1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:05,040 Speaker 1: Hey y'all, we're rerunning two episodes today. Enjoy the show. Hi, 2 00:00:05,519 --> 00:00:09,080 Speaker 1: I'm Eves, and Welcome to This Day in History Class, 3 00:00:09,640 --> 00:00:13,000 Speaker 1: a show that on covers history one day at a time. 4 00:00:20,600 --> 00:00:26,040 Speaker 1: The day was June nine, eighteen sixty five. Union soldiers 5 00:00:26,040 --> 00:00:29,319 Speaker 1: were in Galveston, Texas, a state where the presence of 6 00:00:29,400 --> 00:00:33,280 Speaker 1: Union troops was low and thousands of people remained enslaved. 7 00:00:34,120 --> 00:00:38,680 Speaker 1: The Emancipation Proclamation went into effect two years prior, outlawing 8 00:00:38,720 --> 00:00:43,440 Speaker 1: slavery in the Confederate States, but Texas was isolated and 9 00:00:43,479 --> 00:00:46,400 Speaker 1: the proclamation was not enforced in the state when it 10 00:00:46,520 --> 00:00:51,040 Speaker 1: was not outright challenged. So on this day, Major General 11 00:00:51,080 --> 00:00:54,960 Speaker 1: Gordon Granger announced to the people of Texas the Emancipation 12 00:00:55,000 --> 00:00:59,560 Speaker 1: of enslaved People. June nine is now recognized as an 13 00:00:59,600 --> 00:01:03,120 Speaker 1: independ Pendence Day and marked by celebrations that honor Black 14 00:01:03,160 --> 00:01:09,160 Speaker 1: Americans freedom from slavery. On September eighteen sixty two, a 15 00:01:09,280 --> 00:01:11,480 Speaker 1: year after the start of the U s Civil War 16 00:01:11,720 --> 00:01:14,520 Speaker 1: and centuries after the first Africans were enslaved in the 17 00:01:14,560 --> 00:01:19,720 Speaker 1: modern United States, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. 18 00:01:20,880 --> 00:01:24,120 Speaker 1: The proclamation said that all enslaved people in the rebellious 19 00:01:24,120 --> 00:01:27,760 Speaker 1: Confederate states were declared free, and it took effect on 20 00:01:27,880 --> 00:01:32,880 Speaker 1: January one, eighteen sixty three. The proclamation also announced that 21 00:01:32,920 --> 00:01:35,400 Speaker 1: black men would be able to enlist in the Union 22 00:01:35,520 --> 00:01:38,960 Speaker 1: Army and Navy, and hundreds of thousands of black men 23 00:01:39,160 --> 00:01:42,600 Speaker 1: did fight for the Union during the war, but it 24 00:01:42,680 --> 00:01:45,560 Speaker 1: only applied to states that had seceded from the US. 25 00:01:46,240 --> 00:01:49,880 Speaker 1: Slavery remained legal in the border states or slave owning 26 00:01:49,920 --> 00:01:53,200 Speaker 1: states that did not join the Confederacy, as well as 27 00:01:53,280 --> 00:01:58,120 Speaker 1: Union controlled rebel areas, so the proclamation did not outright 28 00:01:58,200 --> 00:02:02,520 Speaker 1: in slavery in America. News of the proclamation took a 29 00:02:02,560 --> 00:02:06,160 Speaker 1: while to spread in Texas, the most western state, and 30 00:02:06,200 --> 00:02:09,600 Speaker 1: the Confederacy was removed from a lot of the Civil 31 00:02:09,600 --> 00:02:14,680 Speaker 1: War action. Slaveholders had migrated in large numbers from Eastern 32 00:02:14,760 --> 00:02:17,720 Speaker 1: states to Texas to get out of war torn areas 33 00:02:17,760 --> 00:02:22,960 Speaker 1: and shirk emancipation enforcement. By eighteen sixty five, around two 34 00:02:23,080 --> 00:02:27,520 Speaker 1: hundred and fifty thousand people were enslaved in Texas. Confederate 35 00:02:27,560 --> 00:02:30,679 Speaker 1: General Robert E. Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia 36 00:02:31,040 --> 00:02:35,040 Speaker 1: surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant on April nights, 37 00:02:35,040 --> 00:02:39,559 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty five, but the Army of the trans Mississippi 38 00:02:39,639 --> 00:02:44,639 Speaker 1: and other rebels kept fighting for months after. Galveston, Texas, 39 00:02:44,760 --> 00:02:48,639 Speaker 1: was a major Confederate port since Texas seceded from the 40 00:02:48,760 --> 00:02:51,959 Speaker 1: United States. The city had been blockaded by the Union, 41 00:02:52,320 --> 00:02:56,799 Speaker 1: occupied by the U. S. Navy, and recaptured by the Confederacy. 42 00:02:57,320 --> 00:03:01,400 Speaker 1: But on June two, General Edmund Kirby Smith signed surrender 43 00:03:01,560 --> 00:03:06,040 Speaker 1: terms for the Confederate trans Mississippi Department aboard the U. S. S. 44 00:03:06,080 --> 00:03:10,040 Speaker 1: Fort Jackson and Galveston Harbor. It was the last major 45 00:03:10,080 --> 00:03:15,440 Speaker 1: Confederate command to surrender. On June, Major General Gordon Granger 46 00:03:15,520 --> 00:03:20,120 Speaker 1: arrived in Galveston with two thousand Federal troops. The next day, 47 00:03:20,280 --> 00:03:23,960 Speaker 1: Granger read General Orders number three at the Headquarters District 48 00:03:23,960 --> 00:03:28,640 Speaker 1: of Texas and Galveston. He said the following, The people 49 00:03:28,680 --> 00:03:32,360 Speaker 1: of Texas are informed that, in accordance with a proclamation 50 00:03:32,480 --> 00:03:36,080 Speaker 1: from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free. 51 00:03:37,000 --> 00:03:40,720 Speaker 1: This involves an absolute equality of personal rights and rights 52 00:03:40,760 --> 00:03:44,920 Speaker 1: of property between former masters and slaves, and the connection 53 00:03:45,080 --> 00:03:50,080 Speaker 1: heretofore existing between them becomes that between employer and hired labor. 54 00:03:50,960 --> 00:03:54,080 Speaker 1: The freedmen are advised to remain quietly at their present 55 00:03:54,120 --> 00:03:57,760 Speaker 1: homes and work for wages. They are informed that they 56 00:03:57,800 --> 00:04:00,960 Speaker 1: will not be allowed to collect at military area posts 57 00:04:01,040 --> 00:04:03,880 Speaker 1: and that they will not be supported in idleness, either 58 00:04:04,000 --> 00:04:09,240 Speaker 1: there or elsewhere. But as with the Emancipation Proclamation, change 59 00:04:09,280 --> 00:04:13,080 Speaker 1: was not immediate in all encompassing. Many slave owners did 60 00:04:13,120 --> 00:04:16,039 Speaker 1: not relay news of the announcement and free enslaved people 61 00:04:16,440 --> 00:04:21,640 Speaker 1: until after the harvest. Some forced free people to work anyway. 62 00:04:22,240 --> 00:04:24,520 Speaker 1: Though the order encouraged black people to stay with their 63 00:04:24,520 --> 00:04:28,080 Speaker 1: former owners, many left to find family or to move north, 64 00:04:28,160 --> 00:04:32,000 Speaker 1: in a process that was dubbed the scatter. Some formerly 65 00:04:32,080 --> 00:04:34,960 Speaker 1: enslaved people were beaten or murdered after they attempted to 66 00:04:34,960 --> 00:04:39,359 Speaker 1: fulfill their freedom. In December of eighteen sixty five, the 67 00:04:39,440 --> 00:04:42,960 Speaker 1: thirteenth Amendment to the U. S Constitution, abolishing slavery in 68 00:04:43,000 --> 00:04:47,120 Speaker 1: the United States, was ratified. The next year, the freed 69 00:04:47,200 --> 00:04:51,080 Speaker 1: black people of Texas celebrated June nineteenth and recognition of 70 00:04:51,120 --> 00:04:56,520 Speaker 1: Granger's eighteen sixty five announcement. June tenth, as June nineteenth 71 00:04:56,600 --> 00:04:59,400 Speaker 1: came to be known, became a day that marked freedom 72 00:04:59,440 --> 00:05:04,599 Speaker 1: and progress, honored through readings of the Emancipation Proclamation, games, food, 73 00:05:04,680 --> 00:05:09,680 Speaker 1: and religious sermons. The Friedman's Bureau was established in eighteen 74 00:05:09,720 --> 00:05:13,320 Speaker 1: sixty five to deal with the social reconstruction necessary in 75 00:05:13,360 --> 00:05:17,000 Speaker 1: the aftermath of the Civil War. But even then, records 76 00:05:17,040 --> 00:05:20,200 Speaker 1: exist of black people who were still illegally enslaved in 77 00:05:20,279 --> 00:05:23,680 Speaker 1: Texas and other states, and the black folks who were 78 00:05:23,720 --> 00:05:27,920 Speaker 1: emancipated still faced the problems of lack of shelter, food, 79 00:05:28,120 --> 00:05:31,920 Speaker 1: and resources, on top of the codified discrimination and racist 80 00:05:32,000 --> 00:05:36,320 Speaker 1: violence that proliferated at the time. Since the eighteen hundreds, 81 00:05:36,360 --> 00:05:40,039 Speaker 1: the celebration of Juneteenth has spread from Texas and throughout 82 00:05:40,080 --> 00:05:44,240 Speaker 1: the United States. I'm Eaves, Jeffcote, and hopefully you know 83 00:05:44,360 --> 00:05:47,920 Speaker 1: a little more about history today than you did yesterday. 84 00:05:49,160 --> 00:05:52,719 Speaker 1: Just an additional note that after Juneteenth, black people needed 85 00:05:52,760 --> 00:05:55,599 Speaker 1: places to gather to celebrate, as white people had barth 86 00:05:55,640 --> 00:05:59,400 Speaker 1: them from using their public spaces. They began raising money 87 00:05:59,400 --> 00:06:03,159 Speaker 1: to buy their own spots to celebrate Juneteenth. Emancipation Park 88 00:06:03,160 --> 00:06:06,400 Speaker 1: in Houston, Texas, which opened in eighteen seventy two, was 89 00:06:06,480 --> 00:06:10,560 Speaker 1: one such space. We love it if you left us 90 00:06:10,560 --> 00:06:14,960 Speaker 1: a comment on Twitter, Instagram, or Facebook. At T d 91 00:06:15,440 --> 00:06:20,680 Speaker 1: I h C podcast, I'm guessing that you love history 92 00:06:20,760 --> 00:06:23,120 Speaker 1: because you just listen to an episode of This Day 93 00:06:23,120 --> 00:06:26,920 Speaker 1: in History Class. You can listen to more history by 94 00:06:27,080 --> 00:06:30,719 Speaker 1: checking out my Nutell Unpopular. It's a show about people 95 00:06:30,720 --> 00:06:34,560 Speaker 1: in history who challenge the status quo and we're sometimes 96 00:06:34,720 --> 00:06:50,760 Speaker 1: persecuted for it. Thanks for listening and we'll see you tomorrow. Hey, y'all, 97 00:06:50,760 --> 00:06:53,640 Speaker 1: I'm Eves and welcome to This Day and History Class, 98 00:06:53,920 --> 00:06:56,320 Speaker 1: a podcast that brings you a new slice of history 99 00:06:56,440 --> 00:07:08,440 Speaker 1: every day. The day was June nineteenth, nineteen seventeen. Revolutionary 100 00:07:08,440 --> 00:07:11,800 Speaker 1: and politician Joshua and Como was born in Madabiley Land 101 00:07:11,840 --> 00:07:16,320 Speaker 1: in modern day Zimbabwe. And Como led the Zimbabwe African 102 00:07:16,320 --> 00:07:20,320 Speaker 1: Pupils Union and served as second Vice President of Zimbabwe 103 00:07:20,400 --> 00:07:25,080 Speaker 1: from nineteen nine to nine. In September of eighteen ninety, 104 00:07:25,360 --> 00:07:29,040 Speaker 1: the Pioneer column of the British South African Company raised 105 00:07:29,080 --> 00:07:32,480 Speaker 1: the British flag at Fort Salisbury or present day Harari. 106 00:07:33,520 --> 00:07:38,000 Speaker 1: British columnists called the area Southern Rhodesia after imperialists and 107 00:07:38,080 --> 00:07:43,400 Speaker 1: politician Cecil Rhodes. Over the next decade, white people arrived 108 00:07:43,400 --> 00:07:47,360 Speaker 1: in large numbers and began seizing farmland and overseeing the 109 00:07:47,440 --> 00:07:52,560 Speaker 1: mining of resources like gold, chrome, ore and platinum. The 110 00:07:52,680 --> 00:07:55,600 Speaker 1: Biley and Shona people's who lived in the area were 111 00:07:55,640 --> 00:07:59,240 Speaker 1: displaced by the Europeans. They had made efforts to resist 112 00:07:59,320 --> 00:08:02,720 Speaker 1: British rule, but Southern Rhodesia was annexed by the United 113 00:08:02,840 --> 00:08:06,800 Speaker 1: Kingdom in nineteen twenty three. Como grew up in colonial 114 00:08:06,840 --> 00:08:10,240 Speaker 1: era Southern Rhodesia as part of an Indabelee family. As 115 00:08:10,240 --> 00:08:12,400 Speaker 1: a young adult and Como took a job as a 116 00:08:12,400 --> 00:08:17,080 Speaker 1: social welfare worker with the Rhodesia Railways. He began to 117 00:08:17,080 --> 00:08:20,160 Speaker 1: advocate for railway workers and helped build up the Rhodesian 118 00:08:20,240 --> 00:08:24,680 Speaker 1: Railways African Employees Association, and when the British government proposed 119 00:08:24,840 --> 00:08:28,880 Speaker 1: uniting some of his African colonies, including Southern Rhodesia, into 120 00:08:28,920 --> 00:08:32,880 Speaker 1: a federation, he was vocal about his opposition to federation. 121 00:08:34,080 --> 00:08:37,600 Speaker 1: Though the anti federation movement had many supporters, The Federation 122 00:08:37,640 --> 00:08:41,000 Speaker 1: of Rhodesia and Nyassa Land was formed in nineteen fifty three, 123 00:08:42,120 --> 00:08:45,439 Speaker 1: and Como gained a reputation as a committed African nationalist. 124 00:08:45,880 --> 00:08:49,000 Speaker 1: When the African National Youth League and the Boulawio branch 125 00:08:49,080 --> 00:08:52,640 Speaker 1: of the African National Congress merged in nineteen fifty seven, 126 00:08:53,160 --> 00:08:55,719 Speaker 1: Comma was elected president of the new a n C. 127 00:08:57,080 --> 00:08:58,880 Speaker 1: Through his work as president of the a n C, 128 00:08:59,400 --> 00:09:01,640 Speaker 1: he met a are people who were involved in anti 129 00:09:01,640 --> 00:09:06,120 Speaker 1: colonial movements. In nineteen fifty nine, the government banned the 130 00:09:06,160 --> 00:09:09,280 Speaker 1: a n C and hundreds of its members were arrested. 131 00:09:10,440 --> 00:09:13,160 Speaker 1: As Como traveled through Europe and the United States to 132 00:09:13,280 --> 00:09:16,680 Speaker 1: raise money in support for the independence movement. Members of 133 00:09:16,720 --> 00:09:20,320 Speaker 1: the a n C formed the National Democratic Party and 134 00:09:20,400 --> 00:09:22,960 Speaker 1: Como was declared president of the n d P, which 135 00:09:23,000 --> 00:09:27,400 Speaker 1: was later banned as well. Another party, the Zimbabwe African 136 00:09:27,400 --> 00:09:30,840 Speaker 1: People's Union or z a p U, soon formed and 137 00:09:30,960 --> 00:09:35,520 Speaker 1: was also banned. Como continued to press for international support, 138 00:09:35,880 --> 00:09:39,080 Speaker 1: but some people perceived in Como as a moderate and 139 00:09:39,160 --> 00:09:42,760 Speaker 1: doubted his commitment to the nationalist movement. Some people in 140 00:09:42,800 --> 00:09:45,560 Speaker 1: the z a PU broke away from the group informed 141 00:09:45,640 --> 00:09:50,600 Speaker 1: the Zimbabwe African National Union. All the while white Rhodesian 142 00:09:50,640 --> 00:09:55,480 Speaker 1: prime ministers targeted black nationalists. Prime Minister Ian Smith banished 143 00:09:55,480 --> 00:09:58,320 Speaker 1: in Como to a detention center in a remote part 144 00:09:58,360 --> 00:10:03,120 Speaker 1: of southern Rhodesia. Coma was incarcerated for ten years, but 145 00:10:03,240 --> 00:10:07,240 Speaker 1: his incarceration garnered him more support and increased opposition to 146 00:10:07,280 --> 00:10:11,160 Speaker 1: the Smith administration. By the time Ucoma was freed in 147 00:10:11,240 --> 00:10:16,160 Speaker 1: nineteen seventy four, nationalist groups had gained ground, and Como 148 00:10:16,240 --> 00:10:20,280 Speaker 1: directed the z A p US military, political and diplomatic 149 00:10:20,320 --> 00:10:25,959 Speaker 1: activities from Zambia. Robert Mugabi, another nationalist leader, had been 150 00:10:26,000 --> 00:10:29,160 Speaker 1: at odds with UNCOMO before, but the z A p 151 00:10:29,360 --> 00:10:32,960 Speaker 1: U and Mugabe's z A n YOU linked to form 152 00:10:33,080 --> 00:10:37,640 Speaker 1: the Patriotic Front and bring down white minority rule. Smith 153 00:10:37,679 --> 00:10:41,400 Speaker 1: agreed to a new constitution and Zimbabwe gained its independence 154 00:10:41,400 --> 00:10:46,000 Speaker 1: in nineteen eighty. Mugabi became Prime Minister and Minister for Defense, 155 00:10:46,720 --> 00:10:50,080 Speaker 1: but in COMA continued to be in conflict with Mugabi 156 00:10:50,160 --> 00:10:52,880 Speaker 1: and fighting between z A p U and z A 157 00:10:53,080 --> 00:10:57,720 Speaker 1: n U supporters escalated. After years of violence and massacres 158 00:10:57,840 --> 00:11:01,440 Speaker 1: carried out against the Indbilee by the Zimbabwe National Army, 159 00:11:01,880 --> 00:11:04,839 Speaker 1: and Como and Mugabi agreed to merge their parties into 160 00:11:04,920 --> 00:11:09,280 Speaker 1: a unified one called z A n UPS. The agreement 161 00:11:09,320 --> 00:11:11,960 Speaker 1: said that the party was committed to a one party state. 162 00:11:12,440 --> 00:11:15,280 Speaker 1: It also provided for and Como to become the second 163 00:11:15,360 --> 00:11:19,439 Speaker 1: of two vice presidents of Zimbabwe, in a role that 164 00:11:19,520 --> 00:11:24,120 Speaker 1: was largely symbolic. He served as second Vice president until 165 00:11:24,200 --> 00:11:28,400 Speaker 1: his death in n In his later years and Como 166 00:11:28,480 --> 00:11:31,880 Speaker 1: dealt with health issues. Many people disapproved of how he 167 00:11:31,960 --> 00:11:36,920 Speaker 1: handled political challenges and he lost a lot of influence. Still, 168 00:11:37,200 --> 00:11:40,960 Speaker 1: Como has been called the father of Zimbabwe Nationalism for 169 00:11:41,080 --> 00:11:43,600 Speaker 1: his leading role in the fight for independence from white 170 00:11:43,640 --> 00:11:48,120 Speaker 1: colonial rule. I'm Eve step Coote and hopefully you know 171 00:11:48,200 --> 00:11:51,280 Speaker 1: a little more about history today that you did yesterday. 172 00:11:51,679 --> 00:11:54,360 Speaker 1: And if you have any comments or suggestions, you can 173 00:11:54,400 --> 00:11:56,760 Speaker 1: send them to us at this day at i heart 174 00:11:56,840 --> 00:11:59,320 Speaker 1: media dot com. You can also send us a note 175 00:11:59,320 --> 00:12:01,880 Speaker 1: on social media up We're at t d I h 176 00:12:01,960 --> 00:12:06,040 Speaker 1: C podcast on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. Thanks so much 177 00:12:06,080 --> 00:12:08,240 Speaker 1: for listening to the show and we'll see you tomorrow. 178 00:12:16,080 --> 00:12:18,120 Speaker 1: For more podcasts for my Heart Radio, visit the i 179 00:12:18,200 --> 00:12:20,840 Speaker 1: Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to 180 00:12:20,840 --> 00:12:21,640 Speaker 1: your favorite shows.