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Speaker 1: Hey, Daniel, I have a question. The particles have families.

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Speaker 1: Oh yeah, actually each particle has a whole set of relatives. Really,

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Speaker 1: so who is the electrons closest cousin? Well, the positron

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Speaker 1: is kind of like the electrons evil twin. Does you

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Speaker 1: have like a twurly mustache? Or whereas where is the

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Speaker 1: opposite color clothes? Yeah, and then it's got the muan,

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Speaker 1: which is like it's heavier cousin, it's more massive cousin,

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Speaker 1: Like it's more fit, like it's bulky or does it

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Speaker 1: just sit around and eat bananas? Nobody knows? Nobody knows.

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Speaker 1: And then the electron even has like hypothetical relatives. What

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Speaker 1: you mean, like long lost relatives. Yeah. Like there might

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Speaker 1: be a super symmetric version of the electron. We call

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Speaker 1: it the selectron. That sounds like a great suit for power.

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Speaker 1: I'd love to select my own relatives. I'm or Hand,

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Speaker 1: a cartoonists and the creator of PhD comics. I'm Daniel.

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Speaker 1: I'm a particle physicist, and there is no super symmetric

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Speaker 1: version of me. Is there an asymmetrical version of you?

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Speaker 1: I don't know, but if there was a super symmetric version,

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Speaker 1: it would be the Daniel or the Daniel Leno, the

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Speaker 1: Daniel Tron. I'm sure you would come up with an

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Speaker 1: awesome name for that version of Daniel. Welcome to our

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Speaker 1: podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of

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Speaker 1: I Heart Radio in which we take you on a

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Speaker 1: mental tour of everything that's amazing, that's wonderful, that inspires

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Speaker 1: your curiosity, everything that makes you wonder how does that work?

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Speaker 1: Why is it like that? Why isn't it some other way?

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Speaker 1: We take the whole universe and try to break it

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Speaker 1: down into time little pieces and explain them to you,

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Speaker 1: and we try to take you in a tour of

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Speaker 1: all the things that are out there, all the amazing

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Speaker 1: and incredible types of objects like black holes and neutron stars,

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Speaker 1: and all of the incredible and mysterious particles that are

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Speaker 1: out there and then might be out there. That's right,

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Speaker 1: because part of the journey of understanding the universe is

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Speaker 1: thinking about what's there and what might be there. What

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Speaker 1: would make more sense if the universe had it in it.

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Speaker 1: What do we need to add to our vision of

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Speaker 1: the universe to make it make more sense? What puzzle

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Speaker 1: pieces are we missing? Because that's how scientists explore, right,

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Speaker 1: I know. That's how we kind of probe the unknown.

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Speaker 1: We as we sit around and we think, well, well,

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Speaker 1: I guess you guys sit around on and I went

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Speaker 1: some coffee, and you try to think of what would

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Speaker 1: be what could be out there, what would make sense

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Speaker 1: in terms of the what the equations predict and what

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Speaker 1: the data suggests, and and try to think about what

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Speaker 1: we can discover out there and universe. Yeah, there's sort

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Speaker 1: of two ways to make big discoveries in physics. One

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Speaker 1: is like try to anticipate them, to look at the

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Speaker 1: pattern of what we know and say, what's missing? Would

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Speaker 1: this make more sense if we had another piece? Like

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Speaker 1: if you were doing a puzzle and you fill the

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Speaker 1: whole thing in, is one piece missing? You're going to

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Speaker 1: go out and look for that one piece and you

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Speaker 1: know sort of what to look for, you have expected it.

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Speaker 1: The other way to make discoveries just to like go

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Speaker 1: out there is an explore and see what you're find

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Speaker 1: and maybe you're run into something amazing you didn't expect.

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Speaker 1: That's also fun, But there's a lot of times that

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Speaker 1: we can't just do that. We don't have necessarily the

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Speaker 1: way to explore. We have to think about it in

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Speaker 1: advance and try to figure out in advance what is

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Speaker 1: it we should be looking for. I usually find my

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Speaker 1: puzzle pieces in between my couch cushions, or or under

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Speaker 1: the or on the table. I borrowed a bunch of

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Speaker 1: puzzles from some friends and I put the first one

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Speaker 1: together and it was missing a piece, and it had

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Speaker 1: an extra piece from another one of the puzzles. What

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Speaker 1: I think your friends are trying to drive you crazy

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Speaker 1: to think so, because then the next puzzle was the same.

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Speaker 1: So by the time the next puzzle, I had this

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Speaker 1: like two extra random pieces and two puzzles each missing

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Speaker 1: a piece. And it wasn't symmetric LIKEE was missing from

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Speaker 1: the other one. No, it was like a cycle. It

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Speaker 1: was like you have to finish all six to finish

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Speaker 1: any of them. It was torture. Um, I think they're

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Speaker 1: trying to gas light you in the puzzle version of

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Speaker 1: gas lighting, trying to puzzle light you down exactly. But

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Speaker 1: you know, I have to take issue with what you

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Speaker 1: said earlier that physicists, when we try to have ideas,

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Speaker 1: we sit around and think about stuff. Why is that

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Speaker 1: you think about It's just like sitting around these days

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Speaker 1: trying to do my thinking. Well, I'm active, I'm going

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Speaker 1: for a walk to think about stuff. I'm doing jumping

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Speaker 1: jack to think up new theories. I thought you were

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Speaker 1: going to complain that you actually lie down when you

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Speaker 1: think physics. Is that how you get your creative ideas?

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Speaker 1: Curl up under the desk or something. My best ideas

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Speaker 1: come when I have my feed up. For sure. Post

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Speaker 1: definitely leads to creativity. Yeah. So we know a lot

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Speaker 1: about the universe, and we know all a lot of

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Speaker 1: the particles that are out there that make up matter,

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Speaker 1: that might make up matter, and that um make up

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Speaker 1: other things that maybe are not as useful to the universe.

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Speaker 1: But there are also a lot of missing pieces in

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Speaker 1: the universe. There's a lot of empty places in our

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Speaker 1: ideas of particles and matter that could be filled by

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Speaker 1: new particles. That's right, because when we look at the particles,

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Speaker 1: we don't just want to make a list and say here,

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Speaker 1: all the particles in the universe were done. We want

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Speaker 1: to understand that. We want to fit them together into

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Speaker 1: patterns because those patterns are clues, clues that will lead

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Speaker 1: us to be able to pull back a layer of

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Speaker 1: reality and see what's underneath those particles, what are the tiny,

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Speaker 1: even smaller particles that make them up all the way

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Speaker 1: down to the smallest bits of the universe. So the

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Speaker 1: way to do that is to organize our knowledge and

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Speaker 1: look for holes. For example, before we discover the top cork,

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Speaker 1: we had five corks and they fit together in two

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Speaker 1: pairs plus one lonely bottom cork, And we thought, where's

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Speaker 1: the partner for the bottom cork? It must be out there,

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Speaker 1: and we went and looked for it and found it.

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Speaker 1: So this strategy of organizing our knowledge and looking for

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Speaker 1: holes and gaps and symmetries is a really productive way

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Speaker 1: to find new things. And so today on the program,

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Speaker 1: we'll be talking about one such set of wholly particles

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Speaker 1: that might exist and that might answer a lot of

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Speaker 1: questions about our understanding of the universe. So we'll be

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Speaker 1: asking the question, what is mirror matter and why is

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Speaker 1: it so hard to say? It is a little hard

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Speaker 1: to say. I feel a little punk tight just saying

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Speaker 1: mirror matter mirror Well, you know, there's an a whole

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Speaker 1: sociological question we'll dig into later about why mirror matter

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Speaker 1: is not so popular among theoretical physicists. But One answer

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Speaker 1: might be that it's just kind of hard to say.

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Speaker 1: Do you think that matters? It's more fun to say

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Speaker 1: dark matter antimatter than mirror matter. Don't, don't, don't use

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Speaker 1: alliteration when you when you discover something new and amaze

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Speaker 1: in physics, you know what you're saying and ours ours

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Speaker 1: are just horror to say their horror, horror. There there

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Speaker 1: are harder horror choice exactly? Is that why particle physics

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Speaker 1: has some problems there? Yeah? I think so? All right? So,

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Speaker 1: as usual, Daniel went out there into the wiles of

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Speaker 1: the Internet to ask if people were familiar with this

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Speaker 1: idea of mirror matter. So thanks to everybody who sent

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Speaker 1: in their speculations about what mirror matter might be. If

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Speaker 1: you'd like to speculate on a future topic of one

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Speaker 1: of our podcast episodes, please write to us two questions

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Speaker 1: at Daniel and Jorge dot com. We'd love to have

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Speaker 1: you participate. So think about it for a second before

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Speaker 1: you listen to these answers. If someone ask you what

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Speaker 1: is mirror matter, or ask you how to pronounce it?

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Speaker 1: For that matter, what would you say? There is what

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Speaker 1: people had to say something that reflected um like a

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Speaker 1: positive trium versus uh. You know, it's kind of the

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Speaker 1: opposite of each of the particles that we have. I

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Speaker 1: can only guess, and the name probably it's the matter

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Speaker 1: that imitates the matter that comes close to or get

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Speaker 1: gets in contact with. I have no idea. So there

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Speaker 1: are two things that come to my mind immediately. The

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Speaker 1: first one is antimater, but I think that this answer

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Speaker 1: is to straightforward, so I don't think this is the

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Speaker 1: right concept to your question. So the second thing that

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Speaker 1: comes to my mind, that's supersymmetry. I assume that mirror

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Speaker 1: matter talks about particle physics, and I don't know a

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Speaker 1: whole lot about it, but from what I know, I

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Speaker 1: think mirror matter wants to kind of explain why the

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Speaker 1: weak force is the only one that does not respect

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Speaker 1: the mirror reflection symmetry That sounds made up, sounds like

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Speaker 1: something i'd hear on Star Trek, but I'm gonna go

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Speaker 1: with it relates to supersymmetry. Those are words I've heard before,

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Speaker 1: or I wouggest that mirror matter is matter with the

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Speaker 1: opposite handedness. Mirror matter is maybe matter with particles of

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Speaker 1: opposite spin in charge. I'm immediately thinking of anti matter,

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Speaker 1: but I'm presuming it's something different, all right. I like

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Speaker 1: the star Trek reference. We should be writing for star Trek, Daniel.

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Speaker 1: Star Trek is just stealing from reality. You know, reality

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Speaker 1: is so weird that inspires hilarious fiction. But people seem

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Speaker 1: to have sort of the idea that it's like a matter,

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Speaker 1: but it's somehow their mirror image. So I guess it

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Speaker 1: is a pretty good name. Kind of like there's some

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Speaker 1: kind of idea about symmetry and handedness and spin, and

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Speaker 1: there seems to be a general understanding that there are

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Speaker 1: these symmetries that everything we know could be reflected. There

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Speaker 1: could be a whole other set of stuff, and exactly

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Speaker 1: the way that there are is anti matter. Now we're

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Speaker 1: talking a moment about what mirror matter is. It's not

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Speaker 1: the same thing as anti matter, but it does share

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Speaker 1: that thing in common that it's a reflection of the

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Speaker 1: particles we know. It tells us something about the symmetries

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Speaker 1: that are built into the universe and the ideas that

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Speaker 1: there's potentially more than one of these reflections, you know,

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Speaker 1: the reflection of all the matter particles into antimatter particles.

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Speaker 1: And you can also have the reflection potentially of matter

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Speaker 1: particles into these mirror matter particles. So it's in the

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Speaker 1: same sort of family of ideas, but it's just a

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Speaker 1: different kind of reflection. Man, I feel like we were

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Speaker 1: living in a house of mirrors or a universe of mirrors.

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Speaker 1: It's crazy and it's amazing, and it blows my mind

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Speaker 1: how many of these reflections there are. Because you know,

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Speaker 1: we talked about antimatter, and we will talk about mirror matter,

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Speaker 1: but then there are also these particle families, Like the

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Speaker 1: electron is not just reflected into the muon, it's reflected

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Speaker 1: into the muan and the tao. And so the whole

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Speaker 1: structure that we understand of the universe of particle physics

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Speaker 1: is really built around all these symmetries and reflections. I mean,

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Speaker 1: that's what we're trying to do, is like organize these

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Speaker 1: things into patterns, and the look at the patterns and say,

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Speaker 1: what does that pattern mean about the universe? Means that

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Speaker 1: maybe you shouldn't have decorated your whole universe with mirrors.

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Speaker 1: Perhaps you know who did, right? Who put up all

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Speaker 1: these mirrors? Right? This place is like a crazy fun house.

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Speaker 1: Why is it so hard to understand? No, it's it's fascinating,

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Speaker 1: you know, just like you can ask the question, you know,

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Speaker 1: why is there no antimatter left in the universe. You

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Speaker 1: can ask the question like, well, why do we have

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Speaker 1: antimatter at all? Right? Why is there this symmetry? What

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Speaker 1: does it mean about the universe that there seems to

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Speaker 1: be this balance in the list of particles, but not

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Speaker 1: in their actual existence, right and so so and some

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Speaker 1: people also mentioned the idea of supersymmetry, But mirror matter

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Speaker 1: is not related to supersymmetry, right, that's right. Supersymmetry is

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Speaker 1: yet another hypothetical reflection and that looks to try to

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Speaker 1: build a symmetry into the universe. It says, we have

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Speaker 1: some particles called fermions and make up matter particles, and

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Speaker 1: other particles called bosons that make up forces like photons

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Speaker 1: and z bosons. What if each of those has a

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Speaker 1: corresponding particle on the other side, Every fermion has some

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Speaker 1: boson that corresponds to it, So the electron has a selectron,

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Speaker 1: and the mulan has a smew on, And then every

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Speaker 1: boson like the photon, has a fermion partner. So the

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Speaker 1: photon would have a photino and the w particle would

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Speaker 1: have a we know, for example, and so that again

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Speaker 1: just reflects the whole set of standard model particles over

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Speaker 1: into a new set of hypothetical particles that we have

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Speaker 1: not yet discovered and are not the same as antimatter

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Speaker 1: and not the same as mirror matter. It's just another

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Speaker 1: kind of reflection that tells you about how we're always

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Speaker 1: looking for symmetries in the universe. But this one seems

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Speaker 1: to claim the mantle of mirror matter, Like it just

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Speaker 1: grabs that word and says, I'm the I'm the mirror

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Speaker 1: type of matter. Yeah, exactly, and it's mostly championed by

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Speaker 1: like one guy in Australia. Wait. Wait, this is a

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Speaker 1: major physics theory that has a support of exactly one physicists,

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Speaker 1: not exactly one physicist. But you know, um, not that

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Speaker 1: many physicist believe in mirror matter. Although other people have

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Speaker 1: ideas that are very similar to mirror matter, they just

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Speaker 1: don't call it that. So maybe it's just the naming issue.

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Speaker 1: People like, we hate that name. We're gonna come up

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Speaker 1: with a similar idea and call it something else. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: you're telling me that this idea also has other names,

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Speaker 1: like alice matters, or shadow matter. Yeah, that's that's all

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Speaker 1: the same one idea with several different potential names. So

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Speaker 1: I guess, you know, the community around mirror matter was

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Speaker 1: trying out a few things to see what would stick,

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Speaker 1: and I guess mirror matter is the most popular. I

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Speaker 1: kind of like alice matter because it has the like

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Speaker 1: literary reference to it. I like shadow matter. It sounds

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Speaker 1: like something out of Dungeons and Dragons. You're gonna roll

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Speaker 1: a die and try to use your shadow matter sword. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: the shadow mage uses a shadow matter sword. Of course.

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Speaker 1: I think it's too similar to dark matter, you know,

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Speaker 1: because then people are like, well, if you put matter

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Speaker 1: in the shadows, does it become dark matter? You know,

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Speaker 1: it's very confusing. All right, well let's jump right into

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Speaker 1: Daniel what let's answer the question what is mirror better.

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Speaker 1: I'm guessing it has to do it's sort of like

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Speaker 1: supersymmetric matter. But maybe you're saying it's a different kind

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Speaker 1: of mirror. Yeah, it's a different kind of mirror. So

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Speaker 1: whenever we create a new set of hypothetical particles to

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Speaker 1: balance the particles we have, it's because we see an imbalance,

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Speaker 1: we see something asymmetric, and we wonder why do we

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Speaker 1: have positive charge particles and not negative for example, Or

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Speaker 1: you know, why do we have fermion matter and boson

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Speaker 1: forces not the opposite. So in this case, we've created

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Speaker 1: a whole new set of particles, the mirror particles, to

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Speaker 1: try to balance the parity asymmetry of the universe, the

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Speaker 1: symmetry about being reflected in the mirror? Does the universe

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Speaker 1: look the same when you reflected in the mirror? And

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Speaker 1: we've talked on the podcast several times about how our

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Speaker 1: universe seems to be weirdly left handed, like some parts

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Speaker 1: of the standard model, the forces that are involved like

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Speaker 1: to only talk to particles that are left handed and

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Speaker 1: not right handed, and that's weird. I guess it all

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Speaker 1: sort of goes back to the concept of particles and

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Speaker 1: matter having um like properties or values of things charge

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Speaker 1: or color or what's the other one, spin spin, favor,

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Speaker 1: spin flavorite. They have all these properties and so, and

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Speaker 1: really in the math you can just flip them and

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Speaker 1: such a particle could still exist. Like mathematically you can

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Speaker 1: flip these things, even though you may not necessarily see

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Speaker 1: them in nature. Right, That's kind of the idea, is

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Speaker 1: that particles has these properties, and you can flip some

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Speaker 1: of them, and sometimes you see particles that have them,

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Speaker 1: and sometimes you don't see particles that have them. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that's exactly right. We look at the structure of our

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Speaker 1: theory and we wonder if it's symmetric. We're like, well,

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Speaker 1: what happens if you flip all these things? You know,

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Speaker 1: if you flip the charges from positive negative, or you

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Speaker 1: flip everything for the minus z access to the positive

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Speaker 1: z axis, or you run time backwards, and all these things.

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Speaker 1: We wonder, like, is our theory symmetric? And so as

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Speaker 1: you say, you can take this this set of particles

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Speaker 1: and you can say, well, do we have the opposite

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Speaker 1: set in this sense or in this other sense, or

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Speaker 1: in this third sense? Do we have the opposite set?

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Speaker 1: You know, do exist? And if not, then why not?

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Speaker 1: Because that tells you something about the universe, right, like

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Speaker 1: why do we only have negatively charged electrons and not

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Speaker 1: positively charged electrons, you know, positrons? And so it's it's

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Speaker 1: interesting because you feel like there must be a reason.

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Speaker 1: We like to think that that the universe should be symmetric,

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Speaker 1: because that makes sense because if it's asymmetric, then like

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Speaker 1: who made that choice? Right, why matter or not antimatter?

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Speaker 1: Did somebody flip a coin? Is it totally random? And

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Speaker 1: we don't like that. In physics, we don't like things

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Speaker 1: that don't have explanations, So we like things to be

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Speaker 1: symmetric because then then they don't need explanations. So we

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Speaker 1: take our theory, we look for all the things that

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Speaker 1: are asymmetric, and then we try to fill in those holes.

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Speaker 1: But I guess when when you know, why do physics

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Speaker 1: have a preference for symmetry, like um, when you couldn't

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Speaker 1: you ask the same question like who made the universe symmetric?

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Speaker 1: Like if the universe was symmetric, wouldn't you ask the

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Speaker 1: same question? That's a great question, and that really goes

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Speaker 1: to philosophy. Um, And it's a question of what's simple.

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Speaker 1: You know, when we look at a physics theory, we

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Speaker 1: have questions about it. And when we compare two different

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Speaker 1: physics theories, we want the one that's simpler, that needs

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Speaker 1: like less explanation and fewer ideas. And that's sort of um.

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Speaker 1: You know, we don't know why the universe is that way,

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Speaker 1: but it does seem to work that way. That's simpler

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Speaker 1: ideas seem to work best, and so I would just

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Speaker 1: ask fewer questions about a theory that was symmetric than

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Speaker 1: the theory that was asymmetric, because a theory that's symmetric,

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Speaker 1: you're right, there's no reason why the universe has to

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Speaker 1: be symmetric. But it just seems to make more sense

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Speaker 1: intuitively or or aesthetically. But you know, that's not a

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Speaker 1: scientific feeling at all. That's sort of like a philosophical

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Speaker 1: um um or personal aesthetic feeling. Yeah, that's what I mean.

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Speaker 1: It's like if one of your kids was really well

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Speaker 1: behaved on the other one was a lot of trouble,

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Speaker 1: and you'd be like, yeah, that that makes sense in

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Speaker 1: the universal cosmic balanced sense. I think there is something there, though,

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Speaker 1: because if the universe is asymmetric, there are lots of

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Speaker 1: ways it could be asymmetric, but there's only really one

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Speaker 1: way to be symmetric. And so if you're asymmetric, and

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Speaker 1: you're asymmetric in one particular way, then you have to

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Speaker 1: wonder why are we living in a multiverse where every

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Speaker 1: choice for that asymmetry is made. Are there other universes

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Speaker 1: out there that are antimatter instead of matter, for example,

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Speaker 1: or are we living in a simulation where this was

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Speaker 1: decided by the people who ran the simulation. It's just

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Speaker 1: sort of unsatisfying to not have an explanation if there

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Speaker 1: are lots of options, whereas if there's only one option,

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Speaker 1: then you know that's just the option. You can ask like,

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Speaker 1: why is there only that option? And that's a deeper question,

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Speaker 1: like if both your kids are well behaved, you'd be suspicious.

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Speaker 1: I'd give my wife credit if that was the case. Unfortunately,

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Speaker 1: we don't live in that universe. Al right. Well, okay,

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Speaker 1: so mirror matter, then, is a matter that also breaks

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Speaker 1: one of these symmetries in nature that you have, and

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Speaker 1: it's sort of related to the weak force, right. I

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Speaker 1: find it a little confusing to think about parody because

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Speaker 1: it's hard to think about whether it matters if you're

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Speaker 1: reflected in the mirror, whether the universe prefers right handed

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Speaker 1: or left handed. Now it's the same basic concept, but

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Speaker 1: I think it's easier to think about whether it matters

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Speaker 1: if you rotate your experiment, whether the universe has a

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Speaker 1: preferred direction, which seems obviously crazy. Imagine you throw a

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Speaker 1: ball and it follows some law of physics, right, parabolo

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Speaker 1: goes up and it comes down. Now you watch that

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Speaker 1: same ball toss, but now you're standing on your head.

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Speaker 1: It looks a little different, right because you're you've rotated yourself,

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Speaker 1: But the same laws apply, and like you can still

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Speaker 1: apply the laws of physics to the ball. Moving shouldn't

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Speaker 1: matter if you're standing on your head, right, except that

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Speaker 1: now down means up and up means down. Yeah, exactly,

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Speaker 1: you have to put some minus signs in there, but

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Speaker 1: the same laws do apply. Now you don't see exactly

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Speaker 1: the same thing, Like it looks different if you're standing

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Speaker 1: on your head, but the same rules apply. And so

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Speaker 1: parody is sort of like that, like if you reflect

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Speaker 1: something into the mirror, do the same rules apply or not?

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Speaker 1: And people for a long time thought, well, of course,

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Speaker 1: like just because you're doing in the mirror, the same

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Speaker 1: rules should apply. Like it would be nonsense if our

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Speaker 1: you niverse was somehow left handed and it looked different

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Speaker 1: in the mirror, and like the mirror was right handed,

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Speaker 1: it would be weird. They would be weird. And people

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Speaker 1: just assumed for like, you know, as long as people

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Speaker 1: had this idea, until about fifty years ago, people assumed

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Speaker 1: the universe was symmetric in the mirror that if you

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Speaker 1: didn't experiment, it would look the same in the mirror

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Speaker 1: that you know that the mirrors that in the in

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Speaker 1: the mirror world, the same laws of physics would apply.

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Speaker 1: Now we can't actually go to the mirror world. We

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Speaker 1: can't do the mirror experiment. Right, the ideas we do

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Speaker 1: experiments in our universe and we think about what they

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Speaker 1: would look like in the mirror world. We try to

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Speaker 1: we imagine that all the experiments we do in our

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Speaker 1: universe would look the same in the mirror world. But

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Speaker 1: but he neverse is a little bit weirder than that.

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Speaker 1: The universe is super duper weird in fact, and it

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Speaker 1: was about fifty years ago the people realized, you know,

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Speaker 1: we never actually checked to see if this is true

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Speaker 1: for all the different kinds of interactions. They had checked

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Speaker 1: for the strong force, they had checked for electromagnetism, and

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Speaker 1: parody was preserved like everything a perfect sense, but nobody

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Speaker 1: had actually checked for the week interaction. And then one

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Speaker 1: summer people wrote this paper realizing, wow, nobody's ever checked

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Speaker 1: this one thing. Somebody should do it, and the paper

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Speaker 1: came out, and then over Christmas vacation, a scientist at Columbia,

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Speaker 1: the famous professor C. S. Wo. She did the experiment

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Speaker 1: and she set up a system that would look different

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Speaker 1: in the mirror. So they broke the mirror. And that

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Speaker 1: was seven years of seven decades of bad physics. Luck

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Speaker 1: Is that kind of what happened? Yeah, exactly. All right,

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Speaker 1: let's jump into the details here about the weak floorce

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Speaker 1: and symmetry and left and right handedness. But first let's

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Speaker 1: take a quick break. All right, we're talking about mirror matter.

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Speaker 1: And this is um not related to how I looked

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Speaker 1: like in the morning when I look in the mirror, Daniel,

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Speaker 1: that's right, but there is no face. Six could explain

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Speaker 1: that this relates to how particles look in the mirror,

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Speaker 1: because particles, as weird as they are, they have this

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Speaker 1: bizarre property that they're either left handed or right handed.

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Speaker 1: And of course particles don't have hands right, but they

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Speaker 1: do have a property which gets inverted in the mirror

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Speaker 1: sort of the way that left handedness and right handedness does.

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Speaker 1: And that's when you compare the direction they spin with

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Speaker 1: the direction they're moving. And because clockwise spin in the

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Speaker 1: mirror still looks clockwise, whereas moving in the mirror can

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Speaker 1: get flipped in the other direction. So a left handed

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Speaker 1: particle um looks like a right handed particle in the mirror,

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Speaker 1: and a right handed particle in our universe looks like

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Speaker 1: a left handed particle in the mirror. Right, It's kind

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Speaker 1: of like the mnemonic, you know, like when you use

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Speaker 1: your hand, like you point your thumb one way and

430
00:22:49,160 --> 00:22:52,080
Speaker 1: then you curl your fingers, and that that's sort of

431
00:22:52,119 --> 00:22:54,479
Speaker 1: like a handedness kind of thing for particles. Right, Like

432
00:22:54,520 --> 00:22:57,040
Speaker 1: the thumb could be pointing to where its going, and

433
00:22:57,080 --> 00:22:59,280
Speaker 1: the curl of your finger points to how it's spinning.

434
00:22:59,720 --> 00:23:02,160
Speaker 1: And so when you look in the mirror, that looks

435
00:23:02,160 --> 00:23:04,320
Speaker 1: not the same, that's right, And that tells you if

436
00:23:04,359 --> 00:23:06,760
Speaker 1: a particle is left handed or right handed, is it

437
00:23:06,880 --> 00:23:10,080
Speaker 1: moving in the same direction as its spin vector is pointing,

438
00:23:10,359 --> 00:23:12,560
Speaker 1: or is it moving in the opposite direction. And in

439
00:23:12,560 --> 00:23:15,840
Speaker 1: a mirror, left handed particles turned into a right handed particle. Now,

440
00:23:15,960 --> 00:23:18,920
Speaker 1: the weird thing is that the weak force, the weak

441
00:23:19,000 --> 00:23:23,400
Speaker 1: nuclear force, only interacts with left handed particles. It totally

442
00:23:23,400 --> 00:23:28,480
Speaker 1: ignores right handed particles. That's the big asymmetry that they're

443
00:23:28,520 --> 00:23:31,520
Speaker 1: the force ignores these other particles. It doesn't interact with

444
00:23:31,560 --> 00:23:34,000
Speaker 1: them at all, you know how some forces interact with

445
00:23:34,080 --> 00:23:37,000
Speaker 1: some particles and not others, Like the strong nuclear force

446
00:23:37,080 --> 00:23:41,040
Speaker 1: doesn't interact with electrons. Electrons just totally ignore the strong force.

447
00:23:41,480 --> 00:23:44,879
Speaker 1: Oh I see, it just doesn't apply to that. It

448
00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:49,720
Speaker 1: just doesn't apply. So there are actually two kinds of electrons.

449
00:23:49,760 --> 00:23:52,040
Speaker 1: There's the left hand electron and the right hand electron.

450
00:23:52,200 --> 00:23:55,879
Speaker 1: The weak force only interacts with left handed electrons. It

451
00:23:55,960 --> 00:23:59,320
Speaker 1: doesn't interact with right handed electrons at all. And that

452
00:23:59,640 --> 00:24:02,600
Speaker 1: to do right handed electrons exists? Are there? Are they

453
00:24:02,600 --> 00:24:06,320
Speaker 1: out there right lying around ignoring the weak force absolutely

454
00:24:06,359 --> 00:24:09,360
Speaker 1: all the time? There are left hand, right handed electrons,

455
00:24:09,480 --> 00:24:12,639
Speaker 1: and only left handed electrons interact with the weak force.

456
00:24:12,920 --> 00:24:16,240
Speaker 1: And that's what causes this parity asymmetry. In the mirror,

457
00:24:16,280 --> 00:24:18,720
Speaker 1: the weak force interacts with right handed electrons, but in

458
00:24:18,800 --> 00:24:23,399
Speaker 1: our universe it only talks to left handed particles neutrinos, electrons,

459
00:24:23,440 --> 00:24:27,120
Speaker 1: and quarks. That is so bizarre, it's really weird. It's

460
00:24:27,119 --> 00:24:30,000
Speaker 1: a huge asymmetry. And it's not like a little asymmetry

461
00:24:30,040 --> 00:24:32,680
Speaker 1: like it talks to left handed particles more than right

462
00:24:32,680 --> 00:24:36,840
Speaker 1: handed particles. It's complete asymmetry. Only ever talks to left

463
00:24:36,880 --> 00:24:40,960
Speaker 1: handed particles, never too right handed particles. What if I

464
00:24:41,040 --> 00:24:44,560
Speaker 1: threw and right handed electron, like, nothing would stop it

465
00:24:44,600 --> 00:24:46,280
Speaker 1: in terms of the strong force, in terms of the

466
00:24:46,280 --> 00:24:49,160
Speaker 1: weak force, in terms of the weak force, Yeah, that's right,

467
00:24:49,320 --> 00:24:51,160
Speaker 1: but you don't really notice that because the weak force

468
00:24:51,320 --> 00:24:55,200
Speaker 1: is super weak, and right hand electrons still feel electromagnetism

469
00:24:55,359 --> 00:24:58,240
Speaker 1: right the photons, and it's biased, but it's a weak

470
00:24:58,280 --> 00:25:03,080
Speaker 1: by that's right, um and and so most of the

471
00:25:03,080 --> 00:25:05,640
Speaker 1: interactions work with both of them. But the weak force

472
00:25:05,760 --> 00:25:08,280
Speaker 1: only talks to the left handed particles. And that's why,

473
00:25:08,320 --> 00:25:12,200
Speaker 1: for example, we've never seen a right handed new trino,

474
00:25:12,240 --> 00:25:16,399
Speaker 1: because neutrinos only feel the weak force, and so the

475
00:25:16,440 --> 00:25:19,160
Speaker 1: only way to talk to neutrinos is through the weak force.

476
00:25:19,480 --> 00:25:21,879
Speaker 1: But the weak force doesn't talk to right handed particles,

477
00:25:22,119 --> 00:25:25,840
Speaker 1: and so we've never seen a right handed new trino. Wow,

478
00:25:25,880 --> 00:25:28,560
Speaker 1: it's not just that it it has a bias against

479
00:25:29,160 --> 00:25:31,960
Speaker 1: the electron being right handed, has a bias against any

480
00:25:31,960 --> 00:25:34,480
Speaker 1: particle being right handed. That's right. There are two kinds

481
00:25:34,480 --> 00:25:36,320
Speaker 1: of every particle, that is, the left handed kind and

482
00:25:36,359 --> 00:25:38,639
Speaker 1: the right handed kind. And the weak force only talks

483
00:25:38,680 --> 00:25:41,520
Speaker 1: to left handed quarks. To what left handed electrons, left

484
00:25:41,520 --> 00:25:44,440
Speaker 1: handed muans? Left handed new trinos it never talks or

485
00:25:44,520 --> 00:25:46,959
Speaker 1: right handed anybody. It kind of makes me wonder if

486
00:25:46,960 --> 00:25:49,200
Speaker 1: there's a right handed weak force. Have you guys thought

487
00:25:49,200 --> 00:25:51,440
Speaker 1: about that? Like, is there are? Maybe there are two forces?

488
00:25:52,680 --> 00:25:55,200
Speaker 1: And that's the genesis of the idea for mirror matter.

489
00:25:58,000 --> 00:26:01,639
Speaker 1: This kind of it's me and the from Australia. No,

490
00:26:01,760 --> 00:26:04,760
Speaker 1: but that's exactly. This kind of asymmetry makes you wonder

491
00:26:05,160 --> 00:26:07,399
Speaker 1: is there's something out there to balance it? Right? That

492
00:26:07,480 --> 00:26:09,800
Speaker 1: was exactly the thought you just had live right here

493
00:26:09,800 --> 00:26:12,119
Speaker 1: on the program. And that's the whole motivation for this

494
00:26:12,320 --> 00:26:15,520
Speaker 1: entire program of physics is can we find something else

495
00:26:15,520 --> 00:26:18,000
Speaker 1: out there to balance it? You didn't like that asymmetry,

496
00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:20,800
Speaker 1: and you're like, let's fill in that gap, let's balance

497
00:26:20,880 --> 00:26:22,919
Speaker 1: the universe. And that's exactly what we're trying to do

498
00:26:22,960 --> 00:26:26,479
Speaker 1: with mirror matter. Yeah, because I believe in cosmic justice.

499
00:26:28,520 --> 00:26:31,120
Speaker 1: And so there's sort of two different sets of ideas there.

500
00:26:31,160 --> 00:26:33,600
Speaker 1: One is a minimal idea and say well, can we

501
00:26:33,800 --> 00:26:36,560
Speaker 1: restore the balance by saying, well, maybe there is a

502
00:26:36,680 --> 00:26:39,240
Speaker 1: right handed neutrino out there. We've just never seen it

503
00:26:39,280 --> 00:26:41,840
Speaker 1: because we can't interact with it with our weak force.

504
00:26:42,160 --> 00:26:44,800
Speaker 1: So maybe there's a right handed neutrino, and then like

505
00:26:44,880 --> 00:26:47,679
Speaker 1: some other version of the weak force that's biased in

506
00:26:47,720 --> 00:26:50,560
Speaker 1: the other way, like a w prime boson and is

507
00:26:50,640 --> 00:26:54,560
Speaker 1: the prime boson, And and that's a cool idea, um,

508
00:26:54,680 --> 00:26:57,400
Speaker 1: and that would restore some balance. I mean it would.

509
00:26:57,400 --> 00:26:59,600
Speaker 1: It would mean that the universe sort of cracked in half.

510
00:27:00,000 --> 00:27:02,879
Speaker 1: It's not really symmetric, it's sort of like cracked in half.

511
00:27:02,880 --> 00:27:05,199
Speaker 1: And we have two different pieces, and we happen to

512
00:27:05,240 --> 00:27:07,600
Speaker 1: be on the left handed part of it. The mirror

513
00:27:07,600 --> 00:27:10,840
Speaker 1: matter takes a step further and it says, instead of

514
00:27:10,880 --> 00:27:13,120
Speaker 1: just adding a right handed new trino and a new

515
00:27:13,600 --> 00:27:16,600
Speaker 1: force to talk to it, let's copy all of the particles.

516
00:27:16,840 --> 00:27:19,800
Speaker 1: So let's take the electron and make a mirror electron,

517
00:27:20,520 --> 00:27:23,879
Speaker 1: and let's take the quarks and make mirror corks. And

518
00:27:23,960 --> 00:27:26,399
Speaker 1: let's have a whole new set of forces, a mirror

519
00:27:26,400 --> 00:27:29,080
Speaker 1: strong force and mirror weak force and mirror electric force.

520
00:27:29,720 --> 00:27:33,240
Speaker 1: And in that whole mirror then parody is violated in

521
00:27:33,240 --> 00:27:36,320
Speaker 1: the opposite direction. So rather than just adding the minimal

522
00:27:36,359 --> 00:27:39,800
Speaker 1: pieces to our standard model to balance parody, reflect the

523
00:27:39,880 --> 00:27:42,960
Speaker 1: whole thing and this have the whole thing be balanced

524
00:27:42,960 --> 00:27:45,560
Speaker 1: in the other direction. But well, wait, I thought that

525
00:27:46,040 --> 00:27:50,080
Speaker 1: right handed electrons did exist. Right hand electrons do exist. Yeah,

526
00:27:50,200 --> 00:27:52,960
Speaker 1: And so this idea would say, well, let's make mirror

527
00:27:52,960 --> 00:27:56,880
Speaker 1: electrons and you'll have both left and right handed mirror electrons. Right,

528
00:27:57,400 --> 00:28:00,960
Speaker 1: and we have left handed neutrino, so this would make

529
00:28:01,240 --> 00:28:05,199
Speaker 1: right handed mirror neutrinos. Oh, I see, it's like a

530
00:28:05,320 --> 00:28:09,919
Speaker 1: whole different It's like a whole new set of two hands. Yeah, exactly.

531
00:28:10,200 --> 00:28:12,720
Speaker 1: It's like you got one family, you know, where everything

532
00:28:12,760 --> 00:28:15,600
Speaker 1: is balanced, except the neutrinos only left handed. And instead

533
00:28:15,640 --> 00:28:18,520
Speaker 1: of just inviting one more neutrino that's right handed, invite

534
00:28:18,560 --> 00:28:22,160
Speaker 1: a whole other family, right if they have a right

535
00:28:22,160 --> 00:28:26,239
Speaker 1: handed neutrino. It's it's more like in our family, we

536
00:28:26,280 --> 00:28:28,840
Speaker 1: only like the kids that are right hand the left handed,

537
00:28:29,720 --> 00:28:32,359
Speaker 1: and instead of making up because we have kids that

538
00:28:32,359 --> 00:28:35,760
Speaker 1: are left handed, right now, we have kids that are

539
00:28:35,880 --> 00:28:38,320
Speaker 1: right handed, we just don't like him. And to balance

540
00:28:38,320 --> 00:28:40,840
Speaker 1: it out, maybe there's another family out there down the

541
00:28:40,880 --> 00:28:44,080
Speaker 1: street that that has right and left handed kids, but

542
00:28:44,120 --> 00:28:47,920
Speaker 1: they have a different, different preference, different they make different

543
00:28:47,920 --> 00:28:52,040
Speaker 1: parenting mistakes that balance our parenting mistakes, and a whole

544
00:28:52,120 --> 00:28:55,600
Speaker 1: and the terrible in a whole mirror symmetric play. That's right.

545
00:28:55,600 --> 00:28:57,719
Speaker 1: The universe doesn't care if you make parenting mistakes as

546
00:28:57,720 --> 00:29:01,680
Speaker 1: long as somebody else is making the opposite one. That's

547
00:29:01,720 --> 00:29:06,080
Speaker 1: the physics approach to parenting. Symmetry is restored and all

548
00:29:06,160 --> 00:29:10,640
Speaker 1: is good. Oh man, I'd love to see maybe wouldn't

549
00:29:10,640 --> 00:29:12,760
Speaker 1: love to see how things work in your house and

550
00:29:12,800 --> 00:29:15,880
Speaker 1: then you um, But there's some fascinating twists. They're like.

551
00:29:16,280 --> 00:29:19,720
Speaker 1: One of them is gravity is not mirrored. If there

552
00:29:19,800 --> 00:29:23,160
Speaker 1: is a graviton, this particle that transmits gravity and a

553
00:29:23,280 --> 00:29:26,000
Speaker 1: quantum theory of gravity, it would not be mirror. There

554
00:29:26,000 --> 00:29:29,240
Speaker 1: would not be like a mirror graviton. It's like it

555
00:29:29,320 --> 00:29:31,520
Speaker 1: sits at the edge of the mirror or something. Yeah,

556
00:29:31,560 --> 00:29:33,840
Speaker 1: because it sits at the mirror line. Because gravity is

557
00:29:33,840 --> 00:29:36,160
Speaker 1: how we bend space, and there's only one space. We

558
00:29:36,200 --> 00:29:38,960
Speaker 1: think that our particles and the mirror particles live in

559
00:29:39,000 --> 00:29:41,840
Speaker 1: the same space. If they have their own graviton, that

560
00:29:41,960 --> 00:29:43,920
Speaker 1: have to have their own space, and that would be weird.

561
00:29:44,560 --> 00:29:47,720
Speaker 1: And so yeah, it sits on the mirror itself. Okay.

562
00:29:47,720 --> 00:29:50,320
Speaker 1: So the idea of mirror matter then is that there's

563
00:29:50,360 --> 00:29:55,440
Speaker 1: a whole set of matter particles that are mirrored somehow,

564
00:29:55,640 --> 00:29:58,480
Speaker 1: in this bias that the weak force has, and there's

565
00:29:58,520 --> 00:30:02,800
Speaker 1: a whole different weak force that has a different bias. Yeah,

566
00:30:02,920 --> 00:30:06,479
Speaker 1: if you build that parody violation experiment that Dr Wu's

567
00:30:06,520 --> 00:30:09,600
Speaker 1: experiment out of mirror matter and did the experiment, you

568
00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:12,040
Speaker 1: would get the opposite results. I guess my question is

569
00:30:12,080 --> 00:30:14,280
Speaker 1: where does this where's all? Where is all this mirror matter?

570
00:30:14,360 --> 00:30:16,280
Speaker 1: Like you sit on top of us? Is it next

571
00:30:16,320 --> 00:30:18,920
Speaker 1: to us? Is it kind of like a parallel universe

572
00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:21,280
Speaker 1: kind of thing. Well, we don't know if it exists,

573
00:30:21,280 --> 00:30:23,000
Speaker 1: first of all, and if it does exist, to be

574
00:30:23,120 --> 00:30:26,280
Speaker 1: very hard to see. And so in that respects it's

575
00:30:26,280 --> 00:30:29,480
Speaker 1: sort of similar to dark matter, because we suspect we

576
00:30:29,600 --> 00:30:32,800
Speaker 1: might only have gravitational interactions with it that we'll talk

577
00:30:32,840 --> 00:30:34,920
Speaker 1: in a moment about other ways we might probe it,

578
00:30:35,080 --> 00:30:36,840
Speaker 1: And so it could be right here on top of

579
00:30:36,920 --> 00:30:39,640
Speaker 1: us without us interacting with it. A right, Remember that

580
00:30:39,800 --> 00:30:42,720
Speaker 1: the universe is filled with all sorts of invisible stuff

581
00:30:42,760 --> 00:30:45,360
Speaker 1: that you cannot sense, like all the new trinos that

582
00:30:45,400 --> 00:30:47,680
Speaker 1: are flying through you right now, that you don't interact

583
00:30:47,720 --> 00:30:50,240
Speaker 1: with all the dark matter that surrounds the Earth and

584
00:30:50,320 --> 00:30:53,240
Speaker 1: fills your room. You can't see or touch or interact

585
00:30:53,240 --> 00:30:57,320
Speaker 1: with So it's possible to share space physically overlap with

586
00:30:57,400 --> 00:30:59,800
Speaker 1: other kinds of matter that you if you do not

587
00:31:00,040 --> 00:31:02,960
Speaker 1: direct with them. And mirror matter, if it exists, we

588
00:31:03,000 --> 00:31:06,160
Speaker 1: may only interact with it gravitationally, which is very very weak,

589
00:31:06,200 --> 00:31:08,800
Speaker 1: which means essentially we wouldn't sense it. And so if

590
00:31:08,840 --> 00:31:10,760
Speaker 1: there is mirror matter, could be right here on top

591
00:31:10,840 --> 00:31:12,720
Speaker 1: of us, but it could also be out there in

592
00:31:12,760 --> 00:31:15,440
Speaker 1: the universe, separated from us. Well, yeah, I guess, yeah,

593
00:31:15,480 --> 00:31:17,440
Speaker 1: I guess like dark matter and the trains, they're all

594
00:31:17,440 --> 00:31:19,280
Speaker 1: sitting on top of us, but we don't feel them.

595
00:31:19,440 --> 00:31:23,600
Speaker 1: Maybe there's a whole bunch of right handed laws and

596
00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:26,600
Speaker 1: right handed matter that's sitting on top of us too. Yeah,

597
00:31:26,600 --> 00:31:28,000
Speaker 1: there could be a right handed horgy and doing a

598
00:31:28,080 --> 00:31:31,760
Speaker 1: right handed podcast right now, doing it the right way

599
00:31:33,520 --> 00:31:41,080
Speaker 1: we left, and we'd feel left out exactly. Wow. Alright, So, um,

600
00:31:41,120 --> 00:31:45,520
Speaker 1: I guess my question is like, why why wouldn't our

601
00:31:45,680 --> 00:31:50,960
Speaker 1: week fource with the left handed bias interact with the

602
00:31:51,040 --> 00:31:55,600
Speaker 1: left handed mirror matter? Do you know what I mean? Like, like,

603
00:31:55,760 --> 00:31:58,800
Speaker 1: if in my house I only like my left handed kids,

604
00:31:58,880 --> 00:32:03,320
Speaker 1: wouldn't I like the right handed kids in the other house. Well,

605
00:32:03,360 --> 00:32:05,200
Speaker 1: first of all, I hope that either all your kids

606
00:32:05,200 --> 00:32:09,000
Speaker 1: are left handed or they don't listen to this podcast. Um,

607
00:32:09,040 --> 00:32:11,520
Speaker 1: but you're right, but our forces don't interact with those

608
00:32:11,520 --> 00:32:16,240
Speaker 1: particles at all. So those particles don't carry like electric charge,

609
00:32:16,360 --> 00:32:19,560
Speaker 1: they carry mirror electric charge, and they interact with like

610
00:32:19,600 --> 00:32:24,520
Speaker 1: the mirror photon, with mirror electromagnetism. And so yeah, you

611
00:32:24,600 --> 00:32:26,200
Speaker 1: might ask, like, why do you need to create all this,

612
00:32:26,360 --> 00:32:28,440
Speaker 1: all these particles, Why don't you just add a right

613
00:32:28,480 --> 00:32:30,479
Speaker 1: handed neutrino. And I think that's one of the biggest

614
00:32:30,480 --> 00:32:33,480
Speaker 1: sort of theoretical criticisms of this idea is that it's

615
00:32:33,640 --> 00:32:36,480
Speaker 1: too much. You don't need all this extra stuff. It

616
00:32:36,640 --> 00:32:39,400
Speaker 1: just seems like too much of a copy. But the

617
00:32:39,440 --> 00:32:42,040
Speaker 1: reason to do it, remember, is to try to restore symmetries,

618
00:32:42,080 --> 00:32:45,200
Speaker 1: to try to say, well, let's have balance in the universe.

619
00:32:45,800 --> 00:32:47,800
Speaker 1: And and then you might ask, but you know, we're

620
00:32:47,800 --> 00:32:50,400
Speaker 1: not really balanced. We have like two pieces cracked in

621
00:32:50,480 --> 00:32:53,440
Speaker 1: half that sort of compliment each other, but we're living

622
00:32:53,440 --> 00:32:54,960
Speaker 1: on one half of it, right, It's not like the

623
00:32:55,040 --> 00:32:58,760
Speaker 1: universe has this symmetry sort of broken, and we see

624
00:32:58,800 --> 00:33:01,240
Speaker 1: that a lot in particles ZIX that we see symmetries

625
00:33:01,440 --> 00:33:04,720
Speaker 1: that have been broken, and we think that these symmetries

626
00:33:04,720 --> 00:33:07,720
Speaker 1: are fundamental, that they like existed in the early parts

627
00:33:07,720 --> 00:33:11,040
Speaker 1: of the universe when everything was hotter, when the universe,

628
00:33:11,280 --> 00:33:14,360
Speaker 1: when different effective laws of physics were taking place, and

629
00:33:14,400 --> 00:33:16,760
Speaker 1: then as the universe cooled, just sort of like cracked

630
00:33:16,960 --> 00:33:19,600
Speaker 1: the way you know ice can crack as it freezes,

631
00:33:19,720 --> 00:33:22,520
Speaker 1: or where things can crack as a change phase, or

632
00:33:22,560 --> 00:33:24,480
Speaker 1: like we we everything felt to one side of the

633
00:33:24,520 --> 00:33:27,280
Speaker 1: mirror kind of or got trapped inside. Yeah, and we

634
00:33:27,400 --> 00:33:29,240
Speaker 1: ended up trapped in one side of the mirror, and

635
00:33:29,240 --> 00:33:31,800
Speaker 1: that there's other particles that got trapped on the other side.

636
00:33:32,320 --> 00:33:34,560
Speaker 1: And so these are what we call broken symmetries. We

637
00:33:34,600 --> 00:33:37,320
Speaker 1: think that they do reflect something deep that's happening in

638
00:33:37,360 --> 00:33:40,040
Speaker 1: the universe, but that they got broken, and we actually

639
00:33:40,040 --> 00:33:42,680
Speaker 1: see examples of those, like the Higgs boson is a

640
00:33:42,760 --> 00:33:47,240
Speaker 1: broken symmetry. Like the Higgs boson unifies the weak force

641
00:33:47,440 --> 00:33:51,240
Speaker 1: and electromagnetism, and it says that the photon is actually

642
00:33:51,560 --> 00:33:54,200
Speaker 1: part of the electroweak force. It should go along with

643
00:33:54,240 --> 00:33:58,040
Speaker 1: the W bosons and the Z boson, But when the

644
00:33:58,160 --> 00:34:00,600
Speaker 1: universe was cooling, the Higgs sort of stuck in a

645
00:34:00,640 --> 00:34:02,680
Speaker 1: weird spot, and it gave all this mass to the

646
00:34:02,840 --> 00:34:05,040
Speaker 1: w n Z and none to the photon. It broke

647
00:34:05,160 --> 00:34:08,239
Speaker 1: that symmetry. And so in the same way symmetry is

648
00:34:08,239 --> 00:34:11,160
Speaker 1: that existed in the early hot universe can be broken

649
00:34:11,160 --> 00:34:13,800
Speaker 1: as a sort of the phase of the universe changes,

650
00:34:13,880 --> 00:34:16,360
Speaker 1: you know, universites and go from like liquid to gas.

651
00:34:16,360 --> 00:34:19,399
Speaker 1: But as it cools, different physics sort of takes over,

652
00:34:19,920 --> 00:34:22,239
Speaker 1: and so we think that that might have broken. So

653
00:34:22,560 --> 00:34:26,600
Speaker 1: that's another explanation for the asymmetry. That wouldn't require this

654
00:34:26,680 --> 00:34:28,799
Speaker 1: whole new universe sitting on top of us that we

655
00:34:28,800 --> 00:34:32,920
Speaker 1: can't see her touch. That would explain why this symmetry exists.

656
00:34:32,920 --> 00:34:35,319
Speaker 1: Sort of at a higher level, it's like, you know, yeah,

657
00:34:35,360 --> 00:34:37,600
Speaker 1: we still have an asymmetry here today, but we think

658
00:34:37,640 --> 00:34:40,320
Speaker 1: that maybe there was a symmetry early in the universe,

659
00:34:40,360 --> 00:34:43,120
Speaker 1: that that the other half exists, that it explains why

660
00:34:43,160 --> 00:34:46,720
Speaker 1: the symmetry was broken at some point. All right, So, um,

661
00:34:46,800 --> 00:34:50,319
Speaker 1: it sounds like a pretty amazing and incredible concept. I

662
00:34:50,320 --> 00:34:53,200
Speaker 1: guess the question now is how do we verify if

663
00:34:53,200 --> 00:34:55,359
Speaker 1: it's true? How how do we know it's real? And

664
00:34:55,440 --> 00:34:58,200
Speaker 1: how do we look for these mirror particles? I guess

665
00:34:58,239 --> 00:35:01,200
Speaker 1: we can't just look in the mirror. Then, Oh my god,

666
00:35:01,239 --> 00:35:03,200
Speaker 1: nobody thought of that. I'm gonna do that right now,

667
00:35:03,480 --> 00:35:09,120
Speaker 1: Hold on, Nobel prize right here, mirror? What's the noble

668
00:35:09,120 --> 00:35:13,880
Speaker 1: mirror of Nobel Prize? Is the Lobel Prize? Literally? Yeah,

669
00:35:14,920 --> 00:35:17,120
Speaker 1: do you have to pay a million dollars for that one?

670
00:35:18,000 --> 00:35:21,759
Speaker 1: That's why nobody accepts it. All right, let's get into

671
00:35:21,800 --> 00:35:23,879
Speaker 1: how we look for a mirror matter, But first let's

672
00:35:23,960 --> 00:35:39,200
Speaker 1: take a quick break. All right, Daniel, sir, there might

673
00:35:39,280 --> 00:35:45,040
Speaker 1: be a whole mirror universe of mirror electrons and quarks

674
00:35:45,280 --> 00:35:49,200
Speaker 1: and particles and also forces. There might be a whole

675
00:35:49,560 --> 00:35:53,960
Speaker 1: universe of mirror forces, like the opposite electromagnetic force and

676
00:35:54,040 --> 00:35:57,120
Speaker 1: opposite strong force sitting right on top of us right now,

677
00:35:58,400 --> 00:36:01,319
Speaker 1: acting and ignoring us. But yeah, and they might even

678
00:36:01,360 --> 00:36:05,400
Speaker 1: have like better snacks than we have. Yeah, all the

679
00:36:05,400 --> 00:36:09,000
Speaker 1: bananas would be um curve the other way. They would

680
00:36:09,040 --> 00:36:13,200
Speaker 1: actually be tasty. But you would still hate it though,

681
00:36:14,480 --> 00:36:17,759
Speaker 1: probably would hate it. Yeah, all right, I guess that

682
00:36:17,920 --> 00:36:19,480
Speaker 1: the question is how do we look for a mirror

683
00:36:19,520 --> 00:36:22,440
Speaker 1: matter if it does exist? And how could we ever,

684
00:36:22,960 --> 00:36:25,680
Speaker 1: you know, confirm the existence is something we can't see

685
00:36:25,760 --> 00:36:29,080
Speaker 1: or touch? It's pretty tough. In the sort of cleanest

686
00:36:29,200 --> 00:36:32,480
Speaker 1: version of the idea, we can only interact with mirror

687
00:36:32,480 --> 00:36:35,359
Speaker 1: matter through gravity, and so in that sense, we can

688
00:36:35,400 --> 00:36:38,640
Speaker 1: only look for its effects on a gravitational scale, which

689
00:36:38,680 --> 00:36:41,000
Speaker 1: means like looking for it the way we look for

690
00:36:41,239 --> 00:36:44,680
Speaker 1: dark matter, because gravity is kind of like the the

691
00:36:44,800 --> 00:36:47,680
Speaker 1: one thing in common we have with mirror matter, Like

692
00:36:47,719 --> 00:36:50,160
Speaker 1: it's it's like a two vent diagrams that touch at

693
00:36:50,200 --> 00:36:52,319
Speaker 1: a point. Yeah, it's the only way that we can

694
00:36:52,320 --> 00:36:55,120
Speaker 1: interact with it, And so to discover something, to prove

695
00:36:55,200 --> 00:36:57,640
Speaker 1: that it exists, to understand it, we need to be

696
00:36:57,680 --> 00:36:59,919
Speaker 1: able to interact with it. There could be all sorts

697
00:37:00,120 --> 00:37:02,360
Speaker 1: crazy stuff happening right here on top of us, but

698
00:37:02,360 --> 00:37:04,439
Speaker 1: if it doesn't interact with us, then we could never

699
00:37:04,480 --> 00:37:07,760
Speaker 1: discover it. But we think that gravity is sort of universal.

700
00:37:07,840 --> 00:37:11,560
Speaker 1: Everything that has mass feels gravity. That's like another way

701
00:37:11,560 --> 00:37:14,600
Speaker 1: that gravity is super weird and amazing. But so we

702
00:37:14,719 --> 00:37:16,960
Speaker 1: might have to just use gravity to study it. And

703
00:37:16,960 --> 00:37:19,439
Speaker 1: then there's the natural question of like, well, if there's

704
00:37:19,480 --> 00:37:22,040
Speaker 1: all this weird stuff out there that we can't see

705
00:37:22,320 --> 00:37:25,359
Speaker 1: and gives us extra gravity, maybe it's not like dark matter.

706
00:37:25,440 --> 00:37:28,640
Speaker 1: Maybe it is dark matter that's what I was about

707
00:37:28,680 --> 00:37:31,920
Speaker 1: to ask Daniel. It feels like the perfect conspiracy theory

708
00:37:32,640 --> 00:37:35,920
Speaker 1: bom bom bomb. But this guy in Australia has cracked.

709
00:37:35,920 --> 00:37:39,280
Speaker 1: O Um. People always right in and try to connect

710
00:37:39,320 --> 00:37:41,360
Speaker 1: the mystery of dark matter with other mysteries. You know,

711
00:37:41,600 --> 00:37:44,920
Speaker 1: is dark matter like antimatter? Is dark matter? This is

712
00:37:45,000 --> 00:37:48,240
Speaker 1: dark matter that? And it's super fun. It's fascinating because

713
00:37:48,480 --> 00:37:52,480
Speaker 1: wouldn't it be awesome to like crack two mysteries simultaneously, right,

714
00:37:52,560 --> 00:37:55,600
Speaker 1: to solve two big questions of physics at once. This

715
00:37:55,719 --> 00:37:58,759
Speaker 1: seems really tantalizing, right because you just told me that

716
00:37:58,800 --> 00:38:02,200
Speaker 1: there might be a whole universe of matter out there

717
00:38:02,280 --> 00:38:05,680
Speaker 1: that we can't see a touch, but that influences us gravitationally.

718
00:38:05,800 --> 00:38:08,759
Speaker 1: Then that that sounds like exactly like dark matter. Yeah, Well,

719
00:38:08,800 --> 00:38:10,480
Speaker 1: do you want the good news first or the bad news?

720
00:38:11,680 --> 00:38:13,960
Speaker 1: I want? I want the news that gives me the

721
00:38:13,960 --> 00:38:17,000
Speaker 1: Nobel Prize. Okay, well, then here's the good news, and

722
00:38:17,239 --> 00:38:18,640
Speaker 1: you should go off on your trip to get the

723
00:38:18,640 --> 00:38:20,960
Speaker 1: new prize before you hear the bad news. In this case,

724
00:38:22,000 --> 00:38:23,960
Speaker 1: the good news is that you can use dark matter

725
00:38:24,000 --> 00:38:26,719
Speaker 1: detectors to look for this kind of stuff, and that

726
00:38:26,800 --> 00:38:30,120
Speaker 1: there is a detector out there. It's called the DAMA experiment.

727
00:38:30,200 --> 00:38:33,160
Speaker 1: It's in Italy, and it's actually had a very strong

728
00:38:33,280 --> 00:38:36,440
Speaker 1: signal for dark matter for like more than ten years.

729
00:38:36,680 --> 00:38:39,320
Speaker 1: We're gonna do a whole episode on why nobody believes

730
00:38:39,360 --> 00:38:42,840
Speaker 1: that DAMA detected dark matter despite their amazing evidence for

731
00:38:42,880 --> 00:38:46,719
Speaker 1: a dark matter and nobody's been believing their signal. They

732
00:38:46,719 --> 00:38:48,640
Speaker 1: have this very clear signal that looks like it should

733
00:38:48,640 --> 00:38:51,040
Speaker 1: be dark matter, but nobody else sees it, like other

734
00:38:51,120 --> 00:38:54,040
Speaker 1: dark matter experiments don't see the same thing and they should.

735
00:38:54,719 --> 00:38:57,640
Speaker 1: But this guy in Australia has this explanation. He's like, oh, well,

736
00:38:57,680 --> 00:39:02,000
Speaker 1: maybe that's because um, those dark other dark matter experiments

737
00:39:02,080 --> 00:39:05,920
Speaker 1: are only sensitive to heavier versions of mirror matter, and

738
00:39:06,040 --> 00:39:08,759
Speaker 1: this one experiment in Italy is different from all the

739
00:39:08,840 --> 00:39:11,880
Speaker 1: other ways in such a way that makes it sensitive

740
00:39:11,920 --> 00:39:15,200
Speaker 1: to mirror matter. So he thinks that this Dama experiment

741
00:39:15,440 --> 00:39:18,640
Speaker 1: might actually be a signal of dark matter and a

742
00:39:18,719 --> 00:39:22,080
Speaker 1: signal that dark matter is mirror matter. Is this one

743
00:39:22,080 --> 00:39:24,279
Speaker 1: of the ones that that you know has has like

744
00:39:24,560 --> 00:39:27,200
Speaker 1: a huge vat of some noble gas sitting around waiting

745
00:39:27,239 --> 00:39:29,680
Speaker 1: for things to ping ping it. Yeah, it's sort of

746
00:39:29,719 --> 00:39:32,920
Speaker 1: similar it's a slightly different setup, which is why it's

747
00:39:32,920 --> 00:39:34,920
Speaker 1: a little bit different, and we'll dig into the details

748
00:39:35,000 --> 00:39:38,439
Speaker 1: on another episode. But they have this signature that most

749
00:39:38,440 --> 00:39:41,480
Speaker 1: of the people in the community think probably isn't dark matter,

750
00:39:41,800 --> 00:39:44,600
Speaker 1: but you know, they believe it, and their experiment is

751
00:39:44,600 --> 00:39:47,200
Speaker 1: different from other experiments, and so they try to find

752
00:39:47,239 --> 00:39:49,480
Speaker 1: like a reason why only they would see this thing

753
00:39:49,560 --> 00:39:52,120
Speaker 1: that other experiments don't see, and they're saying it could

754
00:39:52,160 --> 00:39:55,120
Speaker 1: also be mirror matter, meaning that they're both the same thing. Yeah,

755
00:39:55,160 --> 00:39:58,040
Speaker 1: and so Bob Foot in Australia he wrote this paper saying,

756
00:39:58,320 --> 00:40:01,440
Speaker 1: ha ha, maybe this ex planes why Dama is seeing

757
00:40:01,440 --> 00:40:04,479
Speaker 1: this weird signal and it's a discovery of mirror matter.

758
00:40:04,920 --> 00:40:11,200
Speaker 1: So that was pretty exciting for a few minutes. But

759
00:40:11,200 --> 00:40:14,560
Speaker 1: but somebody found an error. Well, it's a little bit

760
00:40:14,640 --> 00:40:17,759
Speaker 1: unlikely because we know that dark matter, if it exists,

761
00:40:17,960 --> 00:40:21,000
Speaker 1: is cold, right, it's not fast moving. It tends to

762
00:40:21,000 --> 00:40:24,879
Speaker 1: poke around the universe, it doesn't zip around, whereas mirror matter,

763
00:40:25,120 --> 00:40:27,000
Speaker 1: if it's real and it really is a mirror of

764
00:40:27,080 --> 00:40:30,680
Speaker 1: everything we know, should have similar properties to our matter.

765
00:40:31,040 --> 00:40:34,239
Speaker 1: It should there should be relativistic elements of it. And

766
00:40:34,320 --> 00:40:37,560
Speaker 1: so already we think like, well, mirror matter doesn't really

767
00:40:37,600 --> 00:40:39,600
Speaker 1: fit the same profile of dark matter. What we know

768
00:40:39,640 --> 00:40:42,960
Speaker 1: about dark matter doesn't really mimic everything we know about

769
00:40:42,960 --> 00:40:45,360
Speaker 1: the standard model. It seems like it should be heavier

770
00:40:45,440 --> 00:40:48,240
Speaker 1: and slower. Mirror matter is too hot for dark matter.

771
00:40:48,600 --> 00:40:51,960
Speaker 1: That's right, exactly. Everybody looks better in the mirror, right,

772
00:40:53,000 --> 00:40:56,759
Speaker 1: everyone looks hotter. Yeah. Well, but I guess, um, I mean,

773
00:40:56,800 --> 00:41:00,920
Speaker 1: are you saying that dark matter is significantly colder in

774
00:41:00,960 --> 00:41:06,640
Speaker 1: general than we are? Yes, m absolutely, you know, I see. Yeah.

775
00:41:06,760 --> 00:41:08,920
Speaker 1: And then the other thing is that that was fifteen

776
00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:11,399
Speaker 1: years ago, and since then there has been a lot

777
00:41:11,480 --> 00:41:14,400
Speaker 1: more experiments looking for dark matter and cross checking the

778
00:41:14,480 --> 00:41:18,280
Speaker 1: DAMA experiment, And if mirror matter was making a signal

779
00:41:18,560 --> 00:41:20,400
Speaker 1: in the DAMA experiment, we would have seen it in

780
00:41:20,480 --> 00:41:23,800
Speaker 1: some of these other experiments c d M S and xenon.

781
00:41:23,920 --> 00:41:26,640
Speaker 1: And it's not as special anymore. Yeah. So there was

782
00:41:26,680 --> 00:41:29,719
Speaker 1: a brief window, you know, when the experiments looked like

783
00:41:29,760 --> 00:41:32,640
Speaker 1: they might support this crazy idea, and that was exciting

784
00:41:32,640 --> 00:41:34,200
Speaker 1: for a few minutes, but it sort of fell apart,

785
00:41:34,560 --> 00:41:38,719
Speaker 1: all right. So, um, not a lot of support experimentally

786
00:41:38,800 --> 00:41:40,799
Speaker 1: for this idea. Are there any other ways that we

787
00:41:40,880 --> 00:41:44,080
Speaker 1: could find mirror matter. Well, the other things we could

788
00:41:44,080 --> 00:41:48,960
Speaker 1: do gravitationally are trying to look for its effects, you know, astronomically,

789
00:41:49,440 --> 00:41:52,719
Speaker 1: because it might be that mirror matter isn't like diffused

790
00:41:52,719 --> 00:41:54,839
Speaker 1: and spread out the way dark matter is. It really

791
00:41:54,840 --> 00:41:58,160
Speaker 1: does have interactions that can form interesting structures, like there

792
00:41:58,160 --> 00:42:00,520
Speaker 1: could be mirror stars out there, or there could be

793
00:42:00,520 --> 00:42:03,919
Speaker 1: mirror galaxies and mirror planets, right, and so that could

794
00:42:03,920 --> 00:42:06,640
Speaker 1: be exciting. Would we be able to see them Do

795
00:42:06,800 --> 00:42:09,680
Speaker 1: they still spit out you know, photons or do they

796
00:42:09,719 --> 00:42:12,160
Speaker 1: spit out mirror photo They spit out mirror photons only

797
00:42:12,200 --> 00:42:14,600
Speaker 1: for the mirror astronomers to write mirror papers about and

798
00:42:14,640 --> 00:42:18,680
Speaker 1: win mirror Nobel prizes. Um. But of course we might

799
00:42:18,719 --> 00:42:21,319
Speaker 1: be able to see their effects gravitationally. But you know,

800
00:42:21,360 --> 00:42:24,120
Speaker 1: these are not studies where you're like looking for individual

801
00:42:24,200 --> 00:42:27,640
Speaker 1: particles of mirror matter, but you're like looking forward distortions

802
00:42:27,680 --> 00:42:31,600
Speaker 1: in cosmic gravitational fields. You know, we talked on the

803
00:42:31,640 --> 00:42:34,920
Speaker 1: podcast before about weird gravitational anomalies in the universe, like

804
00:42:34,960 --> 00:42:39,400
Speaker 1: the Great Attractor, a strange source of localized gravity somewhere

805
00:42:39,400 --> 00:42:42,200
Speaker 1: beyond the Milky Way that we can't explain in terms

806
00:42:42,280 --> 00:42:45,399
Speaker 1: of the stuff that we see. So that's the kind

807
00:42:45,440 --> 00:42:48,000
Speaker 1: of thing that you might try to explain using like

808
00:42:48,239 --> 00:42:52,239
Speaker 1: mirror galaxies. Oh but I guess at the mirror at

809
00:42:52,280 --> 00:42:57,840
Speaker 1: the galaxy level, it's sort of maybe indistinguishable from dark matter, maybe,

810
00:42:57,920 --> 00:43:00,640
Speaker 1: except that dark matter tends to clump with normal matter.

811
00:43:01,080 --> 00:43:04,040
Speaker 1: Dark matter normal matter tend to overlay each other. In fact,

812
00:43:04,040 --> 00:43:06,160
Speaker 1: the reason you have normal matter where it is is

813
00:43:06,160 --> 00:43:09,040
Speaker 1: because there's dark matter. They're like pulling it together. So

814
00:43:09,080 --> 00:43:12,160
Speaker 1: then are you saying that there could be a mirror planet,

815
00:43:12,800 --> 00:43:17,479
Speaker 1: like right now in our Solar system spinner around our sun.

816
00:43:18,040 --> 00:43:20,959
Speaker 1: We just can't see it, but we might feel it gravitationally.

817
00:43:21,000 --> 00:43:22,839
Speaker 1: Is that kind of the idea. That's kind of the idea.

818
00:43:22,880 --> 00:43:24,360
Speaker 1: I mean, I never thought about in terms of like

819
00:43:24,400 --> 00:43:27,600
Speaker 1: a whole mirror planet in our solar system. That's pretty awesome,

820
00:43:27,760 --> 00:43:29,800
Speaker 1: And I'm right now writing that down for an idea

821
00:43:29,840 --> 00:43:33,560
Speaker 1: for a science fiction novel, which somebody should write. That's

822
00:43:33,560 --> 00:43:36,200
Speaker 1: pretty cool. I was more thinking about like entire mirror

823
00:43:36,200 --> 00:43:38,759
Speaker 1: galaxies separated from ours. But no, you're right. I mean,

824
00:43:38,800 --> 00:43:41,960
Speaker 1: if our matter feels gravity, it could pull on this stuff,

825
00:43:41,960 --> 00:43:44,839
Speaker 1: and so our son could have a mirror planet surrounding it,

826
00:43:44,960 --> 00:43:48,879
Speaker 1: And in fact, Bob Foote from Melbourne claims that some

827
00:43:48,960 --> 00:43:51,920
Speaker 1: weird things in the Solar system support the existence of

828
00:43:52,000 --> 00:43:55,759
Speaker 1: mirror matter. H like that there could be mirror asteroids

829
00:43:55,840 --> 00:43:58,920
Speaker 1: kind of in in the in how all of the

830
00:43:59,080 --> 00:44:01,600
Speaker 1: things in our solar system move around. Yeah, and he's

831
00:44:01,680 --> 00:44:04,279
Speaker 1: looked at some like craters on some things in the

832
00:44:04,280 --> 00:44:07,680
Speaker 1: Solar system and claimed that they can't be explained using

833
00:44:08,000 --> 00:44:11,000
Speaker 1: normal impacts from normal asteroids. You would need a mirror

834
00:44:11,000 --> 00:44:15,800
Speaker 1: asteroid to explain it. And I'm pretty spectical and glass everywhere,

835
00:44:15,840 --> 00:44:19,360
Speaker 1: and you're like, like, it has to be a mirror collision.

836
00:44:19,960 --> 00:44:23,120
Speaker 1: I'm pretty skeptical of that because you know, mirror objects

837
00:44:23,120 --> 00:44:26,120
Speaker 1: wouldn't collide with normal objects the normal way, right, They

838
00:44:26,120 --> 00:44:29,319
Speaker 1: don't feel electromagnetism or the strong force, so they would

839
00:44:29,320 --> 00:44:31,480
Speaker 1: mostly just pass through each other and affect each other

840
00:44:31,560 --> 00:44:34,960
Speaker 1: just gravitationally, So you can't really have like impact sites

841
00:44:35,080 --> 00:44:37,280
Speaker 1: or collisions in that same way. You can only feel

842
00:44:37,440 --> 00:44:40,799
Speaker 1: a gravitational tug. So that would be pretty spectacular. But

843
00:44:41,080 --> 00:44:43,160
Speaker 1: I'm not sure I buy that argument all right, But

844
00:44:43,200 --> 00:44:46,480
Speaker 1: it sounds like a pretty interesting idea, and again, I

845
00:44:46,480 --> 00:44:49,600
Speaker 1: think it really taps into against the whole feeling that

846
00:44:49,640 --> 00:44:52,920
Speaker 1: maybe there's a whole universe out there that's kind of

847
00:44:53,160 --> 00:44:55,640
Speaker 1: on top of us but maybe unreachable. You know, all

848
00:44:55,719 --> 00:44:58,720
Speaker 1: these ideas are fascinating for that reason, and this idea

849
00:44:58,760 --> 00:45:01,920
Speaker 1: may be wrong or maybe right, but it's definitely true

850
00:45:02,280 --> 00:45:04,520
Speaker 1: that there is stuff out there that we don't understand,

851
00:45:04,520 --> 00:45:07,279
Speaker 1: that there's a whole invisible universe of stuff going on

852
00:45:07,760 --> 00:45:09,640
Speaker 1: that if we could tap into it and figure it out,

853
00:45:09,640 --> 00:45:11,759
Speaker 1: would give us a sense of context, you know, like

854
00:45:12,080 --> 00:45:14,480
Speaker 1: where which part of the puzzle are we in. It's

855
00:45:14,520 --> 00:45:16,360
Speaker 1: like when you're doing a puzzle and you're just working

856
00:45:16,360 --> 00:45:17,839
Speaker 1: on a time a little bit and you don't even

857
00:45:17,840 --> 00:45:19,560
Speaker 1: really know, like where does this go? Is this part

858
00:45:19,600 --> 00:45:21,479
Speaker 1: of that foot, there's this part of the person's face.

859
00:45:21,880 --> 00:45:23,880
Speaker 1: That's where we are in physics. We have no idea

860
00:45:23,960 --> 00:45:26,400
Speaker 1: where our little piece fits in. We know that the

861
00:45:26,400 --> 00:45:29,040
Speaker 1: puzzle is huge and we've only tapped into a little

862
00:45:29,040 --> 00:45:31,759
Speaker 1: bit of it, and so this is temptation will be like, well,

863
00:45:31,760 --> 00:45:33,799
Speaker 1: maybe this fits on over here, maybe this is other

864
00:45:33,840 --> 00:45:36,520
Speaker 1: part over there. And so it's definitely a good idea

865
00:45:36,560 --> 00:45:39,160
Speaker 1: to look for weirdnesses and what we see and try

866
00:45:39,160 --> 00:45:42,160
Speaker 1: to reflect it into the larger context. I think that's

867
00:45:42,160 --> 00:45:44,360
Speaker 1: definitely a good way forward. I'm not sure about this

868
00:45:44,400 --> 00:45:47,080
Speaker 1: particular theory, but you know, I'm definitely a fan of

869
00:45:47,120 --> 00:45:50,160
Speaker 1: this kind of idea. I like what you did there, Daniel,

870
00:45:50,239 --> 00:45:53,800
Speaker 1: he said, reflected. I reflected on that joke for a while.

871
00:45:56,719 --> 00:45:59,880
Speaker 1: All Right, well, m hopefully that will get everyone to

872
00:46:00,000 --> 00:46:02,719
Speaker 1: think a little bit about all of these amazing symmetries

873
00:46:02,760 --> 00:46:05,680
Speaker 1: we have and and all of the amazing asymmetries that

874
00:46:05,760 --> 00:46:07,560
Speaker 1: we have in our universe, because you know, there has

875
00:46:07,600 --> 00:46:11,160
Speaker 1: to be kind of a reason for these weird, unexplained

876
00:46:11,640 --> 00:46:15,399
Speaker 1: patterns in our universe. That's right, and anybody out there

877
00:46:15,440 --> 00:46:18,040
Speaker 1: could be the person who figures it out. We joke

878
00:46:18,080 --> 00:46:19,879
Speaker 1: around a little bit about how this just one guy

879
00:46:19,920 --> 00:46:22,320
Speaker 1: in Australia, but you know, it only takes one person

880
00:46:22,680 --> 00:46:25,640
Speaker 1: to have an idea and to change the world, and

881
00:46:25,960 --> 00:46:28,640
Speaker 1: for that to be correct. Einstein was just one guy,

882
00:46:29,160 --> 00:46:31,720
Speaker 1: you know, Maxwell was just one guy. All these people

883
00:46:31,719 --> 00:46:34,200
Speaker 1: who contributed to science, they had an idea and they

884
00:46:34,280 --> 00:46:37,120
Speaker 1: propagated it forward. And so that could be bob Foot

885
00:46:37,160 --> 00:46:39,319
Speaker 1: in Australia, or it could be you, or it could

886
00:46:39,360 --> 00:46:41,840
Speaker 1: be your kids. So everybody out there should be thinking

887
00:46:41,920 --> 00:46:44,839
Speaker 1: deeply about the universe and trying to understand the whole

888
00:46:44,880 --> 00:46:48,960
Speaker 1: context of our lives. Yeah, so all of you thinking

889
00:46:48,960 --> 00:46:51,920
Speaker 1: about physics, look in the mirror and raise your right

890
00:46:51,960 --> 00:46:54,960
Speaker 1: hand or your left hand and help us figure all

891
00:46:55,040 --> 00:46:57,879
Speaker 1: this stuff out. Well, we hope you enjoyed that. Thanks

892
00:46:57,880 --> 00:47:09,200
Speaker 1: for joining us, See you next time. Thanks for listening,

893
00:47:09,239 --> 00:47:12,000
Speaker 1: and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is

894
00:47:12,040 --> 00:47:15,400
Speaker 1: a production at I Heart Radio or more podcast for

895
00:47:15,520 --> 00:47:19,279
Speaker 1: my heart Radio, visit the I Heart Radio Apple Apple Podcasts,

896
00:47:19,400 --> 00:47:23,719
Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. H