with huge ice trays that would create blocks

530
00:30:49,000 --> 00:30:51,480
Speaker 2: of ice that weighed some three hundred and twenty pounds

531
00:30:51,480 --> 00:30:53,640
Speaker 2: like one hundred and forty five kilos over the course

532
00:30:53,680 --> 00:30:57,960
Speaker 2: of sixty days by circulating cold compressed gas through pipes

533
00:30:58,080 --> 00:31:01,800
Speaker 2: under the trays. The turn of the century, this artificial

534
00:31:01,840 --> 00:31:05,160
Speaker 2: ice was often cheaper than natural ice, even in the North,

535
00:31:05,400 --> 00:31:07,640
Speaker 2: and some considered it to be superior because it was

536
00:31:08,040 --> 00:31:11,320
Speaker 2: more like standardly compact the natural ice, which often has

537
00:31:11,600 --> 00:31:14,560
Speaker 2: layers with a bubbles or with softer packed crystals, and

538
00:31:14,840 --> 00:31:16,800
Speaker 2: the artificial stuff could be cleaner as well, because it

539
00:31:16,800 --> 00:31:19,800
Speaker 2: was made from distilled water rather than whatever happened to

540
00:31:19,920 --> 00:31:20,720
Speaker 2: show up in a lake.

541
00:31:20,960 --> 00:31:21,720
Speaker 1: Right. Yeah.

542
00:31:22,560 --> 00:31:25,720
Speaker 2: By that turn of the century, ice was widespread enough

543
00:31:25,760 --> 00:31:28,840
Speaker 2: and cheap enough that many Americans had an ice box

544
00:31:28,960 --> 00:31:31,600
Speaker 2: in their house. This is a precursor to the fridge.

545
00:31:31,720 --> 00:31:34,200
Speaker 2: It was sort of a wooden cabinet insulated with a

546
00:31:34,240 --> 00:31:36,600
Speaker 2: metal like a tin or zinc, with a place for

547
00:31:36,680 --> 00:31:39,720
Speaker 2: a big block of ice and a drip tray underneath.

548
00:31:40,600 --> 00:31:43,840
Speaker 2: You'd have blocks delivered frequently to replace them as they melted.

549
00:31:44,120 --> 00:31:47,719
Speaker 2: Iceman and during World War One, ice wimen made daily rounds.

550
00:31:48,080 --> 00:31:53,720
Speaker 1: Yeah. In nineteen fourteen we get Fred Wolf's doll Marry,

551
00:31:54,520 --> 00:31:59,280
Speaker 1: which is probably just dome E LR, which was the

552
00:31:59,600 --> 00:32:02,960
Speaker 1: dome Stick electric refrigerator.

553
00:32:03,400 --> 00:32:05,960
Speaker 2: And this was a fairly small device meant to be

554
00:32:06,000 --> 00:32:08,840
Speaker 2: put in ice boxes in the place of a block

555
00:32:08,840 --> 00:32:11,400
Speaker 2: of ice to keep the interior cool. But it wasn't

556
00:32:11,400 --> 00:32:14,280
Speaker 2: particularly affordable or reliable.

557
00:32:14,200 --> 00:32:18,920
Speaker 1: Right, And it was not a success, But it featured

558
00:32:18,960 --> 00:32:21,400
Speaker 1: a basic ice cube tray design that went on to

559
00:32:21,560 --> 00:32:24,840
Speaker 1: influence future designs, and as we enter the twenties and thirties,

560
00:32:25,040 --> 00:32:29,800
Speaker 1: most refrigerator manufacturers included an ice cube tray, So that's something. Yeah,

561
00:32:29,920 --> 00:32:32,520
Speaker 1: speaking of refrigerators, this was kind of the death knell

562
00:32:32,680 --> 00:32:36,800
Speaker 1: of the competitive ice harvesting industry in America. People could

563
00:32:36,880 --> 00:32:39,040
Speaker 1: just get ice at home and there wasn't really a

564
00:32:39,080 --> 00:32:43,160
Speaker 1: need to ship it across the country. And what about

565
00:32:43,200 --> 00:32:43,720
Speaker 1: dry ice?

566
00:32:43,800 --> 00:32:44,400
Speaker 2: What about it?

567
00:32:44,800 --> 00:32:46,600
Speaker 1: People knew it was a thing going all the way

568
00:32:46,680 --> 00:32:49,640
Speaker 1: back to eighteen thirty five, but nineteen twenty four is

569
00:32:49,680 --> 00:32:53,120
Speaker 1: the first year that someone Thomas Slat sold it. Something

570
00:32:53,160 --> 00:32:57,480
Speaker 1: only possible because of innovations leading to refrigerated rail cars.

571
00:32:57,680 --> 00:32:59,280
Speaker 2: Dry ice is a whole other episode.

572
00:32:59,400 --> 00:33:01,680
Speaker 1: It is in also really fun if you're making an

573
00:33:01,680 --> 00:33:06,640
Speaker 1: exploding volcano cake. Then in nineteen twenty five we get

574
00:33:07,040 --> 00:33:11,400
Speaker 1: the Calvnator. This was the first refrigerator that came with

575
00:33:11,440 --> 00:33:14,920
Speaker 1: the self contained compressor and cooling system. It was named

576
00:33:14,960 --> 00:33:19,760
Speaker 1: for discoverer of absolute zero, Lord Kelvin. Also, one of

577
00:33:19,800 --> 00:33:23,360
Speaker 1: my favorite lame jokes from an Arnold Schwarzenegger movie is

578
00:33:23,400 --> 00:33:27,240
Speaker 1: when he kills absolute zero in Running Man and he

579
00:33:27,320 --> 00:33:34,080
Speaker 1: says absolute zero now plain zero. That was a really

580
00:33:34,120 --> 00:33:40,479
Speaker 1: good Arnold Swartzenegger. I'm impressed with myself. The first rubber

581
00:33:40,520 --> 00:33:42,800
Speaker 1: ice cube patent was filed in nineteen twenty eight by

582
00:33:42,880 --> 00:33:47,440
Speaker 1: Lloyd Groff, Copeman and Clarence Bird's Eye. I yes that

583
00:33:47,560 --> 00:33:50,840
Speaker 1: Clarence Bird's Eye sells his patent for frozen food to

584
00:33:50,960 --> 00:33:53,400
Speaker 1: General Foods Corporation in nineteen twenty nine. And you can

585
00:33:53,440 --> 00:33:57,280
Speaker 1: see our frozen food episode for so much more about that.

586
00:33:57,520 --> 00:33:58,320
Speaker 2: Oh yeah.

587
00:33:58,440 --> 00:34:02,560
Speaker 1: Beginning in nineteen thirty one, one frigid air fridges come

588
00:34:02,680 --> 00:34:05,840
Speaker 1: with free on. While it was safer than chemicals that

589
00:34:05,880 --> 00:34:09,680
Speaker 1: had been used previously, it was still not good for

590
00:34:09,760 --> 00:34:13,000
Speaker 1: the environment. It wasn't until the nineteen seventies that people

591
00:34:13,040 --> 00:34:16,239
Speaker 1: started raising the alarm about how bad this stuff was

592
00:34:16,360 --> 00:34:21,000
Speaker 1: for the planet. And this ice cube thing took another

593
00:34:21,120 --> 00:34:25,080
Speaker 1: step in nineteen thirty three when Guy Tinkham invented the

594
00:34:25,200 --> 00:34:29,839
Speaker 1: flexible stainless steel all metal ice tray that ejected ice

595
00:34:29,840 --> 00:34:36,200
Speaker 1: cubes by flexing sideways. The Maccord ice tray price fifty cents.

596
00:34:37,840 --> 00:34:40,920
Speaker 1: A year later, we get the first motorized ice shaving

597
00:34:40,960 --> 00:34:43,560
Speaker 1: machine thanks to Ernest Hanson, and.

598
00:34:43,440 --> 00:34:47,040
Speaker 2: Ice cubes were considered a quote delightful and trendy novelty

599
00:34:47,360 --> 00:34:49,920
Speaker 2: in the late thirties through the mid forties. According to

600
00:34:49,960 --> 00:34:52,520
Speaker 2: the Smithsonian Natural Museum of American history.

601
00:34:53,040 --> 00:34:57,960
Speaker 1: Another delightful and trendy novelty the Zambonies Zamboni. I don't

602
00:34:58,000 --> 00:35:00,239
Speaker 1: know how delightful and trendy it is, but I've feel

603
00:35:00,239 --> 00:35:03,800
Speaker 1: like it is. It debuted in nineteen forty nine and

604
00:35:03,920 --> 00:35:07,440
Speaker 1: this was the answer to the Zamboni family's ice block factory.

605
00:35:08,000 --> 00:35:12,640
Speaker 1: It flooded and they just had like an ice skating rink.

606
00:35:13,719 --> 00:35:16,319
Speaker 1: Well that's what they turned it into anyway. And then

607
00:35:16,640 --> 00:35:18,839
Speaker 1: when they were asking, well, what do we do now,

608
00:35:18,920 --> 00:35:22,200
Speaker 1: it's got all of these dents and rivets, and you

609
00:35:22,280 --> 00:35:22,520
Speaker 1: know what.

610
00:35:24,520 --> 00:35:27,560
Speaker 2: They invented, the zambellis that's great.

611
00:35:27,800 --> 00:35:31,680
Speaker 1: It is talk about turning what is it, like ice

612
00:35:31,800 --> 00:35:36,600
Speaker 1: water into ice skating rink? Yeah, something like that. Sure.

613
00:35:37,239 --> 00:35:40,680
Speaker 1: The ice maker refrigerator enters the market in nineteen fifty three,

614
00:35:41,080 --> 00:35:45,280
Speaker 1: and with round ice to boot, by the mid nineteen fifties,

615
00:35:45,680 --> 00:35:50,160
Speaker 1: eighty percent of Americans owned a refrigerator. Frigid Air comes

616
00:35:50,200 --> 00:35:53,239
Speaker 1: out with the first ice maker in the door refrigerator

617
00:35:53,719 --> 00:35:54,959
Speaker 1: in nineteen sixty five.

618
00:35:55,680 --> 00:35:58,320
Speaker 2: At that point, ice makers and fridges were widespread, and

619
00:35:58,400 --> 00:36:00,640
Speaker 2: I suspect Frigid Air was looking to get a leg up.

620
00:36:02,200 --> 00:36:04,960
Speaker 1: And then our most important fact of the episode, famous

621
00:36:05,000 --> 00:36:08,720
Speaker 1: ice lover. Mister Freeze graces the page of a Batman

622
00:36:08,800 --> 00:36:13,920
Speaker 1: comic for the first time in nineteen sixty six. That's critical,

623
00:36:14,360 --> 00:36:20,239
Speaker 1: very important to a food deep dive about ice. No,

624
00:36:20,400 --> 00:36:21,759
Speaker 1: it is, I mean.

625
00:36:21,800 --> 00:36:26,839
Speaker 2: And also speaking of Arnold Schwarzenegger, you're right, oh.

626
00:36:26,880 --> 00:36:28,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, okay, what's a good quote from in that movie

627
00:36:28,680 --> 00:36:29,640
Speaker 1: he says the ice age?

628
00:36:30,440 --> 00:36:33,600
Speaker 2: Oh, Lauren, what is every single thing he says as

629
00:36:33,600 --> 00:36:36,960
Speaker 2: an ice pun? But mostly all I can remember is

630
00:36:37,040 --> 00:36:40,640
Speaker 2: the trailer with him going like, okay, everybody chill.

631
00:36:42,520 --> 00:36:47,759
Speaker 1: Well with that. We're gonna pause for a one more

632
00:36:47,880 --> 00:36:58,440
Speaker 1: quick break for word from our sponsor, and we're back.

633
00:36:58,480 --> 00:37:01,279
Speaker 1: Thank you sponsor, Yes, thank you. And we spent that

634
00:37:01,400 --> 00:37:04,840
Speaker 1: ad break going over Arnold Swartzeneger quotes, and I realized

635
00:37:04,880 --> 00:37:08,840
Speaker 1: I misquoted the absolute zero quote. It's sub zero, So

636
00:37:09,880 --> 00:37:10,880
Speaker 1: don't write in about it.

637
00:37:11,239 --> 00:37:12,040
Speaker 2: Oh, they already did.

638
00:37:13,480 --> 00:37:17,799
Speaker 1: You're right, they did, they did. But this brings us

639
00:37:17,840 --> 00:37:21,840
Speaker 1: to these are modern times, yes more or less. And

640
00:37:22,400 --> 00:37:24,440
Speaker 1: we got to talk about those fancy ice cubes that

641
00:37:24,480 --> 00:37:25,480
Speaker 1: you get in bars.

642
00:37:25,960 --> 00:37:29,120
Speaker 2: Yes, oh oh. I didn't go into the physics of

643
00:37:29,239 --> 00:37:32,719
Speaker 2: the sphery thing, the spiry thing. I'll do it in

644
00:37:32,760 --> 00:37:35,040
Speaker 2: another time. I'm sorry, no, we forgive you.

645
00:37:35,719 --> 00:37:40,799
Speaker 1: It's a lot. As ice became more commonplace, so too

646
00:37:41,120 --> 00:37:44,080
Speaker 1: did it become more common to use in cocktails. And

647
00:37:44,239 --> 00:37:47,680
Speaker 1: certain cocktails called for certain types of ice, like shaved

648
00:37:47,760 --> 00:37:51,760
Speaker 1: for mint julips. There's lumps lumped ice for other drinks.

649
00:37:52,239 --> 00:37:54,440
Speaker 1: And this was already happening in eighteen hundreds, because we

650
00:37:54,520 --> 00:37:59,239
Speaker 1: have records of visitors commenting on the fantastic cocktail scene

651
00:37:59,280 --> 00:38:01,879
Speaker 1: in the United States and how ice was a part

652
00:38:01,960 --> 00:38:05,840
Speaker 1: of that. Then wham bam, thank you mam, prohibition so

653
00:38:06,400 --> 00:38:10,000
Speaker 1: all went away. It's taken this country a while to

654
00:38:10,320 --> 00:38:14,800
Speaker 1: bounce back from that, and also the dark pre mixed

655
00:38:14,960 --> 00:38:18,680
Speaker 1: drink days of the eighties. But starting with the new millennium,

656
00:38:18,719 --> 00:38:22,160
Speaker 1: bartenders really started getting into the art of the cocktail

657
00:38:22,160 --> 00:38:25,880
Speaker 1: again and ice is a part of that. But problem,

658
00:38:26,920 --> 00:38:30,320
Speaker 1: no one really harvest ice from frozen bodies of water anymore.

659
00:38:31,040 --> 00:38:34,440
Speaker 1: We get them and relatively the same shapes from refrigerators

660
00:38:34,600 --> 00:38:37,320
Speaker 1: or ice machines. Apparently this is known in the business

661
00:38:37,400 --> 00:38:38,959
Speaker 1: as hotel ice.

662
00:38:39,560 --> 00:38:42,600
Speaker 2: Specifically the kind of like quarter moon shaped ice cubes,

663
00:38:42,640 --> 00:38:44,840
Speaker 2: the rounded one side rounded ice cubes.

664
00:38:44,880 --> 00:38:49,160
Speaker 1: Yeah. Yeah, So new ice machines were developed capable of

665
00:38:49,239 --> 00:38:55,160
Speaker 1: producing larger, clearer ice cubes, but bartenders wanted more, more shapes,

666
00:38:55,320 --> 00:38:59,520
Speaker 1: clearer ice. If you make ice shapes using a commercial freezer,

667
00:39:00,080 --> 00:39:01,440
Speaker 1: they'll probably be cloudy.

668
00:39:01,680 --> 00:39:05,319
Speaker 2: And that's because, Okay, first of all, water isn't one

669
00:39:05,440 --> 00:39:09,320
Speaker 2: hundred percent pure h two Outside of like laboratory settings.

670
00:39:09,560 --> 00:39:11,480
Speaker 2: Most of the time, the water from your faucet or

671
00:39:11,520 --> 00:39:14,160
Speaker 2: from a bottle may contain a reflex of dust or

672
00:39:14,239 --> 00:39:17,280
Speaker 2: minerals or plant remains or whatever, along with some dissolved

673
00:39:17,320 --> 00:39:21,280
Speaker 2: gases like oxygen and maybe minute air bubbles. When water freezes,

674
00:39:21,400 --> 00:39:25,279
Speaker 2: that debris can concentrate into clusters that impede and scatter light,

675
00:39:25,680 --> 00:39:29,960
Speaker 2: making otherwise clear ice look white and cloudy. That debris

676
00:39:30,080 --> 00:39:31,839
Speaker 2: is what causes ice cubes that you make at home

677
00:39:31,920 --> 00:39:34,000
Speaker 2: to be kind of hazy white in the middle. Most

678
00:39:34,239 --> 00:39:36,719
Speaker 2: ice makers and ice cube trays will freeze water from

679
00:39:36,760 --> 00:39:40,320
Speaker 2: the outside inward, which drives that gas and that debris

680
00:39:40,440 --> 00:39:44,880
Speaker 2: towards the center of the cube. Secondly, when water freezes quickly,

681
00:39:45,280 --> 00:39:48,200
Speaker 2: the crystals of ice that form tend to be super tiny,

682
00:39:48,520 --> 00:39:51,720
Speaker 2: and each crystal surfaces are reflective, So the more crystals

683
00:39:51,760 --> 00:39:54,920
Speaker 2: you have in your ice, the more incoming light will scatter,

684
00:39:55,320 --> 00:39:58,319
Speaker 2: and the cloudier your ice will look. So to get

685
00:39:58,400 --> 00:40:01,600
Speaker 2: clear ice, you need relatively little and you need to

686
00:40:01,680 --> 00:40:06,360
Speaker 2: let it freeze slowly. There are restaurant grade ice machines

687
00:40:06,400 --> 00:40:10,160
Speaker 2: will freeze water super gradually with the coldest temperatures concentrated

688
00:40:10,520 --> 00:40:12,920
Speaker 2: on one side of the ice, which lets the gas

689
00:40:13,200 --> 00:40:16,360
Speaker 2: and debris settle to the other end, which can be discarded.

690
00:40:17,400 --> 00:40:20,239
Speaker 1: There are whole companies that specialize in producing clear ice,

691
00:40:20,600 --> 00:40:23,160
Speaker 1: like climb Bell that turns out three hundred pound blocks

692
00:40:23,200 --> 00:40:26,080
Speaker 1: of the stuff. In twenty ten, a bar in New

693
00:40:26,160 --> 00:40:29,800
Speaker 1: York boasted the first in house ice harvesting and production

694
00:40:30,040 --> 00:40:32,080
Speaker 1: because they had one of those machines in their basement.

695
00:40:32,640 --> 00:40:36,720
Speaker 1: But yeah, fancy bars are really into having these huge

696
00:40:36,800 --> 00:40:39,160
Speaker 1: blocks of ice delivered and then cutting them and molding

697
00:40:39,200 --> 00:40:42,319
Speaker 1: them into what they want for each individual drink. One

698
00:40:42,320 --> 00:40:44,960
Speaker 1: of my favorite restaurants in Atlanta, Iberian Pig, has these

699
00:40:45,120 --> 00:40:47,200
Speaker 1: huge chunks of clear ice that you can see them

700
00:40:47,600 --> 00:40:48,280
Speaker 1: cutting from.

701
00:40:48,680 --> 00:40:50,560
Speaker 2: Yeah, right behind the bar. It always makes me very

702
00:40:50,640 --> 00:40:53,400
Speaker 2: nervous when a bartender busts out an ice pick, like

703
00:40:53,719 --> 00:40:55,880
Speaker 2: not for my safety, Like I mean, I'm sure that

704
00:40:55,920 --> 00:40:59,319
Speaker 2: they're holding themselves together more or less, but like, ah, man,

705
00:40:59,400 --> 00:41:01,400
Speaker 2: I'm always just like and you'll just all be careful

706
00:41:01,480 --> 00:41:03,040
Speaker 2: with your fingers. You need those.

707
00:41:03,600 --> 00:41:07,520
Speaker 1: Yeah. Our ads team here at work has a fancy

708
00:41:07,560 --> 00:41:10,120
Speaker 1: ice cube tray that they sort of tried to keep

709
00:41:10,239 --> 00:41:12,600
Speaker 1: secret and then the secret got out. But it's like

710
00:41:12,680 --> 00:41:13,799
Speaker 1: special occasion ice.

711
00:41:14,200 --> 00:41:16,760
Speaker 2: I think by special occasion they mean like Friday.

712
00:41:17,000 --> 00:41:17,200
Speaker 3: Yeah.

713
00:41:19,640 --> 00:41:19,879
Speaker 1: Yeah.

714
00:41:21,960 --> 00:41:23,799
Speaker 2: And if you want to make clear ice at home,

715
00:41:24,760 --> 00:41:26,920
Speaker 2: it's you know, it's not going to be perfect, but

716
00:41:27,000 --> 00:41:30,000
Speaker 2: you can try boiling the water first to drive out

717
00:41:30,000 --> 00:41:32,640
Speaker 2: any dissolved gases and then let it cool a bit

718
00:41:32,719 --> 00:41:36,080
Speaker 2: and add it to your ice cube tray. And I

719
00:41:36,200 --> 00:41:38,600
Speaker 2: wanted to end on a cultural note that I didn't

720
00:41:38,640 --> 00:41:41,600
Speaker 2: bother to spread throughout, but man, I'm kind of thinking

721
00:41:41,640 --> 00:41:43,839
Speaker 2: about it. I want to see if we can maybe

722
00:41:43,880 --> 00:41:45,680
Speaker 2: do a crossover with stuff to blow your mind, if

723
00:41:45,920 --> 00:41:49,520
Speaker 2: they haven't already done an episode like this, because y'all, like,

724
00:41:49,560 --> 00:41:53,719
Speaker 2: throughout the ages, folks have been fascinated by and terrified

725
00:41:53,840 --> 00:41:57,680
Speaker 2: of ice. Just for literature examples, in the thirteen hundred,

726
00:41:57,680 --> 00:42:00,560
Speaker 2: It's Dante wrote about the innermost circle of Hell being

727
00:42:00,600 --> 00:42:04,000
Speaker 2: frozen and Satan himself being chest deep frozen in ice.

728
00:42:04,640 --> 00:42:08,279
Speaker 2: In eighteen twenty three, Mary Shelley and doctor Frankenstein could

729
00:42:08,600 --> 00:42:12,359
Speaker 2: at the end only set their monster adrift in ice.

730
00:42:13,080 --> 00:42:16,600
Speaker 2: In nineteen thirty one, Lovecraft wrote about horrors preserved and

731
00:42:16,760 --> 00:42:19,840
Speaker 2: awoken in the Antarctic ice in the Mountains of Madness,

732
00:42:20,280 --> 00:42:22,040
Speaker 2: and within the same decade, an authored by the name

733
00:42:22,080 --> 00:42:24,880
Speaker 2: of John W. Campbell wrote a story with a similar

734
00:42:24,960 --> 00:42:27,600
Speaker 2: theme called Who Goes There, which would go on to

735
00:42:27,680 --> 00:42:31,160
Speaker 2: be adapted into film several times, including the nineteen eighty

736
00:42:31,200 --> 00:42:34,880
Speaker 2: two John Carpenter film The Thing, which recently got seql

737
00:42:34,920 --> 00:42:37,840
Speaker 2: and like a pretty good board game, We're still fascinated

738
00:42:38,040 --> 00:42:42,600
Speaker 2: by this stuff. And for a final ending ending a

739
00:42:42,719 --> 00:42:47,120
Speaker 2: quote here from a book called The Spiritual History of Ice, Romanticism,

740
00:42:47,360 --> 00:42:53,560
Speaker 2: Science and the Imagination by Juan Eric G. Wilson. Polar Terry, Incognide,

741
00:42:53,719 --> 00:42:57,520
Speaker 2: and other frozen shapes kill and cure. They blanched the

742
00:42:57,600 --> 00:43:01,359
Speaker 2: earth into a corpse. They translucently reveal life's vital core.

743
00:43:02,040 --> 00:43:04,880
Speaker 2: The whiteness of ice is the whiteness of the whale.

744
00:43:06,400 --> 00:43:13,680
Speaker 1: Oh give me chi chilling chills. You could also end

745
00:43:13,760 --> 00:43:16,719
Speaker 1: on the immortal words of mister Freeze. Allow me to

746
00:43:16,760 --> 00:43:20,200
Speaker 1: break the ice. My name is Freeze. Learn it well.

747
00:43:20,360 --> 00:43:25,000
Speaker 1: We're the chilling sound of your doom. Mmm.

748
00:43:25,920 --> 00:43:31,200
Speaker 2: Both of these are very serious, very serious philosophical points.

749
00:43:31,480 --> 00:43:35,200
Speaker 1: I haven't really considered it, but yeah, yes, both serious

750
00:43:35,239 --> 00:43:39,640
Speaker 1: philosophical points. But also, yeah, ice is it comes up

751
00:43:39,680 --> 00:43:42,120
Speaker 1: a lot in our entertainment and our culture.

752
00:43:44,280 --> 00:43:44,600
Speaker 2: It is.

753
00:43:44,800 --> 00:43:46,520
Speaker 1: It's such a fascinating food thing.

754
00:43:46,960 --> 00:43:50,880
Speaker 2: It is. Oh and yeah, there's there's a lot of

755
00:43:51,000 --> 00:43:54,359
Speaker 2: physics that make it really cool. It's the it has

756
00:43:54,560 --> 00:43:57,480
Speaker 2: fifteen different crystal forms. Like a lot of things that

757
00:43:57,600 --> 00:43:59,879
Speaker 2: do make up crystal shapes can have a different type

758
00:43:59,880 --> 00:44:04,279
Speaker 2: of different formations of crystallization, but ice has fifteen. That's

759
00:44:04,360 --> 00:44:06,520
Speaker 2: like a lot, a lot. It's like more than two.

760
00:44:07,600 --> 00:44:11,319
Speaker 1: It's a bunch, yes, a bunch a lot, several many.

761
00:44:11,800 --> 00:44:12,600
Speaker 1: And oh and like the.

762
00:44:12,600 --> 00:44:16,160
Speaker 2: Reason why ice is slippery is great, and oh there's.

763
00:44:15,960 --> 00:44:16,920
Speaker 1: A lot there is.

764
00:44:17,480 --> 00:44:20,200
Speaker 2: If I could just I would do another several episodes

765
00:44:20,239 --> 00:44:23,120
Speaker 2: about ice physics, if this were a physics show.

766
00:44:23,360 --> 00:44:26,600
Speaker 1: But yeah, and I would just do bad Arnold Swartz

767
00:44:26,640 --> 00:44:29,680
Speaker 1: and Inger impressions and it would be I think, very

768
00:44:29,760 --> 00:44:32,160
Speaker 1: interesting SHOWR.

769
00:44:33,000 --> 00:44:37,560
Speaker 2: Your ear impressions are great. Both of our impressions are

770
00:44:38,239 --> 00:44:38,879
Speaker 2: top notch.

771
00:44:39,120 --> 00:44:46,400
Speaker 1: Oh, we should get nominated for something something best best impersonations,

772
00:44:46,560 --> 00:44:50,719
Speaker 1: send us suggestions about what nominations should get us invited for,

773
00:44:55,400 --> 00:44:57,960
Speaker 1: and that brings us to the end of this classic episode.

774
00:44:58,000 --> 00:45:00,719
Speaker 1: We hope that you enjoyed it for the first time.

775
00:45:01,000 --> 00:45:03,719
Speaker 1: Who knows how many times you've listened to it as

776
00:45:03,800 --> 00:45:06,200
Speaker 1: much as we enjoyed bringing it back. I would love

777
00:45:06,280 --> 00:45:11,040
Speaker 1: to hear about people's if you have, like your I

778
00:45:11,160 --> 00:45:13,560
Speaker 1: have those specialty Star Wars ice cube trays. You know,

779
00:45:14,680 --> 00:45:17,319
Speaker 1: what are your specialty ice cube trays? Oh, what's your

780
00:45:17,400 --> 00:45:19,839
Speaker 1: go to fancy ice cube? Yeah?

781
00:45:20,400 --> 00:45:22,759
Speaker 2: And for what purpose? Like do you have different ice

782
00:45:22,840 --> 00:45:25,759
Speaker 2: cubes for different drinks, for different glasses? I mean, of

783
00:45:25,840 --> 00:45:28,400
Speaker 2: course for different glasses. You have to because you know,

784
00:45:28,600 --> 00:45:30,120
Speaker 2: like the format has to fit.

785
00:45:32,960 --> 00:45:34,399
Speaker 1: Yes, I have a couple.

786
00:45:35,160 --> 00:45:36,920
Speaker 2: I have a couple of rocks glasses that, like the

787
00:45:37,040 --> 00:45:40,920
Speaker 2: large cube will not really fit into, but the large

788
00:45:41,200 --> 00:45:44,800
Speaker 2: fear will fit into. So you know, you got to

789
00:45:44,840 --> 00:45:47,160
Speaker 2: know what you're working with exactly.

790
00:45:47,880 --> 00:45:51,080
Speaker 1: This is very important. The last thing you want is

791
00:45:51,160 --> 00:45:53,080
Speaker 1: to you're ready to have your drink and you're going

792
00:45:53,160 --> 00:45:59,520
Speaker 1: for the ice cube and it doesn't fit. Yeah, that's no, no, no, no,

793
00:45:59,640 --> 00:46:03,719
Speaker 1: no no, So please write in and let us know.

794
00:46:04,719 --> 00:46:07,120
Speaker 1: You can email us at hello at saberpod dot com.

795
00:46:07,520 --> 00:46:10,040
Speaker 2: We're also on social media. You can find us on

796
00:46:10,440 --> 00:46:13,680
Speaker 2: Instagram and blue Sky at saber pod and we do

797
00:46:13,800 --> 00:46:16,719
Speaker 2: hope to hear from you. Savre is production of iHeartRadio.

798
00:46:17,000 --> 00:46:20,839
Speaker 2: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, you can visit the iHeartRadio app,

799
00:46:21,120 --> 00:46:24,120
Speaker 2: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.

800
00:46:24,520 --> 00:46:27,920
Speaker 2: Thanks us always to our superproducers Dylan Fagan and Andrew Howard.

801
00:46:28,239 --> 00:46:30,080
Speaker 2: Thanks to you for listening, and we hope that lots

802
00:46:30,080 --> 00:46:31,480
Speaker 2: more good things are coming your way