1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:14,680 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. 3 00:00:14,840 --> 00:00:19,079 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. Before we start the episode, 4 00:00:19,360 --> 00:00:22,280 Speaker 1: we are going to go to Barcelona in November. 5 00:00:23,160 --> 00:00:24,160 Speaker 2: I'm so excited. 6 00:00:25,160 --> 00:00:27,840 Speaker 1: That's November of twenty twenty three. If you're listening from 7 00:00:27,880 --> 00:00:32,640 Speaker 1: the future. This is a trip we have thought about 8 00:00:32,680 --> 00:00:35,639 Speaker 1: for a while, since many years ago when we did 9 00:00:35,680 --> 00:00:40,080 Speaker 1: some thematically appropriate episodes of the show. This is a 10 00:00:40,120 --> 00:00:43,360 Speaker 1: six night trip. We will be staying in central Barcelona. 11 00:00:43,479 --> 00:00:47,120 Speaker 1: We've got a lot of fun stuff on the schedule, 12 00:00:47,159 --> 00:00:52,360 Speaker 1: including city tours, Caso museums, the Gratafamilia wine tasting, a 13 00:00:52,479 --> 00:00:57,240 Speaker 1: tops tasting, Manserat day trip with a tour of the abbey. 14 00:00:57,920 --> 00:00:59,960 Speaker 1: All of this is stuff that I'm very much like 15 00:01:00,000 --> 00:01:03,600 Speaker 1: looking forward to, and we still have some spaces available. 16 00:01:03,760 --> 00:01:07,120 Speaker 1: So if you have been thinking about making a trip, 17 00:01:07,120 --> 00:01:09,840 Speaker 1: maybe November of this year is right for you. So 18 00:01:09,880 --> 00:01:15,240 Speaker 1: you can go to Defined Destinations dot com. Right on 19 00:01:15,319 --> 00:01:18,600 Speaker 1: the front page there's a link to the Barcelona trip, 20 00:01:19,160 --> 00:01:22,640 Speaker 1: or you can go to Defined Destinations dot com slash 21 00:01:23,240 --> 00:01:26,880 Speaker 1: Barcelona Dash twenty twenty three. Either way, we'll get you there. 22 00:01:27,959 --> 00:01:29,520 Speaker 1: I don't know, Holly, do you have anything you want 23 00:01:29,560 --> 00:01:34,360 Speaker 1: to add? Listen? I am deeply excited about this. It's 24 00:01:34,480 --> 00:01:40,120 Speaker 1: gonna cure my post Halloween doldrums. This is we have 25 00:01:40,200 --> 00:01:43,520 Speaker 1: talked about Barcelona for both of our previous trips as 26 00:01:43,560 --> 00:01:49,000 Speaker 1: an option, yeah, and then it got sidelined for other choices, 27 00:01:49,040 --> 00:01:52,600 Speaker 1: and so it's really it's time, and it's really been 28 00:01:52,640 --> 00:01:55,280 Speaker 1: one that we have had in mind for now literally 29 00:01:55,440 --> 00:01:56,360 Speaker 1: years and years. 30 00:01:57,280 --> 00:01:58,040 Speaker 2: I cannot wait. 31 00:01:58,800 --> 00:02:01,840 Speaker 1: Ye so excited, I'm going to eat all all the. 32 00:02:01,800 --> 00:02:06,080 Speaker 2: Food that uh so. 33 00:02:06,160 --> 00:02:09,800 Speaker 1: Speaking of travel, but much more local to me travel. 34 00:02:10,040 --> 00:02:13,000 Speaker 1: A while ago, I learned that one of John Singer 35 00:02:13,120 --> 00:02:18,239 Speaker 1: Sergeant's sisters, Emily Sargent, was a prolific artist, but that 36 00:02:18,440 --> 00:02:21,480 Speaker 1: her work really hasn't been studied very much. And that's 37 00:02:21,600 --> 00:02:25,720 Speaker 1: not just because she was overshadowed by her very famous brother. 38 00:02:26,600 --> 00:02:30,520 Speaker 1: She only publicly exhibited her work once during her lifetime. 39 00:02:30,600 --> 00:02:33,480 Speaker 1: That was only four pieces, and those pieces were all 40 00:02:33,639 --> 00:02:38,240 Speaker 1: copies rather than her original work. People who knew her 41 00:02:38,400 --> 00:02:43,280 Speaker 1: described her as an accomplished watercolorist, but her original paintings 42 00:02:43,320 --> 00:02:46,880 Speaker 1: just didn't really circulate very far beyond family and friends. 43 00:02:47,000 --> 00:02:51,080 Speaker 1: And then after she'd died, people thought that those paintings 44 00:02:51,120 --> 00:02:54,799 Speaker 1: had been lost. That continued to be true until more 45 00:02:54,840 --> 00:02:57,480 Speaker 1: than four hundred of her paintings were found in an 46 00:02:57,480 --> 00:03:01,920 Speaker 1: attic in England just twenty five years ago. So I 47 00:03:02,040 --> 00:03:05,880 Speaker 1: was very intrigued by Emily's Sergeant. After learning all of that, 48 00:03:07,040 --> 00:03:09,120 Speaker 1: it seemed like though I was not going to be 49 00:03:09,120 --> 00:03:12,600 Speaker 1: able to find enough information for a full episode on her. 50 00:03:12,720 --> 00:03:16,679 Speaker 1: It's one of those cases where the information surely exists, 51 00:03:17,760 --> 00:03:20,240 Speaker 1: but not in places that are kind of centralized and 52 00:03:20,360 --> 00:03:23,800 Speaker 1: accessible to me as a researcher. And then earlier this year, 53 00:03:24,840 --> 00:03:28,480 Speaker 1: I learned that the Sergeant House Museum in Gloucester, Massachusetts 54 00:03:28,560 --> 00:03:30,960 Speaker 1: was going to be exhibiting some of her work this summer. 55 00:03:31,000 --> 00:03:33,639 Speaker 1: That is where the local travel comes in. I thought, 56 00:03:34,080 --> 00:03:36,160 Speaker 1: maybe if I go to this exhibit, I'll be able 57 00:03:36,200 --> 00:03:39,440 Speaker 1: to pull together enough information about Emily's Sergeant. 58 00:03:39,560 --> 00:03:40,720 Speaker 2: So I went to Gloucester. 59 00:03:42,160 --> 00:03:45,440 Speaker 1: Unfortunately, still did not feel like there would be enough information. 60 00:03:45,960 --> 00:03:50,480 Speaker 1: But the Sergeant House Museum was built for another sergeant, 61 00:03:50,600 --> 00:03:54,400 Speaker 1: that was Judith Sergeant Murray. Today the museum is focused 62 00:03:54,440 --> 00:03:58,360 Speaker 1: primarily on her life and legacy. I really didn't know 63 00:03:58,440 --> 00:04:00,800 Speaker 1: much about her before going to this museum, and I 64 00:04:00,800 --> 00:04:03,960 Speaker 1: wound up being intrigued by her as well in terms 65 00:04:04,000 --> 00:04:07,280 Speaker 1: of her life story and her writing on women's rights, 66 00:04:07,320 --> 00:04:11,440 Speaker 1: her influence on the spread of universalism in North America. 67 00:04:12,360 --> 00:04:17,760 Speaker 1: So these two women were related. Judith's brother, Winthrop, was 68 00:04:17,800 --> 00:04:21,400 Speaker 1: the great great grandfather of John Singer and Emily Sargeant, 69 00:04:22,040 --> 00:04:25,279 Speaker 1: and John and Emily also had their own connections to 70 00:04:25,600 --> 00:04:28,480 Speaker 1: Sergeant House as it was turned from a private home 71 00:04:28,560 --> 00:04:31,919 Speaker 1: into a museum. So I decided today's episode should be 72 00:04:31,920 --> 00:04:37,680 Speaker 1: about two sergeants, Judith and Emily. Judith's sergeant was born 73 00:04:37,680 --> 00:04:42,480 Speaker 1: in Gloucester, Massachusetts, on May first, seventeen fifty one. Gloucester 74 00:04:42,600 --> 00:04:45,800 Speaker 1: is on Cape Ann, ancestral home of the Pawtucket people. 75 00:04:46,000 --> 00:04:49,640 Speaker 1: Although early colonial records use a lot of different names 76 00:04:49,640 --> 00:04:53,240 Speaker 1: to describe the indigenous people of this area, some of 77 00:04:53,279 --> 00:04:56,359 Speaker 1: these are the names of other indigenous peoples or nations, 78 00:04:56,560 --> 00:04:59,039 Speaker 1: or of the towns where they were living, or the 79 00:04:59,160 --> 00:05:01,760 Speaker 1: name of whoever was holding the role of sachem or 80 00:05:01,880 --> 00:05:05,039 Speaker 1: leader at the time the person was writing. This is 81 00:05:05,120 --> 00:05:07,599 Speaker 1: one of those things that has made the indigenous history 82 00:05:07,640 --> 00:05:12,080 Speaker 1: of this area difficult to document today. Another is that 83 00:05:12,160 --> 00:05:15,560 Speaker 1: a number of histories of Cape Ann that were written 84 00:05:15,600 --> 00:05:19,720 Speaker 1: in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries describe it as uninhabited. 85 00:05:20,600 --> 00:05:25,360 Speaker 1: This is not true, though Samuel de Champlain described meeting 86 00:05:25,400 --> 00:05:29,000 Speaker 1: about two hundred indigenous people on Cape Ann in sixteen 87 00:05:29,040 --> 00:05:33,440 Speaker 1: oh six. Other seventeenth century accounts of Cape Ann also 88 00:05:33,600 --> 00:05:38,919 Speaker 1: describe indigenous people and include their settlements on maps. Some 89 00:05:39,120 --> 00:05:41,760 Speaker 1: of this erasure stems from how long it took for 90 00:05:41,839 --> 00:05:46,040 Speaker 1: England to successfully establish a permanent colony on Cape An. 91 00:05:46,839 --> 00:05:49,240 Speaker 1: By the time Gloucester was incorporated as part of the 92 00:05:49,240 --> 00:05:53,160 Speaker 1: Massachusetts Bay Colony in sixteen forty two, many of the 93 00:05:53,160 --> 00:05:56,440 Speaker 1: indigenous people of Cape Anne had died due to violence 94 00:05:56,560 --> 00:05:59,599 Speaker 1: or disease, or had left the area to try to 95 00:05:59,720 --> 00:06:04,040 Speaker 1: escape those things. So newly arrived colonists imagined that they 96 00:06:04,040 --> 00:06:07,160 Speaker 1: were building homes on land that had never been inhabited. 97 00:06:07,720 --> 00:06:09,839 Speaker 1: But there were also people who were aware of this 98 00:06:09,920 --> 00:06:15,080 Speaker 1: earlier history and intentionally objuscated it in their own accounts. Yeah, 99 00:06:15,080 --> 00:06:20,479 Speaker 1: when working on this, I found, specifically the history of 100 00:06:20,520 --> 00:06:24,599 Speaker 1: indigenous peoples in Cape And to be more vague and 101 00:06:24,720 --> 00:06:29,360 Speaker 1: contradictory than in other parts of Massachusetts and New England. 102 00:06:29,440 --> 00:06:30,039 Speaker 2: More broadly. 103 00:06:30,040 --> 00:06:33,760 Speaker 1: It was very frustrating in terms of the Sergeants. They 104 00:06:33,800 --> 00:06:37,400 Speaker 1: first arrived in North America about a century before Judith 105 00:06:37,520 --> 00:06:40,599 Speaker 1: was born, and at first they were farmers. That was 106 00:06:40,600 --> 00:06:43,920 Speaker 1: a pretty challenging life on cape and thanks to both 107 00:06:44,040 --> 00:06:47,880 Speaker 1: the climate and some generally rocky ground, But as the 108 00:06:47,880 --> 00:06:53,240 Speaker 1: Gloucester economy shifted toward fishing and shipping, the Sergeants became wealthy. 109 00:06:53,960 --> 00:06:57,080 Speaker 1: Judith was the oldest of eight children born to Winthrop, 110 00:06:57,160 --> 00:07:00,920 Speaker 1: Sergeant and Judith Saunder's sergeant. Although only four of those 111 00:07:01,000 --> 00:07:04,159 Speaker 1: children lived to adulthood by that point, by the time 112 00:07:04,240 --> 00:07:07,640 Speaker 1: Judith was born, the Sergent name really carried a lot 113 00:07:07,720 --> 00:07:12,720 Speaker 1: of respect and influence. One of Judith's biggest frustrations, and 114 00:07:12,800 --> 00:07:15,080 Speaker 1: one that really stayed with her for her whole life, 115 00:07:15,600 --> 00:07:18,400 Speaker 1: was that she wasn't given the same education as her brother. 116 00:07:19,280 --> 00:07:21,480 Speaker 1: She did have a couple of tutors who taught her 117 00:07:21,520 --> 00:07:23,920 Speaker 1: the basics of how to read, and some accounts say 118 00:07:23,920 --> 00:07:26,680 Speaker 1: that her parents let her sit in on Winthrop's lessons 119 00:07:26,880 --> 00:07:30,360 Speaker 1: as he prepared to go to Harvard. Her later writing 120 00:07:30,560 --> 00:07:34,160 Speaker 1: suggest that this wasn't the case, though she described herself 121 00:07:34,200 --> 00:07:38,360 Speaker 1: as quote wild and untutored, and expressed the frustration that 122 00:07:38,480 --> 00:07:41,000 Speaker 1: she just wasn't allowed to follow along with her brother's 123 00:07:41,040 --> 00:07:45,880 Speaker 1: studies with a tutor who was already there. Instead, Judith 124 00:07:45,920 --> 00:07:48,280 Speaker 1: did a lot of study on her own in her 125 00:07:48,320 --> 00:07:53,120 Speaker 1: family's extensive library. That library was a huge luxury. At 126 00:07:53,120 --> 00:07:57,000 Speaker 1: this point. She was an avid reader, including Shakespeare, other 127 00:07:57,040 --> 00:08:02,120 Speaker 1: works of classic British literature, philosophy, religious works, and lighter 128 00:08:02,240 --> 00:08:06,440 Speaker 1: material as well. She was fond of reading Romance, although 129 00:08:06,560 --> 00:08:09,240 Speaker 1: later in her life she seems to have thought she 130 00:08:09,360 --> 00:08:12,080 Speaker 1: was kind of wasting her time reading this kind of 131 00:08:12,080 --> 00:08:15,680 Speaker 1: work when she was younger. When Judith was about eighteen, 132 00:08:15,880 --> 00:08:19,080 Speaker 1: she had her portrait painted by John Singleton Copley, who 133 00:08:19,160 --> 00:08:22,360 Speaker 1: was regarded as one of the best portraitists in North America. 134 00:08:22,880 --> 00:08:26,160 Speaker 1: She's shown in a drapy, flowing silk dress without a 135 00:08:26,200 --> 00:08:29,760 Speaker 1: corset and a blue overdress, holding a basket of roses, 136 00:08:29,800 --> 00:08:33,360 Speaker 1: and wearing a turban like hat. This may have been 137 00:08:33,400 --> 00:08:36,400 Speaker 1: painted to show off her beauty to potential suitors, or 138 00:08:36,520 --> 00:08:39,800 Speaker 1: to celebrate her betrothal to John Stevens, who she married 139 00:08:39,800 --> 00:08:44,200 Speaker 1: on October third, seventeen sixty nine. In my opinion, this 140 00:08:44,320 --> 00:08:47,920 Speaker 1: painting itself is very beautiful and she looks very beautiful 141 00:08:47,920 --> 00:08:52,320 Speaker 1: in it. On the surface, this seemed like a pretty 142 00:08:52,360 --> 00:08:56,720 Speaker 1: reasonable match. Stevens was charming and handsome and a successful 143 00:08:56,800 --> 00:09:01,080 Speaker 1: merchant and ship captain. Like the Sergeants, the Stevenses had 144 00:09:01,120 --> 00:09:04,920 Speaker 1: been in Gloucester for generations and these two families were friends. 145 00:09:05,640 --> 00:09:09,360 Speaker 1: But Judith was only eighteen and John was a decade 146 00:09:09,440 --> 00:09:12,839 Speaker 1: older than that. Later on, she said she had been 147 00:09:12,920 --> 00:09:15,960 Speaker 1: too young to get married and that women should not 148 00:09:16,040 --> 00:09:19,720 Speaker 1: get married until they were at least twenty five. Judith 149 00:09:19,840 --> 00:09:23,600 Speaker 1: desperately wanted children, but she and John never had any, 150 00:09:23,679 --> 00:09:26,640 Speaker 1: and we can really only speculate as to why that was. 151 00:09:27,520 --> 00:09:30,720 Speaker 1: John also inherited some financial trouble following the death of 152 00:09:30,760 --> 00:09:34,480 Speaker 1: his father, and the couple frequently had trouble making ends meet. 153 00:09:35,240 --> 00:09:37,480 Speaker 1: On top of all that, he was away from home 154 00:09:37,520 --> 00:09:41,480 Speaker 1: a lot because of his work. This marriage just wasn't 155 00:09:41,559 --> 00:09:44,320 Speaker 1: what Judith had hoped that it would be. She was 156 00:09:44,400 --> 00:09:49,040 Speaker 1: disappointed on multiple levels. She even speculated that reading those 157 00:09:49,200 --> 00:09:54,640 Speaker 1: romances had set her expectations too high. Judith also lives 158 00:09:54,640 --> 00:09:56,760 Speaker 1: through a lot of change. In the early years of 159 00:09:56,760 --> 00:10:00,560 Speaker 1: her marriage. In seventeen seventy, her father Winthrop would Welsh 160 00:10:00,559 --> 00:10:05,200 Speaker 1: theologian James Relli's Union or a Treatise of the consanguinity 161 00:10:05,240 --> 00:10:09,160 Speaker 1: and affinity between Christ and his church. Although Relli had 162 00:10:09,200 --> 00:10:12,720 Speaker 1: started out as a Methodist minister, this work reflected his 163 00:10:12,800 --> 00:10:17,079 Speaker 1: thoughts on universalism. In this context, that's the idea that 164 00:10:17,120 --> 00:10:20,600 Speaker 1: through God's love and grace, all of humanity would be saved. 165 00:10:21,320 --> 00:10:24,160 Speaker 1: If you listen to our recent episode on Mary Dyer, 166 00:10:24,600 --> 00:10:28,240 Speaker 1: you may remember our discussion of Puritanism, which taught that 167 00:10:28,520 --> 00:10:32,520 Speaker 1: only a select few people would be saved. One of 168 00:10:32,559 --> 00:10:36,960 Speaker 1: Puritanism's successors in New England was Congregationalism, which had a 169 00:10:37,000 --> 00:10:40,920 Speaker 1: similar approach to the idea of salvation. Both of these 170 00:10:40,960 --> 00:10:44,760 Speaker 1: religious movements were influenced by the sixteenth century teachings of 171 00:10:44,840 --> 00:10:49,760 Speaker 1: John Calvin, and while some elements of early Universalism were 172 00:10:49,800 --> 00:10:54,000 Speaker 1: still pretty in line with Calvinist thought, this idea of 173 00:10:54,280 --> 00:11:00,400 Speaker 1: universal salvation was incredibly radical and controversial. So when the 174 00:11:00,559 --> 00:11:03,920 Speaker 1: sergeants started having meetings in their home to talk about 175 00:11:03,920 --> 00:11:07,040 Speaker 1: Relly's ideas, at first they were really quiet about it. 176 00:11:08,080 --> 00:11:12,959 Speaker 1: Then on November third, seventeen seventy four, John Murray visited 177 00:11:12,960 --> 00:11:17,280 Speaker 1: the sergeant home at the Elder Winthrop's invitation. Murray had 178 00:11:17,320 --> 00:11:21,439 Speaker 1: originally been a Calvinistic Methodist who vehemently disagreed with Relli, 179 00:11:22,080 --> 00:11:25,320 Speaker 1: but he had become a universalist after listening to Rellig's 180 00:11:25,320 --> 00:11:30,280 Speaker 1: sermons For himself, Judith had already been inspired by universalist 181 00:11:30,320 --> 00:11:33,880 Speaker 1: ideas and she started corresponding with John Murray. 182 00:11:34,040 --> 00:11:34,600 Speaker 2: She wrote a. 183 00:11:34,600 --> 00:11:37,000 Speaker 1: Letter to him that said, in part quote, I am 184 00:11:37,040 --> 00:11:40,600 Speaker 1: not much accustomed to writing letters, especially to your sex. 185 00:11:41,000 --> 00:11:43,680 Speaker 1: But if there be neither male nor female in the 186 00:11:43,679 --> 00:11:48,000 Speaker 1: emmanual you promagate, we may surely, and with the strictest propriety, 187 00:11:48,240 --> 00:11:53,400 Speaker 1: mingle souls upon paper. This wasn't just something Judith wasn't 188 00:11:53,400 --> 00:11:57,240 Speaker 1: accustomed to. It was very unusual for a woman to 189 00:11:57,280 --> 00:11:59,920 Speaker 1: start writing to a man who was not her relative, 190 00:12:00,120 --> 00:12:03,720 Speaker 1: and it was not seen as proper at all. In 191 00:12:03,760 --> 00:12:07,840 Speaker 1: seventeen seventy nine, the sergeants and some of Murray's other 192 00:12:08,040 --> 00:12:12,520 Speaker 1: followers split away from Gloucester's first Parish Church and they 193 00:12:12,640 --> 00:12:17,160 Speaker 1: established a new congregation that was the Independent Christian Church, 194 00:12:17,200 --> 00:12:21,600 Speaker 1: which is recognized as the first universalist congregation in North America. 195 00:12:21,679 --> 00:12:27,000 Speaker 1: And this was an enormous deal. Apart from the inherent 196 00:12:27,200 --> 00:12:33,520 Speaker 1: controversy surrounding universalism, religion and the church were deeply interconnected 197 00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:37,000 Speaker 1: with everything about Gloucester society, and. 198 00:12:36,960 --> 00:12:39,760 Speaker 2: This effectively caused a schism. 199 00:12:39,480 --> 00:12:42,720 Speaker 1: At First Parish Church, so it was a huge social 200 00:12:42,760 --> 00:12:47,280 Speaker 1: and religious upheaval. Of course, by seventeen seventy nine, the 201 00:12:47,360 --> 00:12:50,559 Speaker 1: colonies were also at war with England, so there was 202 00:12:50,640 --> 00:12:54,880 Speaker 1: a lot of other fear, uncertainty, and potential danger going on. 203 00:12:55,800 --> 00:12:58,640 Speaker 1: Judith's brother Winthrop had been named an aide de camp 204 00:12:58,720 --> 00:13:02,559 Speaker 1: to George Washington. John Murray had for a time served 205 00:13:02,559 --> 00:13:05,800 Speaker 1: as chaplain for the Continental Army in Rhode Island, and 206 00:13:05,920 --> 00:13:09,480 Speaker 1: Judith's husband John had started working as a privateer, which 207 00:13:09,559 --> 00:13:15,120 Speaker 1: was financially lucrative. Judith didn't really approve of privateering from 208 00:13:15,160 --> 00:13:18,040 Speaker 1: a moral standpoint, and she had some doubts that a 209 00:13:18,160 --> 00:13:22,359 Speaker 1: war could be moral at all. But she generally supported 210 00:13:22,360 --> 00:13:26,320 Speaker 1: the revolution, at least in an intellectual sense. She didn't 211 00:13:26,360 --> 00:13:30,600 Speaker 1: really get directly or publicly involved beyond like the day 212 00:13:30,640 --> 00:13:33,360 Speaker 1: to day experiences of living in coastal New England during 213 00:13:33,400 --> 00:13:33,720 Speaker 1: the war. 214 00:13:33,840 --> 00:13:36,720 Speaker 2: Like she was there were times like she had to 215 00:13:36,760 --> 00:13:37,360 Speaker 2: flee her. 216 00:13:37,240 --> 00:13:43,400 Speaker 1: Home because of a suspected incoming British attack, but she 217 00:13:43,480 --> 00:13:48,520 Speaker 1: didn't like actively go out to help in a like 218 00:13:48,640 --> 00:13:50,000 Speaker 1: physical meaningful way. 219 00:13:50,040 --> 00:13:50,800 Speaker 2: With the revolution. 220 00:13:51,679 --> 00:13:54,920 Speaker 1: We are going to talk about Judith Stevens's life after 221 00:13:54,960 --> 00:14:07,959 Speaker 1: the Revolutionary War after we have a sponsor break. Although 222 00:14:08,040 --> 00:14:13,280 Speaker 1: Judith Stevens didn't entirely approve of her husband John's privateering, 223 00:14:13,640 --> 00:14:16,360 Speaker 1: the money that he earned by doing it did mean 224 00:14:16,400 --> 00:14:19,360 Speaker 1: that he could finally afford to have a home built 225 00:14:19,400 --> 00:14:23,560 Speaker 1: for them, and that home was finished in seventeen eighty two. 226 00:14:23,840 --> 00:14:27,120 Speaker 1: By that point their family had gotten larger. John's sister 227 00:14:27,240 --> 00:14:29,760 Speaker 1: had died in seventeen eighty and they took in two 228 00:14:29,800 --> 00:14:32,880 Speaker 1: of his nieces, Anna and Mary, and then later one 229 00:14:32,920 --> 00:14:35,360 Speaker 1: of Judith's cousins came to live with them as well. 230 00:14:36,400 --> 00:14:40,560 Speaker 1: Judith had also started writing, including a seventeen seventy nine 231 00:14:40,720 --> 00:14:44,960 Speaker 1: essay called The Sexes on the spiritual and intellectual equality 232 00:14:45,040 --> 00:14:48,520 Speaker 1: of men and Women, although she hadn't really started sharing 233 00:14:48,560 --> 00:14:53,440 Speaker 1: her work beyond family and friends yet. Judath's first published 234 00:14:53,480 --> 00:14:56,160 Speaker 1: work came out the same year as their house was built. 235 00:14:56,200 --> 00:15:00,840 Speaker 1: Although it was published anonymously, this was the first Universalist 236 00:15:00,840 --> 00:15:03,320 Speaker 1: catechism to be published in the US, and it was 237 00:15:03,320 --> 00:15:06,680 Speaker 1: intended for children. She had originally written it to help 238 00:15:06,720 --> 00:15:11,040 Speaker 1: explain their beliefs to her husband's nieces. Soon she was 239 00:15:11,080 --> 00:15:14,960 Speaker 1: publishing more work, including essays and poetry, much of it 240 00:15:15,080 --> 00:15:19,000 Speaker 1: under pseudonyms, although eventually people did connect the dots between 241 00:15:19,080 --> 00:15:24,000 Speaker 1: Judith and her various pen names. Judith was ambitious with 242 00:15:24,080 --> 00:15:27,320 Speaker 1: her writing. She liked doing it, and she really wanted 243 00:15:27,360 --> 00:15:31,520 Speaker 1: to be successful. She also had strong opinions, and her 244 00:15:31,560 --> 00:15:34,880 Speaker 1: writing gave her an outlet for those opinions. As the 245 00:15:34,920 --> 00:15:39,200 Speaker 1: Revolutionary War ended, she really hoped that she could encourage 246 00:15:39,280 --> 00:15:43,840 Speaker 1: the newly established United States to envision itself as a 247 00:15:43,840 --> 00:15:47,560 Speaker 1: society in which women and men were seen and treated 248 00:15:47,640 --> 00:15:51,520 Speaker 1: as equals. Her first published work on the rights of 249 00:15:51,520 --> 00:15:55,120 Speaker 1: women came out in seventeen eighty four. That was desultory 250 00:15:55,200 --> 00:15:59,400 Speaker 1: thoughts on the ability of encouraging a degree of self complacency, 251 00:15:59,560 --> 00:16:03,400 Speaker 1: especially in female bosoms, that was published under the pen 252 00:16:03,520 --> 00:16:08,560 Speaker 1: name Constantia. But she was also driven by financial need. 253 00:16:09,280 --> 00:16:12,600 Speaker 1: As the war ended, John's work as a privateer collapsed, 254 00:16:12,760 --> 00:16:16,280 Speaker 1: which brought all of his existing financial issues right back 255 00:16:16,320 --> 00:16:19,440 Speaker 1: to the surface. Some of this, like the debts he 256 00:16:19,480 --> 00:16:22,000 Speaker 1: inherited from his father and the effects of the war 257 00:16:22,040 --> 00:16:25,520 Speaker 1: on shipping, was just beyond his control, but he also 258 00:16:25,800 --> 00:16:29,520 Speaker 1: made some poor financial decisions and bad investments of his own. 259 00:16:30,160 --> 00:16:33,120 Speaker 1: In seventeen eighty six, he fled to the Caribbean, both 260 00:16:33,160 --> 00:16:36,040 Speaker 1: to escape his creditors and to try to find a 261 00:16:36,040 --> 00:16:40,120 Speaker 1: way to fix his financial situation there. But he didn't 262 00:16:40,120 --> 00:16:42,680 Speaker 1: get a chance to do that because he died of 263 00:16:42,960 --> 00:16:46,320 Speaker 1: some kind of illness on March eighth, seventeen eighty seven, 264 00:16:46,720 --> 00:16:52,960 Speaker 1: without ever returning to the US. Judith was mortified. She 265 00:16:53,160 --> 00:16:57,440 Speaker 1: immediately went back to using the name Judith. Sergeant. John 266 00:16:57,480 --> 00:17:00,160 Speaker 1: had signed the house over to her father before where 267 00:17:00,200 --> 00:17:02,760 Speaker 1: he left the country, and as a widow, she had 268 00:17:02,800 --> 00:17:05,639 Speaker 1: some legal protections for the money that she had brought 269 00:17:05,640 --> 00:17:08,720 Speaker 1: into the marriage, but she was left without an income 270 00:17:09,080 --> 00:17:12,240 Speaker 1: and her late husband's creditors still had to be paid. 271 00:17:12,840 --> 00:17:15,560 Speaker 1: She had to sell a lot of her possessions, although 272 00:17:15,600 --> 00:17:18,119 Speaker 1: she was able to sell some things to her brother 273 00:17:18,240 --> 00:17:22,479 Speaker 1: and he basically loaned them back to her. Beyond the 274 00:17:22,640 --> 00:17:27,240 Speaker 1: basic financial stress in all this, Judith's sergeant had been 275 00:17:27,359 --> 00:17:31,040 Speaker 1: raised in wealth. She was really proud of being one 276 00:17:31,080 --> 00:17:35,080 Speaker 1: of the sergeants of Gloucester. She just thought she deserved more. 277 00:17:36,280 --> 00:17:39,120 Speaker 1: She also had to start charging money to a border 278 00:17:39,400 --> 00:17:42,639 Speaker 1: who had been staying in their home for free, and 279 00:17:42,720 --> 00:17:46,440 Speaker 1: that border was John Murray. And again this was kind 280 00:17:46,440 --> 00:17:49,159 Speaker 1: of scandalous. There was a lot of gossip when the 281 00:17:49,200 --> 00:17:53,320 Speaker 1: newly widowed Judith's sergeant did not make this unmarried man 282 00:17:53,400 --> 00:17:57,760 Speaker 1: move out of her home. Unsurprisingly, there were rumors that 283 00:17:57,840 --> 00:18:00,640 Speaker 1: Sergeant and Murray had been having a physical lifefa while 284 00:18:00,680 --> 00:18:05,040 Speaker 1: John Stevens was still alive. That does not seem to 285 00:18:05,080 --> 00:18:07,800 Speaker 1: be the case, but it does seem as though Murray 286 00:18:07,960 --> 00:18:13,280 Speaker 1: had developed feelings for her. Ultimately, she reciprocated those feelings, 287 00:18:13,359 --> 00:18:17,280 Speaker 1: and Judith's Sergeant and John Murray married on October sixth, 288 00:18:17,280 --> 00:18:22,040 Speaker 1: seventeen eighty eight. This time she kept using sergeant as part. 289 00:18:21,880 --> 00:18:22,440 Speaker 2: Of her name. 290 00:18:23,359 --> 00:18:26,879 Speaker 1: Julia's second marriage was one of both joy and grief. 291 00:18:27,800 --> 00:18:30,479 Speaker 1: She and John Murray were a lot more emotionally and 292 00:18:30,560 --> 00:18:34,280 Speaker 1: intellectually compatible than she and John Stevens had been, and 293 00:18:34,320 --> 00:18:37,800 Speaker 1: they seemed to have really loved one another. Judith became 294 00:18:37,960 --> 00:18:42,639 Speaker 1: instrumental to the spread of Universalism in North America, traveling 295 00:18:42,760 --> 00:18:45,320 Speaker 1: with Murray on his speaking tours and helping to edit 296 00:18:45,359 --> 00:18:48,639 Speaker 1: his work. She met and became connected to a number 297 00:18:48,680 --> 00:18:52,520 Speaker 1: of prominent figures, including John and Abigail Adams, George and 298 00:18:52,560 --> 00:18:56,840 Speaker 1: Martha Washington, and Benjamin Franklin and his daughter Sarah Franklin Base. 299 00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:01,200 Speaker 1: She enjoyed meeting and corresponding with all these people, sharing 300 00:19:01,200 --> 00:19:04,120 Speaker 1: her thoughts on how she hoped the new Republic would 301 00:19:04,119 --> 00:19:07,480 Speaker 1: be one of equality between the sexes and freedom and 302 00:19:07,560 --> 00:19:12,440 Speaker 1: autonomy for women. But on August fifth, seventeen eighty nine, 303 00:19:12,680 --> 00:19:16,000 Speaker 1: Judith and John had a son who they named George, 304 00:19:16,320 --> 00:19:20,080 Speaker 1: and George unfortunately died at birth. This would have been 305 00:19:20,119 --> 00:19:24,000 Speaker 1: heartbreaking on its own, but the details seemed particularly tragic. 306 00:19:24,840 --> 00:19:29,159 Speaker 1: Judas labor was extremely prolonged and difficult, and weeks passed 307 00:19:29,200 --> 00:19:33,640 Speaker 1: before she really started to recover physically. In seventeen ninety, 308 00:19:33,880 --> 00:19:37,879 Speaker 1: Judas Sergeant Murray published on the Equality of Sexes again 309 00:19:37,960 --> 00:19:42,440 Speaker 1: under the pen name Constantia. It ran in the Massachusetts 310 00:19:42,480 --> 00:19:45,640 Speaker 1: Magazine over two issues and was prefaced by a poem 311 00:19:45,720 --> 00:19:49,399 Speaker 1: she had written. This was revised and expanded from her 312 00:19:49,440 --> 00:19:52,600 Speaker 1: earlier essay The Sexes, and it argued that women and 313 00:19:52,680 --> 00:19:55,560 Speaker 1: men were equal and that women were being kept from 314 00:19:55,600 --> 00:19:59,600 Speaker 1: reaching their full potential by being denied the same educations 315 00:19:59,640 --> 00:20:03,840 Speaker 1: and up and other opportunities as men. Judith Sergeant Murray 316 00:20:03,880 --> 00:20:07,600 Speaker 1: published this essay two years before Mary Wolstoncraft's Vindication of 317 00:20:07,600 --> 00:20:10,320 Speaker 1: the Rights of Women was published in the UK, and 318 00:20:10,359 --> 00:20:12,679 Speaker 1: it was four years before that work was published in 319 00:20:12,680 --> 00:20:16,639 Speaker 1: full in the United States, and while they have some similarities, 320 00:20:16,760 --> 00:20:19,800 Speaker 1: one key difference between these two works is that Wolston 321 00:20:19,840 --> 00:20:23,520 Speaker 1: Craft argued for equality in terms of both gender and class, 322 00:20:24,040 --> 00:20:27,240 Speaker 1: but Judith Sergeant Murray was focused mainly on the lives 323 00:20:27,359 --> 00:20:30,240 Speaker 1: of upper class women being given access to the same 324 00:20:30,320 --> 00:20:34,639 Speaker 1: rights as upper class men already had. She didn't really 325 00:20:34,680 --> 00:20:38,919 Speaker 1: give any thought to people of other classes at all. Also, 326 00:20:39,359 --> 00:20:42,879 Speaker 1: Murray's thoughts on the rights of women were also really 327 00:20:42,880 --> 00:20:46,960 Speaker 1: connected to the idea of Republican motherhood. That's the idea 328 00:20:47,240 --> 00:20:50,399 Speaker 1: that was very popular in the early Republic that women 329 00:20:50,840 --> 00:20:54,080 Speaker 1: should pass the ideals of the new Republic down to 330 00:20:54,119 --> 00:20:58,840 Speaker 1: their children. Women had a critical role in raising patriotic, moral, 331 00:20:59,119 --> 00:21:03,920 Speaker 1: educated citizens. So while she called very stridently for women 332 00:21:04,080 --> 00:21:07,359 Speaker 1: and girls to be treated as the intellectual and spiritual 333 00:21:07,400 --> 00:21:10,720 Speaker 1: equals of men, and to be able to support themselves 334 00:21:10,760 --> 00:21:14,359 Speaker 1: and to actively participate in politics and society, she was 335 00:21:14,440 --> 00:21:17,000 Speaker 1: also connecting all of these rights to a very clear 336 00:21:17,080 --> 00:21:19,960 Speaker 1: set of gender roles and to the idea of women 337 00:21:20,040 --> 00:21:23,520 Speaker 1: having a particular place in the family and in society. 338 00:21:24,200 --> 00:21:26,840 Speaker 1: She also really thought that while women should have their 339 00:21:26,880 --> 00:21:31,440 Speaker 1: own autonomy, and agency in their marriages, they should always 340 00:21:31,520 --> 00:21:36,720 Speaker 1: put their children first. On August twenty second, seventeen ninety one, 341 00:21:36,960 --> 00:21:39,960 Speaker 1: Murray gave birth to a daughter, Julia Maria, who she 342 00:21:40,280 --> 00:21:45,120 Speaker 1: absolutely adored. The earlier death of her son, George, combined 343 00:21:45,320 --> 00:21:47,600 Speaker 1: with the challenges of becoming a mother at forty to 344 00:21:47,640 --> 00:21:50,520 Speaker 1: make her very focused on her own health and that 345 00:21:50,640 --> 00:21:53,960 Speaker 1: of her daughter. She stopped traveling with her husband for 346 00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:56,840 Speaker 1: a time while she was breastfeeding, and she really devoted 347 00:21:56,880 --> 00:22:00,480 Speaker 1: herself to raising her child. She did get back to 348 00:22:00,480 --> 00:22:03,280 Speaker 1: writing pretty quickly, often in a tiny room in the 349 00:22:03,320 --> 00:22:07,639 Speaker 1: house in Gloucester, which was basically a closet. Murray started 350 00:22:07,640 --> 00:22:11,719 Speaker 1: publishing work in the Massachusetts magazine under a male persona 351 00:22:11,840 --> 00:22:15,920 Speaker 1: called The Gleaner in seventeen ninety two. A year later, 352 00:22:16,160 --> 00:22:19,960 Speaker 1: John was named minister at Boston's Universalist Church and the 353 00:22:20,000 --> 00:22:22,320 Speaker 1: family moved from Gloucester to Boston. 354 00:22:23,200 --> 00:22:24,439 Speaker 2: Judith hoped this. 355 00:22:24,320 --> 00:22:26,959 Speaker 1: New job would help John earn a bigger income, in 356 00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:30,000 Speaker 1: part because she really missed the kind of comfort that 357 00:22:30,080 --> 00:22:32,879 Speaker 1: she had been raised in, But it turned out he 358 00:22:32,960 --> 00:22:35,760 Speaker 1: wasn't always paid on time, and Boston was just a 359 00:22:35,800 --> 00:22:39,840 Speaker 1: lot more expensive to live in than Gloucester. In seventeen 360 00:22:39,960 --> 00:22:44,000 Speaker 1: ninety five, after Boston lifted its ban on theatrical productions, 361 00:22:44,440 --> 00:22:48,119 Speaker 1: Murray tried her hand at writing plays. In one story, 362 00:22:48,280 --> 00:22:51,040 Speaker 1: she sneaked out while her husband was preaching to see 363 00:22:51,040 --> 00:22:54,440 Speaker 1: her first play, wearing a disguise, since many people still 364 00:22:54,480 --> 00:22:58,280 Speaker 1: considered theater to be a vice. The Medium or a 365 00:22:58,320 --> 00:23:01,440 Speaker 1: Happy Tea Party was stated at the Federal Street Theater 366 00:23:01,560 --> 00:23:05,359 Speaker 1: in seventeen ninety five, followed by The Traveler Returned a 367 00:23:05,440 --> 00:23:09,479 Speaker 1: year later. Neither of these plays was reviewed very well 368 00:23:09,680 --> 00:23:13,480 Speaker 1: and neither earned much money, though in seventeen ninety eight 369 00:23:13,560 --> 00:23:16,440 Speaker 1: she published The Gleaner, which was a three volume work 370 00:23:16,480 --> 00:23:19,240 Speaker 1: of her collected writings, again with the hope of making 371 00:23:19,320 --> 00:23:20,760 Speaker 1: money through subscriptions. 372 00:23:21,480 --> 00:23:22,400 Speaker 2: Although she had. 373 00:23:22,359 --> 00:23:26,840 Speaker 1: Endorsements from people like George Washington and John Adams, this 374 00:23:27,080 --> 00:23:30,399 Speaker 1: was again not the runaway financial success that she was 375 00:23:30,480 --> 00:23:33,800 Speaker 1: hoping for. Yeah, I think had her hopes not been 376 00:23:33,840 --> 00:23:35,880 Speaker 1: as high as they were, I think she probably would 377 00:23:35,880 --> 00:23:40,040 Speaker 1: have thought that it had done fine. After that three 378 00:23:40,080 --> 00:23:43,119 Speaker 1: volume work came out, Judith really started focusing more on 379 00:23:43,320 --> 00:23:46,600 Speaker 1: editing her husband's work on Universalism and on some other 380 00:23:46,680 --> 00:23:51,000 Speaker 1: projects instead of continuing on her own writing. For example, 381 00:23:51,040 --> 00:23:54,840 Speaker 1: she helped her cousin Judith Saunders and Clementine Beach open 382 00:23:54,920 --> 00:23:59,440 Speaker 1: an academy for girls in Dorchester, Massachusetts, in eighteen oh two. 383 00:24:00,720 --> 00:24:04,280 Speaker 1: In eighteen oh six, the first Universalist meetinghouse was built 384 00:24:04,280 --> 00:24:07,800 Speaker 1: in Gloucester on land that was donated by Winthrop Sergeant. 385 00:24:08,320 --> 00:24:10,880 Speaker 1: It still stands today. It is home to the Gloucester 386 00:24:11,000 --> 00:24:14,520 Speaker 1: Unitarian Universalist Church, and it's on the National Register of 387 00:24:14,600 --> 00:24:18,800 Speaker 1: Historic Places. One more play of Murray's was staged in 388 00:24:18,880 --> 00:24:22,200 Speaker 1: eighteen oh eight That was called The African, although its 389 00:24:22,359 --> 00:24:26,119 Speaker 1: text seems to have been lost. John Murray had a 390 00:24:26,160 --> 00:24:29,440 Speaker 1: stroke in eighteen oh nine and was partially paralyzed, and 391 00:24:29,480 --> 00:24:31,919 Speaker 1: after that Judas spent a lot of her time focused 392 00:24:31,960 --> 00:24:35,640 Speaker 1: on his care. Then in eighteen twelve, she faced another 393 00:24:35,760 --> 00:24:39,560 Speaker 1: potential scandal. On August twenty sixth of that year, her 394 00:24:39,680 --> 00:24:44,159 Speaker 1: daughter Julia eloped with a recent Harvard graduate named Adam 395 00:24:44,320 --> 00:24:48,680 Speaker 1: Lewis Binghaman. While Judith and John had given their daughter 396 00:24:48,760 --> 00:24:53,360 Speaker 1: their blessing, Adam's family, who were planters in Natchez, Mississippi, 397 00:24:53,800 --> 00:24:56,800 Speaker 1: apparently hoped that he would marry somebody who would add 398 00:24:56,840 --> 00:25:00,520 Speaker 1: to the family's holdings in terms of both land. An 399 00:25:00,720 --> 00:25:05,360 Speaker 1: enslaved workforce. Julia and Adam had gotten married in secret 400 00:25:05,560 --> 00:25:10,760 Speaker 1: without his family's permission, and Julia was also clearly pregnant 401 00:25:10,840 --> 00:25:15,919 Speaker 1: before their marriage was announced. Judith found all of this shocking, 402 00:25:16,560 --> 00:25:18,960 Speaker 1: with the added layer that she had published writing that 403 00:25:19,080 --> 00:25:23,359 Speaker 1: condemned secret marriages, but her devotion to her daughter seems 404 00:25:23,400 --> 00:25:26,000 Speaker 1: to have outweighed any of her other feelings. 405 00:25:25,520 --> 00:25:26,119 Speaker 2: On the matter. 406 00:25:26,800 --> 00:25:31,400 Speaker 1: Eventually, Julia's marriage to Adam was formally announced, and their daughter, Charlotte, 407 00:25:31,480 --> 00:25:35,080 Speaker 1: was born in eighteen thirteen. Those didn't resolve all the 408 00:25:35,119 --> 00:25:39,480 Speaker 1: couple's challenges, though. Adam's family expected him to be back 409 00:25:39,520 --> 00:25:43,080 Speaker 1: in Mississippi, but Julia did not really want to leave 410 00:25:43,200 --> 00:25:46,600 Speaker 1: Massachusetts or her mother, and Judith didn't want to be 411 00:25:46,680 --> 00:25:47,800 Speaker 1: separated from her. 412 00:25:47,760 --> 00:25:48,680 Speaker 2: Daughter at all. 413 00:25:49,640 --> 00:25:53,679 Speaker 1: Julia wound up staying in Massachusetts for years, but living 414 00:25:53,800 --> 00:25:56,360 Speaker 1: on the other side of the country from her husband 415 00:25:56,880 --> 00:26:00,360 Speaker 1: was so unusual that she basically stopped social life zing 416 00:26:01,040 --> 00:26:03,920 Speaker 1: rather than having to deal with people's judgment about it. 417 00:26:04,760 --> 00:26:09,000 Speaker 1: Kind of understand that Judith edited John Murray's letters and 418 00:26:09,040 --> 00:26:12,800 Speaker 1: sketches of sermons in eighteen thirteen, but at this point 419 00:26:12,880 --> 00:26:15,960 Speaker 1: writing was becoming more difficult for her. She was starting 420 00:26:16,000 --> 00:26:18,359 Speaker 1: to lose her eyesight, which made it a lot harder 421 00:26:18,359 --> 00:26:21,280 Speaker 1: for her to read and write, especially when she had 422 00:26:21,280 --> 00:26:25,680 Speaker 1: to do that by candlelight. John Murray died on September third, 423 00:26:25,680 --> 00:26:30,399 Speaker 1: eighteen fifteen. After his death, Judith finished his autobiography that 424 00:26:30,560 --> 00:26:33,240 Speaker 1: was Records of the Life of the Reverend John Murray, 425 00:26:33,280 --> 00:26:37,760 Speaker 1: written by himself, with a continuation by Missus Judith's sergeant Murray. 426 00:26:38,640 --> 00:26:41,040 Speaker 1: She published that in eighteen sixteen, and then at some 427 00:26:41,160 --> 00:26:44,359 Speaker 1: point after that she moved to Natchez to be with 428 00:26:44,440 --> 00:26:48,280 Speaker 1: her daughter, who the Bangamans had finally convinced to move 429 00:26:48,320 --> 00:26:52,639 Speaker 1: there and join her husband. Although Judith's Sergeant Murray wrote 430 00:26:52,640 --> 00:26:55,840 Speaker 1: a lot about politics, education, and the rights of women, 431 00:26:56,440 --> 00:26:59,320 Speaker 1: she really did not say much about slavery in her 432 00:26:59,359 --> 00:27:03,159 Speaker 1: surviving co respondents. In work, she does seem to have 433 00:27:03,240 --> 00:27:06,920 Speaker 1: ultimately disagreed with the institution, although some of her most 434 00:27:07,000 --> 00:27:11,040 Speaker 1: concrete comments on the subject are more about slavery's damaging 435 00:27:11,080 --> 00:27:13,960 Speaker 1: effect on white people who were exposed to it than 436 00:27:14,040 --> 00:27:19,000 Speaker 1: about the enslaved people themselves. She also benefited from slavery 437 00:27:19,040 --> 00:27:21,680 Speaker 1: for a lot of her life prior to the abolition 438 00:27:21,720 --> 00:27:25,320 Speaker 1: of slavery in Massachusetts in seventeen eighty three. Members of 439 00:27:25,359 --> 00:27:29,800 Speaker 1: her family had enslaved household staff that included her parents 440 00:27:30,040 --> 00:27:34,400 Speaker 1: and her first husband, John Stevens parents. According to tax records, 441 00:27:34,520 --> 00:27:37,840 Speaker 1: John and Judith had at least one quote servant for 442 00:27:38,000 --> 00:27:42,080 Speaker 1: life in their household. By the time Judith moved to Natchez, 443 00:27:42,160 --> 00:27:45,600 Speaker 1: her brother Winthrop was living there also. He had been 444 00:27:45,720 --> 00:27:49,600 Speaker 1: named governor of Mississippi Territory and had married a widow 445 00:27:49,720 --> 00:27:54,680 Speaker 1: named Mary McIntosh Williams. The Williams estate included at least 446 00:27:54,760 --> 00:27:59,600 Speaker 1: one hundred enslaved people, and Judith's correspondents about her brother's 447 00:27:59,600 --> 00:28:03,600 Speaker 1: marriage really suggests a sense of pride at how wealthy 448 00:28:03,640 --> 00:28:07,520 Speaker 1: and larged the state was, not really any kind of 449 00:28:07,600 --> 00:28:12,119 Speaker 1: judgment or horror over slavery. There are a lot of 450 00:28:12,200 --> 00:28:15,720 Speaker 1: accounts written in recent years that describe Judas Sergeant Murray 451 00:28:16,040 --> 00:28:19,159 Speaker 1: as one of North America's first feminists, and it is 452 00:28:19,240 --> 00:28:22,600 Speaker 1: definitely true that she advocated for affluent white women to 453 00:28:22,680 --> 00:28:26,200 Speaker 1: have the same rights as affluent white men, especially when 454 00:28:26,240 --> 00:28:29,800 Speaker 1: it came to things like education. We already talked about 455 00:28:29,840 --> 00:28:32,760 Speaker 1: how her work really didn't extend to women of lower 456 00:28:32,800 --> 00:28:36,359 Speaker 1: economic classes, and she did not advocate for enslaved women 457 00:28:36,920 --> 00:28:40,960 Speaker 1: or enslaved people more broadly, at all, they really have 458 00:28:41,080 --> 00:28:44,160 Speaker 1: no idea what her thoughts are about the fact that 459 00:28:44,240 --> 00:28:47,760 Speaker 1: she spent the last years of her life in a 460 00:28:47,800 --> 00:28:52,880 Speaker 1: slave state, being cared for and supported by an enslaved workforce. 461 00:28:54,200 --> 00:28:58,640 Speaker 1: Various correspondents and written records suggest that Judas Sergeant Murray 462 00:28:58,680 --> 00:29:00,960 Speaker 1: hoped to return to Massach who Sits one day. But 463 00:29:01,480 --> 00:29:05,040 Speaker 1: she died in Natchez, Mississippi, on July sixth, eighteen twenty, 464 00:29:05,080 --> 00:29:07,720 Speaker 1: at the age of sixty nine. She was buried in 465 00:29:07,720 --> 00:29:12,080 Speaker 1: the Binghaman family Cemetery. There's still more to discover about 466 00:29:12,080 --> 00:29:17,040 Speaker 1: her biography. In nineteen eighty four, Unitarian Universalist minister Gordon 467 00:29:17,080 --> 00:29:21,440 Speaker 1: Gibson found her letter books, containing her copies of thousands 468 00:29:21,480 --> 00:29:25,040 Speaker 1: of letters. He found that in Natchez, the historian who 469 00:29:25,040 --> 00:29:27,160 Speaker 1: has done the most work with these so far is 470 00:29:27,160 --> 00:29:31,040 Speaker 1: Sheila L. Skemp, who published Judas Sergeant Murray, a Brief 471 00:29:31,080 --> 00:29:35,680 Speaker 1: Biography with Documents in nineteen ninety eight, and First Lady 472 00:29:35,680 --> 00:29:38,680 Speaker 1: of Letters Judas Sergeant Murray in the Struggle for Female 473 00:29:38,680 --> 00:29:42,640 Speaker 1: Independence in two thousand and nine. After a quick sponsor break, 474 00:29:42,640 --> 00:29:55,560 Speaker 1: we will talk about her distant niece, Emily Sargent. Emily 475 00:29:55,640 --> 00:29:59,080 Speaker 1: Sargant was born in Rome on January twenty ninth, eighteen 476 00:29:59,160 --> 00:30:01,920 Speaker 1: fifty seven, so a little more than one hundred years 477 00:30:02,000 --> 00:30:03,760 Speaker 1: after the birth of Judith Sergeant. 478 00:30:03,880 --> 00:30:04,280 Speaker 2: Murray. 479 00:30:04,880 --> 00:30:08,400 Speaker 1: Emily's brother, John Singer Sergeant had been born in Florence 480 00:30:08,440 --> 00:30:12,080 Speaker 1: the year before. Their father, Fitzwilliam Sergeant, had been born 481 00:30:12,120 --> 00:30:15,480 Speaker 1: in Gloucester, Massachusetts, and their mother, Mary, was from Philadelphia. 482 00:30:16,120 --> 00:30:20,000 Speaker 1: Mary was described as a cultured woman, vivacious and restless, 483 00:30:20,200 --> 00:30:23,400 Speaker 1: who had convinced Fitzwilliam to give up his surgical practice 484 00:30:23,440 --> 00:30:26,320 Speaker 1: so they could live in Europe. One factor in this 485 00:30:26,440 --> 00:30:30,760 Speaker 1: may have been the death of their first child in infancy. Afterward, 486 00:30:30,920 --> 00:30:34,360 Speaker 1: Mary was understandably worried about her own health and that 487 00:30:34,440 --> 00:30:38,280 Speaker 1: of her children. The Sergeants had kind of a wandering 488 00:30:38,320 --> 00:30:41,480 Speaker 1: life around Europe, moving to warmer places in the winter 489 00:30:41,600 --> 00:30:44,760 Speaker 1: and cooler places in the summer, living mostly off of 490 00:30:44,800 --> 00:30:48,280 Speaker 1: money Fitzwilliam had saved from his surgical practice and some 491 00:30:48,440 --> 00:30:52,600 Speaker 1: money that Mary had inherited. Yeah, this wasn't a huge inheritance, 492 00:30:52,680 --> 00:30:55,200 Speaker 1: but it was enough to allow them to do this. 493 00:30:55,960 --> 00:30:58,800 Speaker 1: They also weren't the only family living this way. The 494 00:30:58,880 --> 00:31:02,440 Speaker 1: Sergeants also came up in our episode on Writer Violet Paget, 495 00:31:02,480 --> 00:31:06,320 Speaker 1: also known as Vernon Lee. The Pagets had a really 496 00:31:06,400 --> 00:31:10,160 Speaker 1: similar lifestyle to the Sergeants, finding it more affordable to 497 00:31:10,760 --> 00:31:14,680 Speaker 1: drift around Europe than to maintain a permanent home somewhere. 498 00:31:15,280 --> 00:31:19,000 Speaker 1: The sergeants and the Pagets became close friends, and Emily Sergeant, 499 00:31:19,040 --> 00:31:22,640 Speaker 1: and Vernon Lee visited each other regularly throughout their lives. 500 00:31:23,280 --> 00:31:26,920 Speaker 1: The third surviving sergeant child was born in eighteen seventy, 501 00:31:27,000 --> 00:31:30,560 Speaker 1: when Emily and John were already teenagers. That child was 502 00:31:30,680 --> 00:31:35,680 Speaker 1: named after Violet Paget, who was also their godmother. Emily's 503 00:31:35,680 --> 00:31:40,040 Speaker 1: sergeant experienced a serious spinal injury or possibly a spinal 504 00:31:40,080 --> 00:31:43,520 Speaker 1: disease when she was about four years old. While she 505 00:31:43,640 --> 00:31:47,760 Speaker 1: was recovering, doctors told her parents to keep her totally immobile. 506 00:31:48,440 --> 00:31:51,480 Speaker 1: This included restraining her at night so she couldn't move 507 00:31:51,480 --> 00:31:54,840 Speaker 1: around in her sleep. This made the effects of the 508 00:31:54,880 --> 00:31:57,680 Speaker 1: injury worse, and for the rest of her life, Emily 509 00:31:57,760 --> 00:32:01,520 Speaker 1: dealt with pain, mobility issues, and a spinal curvature that 510 00:32:01,560 --> 00:32:05,760 Speaker 1: affected her posture. Emily and her brother were very close 511 00:32:05,840 --> 00:32:08,360 Speaker 1: for their whole lives, since they were only about a 512 00:32:08,440 --> 00:32:11,479 Speaker 1: year apart, and they lived this wandering existence While they 513 00:32:11,520 --> 00:32:15,120 Speaker 1: were growing up, they were each other's closest friends and playmates. 514 00:32:15,720 --> 00:32:18,200 Speaker 1: They also made plenty of other friends over the course 515 00:32:18,200 --> 00:32:21,200 Speaker 1: of their lives, and overall, the Sergeants really had a 516 00:32:21,280 --> 00:32:24,520 Speaker 1: reputation of always going out of their way to help 517 00:32:24,560 --> 00:32:27,200 Speaker 1: and support the people that they loved when they needed it. 518 00:32:28,160 --> 00:32:31,160 Speaker 1: As they grew up and John Singer Sargent started developing 519 00:32:31,160 --> 00:32:35,320 Speaker 1: a reputation for himself as an artist, Emily became known 520 00:32:35,360 --> 00:32:38,680 Speaker 1: for being very sweet tempered and charming, and for acting 521 00:32:38,680 --> 00:32:42,080 Speaker 1: as host for her brother's parties, dinners, and other gatherings. 522 00:32:42,880 --> 00:32:47,080 Speaker 1: Unlike her brother, Emily never formally studied art. She learned 523 00:32:47,120 --> 00:32:50,520 Speaker 1: by copying the works of other artists and through practice. 524 00:32:50,920 --> 00:32:53,840 Speaker 1: She started really devoting herself to art after the death 525 00:32:53,880 --> 00:32:56,640 Speaker 1: of their father in eighteen eighty nine, doing a lot 526 00:32:56,640 --> 00:32:59,720 Speaker 1: of her workout doors hauling or supplies from place to 527 00:32:59,720 --> 00:33:02,520 Speaker 1: place in a pram. She did a lot of her 528 00:33:02,520 --> 00:33:05,840 Speaker 1: original work in watercolor, painting the people and places they 529 00:33:05,920 --> 00:33:09,760 Speaker 1: encountered in their travels. Yeah The exhibit at the Sergeant 530 00:33:09,760 --> 00:33:13,440 Speaker 1: House Museum described it almost as like a journal in watercolor. 531 00:33:14,760 --> 00:33:19,160 Speaker 1: After spending more than thirty years moving from place to place, 532 00:33:19,320 --> 00:33:22,920 Speaker 1: Emily had her first permanent home starting in the early 533 00:33:22,960 --> 00:33:26,360 Speaker 1: eighteen nineties. This was a flat in the Chelsea neighborhood 534 00:33:26,400 --> 00:33:29,480 Speaker 1: of London, close to her brother's studio, and their mother 535 00:33:29,600 --> 00:33:32,080 Speaker 1: lived there with her as well until her death in 536 00:33:32,160 --> 00:33:36,560 Speaker 1: nineteen oh six. After that point, Emily lived on her own, 537 00:33:36,760 --> 00:33:40,320 Speaker 1: still close to her brother. While living in Chelsea, Emily 538 00:33:40,440 --> 00:33:44,160 Speaker 1: became friends with her neighbor Henry James, who keeps coming 539 00:33:44,240 --> 00:33:47,880 Speaker 1: up in episodes that included helping to care for him 540 00:33:47,920 --> 00:33:50,520 Speaker 1: after he had a stroke. I feel like we should 541 00:33:50,560 --> 00:33:53,000 Speaker 1: just start acknowledging that there has to be Henry James 542 00:33:53,080 --> 00:33:55,800 Speaker 1: episode at some point to tie all of these threads together. 543 00:33:56,920 --> 00:34:00,960 Speaker 1: Neither Emily nor John Singer Sergeant ever married or had children, 544 00:34:01,040 --> 00:34:05,200 Speaker 1: but they both doated on their sister Violet's children. Violet's 545 00:34:05,240 --> 00:34:08,160 Speaker 1: daughter Rose Marie was one of John's favorite models and 546 00:34:08,239 --> 00:34:12,600 Speaker 1: is sometimes described as his muse. In nineteen fourteen, at 547 00:34:12,600 --> 00:34:15,200 Speaker 1: the start of World War One, Emily's sergeant was in 548 00:34:15,280 --> 00:34:18,840 Speaker 1: northern France and her family was worried for her safety 549 00:34:18,920 --> 00:34:22,640 Speaker 1: until she was able to return to London. Meanwhile, John 550 00:34:22,719 --> 00:34:25,880 Speaker 1: Singer Sergeant wound up trapped in Austria for a while. 551 00:34:26,080 --> 00:34:28,840 Speaker 1: He was described as kind of heedless of the potential 552 00:34:28,960 --> 00:34:33,200 Speaker 1: dangers of remaining there as the war was starting. Rose 553 00:34:33,200 --> 00:34:36,640 Speaker 1: Marie's husband was killed in action in nineteen fourteen, and 554 00:34:36,680 --> 00:34:39,960 Speaker 1: that was just a year into their marriage. The whole 555 00:34:40,080 --> 00:34:44,200 Speaker 1: family was heartbroken over this, and then rose Marie herself 556 00:34:44,360 --> 00:34:47,799 Speaker 1: was also killed. She was attending services at the Church 557 00:34:47,840 --> 00:34:50,960 Speaker 1: of Saint Gervais and Paris, and that was struck by 558 00:34:51,000 --> 00:34:55,000 Speaker 1: a German bombardment on March twenty ninth, nineteen eighteen, which 559 00:34:55,040 --> 00:34:59,960 Speaker 1: was Good Friday. After the war, Emily and John Singer, sergeants, 560 00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:02,440 Speaker 1: spent some time in the US, where they became friends 561 00:35:02,440 --> 00:35:06,800 Speaker 1: with past podcast subject is a Ella Stewart Gardner. Gardener 562 00:35:06,960 --> 00:35:09,920 Speaker 1: was unwell and the sergeants often used her seats at 563 00:35:09,960 --> 00:35:13,680 Speaker 1: concerts in the theater. While they were in the US, 564 00:35:13,920 --> 00:35:18,880 Speaker 1: John helped transform Judith Sergeant Murray's former home in Gloucester 565 00:35:19,200 --> 00:35:22,440 Speaker 1: into a museum. At that point, the home had been 566 00:35:22,480 --> 00:35:25,120 Speaker 1: through a series of other private owners. 567 00:35:25,640 --> 00:35:27,279 Speaker 2: The Met Museum. 568 00:35:26,920 --> 00:35:30,879 Speaker 1: Had been seeking architectural elements for its collection, and one 569 00:35:30,880 --> 00:35:34,400 Speaker 1: of the pieces the Met was interested in was Sergeant 570 00:35:34,400 --> 00:35:40,239 Speaker 1: House's central staircase. This is a beautiful handmade staircase with 571 00:35:40,320 --> 00:35:45,440 Speaker 1: these spiraling ballusters and two different alternating designs. Residents of 572 00:35:45,520 --> 00:35:48,239 Speaker 1: Gloucester and others who were connected to this home in 573 00:35:48,280 --> 00:35:51,520 Speaker 1: some way. Jadat didn't really like the idea of losing 574 00:35:51,560 --> 00:35:54,279 Speaker 1: the staircase or potentially losing the house that it was 575 00:35:54,360 --> 00:35:57,720 Speaker 1: part of, so a group of local residents started raising 576 00:35:57,800 --> 00:36:01,200 Speaker 1: money to try to preserve it. John Singer Sergeant helped 577 00:36:01,239 --> 00:36:05,360 Speaker 1: to contribute funds and also to restore the hall, including 578 00:36:05,480 --> 00:36:09,239 Speaker 1: sourcing and donating wallpaper for some of the rooms. The 579 00:36:09,360 --> 00:36:13,120 Speaker 1: Sergeant House Museum opened in nineteen nineteen, and John and 580 00:36:13,200 --> 00:36:15,719 Speaker 1: Emily visited it after it opened. Their names are in 581 00:36:15,760 --> 00:36:19,920 Speaker 1: the guest book. John Singer Sergeant died in nineteen twenty five, 582 00:36:20,120 --> 00:36:23,040 Speaker 1: and afterward Emily went to live with her sister Violet 583 00:36:23,160 --> 00:36:26,960 Speaker 1: Ormond in Tunisia. She later also donated some of her 584 00:36:27,000 --> 00:36:30,560 Speaker 1: brother's work to the Sergeant House Museum, including his portraits 585 00:36:30,600 --> 00:36:34,279 Speaker 1: of their father and mother. Emily also donated three of 586 00:36:34,320 --> 00:36:38,200 Speaker 1: her own watercolors to the museum, and Violet Ormonds donated 587 00:36:38,200 --> 00:36:40,839 Speaker 1: one of Emily's watercolors in nineteen twenty eight. 588 00:36:41,600 --> 00:36:42,320 Speaker 2: As we said. 589 00:36:42,120 --> 00:36:45,600 Speaker 1: Earlier, Emily Sargant and Vernon Lee each visited each other 590 00:36:45,680 --> 00:36:49,080 Speaker 1: regularly throughout their lives. The last of those visits was 591 00:36:49,120 --> 00:36:51,959 Speaker 1: for a week in nineteen thirty two. That was about 592 00:36:52,040 --> 00:36:56,520 Speaker 1: three years before Vernon Lee's death. Emily Sargant died on 593 00:36:56,600 --> 00:36:59,200 Speaker 1: May twenty second, nineteen thirty six, at the age of 594 00:36:59,239 --> 00:37:03,719 Speaker 1: seventy nine. Her cause of death is described as an accident. 595 00:37:03,960 --> 00:37:06,839 Speaker 1: According to one report, a bicyclist ran into her while 596 00:37:06,880 --> 00:37:10,440 Speaker 1: she was walking. She was buried alongside her brother at 597 00:37:10,440 --> 00:37:15,080 Speaker 1: Brookwood Cemetery in Surrey, England. As we said earlier, after 598 00:37:15,120 --> 00:37:19,160 Speaker 1: her death, Emily's artwork was presumed to be lost until 599 00:37:19,200 --> 00:37:22,440 Speaker 1: more than four hundred of her paintings were discovered in 600 00:37:22,520 --> 00:37:25,120 Speaker 1: an attic of a Sergeant family home in England in 601 00:37:25,239 --> 00:37:29,040 Speaker 1: nineteen ninety eight. Over the last few years, the Sergeant 602 00:37:29,080 --> 00:37:33,600 Speaker 1: family has donated many of these works to museums. Paintings 603 00:37:33,680 --> 00:37:37,080 Speaker 1: from Emily's collection have gone to the Sergeant House Museum, 604 00:37:37,440 --> 00:37:40,759 Speaker 1: the Museum of Fine Arts Boston, the Metropolitan Museum of 605 00:37:40,880 --> 00:37:43,879 Speaker 1: Art in New York City, the National Gallery of Art 606 00:37:43,920 --> 00:37:47,560 Speaker 1: in Washington, d c. The Tate Gallery in London, and 607 00:37:47,719 --> 00:37:51,640 Speaker 1: the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology at Oxford University. 608 00:37:52,400 --> 00:37:56,440 Speaker 1: The museum receiving the largest number of these paintings was 609 00:37:56,480 --> 00:38:00,239 Speaker 1: the Boston MFA with forty one and Sergeant House, which 610 00:38:00,239 --> 00:38:02,760 Speaker 1: is the smallest of all these museums and has only 611 00:38:02,800 --> 00:38:04,839 Speaker 1: open seasonally, received the. 612 00:38:04,800 --> 00:38:06,320 Speaker 2: Smallest number at fifteen. 613 00:38:06,440 --> 00:38:10,000 Speaker 1: I think in the future there will be an MFA 614 00:38:10,120 --> 00:38:13,880 Speaker 1: exhibit that maybe we'll have some more information on Emily. 615 00:38:14,960 --> 00:38:16,160 Speaker 2: And we mentioned. 616 00:38:15,760 --> 00:38:17,960 Speaker 1: Earlier that there was more research that could still be 617 00:38:18,000 --> 00:38:20,920 Speaker 1: done about Judith Sergeant Murray, and the same is true 618 00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:24,520 Speaker 1: about Emily Sargeant. There is a lot that can be 619 00:38:24,600 --> 00:38:27,080 Speaker 1: learned about her from a lot of the same sources 620 00:38:27,120 --> 00:38:29,319 Speaker 1: that have been used to research her brother, but as 621 00:38:29,360 --> 00:38:32,200 Speaker 1: of now, there is not, at least to Tracy's knowledge 622 00:38:32,200 --> 00:38:34,759 Speaker 1: and research, a full biography of her at all. 623 00:38:35,239 --> 00:38:35,520 Speaker 2: Yeah. 624 00:38:35,640 --> 00:38:39,000 Speaker 1: I feel like this, uh, even at a third of 625 00:38:39,040 --> 00:38:42,120 Speaker 1: today's episode is like kind of a sketchy overview of 626 00:38:42,360 --> 00:38:46,160 Speaker 1: everything I could find out? Right. Do you have a 627 00:38:46,200 --> 00:38:47,840 Speaker 1: listener mail for us? I do. 628 00:38:47,920 --> 00:38:48,520 Speaker 2: It's the correction. 629 00:38:48,640 --> 00:38:51,400 Speaker 1: This is from Hallie. Hallie wrote, Hi, Holly and Tracy 630 00:38:51,920 --> 00:38:54,239 Speaker 1: love the podcast and all the work you do. Been 631 00:38:54,320 --> 00:38:57,760 Speaker 1: listening since twenty nineteen and Unearthed is always a favorite. 632 00:38:57,800 --> 00:38:59,959 Speaker 1: I learned so much from the podcast and so many 633 00:39:00,080 --> 00:39:03,000 Speaker 1: anecdotes I tell friends are from the podcast that I 634 00:39:03,040 --> 00:39:06,719 Speaker 1: always end up promoting it just so you know. In 635 00:39:06,800 --> 00:39:11,360 Speaker 1: today's episode, you referenced Anu the Museum of the Jewish 636 00:39:11,440 --> 00:39:14,680 Speaker 1: People in Tel Aviv, and you pronounced it wrong. It's 637 00:39:14,800 --> 00:39:18,000 Speaker 1: confusing that it's all uppercase, but it's not an acronym. 638 00:39:18,120 --> 00:39:21,600 Speaker 1: It's a word, so it's pronounced like anu and Hebrew 639 00:39:22,120 --> 00:39:25,640 Speaker 1: Anu means us or we. It's one of my favorite 640 00:39:25,719 --> 00:39:29,359 Speaker 1: museums since it showcases the diversity of Jewish life when 641 00:39:29,400 --> 00:39:33,480 Speaker 1: so many Jewish museums are about the Holocaust and Jewish death, 642 00:39:33,560 --> 00:39:36,719 Speaker 1: which are very important as well. If you're ever in 643 00:39:36,760 --> 00:39:39,640 Speaker 1: Tel Aviv, you should definitely visit, or if you're in DC, 644 00:39:39,920 --> 00:39:43,840 Speaker 1: you should come to the Capital Jewish Museum. Best Hallie, 645 00:39:44,120 --> 00:39:46,839 Speaker 1: thank you so much for this correction. Hallie, you are 646 00:39:46,880 --> 00:39:49,120 Speaker 1: exactly right. I was thrown by the fact that that 647 00:39:49,280 --> 00:39:51,759 Speaker 1: is presented in all capital letters, so I thought that 648 00:39:51,960 --> 00:39:57,680 Speaker 1: it was an acronym and not a word. I have 649 00:39:57,840 --> 00:40:01,719 Speaker 1: not been to Tel Aviv at all, not been to 650 00:40:01,800 --> 00:40:04,080 Speaker 1: the Capitol Jewish Museum, but a couple of museums that 651 00:40:04,120 --> 00:40:06,080 Speaker 1: I have been to that I wanted to just kind 652 00:40:06,080 --> 00:40:08,760 Speaker 1: of shout out to if folks are near those areas 653 00:40:08,760 --> 00:40:13,080 Speaker 1: and interested. There's the Whitesman National Museum of Jewish History 654 00:40:13,280 --> 00:40:18,359 Speaker 1: in Philadelphia, which has inspired a couple of episodes of 655 00:40:18,400 --> 00:40:21,840 Speaker 1: the show, and that one looks specifically at like the 656 00:40:21,920 --> 00:40:25,600 Speaker 1: Jewish American experience. And then there's the Breeman Museum of 657 00:40:25,680 --> 00:40:29,680 Speaker 1: Jewish Culture and History which is in Atlanta, which we 658 00:40:29,880 --> 00:40:34,920 Speaker 1: have interviewed someone from there on the show, and I've 659 00:40:34,920 --> 00:40:36,960 Speaker 1: also visited that one. I think Holly you maybe have 660 00:40:37,080 --> 00:40:41,480 Speaker 1: as well. So thank you so much for that correction. 661 00:40:41,560 --> 00:40:44,120 Speaker 1: I'm sorry for messing that up. If you would like 662 00:40:44,160 --> 00:40:46,440 Speaker 1: to send us a note about this or any other podcast, 663 00:40:46,520 --> 00:40:49,879 Speaker 1: where it history podcasts at iHeartRadio dot com and we're 664 00:40:49,920 --> 00:40:52,319 Speaker 1: all over social media and miss some History, which is 665 00:40:52,360 --> 00:40:56,080 Speaker 1: where you'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram. And 666 00:40:56,840 --> 00:41:00,560 Speaker 1: you can subscribe to our show on the iHeartRadio and 667 00:41:00,640 --> 00:41:09,000 Speaker 1: wherever else you like to get your podcasts. Stuff you 668 00:41:09,040 --> 00:41:12,160 Speaker 1: Missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. For 669 00:41:12,239 --> 00:41:16,680 Speaker 1: more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 670 00:41:16,800 --> 00:41:18,840 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.