1
00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:02,960
Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the

2
00:00:03,040 --> 00:00:06,920
Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily

3
00:00:07,040 --> 00:00:10,000
Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent

4
00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:12,960
Speaker 1: annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield savings

5
00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:16,280
Speaker 1: account through Apple Card, apply for Applecard in the wallet

6
00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:19,520
Speaker 1: app subject to credit approval. Savings is available to Apple

7
00:00:19,560 --> 00:00:22,800
Speaker 1: Card owners subject to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings by

8
00:00:22,840 --> 00:00:26,120
Speaker 1: Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch, Member FDIC

9
00:00:26,520 --> 00:00:29,280
Speaker 1: terms and more at applecard dot Com. When you pop

10
00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:31,240
Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not

11
00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:34,280
Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the

12
00:00:34,360 --> 00:00:37,680
Speaker 1: dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day

13
00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:40,760
Speaker 1: to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources,

14
00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:44,400
Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is US Dairy

15
00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:48,520
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digesters to turn

16
00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:53,080
Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

17
00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:57,240
Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit us dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability

18
00:00:57,280 --> 00:00:58,000
Speaker 1: to learn more.

19
00:00:59,000 --> 00:00:59,160
Speaker 2: Hi.

20
00:00:59,280 --> 00:01:02,920
Speaker 3: I'm David Ego from the podcast Inner Cosmos, which recently

21
00:01:03,000 --> 00:01:05,760
Speaker 3: hit the number one science podcast in America. I mean

22
00:01:05,840 --> 00:01:09,520
Speaker 3: neuroscientists at Stanford and I've spent my career exploring the

23
00:01:09,600 --> 00:01:11,560
Speaker 3: three pound universe in our heads.

24
00:01:11,920 --> 00:01:15,000
Speaker 4: Join me weekly to explore the relationship.

25
00:01:14,319 --> 00:01:17,319
Speaker 3: Between your brain and your life, because the more we

26
00:01:17,360 --> 00:01:20,080
Speaker 3: know about what's running under the hood be or we

27
00:01:20,080 --> 00:01:23,640
Speaker 3: can steer our lives. Listen to Inner Cosmos with David

28
00:01:23,640 --> 00:01:27,160
Speaker 3: Eagleman on the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you

29
00:01:27,200 --> 00:01:28,280
Speaker 3: get your podcasts.

30
00:01:28,880 --> 00:01:32,039
Speaker 5: I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast.

31
00:01:32,480 --> 00:01:36,039
Speaker 5: As the US elections approach, it can feel like we're

32
00:01:36,080 --> 00:01:40,200
Speaker 5: angrier and more divided than ever. But in a new

33
00:01:40,360 --> 00:01:43,280
Speaker 5: hopeful season of my podcast, I'll Share with the Science

34
00:01:43,400 --> 00:01:47,199
Speaker 5: Really shows that was surprisingly more united than most people think.

35
00:01:47,440 --> 00:01:50,320
Speaker 6: We all know something is wrong in our culture and

36
00:01:50,400 --> 00:01:53,080
Speaker 6: our politics, and that we need to do better, and

37
00:01:53,120 --> 00:01:53,800
Speaker 6: that we can.

38
00:01:54,360 --> 00:01:58,160
Speaker 5: Listen on the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you

39
00:01:58,200 --> 00:01:59,280
Speaker 5: listen to podcasts.

40
00:02:08,600 --> 00:02:12,240
Speaker 1: Hey, Jorge, do the mysteries of physics pull you in?

41
00:02:12,560 --> 00:02:14,600
Speaker 1: Or do they make you run away? Screaming?

42
00:02:16,639 --> 00:02:18,560
Speaker 2: You mean, does physics attract me.

43
00:02:18,720 --> 00:02:21,240
Speaker 1: Or repel me? That's right, you know, if you want

44
00:02:21,240 --> 00:02:22,880
Speaker 1: to think about it physically.

45
00:02:22,800 --> 00:02:26,240
Speaker 2: Now, Are we talking about physics or physicists.

46
00:02:25,520 --> 00:02:28,200
Speaker 1: No, the whole shebang. You can't separate the physics from

47
00:02:28,240 --> 00:02:28,880
Speaker 1: the physicists.

48
00:02:29,520 --> 00:02:31,160
Speaker 2: Well, you know, I kind of like the big questions

49
00:02:31,160 --> 00:02:34,480
Speaker 2: that physics as they're pretty exciting, but you know, it's Alice,

50
00:02:34,520 --> 00:02:37,200
Speaker 2: the math and all the jargon. It's kind of a

51
00:02:37,200 --> 00:02:38,240
Speaker 2: little bit hard to put up with.

52
00:02:38,440 --> 00:02:40,239
Speaker 1: So it's a little bit of a push and a pull.

53
00:02:40,400 --> 00:02:42,560
Speaker 2: That's right. Every time I think I'm free of physics,

54
00:02:42,840 --> 00:02:43,920
Speaker 2: it just pulls me back in.

55
00:02:44,880 --> 00:02:46,000
Speaker 1: We're like the mob.

56
00:02:46,360 --> 00:02:48,359
Speaker 2: You're the al Pacina of physics.

57
00:02:49,000 --> 00:02:50,360
Speaker 1: And you are the pun Father.

58
00:02:50,680 --> 00:03:09,400
Speaker 2: No, you're more like the Don Coriolis of physics. Hi,

59
00:03:09,480 --> 00:03:12,320
Speaker 2: I'm Jorge. I'm a cartoonist and the creator of PhD comics.

60
00:03:12,400 --> 00:03:15,240
Speaker 1: Hi I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor

61
00:03:15,240 --> 00:03:17,800
Speaker 1: at U c Irvine. And I'm still laughing about that

62
00:03:17,880 --> 00:03:18,960
Speaker 1: Don Coriolist joke.

63
00:03:20,280 --> 00:03:21,160
Speaker 2: Do you need a break here?

64
00:03:22,800 --> 00:03:25,760
Speaker 1: No, But I do love the idea of somebody who's

65
00:03:25,800 --> 00:03:29,320
Speaker 1: like a master of physics, you know, like the godfather

66
00:03:29,400 --> 00:03:32,080
Speaker 1: of physics. But you know, we just lost somebody who

67
00:03:32,120 --> 00:03:35,320
Speaker 1: many people consider the godfather of the weak fource and

68
00:03:35,440 --> 00:03:38,720
Speaker 1: the standard model. Stephen Weinberg, a professor at UT Austin

69
00:03:38,760 --> 00:03:41,600
Speaker 1: who won the Nobel Prize forty years ago, just passed

70
00:03:41,600 --> 00:03:44,080
Speaker 1: away last week. So rest in peace to one of

71
00:03:44,120 --> 00:03:46,040
Speaker 1: the giants of the twentieth century.

72
00:03:46,200 --> 00:03:48,960
Speaker 2: Oh Man, rest in peace. Yeah. So who's going to

73
00:03:49,000 --> 00:03:51,680
Speaker 2: take the mantle of the godfather now of physics?

74
00:03:52,760 --> 00:03:54,400
Speaker 1: I don't know because the stakes are high, right, you

75
00:03:54,480 --> 00:03:56,800
Speaker 1: got to win the Oscar for the sequel also.

76
00:03:56,720 --> 00:03:59,320
Speaker 2: And then not flub it on the third movie, on

77
00:03:59,440 --> 00:04:01,680
Speaker 2: the third novel price, you know, it's got to be

78
00:04:01,720 --> 00:04:03,760
Speaker 2: as good as the rest. But welcome to our podcast

79
00:04:03,840 --> 00:04:06,520
Speaker 2: Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of our

80
00:04:06,600 --> 00:04:07,440
Speaker 2: Heart Radio.

81
00:04:07,280 --> 00:04:09,720
Speaker 1: In which we try to make you the godfather of

82
00:04:09,840 --> 00:04:12,720
Speaker 1: everything in the universe. We try to give you an

83
00:04:12,800 --> 00:04:15,960
Speaker 1: understanding of how things work at the very smallest scale.

84
00:04:16,080 --> 00:04:19,159
Speaker 1: We share with you what humanity has accomplished in terms

85
00:04:19,200 --> 00:04:23,440
Speaker 1: of understanding the true nature of reality around us, the

86
00:04:23,480 --> 00:04:27,880
Speaker 1: context of our lives, the long cosmic stretch of history,

87
00:04:28,120 --> 00:04:31,680
Speaker 1: the crazy violent events that have led to our existence,

88
00:04:31,960 --> 00:04:35,040
Speaker 1: and everything in between. We ask questions about the very

89
00:04:35,120 --> 00:04:38,240
Speaker 1: nature of time and space, and we do our best

90
00:04:38,360 --> 00:04:39,160
Speaker 1: to answer them.

91
00:04:39,480 --> 00:04:42,480
Speaker 2: That's right, because it is a pretty wonderful universe, full

92
00:04:42,520 --> 00:04:47,920
Speaker 2: of amazing and incredible forces and energies and places to

93
00:04:48,000 --> 00:04:51,800
Speaker 2: explore and particles to discover, full of intriguing mysteries, and

94
00:04:52,480 --> 00:04:54,240
Speaker 2: sometimes we questions.

95
00:04:54,000 --> 00:04:57,400
Speaker 1: That's right. It really is incredible to me how varied

96
00:04:57,600 --> 00:05:02,839
Speaker 1: and complex and gorgeous and strange the universe is. You know,

97
00:05:02,920 --> 00:05:05,920
Speaker 1: it's filled with bananas and movies and all sorts of

98
00:05:05,960 --> 00:05:08,400
Speaker 1: silly things. And then when you take it apart, you

99
00:05:08,440 --> 00:05:11,640
Speaker 1: find that at its microscopic level, its nature is fundamentally

100
00:05:11,680 --> 00:05:14,400
Speaker 1: totally different, which means that everything we know about the

101
00:05:14,480 --> 00:05:18,000
Speaker 1: universe is not fundamental. It's instead it's emergent. It's just

102
00:05:18,120 --> 00:05:21,240
Speaker 1: like an accident of how things come together. And so

103
00:05:21,320 --> 00:05:24,440
Speaker 1: the real majesty of the universe, the real like nature

104
00:05:24,600 --> 00:05:27,560
Speaker 1: of the reality around us, is embedded in how the

105
00:05:27,600 --> 00:05:30,640
Speaker 1: basic bits are put together. And so the rules that

106
00:05:30,720 --> 00:05:33,719
Speaker 1: govern how those bits come together and how they interact

107
00:05:33,800 --> 00:05:36,520
Speaker 1: or how they don't interact is really what leads to

108
00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:39,880
Speaker 1: things like ice cream and movies and bananas. And so

109
00:05:40,000 --> 00:05:42,599
Speaker 1: it's fascinating to me how the world exists at these

110
00:05:42,720 --> 00:05:45,200
Speaker 1: different scales and we can somehow pull them apart and

111
00:05:45,279 --> 00:05:47,000
Speaker 1: understand them at all different levels.

112
00:05:47,240 --> 00:05:49,480
Speaker 2: Yeah, I guess, you know, the universe is pretty majestic

113
00:05:49,520 --> 00:05:52,640
Speaker 2: at like the galaxy level, at the nebula level, it's

114
00:05:52,680 --> 00:05:55,840
Speaker 2: pretty amazing, and it's also pretty fascinating at like the smallest,

115
00:05:55,960 --> 00:06:00,400
Speaker 2: tiniest levels that you can possibly get right at the quantum.

116
00:06:00,480 --> 00:06:02,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, And that's sort of a philosophical question, like why

117
00:06:02,760 --> 00:06:05,800
Speaker 1: do we find the universe majestic and beautiful? Could it

118
00:06:05,839 --> 00:06:08,280
Speaker 1: have been that we like look at galaxies and we're like, eh,

119
00:06:08,560 --> 00:06:11,039
Speaker 1: kind of an ugly smear. But instead, you know, we

120
00:06:11,080 --> 00:06:12,920
Speaker 1: look at them, we're like, wow.

121
00:06:12,560 --> 00:06:18,000
Speaker 2: Maybe evolution filtered for optimists or are internal physicists you know,

122
00:06:18,080 --> 00:06:19,000
Speaker 2: somehow made us survive.

123
00:06:19,520 --> 00:06:22,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, because we also find a lot of the Earth beautiful.

124
00:06:22,720 --> 00:06:24,800
Speaker 1: You know, we see vistas, we're like, wow, we're lucky

125
00:06:24,839 --> 00:06:27,200
Speaker 1: you'll live here. Could we have evolved on a planet

126
00:06:27,200 --> 00:06:29,720
Speaker 1: where we're like, man, this place is a dump. It

127
00:06:29,720 --> 00:06:31,400
Speaker 1: makes me wonder sometimes.

128
00:06:31,080 --> 00:06:32,919
Speaker 2: Right, or maybe like there are aliens who grew up

129
00:06:32,960 --> 00:06:35,719
Speaker 2: in a totally turned planet who think, are you know,

130
00:06:35,800 --> 00:06:39,760
Speaker 2: beautiful mountains and trees and rivers are ugly or boring?

131
00:06:39,960 --> 00:06:42,800
Speaker 1: Yeah? Exactly. The aliens who grew up in Irvine and

132
00:06:42,839 --> 00:06:43,839
Speaker 1: they prefer beige.

133
00:06:43,920 --> 00:06:45,960
Speaker 2: They don't like color or liveliness.

134
00:06:46,279 --> 00:06:48,640
Speaker 1: Oh man, that would be terrible if we meet aliens

135
00:06:48,680 --> 00:06:52,720
Speaker 1: and they're like, Wow, your suburbs are nice, but these forests.

136
00:06:52,400 --> 00:06:54,440
Speaker 2: Ugh make it all like irvine.

137
00:06:56,279 --> 00:06:58,160
Speaker 1: What if the aliens come and they tear down everything

138
00:06:58,200 --> 00:07:00,240
Speaker 1: beautiful and they just build subdivisions, Well.

139
00:07:00,120 --> 00:07:01,960
Speaker 2: Then we should move through their planet because then they're

140
00:07:02,000 --> 00:07:03,240
Speaker 2: their planet must be gorgeous.

141
00:07:04,080 --> 00:07:06,280
Speaker 1: That sounds good. But rolling back up to what we

142
00:07:06,279 --> 00:07:09,359
Speaker 1: were talking about, I think it's amazing how many incredible

143
00:07:09,360 --> 00:07:11,280
Speaker 1: things there are in our universe and how it all

144
00:07:11,320 --> 00:07:14,320
Speaker 1: just comes out of how the little bits interact. You know,

145
00:07:14,360 --> 00:07:17,080
Speaker 1: the nature of your body is mostly determined by the

146
00:07:17,120 --> 00:07:20,360
Speaker 1: strength of the electromagnetic force. The structure of the atom

147
00:07:20,440 --> 00:07:23,280
Speaker 1: is mostly due to a combination of the strong force

148
00:07:23,360 --> 00:07:26,920
Speaker 1: and electromagnetism. The structure of the galaxy comes from the

149
00:07:27,000 --> 00:07:29,840
Speaker 1: nature of gravity. It's really the forces that shape the

150
00:07:30,040 --> 00:07:32,800
Speaker 1: very fabric of reality as we experience it.

151
00:07:32,880 --> 00:07:35,680
Speaker 2: Yeah, the forces are pretty good, because without forces, the

152
00:07:35,760 --> 00:07:38,200
Speaker 2: universe would be pretty boring, right, I mean, the forces

153
00:07:38,240 --> 00:07:40,880
Speaker 2: in the universe are what makes things stick together and

154
00:07:41,080 --> 00:07:43,360
Speaker 2: do things right and move, Otherwise it'd be a pretty

155
00:07:44,160 --> 00:07:45,040
Speaker 2: static universe.

156
00:07:45,120 --> 00:07:47,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, you could say they force it to be interesting.

157
00:07:47,200 --> 00:07:48,640
Speaker 2: It was a bit of a forced joke there with.

158
00:07:48,560 --> 00:07:51,320
Speaker 1: Any don't force my hand or I'll make some more.

159
00:07:51,520 --> 00:07:53,200
Speaker 2: Yeah, we like to talk about the giant things in

160
00:07:53,240 --> 00:07:54,880
Speaker 2: the universe, but we also like to talk about the

161
00:07:54,920 --> 00:07:58,120
Speaker 2: little things, like the forces that keep our particles together

162
00:07:58,280 --> 00:08:01,400
Speaker 2: or repel them or or or make them do interesting things.

163
00:08:01,480 --> 00:08:04,440
Speaker 2: And so today we'll be talking about one specific question

164
00:08:04,480 --> 00:08:06,360
Speaker 2: about one of the fundamental forces.

165
00:08:06,400 --> 00:08:08,480
Speaker 1: That's right, And this is a super fun question for

166
00:08:08,560 --> 00:08:11,240
Speaker 1: me because it came from a listener who attended one

167
00:08:11,240 --> 00:08:13,360
Speaker 1: of my public office hours when I just hang out

168
00:08:13,360 --> 00:08:16,080
Speaker 1: on Zoom and answer physics questions from all comers. And

169
00:08:16,120 --> 00:08:19,240
Speaker 1: this one came from an organic chemistry professor who asked

170
00:08:19,240 --> 00:08:21,840
Speaker 1: me a pretty tough question that I didn't know the

171
00:08:21,960 --> 00:08:22,440
Speaker 1: answer to.

172
00:08:22,920 --> 00:08:25,800
Speaker 2: Wow, was that scary? Did you freeze? Did you panic?

173
00:08:25,960 --> 00:08:28,200
Speaker 1: No, Those public office hours are pretty low key, and

174
00:08:28,280 --> 00:08:30,280
Speaker 1: I often get asked questions I don't know the answer to,

175
00:08:30,400 --> 00:08:32,240
Speaker 1: and I just try to figure them out on the fly,

176
00:08:32,640 --> 00:08:36,080
Speaker 1: hoping that people appreciate seeing a physicist like make mistakes

177
00:08:36,120 --> 00:08:38,160
Speaker 1: and back up and hopefully figure it out.

178
00:08:38,360 --> 00:08:40,640
Speaker 2: All right, Well, let's get to the question that stump

179
00:08:40,760 --> 00:08:43,439
Speaker 2: Daniel at his office hours. So Today on the program,

180
00:08:43,480 --> 00:08:51,599
Speaker 2: we'll be asking the question does the weak force attract

181
00:08:52,080 --> 00:08:56,719
Speaker 2: or repel? Now, Daniel, is that repel or repel? How

182
00:08:56,760 --> 00:08:57,600
Speaker 2: exciting is the week?

183
00:08:57,880 --> 00:08:59,760
Speaker 1: The week force likes to go climbing. It likes to

184
00:08:59,760 --> 00:09:02,600
Speaker 1: go I don't know if it likes to repel down cliffs.

185
00:09:02,600 --> 00:09:06,000
Speaker 2: Also, it's too weak to do it.

186
00:09:06,000 --> 00:09:08,360
Speaker 1: It just lays in bed and complains until somebody brings

187
00:09:08,360 --> 00:09:08,800
Speaker 1: it lunch.

188
00:09:09,080 --> 00:09:11,360
Speaker 2: Well, that's a pretty interesting question. Does the weak force

189
00:09:11,400 --> 00:09:14,439
Speaker 2: attract or repel? I guess are there only two options?

190
00:09:14,480 --> 00:09:16,840
Speaker 2: Can it force only attract or repel? Or can it

191
00:09:16,880 --> 00:09:19,760
Speaker 2: do something else like, I don't know, push you sideways

192
00:09:20,120 --> 00:09:21,360
Speaker 2: or disinterest you.

193
00:09:21,559 --> 00:09:23,640
Speaker 1: That's an awesome question. And no forces can do other

194
00:09:23,679 --> 00:09:26,600
Speaker 1: things than just attract or repel. We'll dig into it

195
00:09:26,600 --> 00:09:29,440
Speaker 1: in the podcast. Some forces can do things like change

196
00:09:29,480 --> 00:09:31,720
Speaker 1: the nature of a particle. You know, change you from

197
00:09:31,720 --> 00:09:33,960
Speaker 1: an electron to a new treno for example, so you

198
00:09:33,960 --> 00:09:35,760
Speaker 1: know you might end up in a different direction and

199
00:09:36,000 --> 00:09:38,560
Speaker 1: be a different particle. So it's more complex than just

200
00:09:38,600 --> 00:09:41,679
Speaker 1: getting pushed or pulled. And the force of magnetism can

201
00:09:41,720 --> 00:09:45,000
Speaker 1: do things like turn you doesn't change your overall speed,

202
00:09:45,200 --> 00:09:48,080
Speaker 1: but it bends your path. So there's all sorts of complicated,

203
00:09:48,160 --> 00:09:50,280
Speaker 1: amazing things that forces can do, but I think the

204
00:09:50,360 --> 00:09:53,240
Speaker 1: fundamental thing they do seems to be either pull things

205
00:09:53,280 --> 00:09:55,480
Speaker 1: together and hold them tight so they can build up

206
00:09:55,520 --> 00:09:58,480
Speaker 1: and make complex things like bananas and ice cream, or

207
00:09:58,760 --> 00:10:01,720
Speaker 1: push things apart keep them from forming complex structure.

208
00:10:01,800 --> 00:10:04,920
Speaker 2: And this is a pretty fundamental question because the weak

209
00:10:04,920 --> 00:10:07,800
Speaker 2: force is one of the four fundamental forces. Like, there

210
00:10:07,840 --> 00:10:11,199
Speaker 2: are only four forces in the entire universe, right, that

211
00:10:11,520 --> 00:10:13,640
Speaker 2: four forces that make everything work, and this is one

212
00:10:13,679 --> 00:10:13,960
Speaker 2: of them.

213
00:10:14,040 --> 00:10:16,560
Speaker 1: Yeah. Although Steve Weinberg, the Nobel Prize Laurier we just

214
00:10:16,559 --> 00:10:18,959
Speaker 1: talked about, he's the guy who brought together the weak

215
00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:23,280
Speaker 1: force with electromagnetism. He showed that really it's one force,

216
00:10:23,320 --> 00:10:26,240
Speaker 1: which we now call electro week. So depending on how

217
00:10:26,280 --> 00:10:29,200
Speaker 1: you count, there are either three fundamental forces or four

218
00:10:29,280 --> 00:10:32,640
Speaker 1: fundamental forces. In the case where it's three, there's gravity,

219
00:10:32,920 --> 00:10:36,319
Speaker 1: the strong force, and the electroweak force. In the case

220
00:10:36,320 --> 00:10:39,160
Speaker 1: where there's four, you break up electro week into the

221
00:10:39,200 --> 00:10:41,360
Speaker 1: weak force and electricity and magnetism.

222
00:10:41,520 --> 00:10:43,960
Speaker 2: All right, well we'll get into that, But first we

223
00:10:43,960 --> 00:10:46,520
Speaker 2: were wondering how many people out there knew whether the

224
00:10:46,559 --> 00:10:49,240
Speaker 2: weak force attracts or repel or had even thought about

225
00:10:49,240 --> 00:10:51,680
Speaker 2: this question. So Daniel went out there into the internet

226
00:10:51,760 --> 00:10:55,040
Speaker 2: to ask people does the weak force attract or repel?

227
00:10:55,240 --> 00:10:57,320
Speaker 1: So thank you everybody out there in the Internet who

228
00:10:57,360 --> 00:10:59,560
Speaker 1: was willing to play this silly physics game. And if

229
00:10:59,559 --> 00:11:01,840
Speaker 1: you would like to be asked questions as Stumped Physics

230
00:11:01,840 --> 00:11:04,880
Speaker 1: professor and hear your answers on the podcast, please write

231
00:11:04,920 --> 00:11:07,840
Speaker 1: to us two questions at Danielandjorge dot com.

232
00:11:07,840 --> 00:11:09,840
Speaker 2: Think about it for a second. What would you answer

233
00:11:10,520 --> 00:11:11,520
Speaker 2: us what people had to say.

234
00:11:11,679 --> 00:11:14,600
Speaker 7: I can't remember exactly what the weak force is all about,

235
00:11:14,960 --> 00:11:18,319
Speaker 7: so I'm going to say maybe neither or both.

236
00:11:19,240 --> 00:11:21,640
Speaker 8: On this one. I'm going to have to say. I'm

237
00:11:21,640 --> 00:11:23,600
Speaker 8: going to guess that the weak force.

238
00:11:24,800 --> 00:11:25,559
Speaker 1: Repels.

239
00:11:26,679 --> 00:11:30,480
Speaker 8: And I'm going to say that because things in the

240
00:11:30,559 --> 00:11:33,280
Speaker 8: universe seem to be, for the most part, stuck together,

241
00:11:34,280 --> 00:11:36,959
Speaker 8: and I have kind of thought that the weak force

242
00:11:37,000 --> 00:11:41,880
Speaker 8: and the strong force are working against each other. So

243
00:11:42,320 --> 00:11:45,080
Speaker 8: if everything's stuck together, I'm going to say that the

244
00:11:45,360 --> 00:11:50,760
Speaker 8: strong force overpowers that weak force, and that's why we

245
00:11:50,960 --> 00:11:53,600
Speaker 8: are in clumps of atoms instead.

246
00:11:53,280 --> 00:11:56,600
Speaker 1: Of just spread out everywhere as gas all the time.

247
00:11:57,320 --> 00:12:00,800
Speaker 2: I guess I think the strong force attracts, So then

248
00:12:00,800 --> 00:12:02,920
Speaker 2: maybe the weak force repels.

249
00:12:03,520 --> 00:12:04,920
Speaker 8: I genuinely don't know.

250
00:12:05,679 --> 00:12:07,600
Speaker 9: That's the weak force repeller attract.

251
00:12:07,840 --> 00:12:10,560
Speaker 4: I want to say maybe both, because although it hold

252
00:12:10,679 --> 00:12:15,199
Speaker 4: part together into what would the structures, I guess it

253
00:12:15,240 --> 00:12:16,000
Speaker 4: would also.

254
00:12:15,800 --> 00:12:19,720
Speaker 8: Have to repel stuff that it doesn't want to react

255
00:12:19,760 --> 00:12:22,000
Speaker 8: to with allowing I don't know.

256
00:12:22,440 --> 00:12:24,720
Speaker 1: I feel like I should know, but I just don't know.

257
00:12:25,480 --> 00:12:29,079
Speaker 10: I've actually never understood if the week fourth attractor repel.

258
00:12:29,800 --> 00:12:31,800
Speaker 10: But I know if that the fourth if recomfible. For

259
00:12:31,960 --> 00:12:34,560
Speaker 10: sometimes you're rather active the key like the bit of

260
00:12:34,559 --> 00:12:41,560
Speaker 10: the kyming from particles into other particles, or like electronicstrematrino

261
00:12:41,679 --> 00:12:43,599
Speaker 10: and befaa. If I remember.

262
00:12:43,240 --> 00:12:49,959
Speaker 9: Well, the gravitational force is the only one that attracts.

263
00:12:50,160 --> 00:12:56,600
Speaker 9: Only the rest of them attract and repel. So the

264
00:12:56,640 --> 00:13:01,240
Speaker 9: weak force attract n repels. Not sure or if it's

265
00:13:01,400 --> 00:13:07,040
Speaker 9: the same like an electromagnetic force, but I know that

266
00:13:07,120 --> 00:13:08,280
Speaker 9: it attracts and rebels.

267
00:13:08,760 --> 00:13:11,200
Speaker 1: I got to say, I was pretty relieved that these

268
00:13:11,240 --> 00:13:12,280
Speaker 1: folks also didn't know.

269
00:13:12,240 --> 00:13:16,360
Speaker 2: The answer they have. Would you feel inadequate as a physicist?

270
00:13:16,480 --> 00:13:18,559
Speaker 1: Yeah, I would have to give up my professorship. I

271
00:13:18,559 --> 00:13:20,560
Speaker 1: would have lost it in physics combat.

272
00:13:20,840 --> 00:13:23,000
Speaker 2: Oh man, I got to get like a Nobel Price

273
00:13:23,040 --> 00:13:26,360
Speaker 2: winner to be one of your respondents, just to sabotash he.

274
00:13:27,200 --> 00:13:28,719
Speaker 1: You got to get a ringer in there, just to

275
00:13:28,760 --> 00:13:29,640
Speaker 1: set me up nice.

276
00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:33,160
Speaker 2: So this surprice and this question came from an organic

277
00:13:33,240 --> 00:13:35,719
Speaker 2: chemistry professor. That's pretty cool. Are you going to take

278
00:13:35,720 --> 00:13:38,040
Speaker 2: revenge now and go to his office hours and give

279
00:13:38,080 --> 00:13:39,880
Speaker 2: him a really tough organic chemistry question.

280
00:13:40,000 --> 00:13:42,600
Speaker 1: I don't even understand organic chemistry well enough to ask

281
00:13:42,640 --> 00:13:45,240
Speaker 1: a question, not to mention find one that's tricky, But

282
00:13:45,320 --> 00:13:48,760
Speaker 1: I totally respect this question because it's so simple. It's

283
00:13:48,800 --> 00:13:51,760
Speaker 1: so basic, right, It's like, well, we know forces push

284
00:13:51,800 --> 00:13:54,640
Speaker 1: and pulls, so what about the weak force? Where does

285
00:13:54,679 --> 00:13:57,439
Speaker 1: it fit in? And it's such a simple and basic question,

286
00:13:57,480 --> 00:13:59,680
Speaker 1: but one I had never thought of before because I

287
00:13:59,679 --> 00:14:02,080
Speaker 1: tend to think about the weak force only in terms

288
00:14:02,080 --> 00:14:05,960
Speaker 1: of like particle interactions, like particles colliding and annihilating, because

289
00:14:05,960 --> 00:14:08,760
Speaker 1: there doesn't really play a tactile role in our lives, right,

290
00:14:08,800 --> 00:14:11,480
Speaker 1: You don't feel the weak force pushing against you or

291
00:14:11,760 --> 00:14:14,480
Speaker 1: pulling things together, and so I never really thought about

292
00:14:14,520 --> 00:14:17,080
Speaker 1: it in this context. It was really a fascinating question.

293
00:14:17,240 --> 00:14:19,360
Speaker 2: You just like to break things. You don't worry about

294
00:14:19,360 --> 00:14:20,280
Speaker 2: putting things together.

295
00:14:21,520 --> 00:14:24,040
Speaker 1: It's kind of my job to break things at high speed.

296
00:14:24,400 --> 00:14:26,800
Speaker 1: It's like the top gear of particle physics.

297
00:14:26,440 --> 00:14:28,480
Speaker 2: And you get to survive most of the time. So

298
00:14:28,560 --> 00:14:29,240
Speaker 2: that's good.

299
00:14:29,120 --> 00:14:30,680
Speaker 1: Most of the time, exactly.

300
00:14:30,840 --> 00:14:33,080
Speaker 2: Well, let's warm up to the answer here and maybe

301
00:14:33,440 --> 00:14:36,000
Speaker 2: let's you know, start at the basics here. So let's

302
00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:38,400
Speaker 2: talk about what is the weak force and what does

303
00:14:38,400 --> 00:14:41,760
Speaker 2: it mean in general to attract or repel something to

304
00:14:42,080 --> 00:14:42,720
Speaker 2: step us through.

305
00:14:42,720 --> 00:14:42,800
Speaker 11: Then.

306
00:14:43,120 --> 00:14:45,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, so we have a few ways that particles can

307
00:14:46,120 --> 00:14:48,760
Speaker 1: interact with each other, and that's really what forces are.

308
00:14:48,800 --> 00:14:52,240
Speaker 1: There are particles feeling each other. And when we first

309
00:14:52,280 --> 00:14:54,720
Speaker 1: discovered that particles can do this, it was sort of

310
00:14:54,760 --> 00:14:57,160
Speaker 1: a question of like, wait, how does this happen? How

311
00:14:57,200 --> 00:14:59,720
Speaker 1: do particles like push and pull on each other with

312
00:15:00,280 --> 00:15:03,280
Speaker 1: actually touching, right, How do they like feel each other?

313
00:15:03,600 --> 00:15:06,480
Speaker 1: Two electrons, for example, can push against each other. It

314
00:15:06,520 --> 00:15:09,240
Speaker 1: doesn't mean that the surfaces of the electrons have come

315
00:15:09,280 --> 00:15:12,600
Speaker 1: into contact like little tiny balls. And the way they

316
00:15:12,640 --> 00:15:15,080
Speaker 1: do this is with the forces between them, so that

317
00:15:15,120 --> 00:15:17,640
Speaker 1: each one has a field. Right, each electron has an

318
00:15:17,680 --> 00:15:21,200
Speaker 1: electric field around it. Where that electric field really is

319
00:15:21,200 --> 00:15:23,560
Speaker 1: is a way for the electron to apply a force

320
00:15:23,680 --> 00:15:26,880
Speaker 1: to other things, and so that's for electricity, and it's

321
00:15:26,920 --> 00:15:30,640
Speaker 1: a similar field for magnetism, and electricity and magnetism were

322
00:15:30,640 --> 00:15:33,520
Speaker 1: then shown to be actually two sides of the same coin.

323
00:15:33,560 --> 00:15:36,000
Speaker 1: It made more sense to think about them together. Some

324
00:15:36,080 --> 00:15:39,000
Speaker 1: phenomena seem like electricity if you're at rest, and they

325
00:15:39,080 --> 00:15:42,120
Speaker 1: seem like magnetism if you're moving, and so it's pretty

326
00:15:42,120 --> 00:15:44,880
Speaker 1: clear that's really just sort of one thing that we

327
00:15:44,880 --> 00:15:47,160
Speaker 1: were seeing two sides of. And the weak force is

328
00:15:47,360 --> 00:15:50,960
Speaker 1: in the category of electromagnetism. It's a force that particles

329
00:15:51,000 --> 00:15:54,240
Speaker 1: can use to operate on each other, and so it's

330
00:15:54,280 --> 00:15:56,840
Speaker 1: a little weirder than the other forces because it's not

331
00:15:56,880 --> 00:16:00,000
Speaker 1: something you experienced day to day, because it's so weird.

332
00:16:00,560 --> 00:16:02,880
Speaker 1: And the reason that it's so weak and so weird

333
00:16:03,520 --> 00:16:07,520
Speaker 1: is that the particles that communicate those forces, the fields

334
00:16:07,560 --> 00:16:10,240
Speaker 1: that it uses, have a lot of mass. They're very

335
00:16:10,360 --> 00:16:12,960
Speaker 1: very heavy, and so they don't last for very long,

336
00:16:13,000 --> 00:16:15,640
Speaker 1: they don't make it very far, and that mass really

337
00:16:15,680 --> 00:16:19,080
Speaker 1: weakens their impact. So electromagnetism and the weak force are

338
00:16:19,160 --> 00:16:22,080
Speaker 1: very closely related, but the big difference is that these

339
00:16:22,120 --> 00:16:25,320
Speaker 1: particles that communicate the weak force are very heavy and

340
00:16:25,360 --> 00:16:27,240
Speaker 1: so they really weaken the force.

341
00:16:27,680 --> 00:16:29,960
Speaker 2: So maybe let's step back a little bit here, because

342
00:16:30,080 --> 00:16:32,280
Speaker 2: you just went through a lot there. So I think

343
00:16:32,320 --> 00:16:35,520
Speaker 2: what most people are probably familiar with is the electromagnetic force.

344
00:16:35,600 --> 00:16:37,160
Speaker 2: And we know that, like you know, if I have

345
00:16:37,240 --> 00:16:40,000
Speaker 2: two magnets, they repel or two max they can attract

346
00:16:40,000 --> 00:16:41,880
Speaker 2: each other and push and pull, and it's all because

347
00:16:41,920 --> 00:16:45,000
Speaker 2: of the eleochromagnetic force. Right, that's the one that people

348
00:16:45,040 --> 00:16:48,120
Speaker 2: are most familiar with. And I think also familiar with gravity,

349
00:16:48,200 --> 00:16:51,480
Speaker 2: which kind of attracts things together. So that's where I

350
00:16:51,520 --> 00:16:55,160
Speaker 2: think maybe people expect that all forces attract their repel.

351
00:16:55,280 --> 00:16:58,800
Speaker 1: Yeah, And it's really interesting because electromagnetism can do both

352
00:16:58,880 --> 00:17:03,320
Speaker 1: of those things, right. Electromagnetism can attract or repel with

353
00:17:03,400 --> 00:17:07,119
Speaker 1: the same force. And that's because in electromagnetism, the force

354
00:17:07,240 --> 00:17:10,120
Speaker 1: depends on the charge of the particle. Right, So every

355
00:17:10,160 --> 00:17:13,480
Speaker 1: particle we add this label like a minus or a plus, right,

356
00:17:13,800 --> 00:17:16,360
Speaker 1: and each one we call the electric charge. And there's

357
00:17:16,359 --> 00:17:19,159
Speaker 1: two possible values, this plus and this minus. And if

358
00:17:19,160 --> 00:17:22,679
Speaker 1: two particles have the same charge like plus plus, then

359
00:17:22,720 --> 00:17:25,640
Speaker 1: they repel each other. They have opposite charges, they attract

360
00:17:25,640 --> 00:17:28,080
Speaker 1: each other It's important to understand though, that this charge

361
00:17:28,080 --> 00:17:31,080
Speaker 1: we're talking about, what it means is that the particles

362
00:17:31,119 --> 00:17:34,199
Speaker 1: feel the field. Like a particle that has no charge

363
00:17:34,240 --> 00:17:37,800
Speaker 1: is a particle that ignores the electromagnetic field. A particle

364
00:17:37,800 --> 00:17:40,560
Speaker 1: that has a positive or negative charge is a particle

365
00:17:40,720 --> 00:17:43,760
Speaker 1: that does feel the field. We discover that there are

366
00:17:43,800 --> 00:17:46,760
Speaker 1: two these different kinds of charges, and if you combine

367
00:17:46,760 --> 00:17:48,760
Speaker 1: them in one way, they repel, and if you combine

368
00:17:48,800 --> 00:17:51,280
Speaker 1: them in another way, they attract. So that's a really

369
00:17:51,320 --> 00:17:54,639
Speaker 1: fascinating thing about electromagnetism is that it can do both.

370
00:17:54,920 --> 00:17:56,960
Speaker 2: Well, maybe it tip us through through an example. So

371
00:17:57,000 --> 00:17:59,800
Speaker 2: let's say have two electrons and they're like sitting close

372
00:17:59,840 --> 00:18:03,320
Speaker 2: to each other, right, So they both have negative charge.

373
00:18:03,560 --> 00:18:05,600
Speaker 2: And then you talked about there being a field and

374
00:18:05,720 --> 00:18:08,520
Speaker 2: this force being going through the field. Can you step

375
00:18:08,560 --> 00:18:10,440
Speaker 2: us through what's happening? Like if I have an electron here,

376
00:18:10,440 --> 00:18:13,960
Speaker 2: an electron there, and then they're both the same charge,

377
00:18:14,040 --> 00:18:16,080
Speaker 2: they're gonna push each other away.

378
00:18:15,880 --> 00:18:18,119
Speaker 1: Right, That's right, that's exactly what's gonna happen. So you

379
00:18:18,119 --> 00:18:20,399
Speaker 1: have electron one and it's just hanging out, but it

380
00:18:20,440 --> 00:18:24,320
Speaker 1: also fills the space around it with an electromagnetic field.

381
00:18:24,680 --> 00:18:27,080
Speaker 1: And so now you put another particle in that field,

382
00:18:27,119 --> 00:18:30,000
Speaker 1: a second electron, and it's going to feel that field.

383
00:18:30,280 --> 00:18:35,480
Speaker 1: That field exists just to apply forces to other charged particles,

384
00:18:35,600 --> 00:18:38,840
Speaker 1: and the direction of the force depends on the charge

385
00:18:38,880 --> 00:18:41,440
Speaker 1: of the two particles, and why it happens, why there's

386
00:18:41,480 --> 00:18:44,440
Speaker 1: a push or a pull depends on the potential energy

387
00:18:44,480 --> 00:18:48,000
Speaker 1: of the field. Things like to basically roll downhill to

388
00:18:48,119 --> 00:18:51,320
Speaker 1: low potential energy, and these fields, they have a potential

389
00:18:51,400 --> 00:18:54,639
Speaker 1: energy which varies with distance, and the potential energy tends

390
00:18:54,640 --> 00:18:57,639
Speaker 1: to be slanted, so the particles like roll down the

391
00:18:57,640 --> 00:19:01,159
Speaker 1: potential towards each other. Then the force sort of like

392
00:19:01,440 --> 00:19:03,920
Speaker 1: if you put two rocks in a valley, they would

393
00:19:04,000 --> 00:19:08,440
Speaker 1: roll towards each other. The gravitational potential minimizes when they're closer,

394
00:19:09,359 --> 00:19:12,200
Speaker 1: or if the shape of the potential energy is such

395
00:19:12,320 --> 00:19:15,080
Speaker 1: that it minimizes when the particles are far apart, Like

396
00:19:15,119 --> 00:19:16,840
Speaker 1: you put two rocks on the top of a mountain

397
00:19:17,080 --> 00:19:19,199
Speaker 1: that tend to roll away from each other, then the

398
00:19:19,200 --> 00:19:22,679
Speaker 1: force will push the particles apart. And so when you

399
00:19:22,800 --> 00:19:26,640
Speaker 1: have two charges, the shape of this potential which determines

400
00:19:26,680 --> 00:19:30,080
Speaker 1: whether it's pushing or pulling, depends on the charges of

401
00:19:30,080 --> 00:19:33,480
Speaker 1: the particles. If the charges are the same, then they repel.

402
00:19:33,680 --> 00:19:36,240
Speaker 1: The charges are opposite, then they attract. And it all

403
00:19:36,280 --> 00:19:38,320
Speaker 1: has to do with the shape of this potential energy

404
00:19:38,440 --> 00:19:40,919
Speaker 1: created by the field of one of the particles.

405
00:19:41,080 --> 00:19:41,320
Speaker 8: Right.

406
00:19:41,359 --> 00:19:43,399
Speaker 2: But maybe I think what might be confusing to some

407
00:19:43,480 --> 00:19:46,400
Speaker 2: people is you mentioned it's like an electric field. Now

408
00:19:46,440 --> 00:19:49,160
Speaker 2: is that the same as a quantum field, right, because

409
00:19:49,200 --> 00:19:51,879
Speaker 2: so the electrons are we know there's sort of like

410
00:19:51,920 --> 00:19:55,160
Speaker 2: fluctuations in the quantum field of electrons. Are you saying

411
00:19:55,160 --> 00:19:58,359
Speaker 2: there's like a separate field that's quantumar or is this

412
00:19:58,480 --> 00:20:00,520
Speaker 2: more of a mathematical term when you say.

413
00:20:00,440 --> 00:20:02,639
Speaker 1: Field, that's the same field we've been talking about forever,

414
00:20:02,800 --> 00:20:06,199
Speaker 1: the electromagnetic field. You can actually talk about electricity and

415
00:20:06,200 --> 00:20:10,200
Speaker 1: magnetism without quantum mechanics. It was developed before quantum mechanics,

416
00:20:10,240 --> 00:20:13,000
Speaker 1: So we have a classical theory of electricity and magnetism

417
00:20:13,200 --> 00:20:15,840
Speaker 1: that explains how electrons pulling each other. That was just

418
00:20:15,880 --> 00:20:19,359
Speaker 1: before we understood that this field was quantum. What that

419
00:20:19,440 --> 00:20:22,280
Speaker 1: just means is that it just can't have any arbitrary value.

420
00:20:22,359 --> 00:20:24,879
Speaker 1: But it's like chopped up into discrete bits. It's like

421
00:20:24,920 --> 00:20:26,760
Speaker 1: if you are eating a cake it's like you have

422
00:20:26,800 --> 00:20:29,200
Speaker 1: to have one piece, or two pieces or three pieces.

423
00:20:29,400 --> 00:20:31,440
Speaker 1: You can't just nibble on the cake all day long.

424
00:20:31,520 --> 00:20:33,840
Speaker 1: And so before quantum mechanics, we thought that these fields

425
00:20:33,840 --> 00:20:36,280
Speaker 1: were classical fields that could just have any value. And

426
00:20:36,280 --> 00:20:38,720
Speaker 1: then we discovered that they have a minimum value and

427
00:20:38,760 --> 00:20:41,240
Speaker 1: they have steps to them. So it is a quantum field.

428
00:20:41,240 --> 00:20:43,439
Speaker 1: This is a quantum field we're talking about. And so

429
00:20:43,680 --> 00:20:47,360
Speaker 1: ripples in this electromagnetic field are, for example, the photon,

430
00:20:47,400 --> 00:20:50,040
Speaker 1: which is one quantum of the electromagnetic field.

431
00:20:50,160 --> 00:20:53,240
Speaker 2: So the electron is a ripple in the electromagnetic field,

432
00:20:53,320 --> 00:20:55,919
Speaker 2: or it's a ripple in its own quantum field, but

433
00:20:55,960 --> 00:20:59,960
Speaker 2: they're sitting in another field, which is the electromagnetic force field.

434
00:21:00,080 --> 00:21:04,320
Speaker 1: Right. The electron is a ripple in the electron field, right,

435
00:21:04,680 --> 00:21:08,520
Speaker 1: and it generates ripples in the electromagnetic field, which is

436
00:21:08,520 --> 00:21:11,480
Speaker 1: the field of the photon. And that's because these two

437
00:21:11,520 --> 00:21:14,080
Speaker 1: particles talk to each other, electrons and photons talk to

438
00:21:14,080 --> 00:21:16,000
Speaker 1: each other. Or in the language of fields, you could

439
00:21:16,040 --> 00:21:18,960
Speaker 1: say these two fields couple. You could have a universe

440
00:21:19,000 --> 00:21:22,040
Speaker 1: in which you have a particle and then another field

441
00:21:22,119 --> 00:21:24,919
Speaker 1: and they don't interact at all. Right, For example, like

442
00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:28,600
Speaker 1: Neutrinos are wiggles in the neutrino field, but they don't

443
00:21:28,600 --> 00:21:31,440
Speaker 1: affect the electromagnetic field at all. They have no charge.

444
00:21:31,880 --> 00:21:35,120
Speaker 1: And so electrons are wiggles in the electron field that's

445
00:21:35,119 --> 00:21:37,600
Speaker 1: a quantum field. But they also create wiggles in the

446
00:21:37,640 --> 00:21:41,760
Speaker 1: electromagnetic field because they have charge. That's a charge that

447
00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:43,120
Speaker 1: connects these two fields.

448
00:21:43,280 --> 00:21:45,560
Speaker 2: Charge is like how much these two fields are connected

449
00:21:45,600 --> 00:21:46,600
Speaker 2: for that one particle.

450
00:21:46,840 --> 00:21:50,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, And interestingly, for electromagnetism, there's a sign to it.

451
00:21:50,080 --> 00:21:53,479
Speaker 1: There's two different kinds of charges, and that determines the

452
00:21:53,520 --> 00:21:55,919
Speaker 1: shape of the potential from the field and whether they

453
00:21:55,960 --> 00:21:56,879
Speaker 1: attract or repel.

454
00:21:57,080 --> 00:22:01,080
Speaker 2: All right, let's field more questions about this main question

455
00:22:01,160 --> 00:22:03,360
Speaker 2: of does the weak force attractor repel? And so let's

456
00:22:03,359 --> 00:22:05,480
Speaker 2: get into the weak force itself when we come back

457
00:22:05,480 --> 00:22:07,879
Speaker 2: from the break. But first let's take a quick break.

458
00:22:12,160 --> 00:22:15,080
Speaker 1: With big wireless providers, what you see is never what

459
00:22:15,200 --> 00:22:17,880
Speaker 1: you get. Somewhere between the store and your first month's bill.

460
00:22:17,920 --> 00:22:21,000
Speaker 1: The price, your thoughts you were paying magically skyrockets. With

461
00:22:21,119 --> 00:22:24,520
Speaker 1: mint Mobile, you'll never have to worry about gotcha's ever again?

462
00:22:24,600 --> 00:22:26,840
Speaker 1: When mint Mobile says fifteen dollars a month for a

463
00:22:26,840 --> 00:22:29,640
Speaker 1: three month plan. They really mean it. I've used mint

464
00:22:29,680 --> 00:22:32,159
Speaker 1: Mobile and the call quality is always so crisp and

465
00:22:32,240 --> 00:22:34,680
Speaker 1: so clear. I can recommend it to you. So say

466
00:22:34,720 --> 00:22:37,960
Speaker 1: bye bye to your overpriced wireless plans, jaw dropping monthly

467
00:22:38,000 --> 00:22:41,080
Speaker 1: bills and unexpected overages. You can use your own phone

468
00:22:41,160 --> 00:22:43,639
Speaker 1: with any mint Mobile plan and bring your phone number

469
00:22:43,800 --> 00:22:47,040
Speaker 1: along with your existing contacts. So dit your overpriced wireless

470
00:22:47,080 --> 00:22:49,400
Speaker 1: with mint Mobiles deal and get three months a premium

471
00:22:49,520 --> 00:22:51,959
Speaker 1: wireless service for fifteen bucks a month. To get this

472
00:22:52,000 --> 00:22:54,440
Speaker 1: new customer offer and your new three month premium wireless

473
00:22:54,440 --> 00:22:56,440
Speaker 1: plan for just fifteen bucks a month, go to mintmobile

474
00:22:56,480 --> 00:23:00,000
Speaker 1: dot com slash universe. That's mintmobile dot com slash universe.

475
00:23:00,040 --> 00:23:01,959
Speaker 1: Cut your wireless build a fifteen bucks a month at

476
00:23:02,000 --> 00:23:05,119
Speaker 1: mintmobile dot com slash universe. Forty five dollars upfront payment

477
00:23:05,119 --> 00:23:07,840
Speaker 1: required equivalent to fifteen dollars per month new customers on

478
00:23:07,880 --> 00:23:10,720
Speaker 1: first three month plan only. Speeds slower about forty gigabytes

479
00:23:10,760 --> 00:23:13,520
Speaker 1: on unlimited plan. Additional taxi spees and restrictions apply. See

480
00:23:13,560 --> 00:23:14,760
Speaker 1: mint mobile for details.

481
00:23:14,920 --> 00:23:17,920
Speaker 11: AI might be the most important new computer technology ever.

482
00:23:18,200 --> 00:23:21,439
Speaker 11: It's storming every industry and literally billions of dollars are

483
00:23:21,440 --> 00:23:25,679
Speaker 11: being invested, so buckle up. The problem is that AI

484
00:23:25,800 --> 00:23:28,600
Speaker 11: needs a lot of speed and processing power, So how

485
00:23:28,640 --> 00:23:31,800
Speaker 11: do you compete without cost spiraling out of control. It's

486
00:23:31,800 --> 00:23:34,119
Speaker 11: time to upgrade to the next generation of the cloud.

487
00:23:34,480 --> 00:23:39,640
Speaker 11: Oracle Cloud Infrastructure or OCI. OCI is a single platform

488
00:23:39,680 --> 00:23:44,560
Speaker 11: for your infrastructure, database, application development, and AI needs. OCI

489
00:23:44,680 --> 00:23:47,080
Speaker 11: has four to eight times the bandwidth of other clouds,

490
00:23:47,440 --> 00:23:51,040
Speaker 11: offers one consistent price instead of variable regional pricing, and

491
00:23:51,080 --> 00:23:54,200
Speaker 11: of course nobody does data better than Oracle. So now

492
00:23:54,200 --> 00:23:56,399
Speaker 11: you can train your AI models at twice the speed

493
00:23:56,640 --> 00:23:58,960
Speaker 11: and less than half the cost of other clouds. If

494
00:23:59,000 --> 00:24:01,200
Speaker 11: you want to do more and spend less, like Uber

495
00:24:01,320 --> 00:24:04,000
Speaker 11: eight by eight and Data Brooks Mosaic. Take a free

496
00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:07,919
Speaker 11: test drive of OCI at Oracle dot com slash strategic.

497
00:24:08,240 --> 00:24:13,480
Speaker 11: That's Oracle dot com slash Strategic Oracle dot com slash Strategic.

498
00:24:13,760 --> 00:24:16,639
Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the

499
00:24:16,760 --> 00:24:20,600
Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily

500
00:24:20,720 --> 00:24:23,679
Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent

501
00:24:23,840 --> 00:24:26,639
Speaker 1: annual percentage yield when you open a high yield savings

502
00:24:26,680 --> 00:24:30,240
Speaker 1: account through Applecard. Apply for Applecard in the wallet app,

503
00:24:30,359 --> 00:24:33,879
Speaker 1: subject to Credit Approval Savings is available to Applecard owners,

504
00:24:33,880 --> 00:24:37,160
Speaker 1: subject to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings by Goldman Sachs

505
00:24:37,200 --> 00:24:40,600
Speaker 1: Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch Member FDIC terms and

506
00:24:40,680 --> 00:24:43,280
Speaker 1: more at applecard dot com. When you pop a piece

507
00:24:43,280 --> 00:24:45,760
Speaker 1: of cheese into your mouth or enjoy a rich spoonful

508
00:24:45,800 --> 00:24:49,280
Speaker 1: of Greek yogurt, you're probably not thinking about the environmental

509
00:24:49,320 --> 00:24:52,159
Speaker 1: impact of each and every bite. But the people in

510
00:24:52,200 --> 00:24:55,199
Speaker 1: the dairy industry are. US Dairy has set themselves some

511
00:24:55,280 --> 00:24:59,920
Speaker 1: ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse gas neutral by twenty five.

512
00:25:00,320 --> 00:25:02,440
Speaker 1: That's why they're working hard every day to find new

513
00:25:02,440 --> 00:25:05,720
Speaker 1: ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and drive down

514
00:25:05,800 --> 00:25:09,399
Speaker 1: greenhouse gas emissions. Take water, for example, most dairy farms

515
00:25:09,480 --> 00:25:12,560
Speaker 1: reuse water up to four times the same water cools

516
00:25:12,600 --> 00:25:16,240
Speaker 1: the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn, and irrigates the crops.

517
00:25:16,280 --> 00:25:19,520
Speaker 1: How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use

518
00:25:19,560 --> 00:25:22,920
Speaker 1: anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from maneuver into renewable

519
00:25:23,080 --> 00:25:26,119
Speaker 1: energy that can power farms, towns, and electric cars. So

520
00:25:26,160 --> 00:25:27,919
Speaker 1: the next time you grab a slice of pizza or

521
00:25:27,960 --> 00:25:30,159
Speaker 1: lick an ice, cream cone. Know that dairy farmers and

522
00:25:30,240 --> 00:25:33,199
Speaker 1: processors around the country are using the latest practices and

523
00:25:33,320 --> 00:25:36,640
Speaker 1: innovations to provide the nutrient dense dairy products we love

524
00:25:36,920 --> 00:25:39,359
Speaker 1: with less of an impact. Visit us dairy dot com

525
00:25:39,359 --> 00:25:41,160
Speaker 1: slash sustainability to learn more.

526
00:25:49,920 --> 00:25:52,520
Speaker 2: All right, we're talking about the weak force and whether

527
00:25:52,640 --> 00:25:56,240
Speaker 2: or not it's attractive or repulsive. I guess, Daniel, is

528
00:25:56,280 --> 00:25:58,280
Speaker 2: that the same as asking whether it's hotter or not?

529
00:25:58,720 --> 00:26:00,680
Speaker 2: Is it appealing or not appealing?

530
00:26:00,800 --> 00:26:03,600
Speaker 1: Well, I find it mysterious, which makes me want to

531
00:26:03,760 --> 00:26:06,600
Speaker 1: know more, and so I think the weak force is

532
00:26:06,600 --> 00:26:09,840
Speaker 1: definitely pretty hot, but it's pretty weak. It can't heat

533
00:26:09,840 --> 00:26:12,760
Speaker 1: anything up, so it leaves the universe kind of cold.

534
00:26:13,080 --> 00:26:16,000
Speaker 2: We were talking about the first the electromagnetic force and

535
00:26:16,080 --> 00:26:19,679
Speaker 2: how the force of it is actually the interaction of

536
00:26:19,760 --> 00:26:23,159
Speaker 2: two particles in the electromagnetic field, and that happens when

537
00:26:23,200 --> 00:26:25,800
Speaker 2: they inter exchange photons and it's all because of the

538
00:26:25,840 --> 00:26:28,800
Speaker 2: charge of the particles. But I guess, you know, that's

539
00:26:28,840 --> 00:26:30,840
Speaker 2: one way to look at things, but another way to

540
00:26:30,880 --> 00:26:32,520
Speaker 2: look at it. Things might be the same way that

541
00:26:32,560 --> 00:26:35,520
Speaker 2: we look at gravity, right gravity we look at it

542
00:26:35,800 --> 00:26:37,200
Speaker 2: in a totally different way, right.

543
00:26:37,080 --> 00:26:39,919
Speaker 1: Now, Yeah, gravity actually is really interesting, and you can

544
00:26:39,960 --> 00:26:43,040
Speaker 1: look at it using the same sort of set of concepts.

545
00:26:43,520 --> 00:26:46,520
Speaker 1: You can say, like, well, what does gravity do. Gravity

546
00:26:46,640 --> 00:26:49,840
Speaker 1: only attracts, and you can think about it like call

547
00:26:49,960 --> 00:26:53,040
Speaker 1: the mass of an object to be like the version

548
00:26:53,320 --> 00:26:57,400
Speaker 1: of electric charge for gravity. And because objects only have

549
00:26:57,560 --> 00:27:01,639
Speaker 1: positive mass, you only have one kind of charge for gravity.

550
00:27:01,840 --> 00:27:03,600
Speaker 1: So when we say charge, we mean like a more

551
00:27:03,680 --> 00:27:07,840
Speaker 1: general concept, not just for electromagnetism. We mean like, for

552
00:27:07,960 --> 00:27:11,199
Speaker 1: any kind of force, does the particle feel that field?

553
00:27:11,560 --> 00:27:14,000
Speaker 1: It feels the field if it has the right charge.

554
00:27:14,280 --> 00:27:17,720
Speaker 1: And so for electromagnetism you say, well, electric charge tells

555
00:27:17,720 --> 00:27:20,480
Speaker 1: you whether it feels the force or not. For gravity,

556
00:27:20,560 --> 00:27:24,199
Speaker 1: it's mass. Mass is the charge for gravity. And this

557
00:27:24,280 --> 00:27:26,280
Speaker 1: is what sort of blew my mind when I realized

558
00:27:26,320 --> 00:27:30,840
Speaker 1: this years ago. And it's also different from electromagnetism because

559
00:27:30,880 --> 00:27:34,920
Speaker 1: in electromagnetism, if you have the same charge, like two electrons,

560
00:27:35,119 --> 00:27:38,159
Speaker 1: they repel each other. But in gravity, if you have

561
00:27:38,320 --> 00:27:41,359
Speaker 1: the same charge two objects with positive mass have the

562
00:27:41,359 --> 00:27:44,600
Speaker 1: same charge they're both positive, then they attract each other

563
00:27:44,760 --> 00:27:45,640
Speaker 1: rather than repel.

564
00:27:46,080 --> 00:27:48,560
Speaker 2: I see. So there are two main forces that people

565
00:27:48,640 --> 00:27:52,080
Speaker 2: are most familiar with, gravity and electromagnetism. One of them

566
00:27:52,119 --> 00:27:57,720
Speaker 2: pushes in pulls, that's electromagnetism, and gravity only pulls things together.

567
00:27:58,640 --> 00:28:00,960
Speaker 2: So that's kind of weird, right, It is.

568
00:28:00,960 --> 00:28:03,879
Speaker 1: Weird, and it makes me wonder, like, what would happen

569
00:28:04,040 --> 00:28:07,120
Speaker 1: if we had negative mass? Right? If we had negative

570
00:28:07,160 --> 00:28:10,040
Speaker 1: mass with two negative masses attract each other, with a

571
00:28:10,080 --> 00:28:12,840
Speaker 1: positive and negative mass repel each other, that would be

572
00:28:12,920 --> 00:28:14,080
Speaker 1: super weird and fun.

573
00:28:14,600 --> 00:28:16,280
Speaker 2: Yeah, I think a lot of people would love to

574
00:28:16,320 --> 00:28:20,840
Speaker 2: have negative mass these days after that, to stay at

575
00:28:20,840 --> 00:28:23,320
Speaker 2: homes for so long, eating things out of the fridge.

576
00:28:23,480 --> 00:28:27,040
Speaker 2: But just to summarize, so, the electromagnetic force attracts and repels.

577
00:28:27,400 --> 00:28:29,840
Speaker 2: Gravity attracts, so not. Now the question is what does

578
00:28:29,880 --> 00:28:32,399
Speaker 2: the weak force do? Does it also attract and repel

579
00:28:32,600 --> 00:28:33,480
Speaker 2: or one of the two?

580
00:28:33,680 --> 00:28:37,359
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's really fascinating and kind of complicated. So the

581
00:28:37,400 --> 00:28:39,800
Speaker 1: weak force is kind of a big mess. It's not

582
00:28:39,960 --> 00:28:44,040
Speaker 1: as simple as electromagnetism or gravity. And one reason is

583
00:28:44,080 --> 00:28:48,680
Speaker 1: that has three particles that mediate it. So electromagnetism has

584
00:28:48,680 --> 00:28:52,600
Speaker 1: the photon, this is everything. For electromagnetism. Gravity we don't know.

585
00:28:52,680 --> 00:28:55,560
Speaker 1: Maybe it has the graviton. We're not sure if it's quantized,

586
00:28:55,880 --> 00:28:58,880
Speaker 1: but it's pretty straightforward from that perspective. The weak force

587
00:28:58,920 --> 00:29:01,920
Speaker 1: has three of these things. It has three separate particles

588
00:29:01,960 --> 00:29:05,360
Speaker 1: or three separate fields that mediate its forces. You have

589
00:29:05,400 --> 00:29:08,400
Speaker 1: the W plus, the W minus.

590
00:29:07,840 --> 00:29:08,440
Speaker 11: And the Z.

591
00:29:09,000 --> 00:29:12,880
Speaker 1: So these are like three different weird heavy photons that

592
00:29:13,000 --> 00:29:15,840
Speaker 1: communicate it. So it's much more complicated than any of

593
00:29:15,840 --> 00:29:16,720
Speaker 1: the other forces.

594
00:29:16,880 --> 00:29:19,760
Speaker 2: Interesting. So it's like when two particles that feel the

595
00:29:19,760 --> 00:29:22,960
Speaker 2: weak force talk to each other, they do it through

596
00:29:23,400 --> 00:29:26,520
Speaker 2: three different ways. You're saying, like, there's three different particles

597
00:29:26,560 --> 00:29:27,960
Speaker 2: that can communicate this force.

598
00:29:28,120 --> 00:29:30,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. This, so the weak force can do sort

599
00:29:30,320 --> 00:29:33,000
Speaker 1: of three different things and they're all part of the

600
00:29:33,080 --> 00:29:35,720
Speaker 1: same force. I mean, you might imagine like a different

601
00:29:35,760 --> 00:29:38,720
Speaker 1: history of science where we had discovered these different parts

602
00:29:38,720 --> 00:29:41,120
Speaker 1: of the week force separately and called them different things,

603
00:29:41,440 --> 00:29:44,320
Speaker 1: and then some other version of Steve Weinberg had realized, oh,

604
00:29:44,400 --> 00:29:46,360
Speaker 1: this makes more sense. We should click them all together,

605
00:29:46,800 --> 00:29:49,760
Speaker 1: and so it's sort of like three forces fit together

606
00:29:49,800 --> 00:29:53,080
Speaker 1: into like the ultimate transformer force. That makes more sense.

607
00:29:53,080 --> 00:29:54,480
Speaker 1: And then you know, you plug in the photon and

608
00:29:54,520 --> 00:29:56,960
Speaker 1: you get all the beautiful symmetry of having those four

609
00:29:57,080 --> 00:30:00,200
Speaker 1: particles all together. But these three the W pls us

610
00:30:00,360 --> 00:30:02,480
Speaker 1: W minus and the Z. We call these together the

611
00:30:02,520 --> 00:30:03,120
Speaker 1: weak force.

612
00:30:03,520 --> 00:30:06,880
Speaker 2: Now, are those separate three different quantum fields or is

613
00:30:06,880 --> 00:30:09,520
Speaker 2: it one quantum field but three different ways to kind

614
00:30:09,520 --> 00:30:11,560
Speaker 2: of activate it or to wiggle it.

615
00:30:11,680 --> 00:30:14,440
Speaker 1: There are three quantum fields. There's a fields for the

616
00:30:14,520 --> 00:30:16,400
Speaker 1: W plus, for the W minus, and for the Z.

617
00:30:16,840 --> 00:30:18,840
Speaker 1: The amazing thing is that they work together. There's like

618
00:30:18,920 --> 00:30:22,320
Speaker 1: symmetries that they respect, Like something can move from one

619
00:30:22,360 --> 00:30:25,080
Speaker 1: to the other, but it conserves this number, which is

620
00:30:25,160 --> 00:30:28,080
Speaker 1: like the charge for the weak force. So it's definitely

621
00:30:28,080 --> 00:30:30,320
Speaker 1: clear that they are three separate things, but they work

622
00:30:30,360 --> 00:30:31,800
Speaker 1: together as part of a whole.

623
00:30:32,160 --> 00:30:34,240
Speaker 2: Interesting. Yeah, I guess that question would be why not

624
00:30:34,320 --> 00:30:36,880
Speaker 2: call it three different forces? You're saying it's like three

625
00:30:37,080 --> 00:30:39,600
Speaker 2: quantum fields, but they're all depending on each other so

626
00:30:39,640 --> 00:30:40,920
Speaker 2: that they actually act as one.

627
00:30:41,080 --> 00:30:43,479
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's like, why don't you call the heads and

628
00:30:43,520 --> 00:30:46,480
Speaker 1: the tails two different coins? Well, it makes much more

629
00:30:46,560 --> 00:30:49,320
Speaker 1: sense to call it one thing, because, for example, a

630
00:30:49,360 --> 00:30:53,520
Speaker 1: coin is either heads up or tails up. It's never both, right,

631
00:30:53,600 --> 00:30:56,520
Speaker 1: So the two are definitely connected, they're syncd they fit together.

632
00:30:56,800 --> 00:30:59,680
Speaker 1: These three fields are the same way. They connect together

633
00:30:59,720 --> 00:31:03,160
Speaker 1: into one thing, which is much more simple mathematically than

634
00:31:03,200 --> 00:31:04,719
Speaker 1: any of the individual parts.

635
00:31:04,800 --> 00:31:07,360
Speaker 2: All right, so the weak force talks through three different

636
00:31:07,480 --> 00:31:12,200
Speaker 2: quantum fields or three different particles W plus W minus

637
00:31:12,240 --> 00:31:14,360
Speaker 2: and the Z. Now is there the equivalent of a

638
00:31:14,480 --> 00:31:17,520
Speaker 2: charge in the weak force, like we have electric charge

639
00:31:18,040 --> 00:31:18,640
Speaker 2: or mass?

640
00:31:18,720 --> 00:31:21,680
Speaker 1: There is? Yeah, it's got its own kind of charge.

641
00:31:21,920 --> 00:31:24,440
Speaker 1: Has a really weird name. The name for it is

642
00:31:24,640 --> 00:31:28,880
Speaker 1: weak isospin, and every particle that feels the weak force

643
00:31:29,080 --> 00:31:32,120
Speaker 1: has a value for weak isospin, which is either up

644
00:31:32,600 --> 00:31:36,280
Speaker 1: or down. So just like the electromagnetic force can push

645
00:31:36,320 --> 00:31:38,600
Speaker 1: or pull on everything with an electric charge which is

646
00:31:38,640 --> 00:31:42,440
Speaker 1: either plus or minus, the weak force can tug or

647
00:31:42,440 --> 00:31:45,880
Speaker 1: push on things that have either up or down values

648
00:31:46,080 --> 00:31:47,480
Speaker 1: of the weak isospin.

649
00:31:47,880 --> 00:31:50,320
Speaker 2: I guess why call it the weak isospin? Why not

650
00:31:50,360 --> 00:31:51,600
Speaker 2: call it the weak charge.

651
00:31:51,800 --> 00:31:54,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's a long story that comes from history. People

652
00:31:54,680 --> 00:31:57,400
Speaker 1: tried to create this idea of isospin, which is like

653
00:31:57,440 --> 00:32:00,920
Speaker 1: a generalized version of spin for the wrong force, and

654
00:32:00,960 --> 00:32:03,480
Speaker 1: it works really well there, and then when people were

655
00:32:03,480 --> 00:32:06,080
Speaker 1: studying the weak force, they thought maybe there's something similar

656
00:32:06,080 --> 00:32:08,920
Speaker 1: over here, so they created a version of that. It

657
00:32:08,960 --> 00:32:11,640
Speaker 1: doesn't really work, but the name stuck. So yeah, it

658
00:32:11,640 --> 00:32:13,160
Speaker 1: would be better if we called it like the week

659
00:32:13,240 --> 00:32:16,360
Speaker 1: charge or something. But the week isospin is the name

660
00:32:16,400 --> 00:32:16,800
Speaker 1: we got.

661
00:32:17,160 --> 00:32:20,240
Speaker 2: And these are actually numbers, but instead of just plus

662
00:32:20,280 --> 00:32:22,200
Speaker 2: or mind as you say up or down, right, these

663
00:32:22,200 --> 00:32:24,480
Speaker 2: are just numbers that the particles have. Just like the

664
00:32:24,480 --> 00:32:28,480
Speaker 2: electron just happens to have negative charge. Some particles have

665
00:32:29,240 --> 00:32:31,880
Speaker 2: up quantum week isospin.

666
00:32:32,120 --> 00:32:34,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, and so we call them up or down

667
00:32:35,240 --> 00:32:38,880
Speaker 1: so to by convention, because for example, of quarks have

668
00:32:39,200 --> 00:32:42,760
Speaker 1: up week isospin and down quarks have down week isospin,

669
00:32:43,280 --> 00:32:48,160
Speaker 1: and then the electron has down week isospin and neutrinos

670
00:32:48,240 --> 00:32:50,560
Speaker 1: have up. You could also map this if you're more

671
00:32:50,560 --> 00:32:53,920
Speaker 1: comfortable with numbers to the number line, in which case

672
00:32:54,000 --> 00:32:57,480
Speaker 1: we say, for example, that neutrinos have positive a half

673
00:32:57,800 --> 00:33:01,880
Speaker 1: week isospin, and electrons have a half. Up quarks also

674
00:33:01,920 --> 00:33:05,000
Speaker 1: have positive a half and down quarks have minus a half.

675
00:33:05,440 --> 00:33:07,880
Speaker 1: But this is like a different sort of dimension for

676
00:33:07,960 --> 00:33:11,920
Speaker 1: every particle than electric charge, like there's no relationship between

677
00:33:11,920 --> 00:33:15,560
Speaker 1: the electric charge and the weak isospin. For example, neutrinos

678
00:33:15,600 --> 00:33:18,760
Speaker 1: have no electric charge, but they do have weak isospin.

679
00:33:19,120 --> 00:33:21,760
Speaker 2: Interesting, so like an upquark is just a quark that

680
00:33:21,880 --> 00:33:24,920
Speaker 2: has up weak isospin exactly.

681
00:33:24,960 --> 00:33:27,120
Speaker 1: And that's why we call it up because it sits

682
00:33:27,160 --> 00:33:29,680
Speaker 1: at the top of weak isospin, and that's why we

683
00:33:29,720 --> 00:33:32,600
Speaker 1: call it down quarks down. And that's why top quarks

684
00:33:32,840 --> 00:33:36,200
Speaker 1: are called top quarks because they have up weak isospin.

685
00:33:36,600 --> 00:33:39,160
Speaker 1: So when we lay out these like generation of particles,

686
00:33:39,400 --> 00:33:41,480
Speaker 1: we group them into these pairs that are like up

687
00:33:41,560 --> 00:33:44,560
Speaker 1: and down charming strange top and bottom. The top row

688
00:33:44,600 --> 00:33:48,800
Speaker 1: there up charm top, they all have up type weak isospin,

689
00:33:49,000 --> 00:33:51,080
Speaker 1: and the bottom row all have down type.

690
00:33:51,240 --> 00:33:54,040
Speaker 2: All right, well, how would you even define this week isospin?

691
00:33:54,120 --> 00:33:56,720
Speaker 2: Is it just sort of like how much a particle

692
00:33:57,440 --> 00:34:01,080
Speaker 2: interacts with the weak fields? Is that the equivalent of

693
00:34:01,200 --> 00:34:02,160
Speaker 2: like electric charge?

694
00:34:02,280 --> 00:34:05,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. It's the thing that tells you whether a

695
00:34:05,240 --> 00:34:08,840
Speaker 1: particle feels the weak force, whether it interacts with the

696
00:34:08,880 --> 00:34:11,560
Speaker 1: weak force. And in analogy with the other forces, if

697
00:34:11,560 --> 00:34:14,720
Speaker 1: you have no electric charge, you don't feel electric forces.

698
00:34:15,080 --> 00:34:18,120
Speaker 1: Like a neutrino can fly right through the most powerful

699
00:34:18,160 --> 00:34:21,400
Speaker 1: electric fields and totally shrug it off because it doesn't

700
00:34:21,440 --> 00:34:24,400
Speaker 1: have charge. And so weak isospin is the thing that

701
00:34:24,480 --> 00:34:27,960
Speaker 1: tells you whether a particle feels the force. But it's

702
00:34:28,000 --> 00:34:30,600
Speaker 1: something a little bit more than that, you know, because

703
00:34:30,640 --> 00:34:33,960
Speaker 1: the fascinating thing is that there's a symmetry. Right, these forces,

704
00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:36,399
Speaker 1: the W plus, the W minus, and the z they

705
00:34:36,400 --> 00:34:39,520
Speaker 1: have this really fascinating symmetry to them. It's not a

706
00:34:39,560 --> 00:34:42,480
Speaker 1: physical symmetry. It's not like, you know, if you rotate

707
00:34:42,560 --> 00:34:44,839
Speaker 1: it like a spear, it looks exactly the same. It's

708
00:34:44,840 --> 00:34:49,400
Speaker 1: an internal symmetry. These forces all have like angles to them,

709
00:34:49,520 --> 00:34:52,719
Speaker 1: and if you rotate the particles, they rotate together and

710
00:34:52,760 --> 00:34:55,080
Speaker 1: they work together. And the upshot is that they end

711
00:34:55,160 --> 00:34:59,440
Speaker 1: up conserving this thing called weak isospin. So these particles

712
00:34:59,480 --> 00:35:02,839
Speaker 1: in their interact as they conserve weak isospin the way

713
00:35:02,920 --> 00:35:06,360
Speaker 1: the photon, for example, conserves electric charge. You can't just

714
00:35:06,440 --> 00:35:09,600
Speaker 1: like create electric charge willy nilly. In the same way

715
00:35:09,840 --> 00:35:12,759
Speaker 1: the weak force preserves weak isospin. If you have it,

716
00:35:12,760 --> 00:35:14,759
Speaker 1: it's going to stick around. If you don't have it,

717
00:35:14,800 --> 00:35:15,759
Speaker 1: you can't create it.

718
00:35:15,960 --> 00:35:16,200
Speaker 10: Mmm.

719
00:35:16,840 --> 00:35:19,920
Speaker 2: Interesting. It's sort of like a universal or rule.

720
00:35:20,239 --> 00:35:23,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, And it's connected to this concept we've talked about

721
00:35:23,080 --> 00:35:26,120
Speaker 1: a few times in the podcast. Northo's theorem that tells

722
00:35:26,160 --> 00:35:30,040
Speaker 1: you that any symmetry in physics leads to a conservation law.

723
00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:33,520
Speaker 1: So there's some like internal symmetry between these particles that

724
00:35:33,680 --> 00:35:36,279
Speaker 1: W plus w mis and the Z where like if

725
00:35:36,320 --> 00:35:39,000
Speaker 1: you rotate them internally, they turned into each other. But

726
00:35:39,080 --> 00:35:41,560
Speaker 1: they do it in this way that preserves a certain

727
00:35:41,640 --> 00:35:46,279
Speaker 1: number and that leads directly to conservation of weak isospin

728
00:35:46,680 --> 00:35:49,040
Speaker 1: the same way, for example, the photon is responsible for

729
00:35:49,120 --> 00:35:52,239
Speaker 1: conserving electric charge. So it's really like a deep thing

730
00:35:52,280 --> 00:35:55,280
Speaker 1: in physics. When you discover this number which doesn't change,

731
00:35:55,280 --> 00:35:58,560
Speaker 1: it tells you you've like found something about the universe

732
00:35:58,840 --> 00:36:02,239
Speaker 1: which feels fundamental or important because in it's book keeping,

733
00:36:02,320 --> 00:36:05,040
Speaker 1: it makes sure that this number doesn't yet changed.

734
00:36:05,160 --> 00:36:07,760
Speaker 2: The universe has an accountant, and it has a special

735
00:36:07,800 --> 00:36:09,719
Speaker 2: account for the weak isospin.

736
00:36:09,800 --> 00:36:11,680
Speaker 1: Is what you're saying exactly.

737
00:36:11,280 --> 00:36:13,480
Speaker 2: And again, these are just sort of random numbers, right,

738
00:36:13,520 --> 00:36:16,400
Speaker 2: Like we don't know why for example, some particles have

739
00:36:16,680 --> 00:36:21,680
Speaker 2: you know, up half isospin or negative have isospin. Right,

740
00:36:21,680 --> 00:36:23,839
Speaker 2: these are just sort of arbitrary almost.

741
00:36:23,560 --> 00:36:25,719
Speaker 1: Yeah, well, we don't know if there's rhyme or reason

742
00:36:25,760 --> 00:36:28,480
Speaker 1: to it, but you're right, our level of understanding is

743
00:36:28,480 --> 00:36:30,400
Speaker 1: we're just sort of like writing these things down in

744
00:36:30,440 --> 00:36:34,200
Speaker 1: our lab notebook. We don't understand why particles have different values.

745
00:36:34,320 --> 00:36:37,239
Speaker 1: We're just sort of tabulating it and looking for patterns,

746
00:36:37,520 --> 00:36:40,000
Speaker 1: and you know, the numbers are pretty weird. Like weak

747
00:36:40,080 --> 00:36:42,600
Speaker 1: isospin is actually pretty straightforward. It's either plus a half

748
00:36:42,719 --> 00:36:45,440
Speaker 1: or minus a half. If you look at like electric charge,

749
00:36:45,560 --> 00:36:49,000
Speaker 1: it's weird, you know, like neutrinos have zero, electrons have

750
00:36:49,080 --> 00:36:52,800
Speaker 1: minus one up, quarks have plus two thirds down, quarks

751
00:36:52,800 --> 00:36:55,719
Speaker 1: have minus a third. It's kind of crazy, and we

752
00:36:55,719 --> 00:36:59,080
Speaker 1: don't understand why those numbers are what they are. I mean,

753
00:36:59,120 --> 00:37:02,319
Speaker 1: in some sense their arbitrary, Like you could make them

754
00:37:02,360 --> 00:37:04,440
Speaker 1: twice what they are or half what they are, and

755
00:37:04,480 --> 00:37:06,319
Speaker 1: then you could take that number and like you know,

756
00:37:06,440 --> 00:37:09,279
Speaker 1: weakend or strengthen the feeling of the force. But the

757
00:37:09,320 --> 00:37:12,120
Speaker 1: relationships between them and our arbitrary. Like that's just what

758
00:37:12,160 --> 00:37:13,440
Speaker 1: we see in nature.

759
00:37:13,640 --> 00:37:16,640
Speaker 2: And then also the name weak force you said, comes

760
00:37:16,680 --> 00:37:19,400
Speaker 2: from this, not that it's not that the weak force

761
00:37:19,480 --> 00:37:22,920
Speaker 2: is weak. It's just that it doesn't have long range

762
00:37:23,040 --> 00:37:25,640
Speaker 2: or something. Right, it's due to these particles, these force

763
00:37:25,719 --> 00:37:26,800
Speaker 2: particles having mass.

764
00:37:26,880 --> 00:37:29,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, these particles, the W plus, the W minus, and

765
00:37:29,160 --> 00:37:31,839
Speaker 1: the Z they have a lot of mass. And that's

766
00:37:31,840 --> 00:37:34,480
Speaker 1: actually really fascinating because it's what makes the weak force

767
00:37:34,560 --> 00:37:37,440
Speaker 1: different from electricity and magnetism. We think back in the

768
00:37:37,520 --> 00:37:40,040
Speaker 1: very early days of the universe before the Higgs field,

769
00:37:40,200 --> 00:37:42,640
Speaker 1: that all these particles were massless and they were flying

770
00:37:42,680 --> 00:37:44,680
Speaker 1: all the way around the universe. And then the Higgs

771
00:37:44,719 --> 00:37:47,640
Speaker 1: field came and it made three of these particles have mass.

772
00:37:47,680 --> 00:37:50,359
Speaker 1: The W plus, the W minus, and the Z got

773
00:37:50,360 --> 00:37:52,879
Speaker 1: a huge amount of mass from the Higgs field, and

774
00:37:53,040 --> 00:37:55,400
Speaker 1: now they are very heavy. And as you say, that

775
00:37:55,480 --> 00:37:58,439
Speaker 1: makes them weak. It means that it's much less likely

776
00:37:58,480 --> 00:38:01,399
Speaker 1: for this interaction to happen. Like if you shoot two

777
00:38:01,480 --> 00:38:04,960
Speaker 1: neutrinos at each other, they're much less likely to interact

778
00:38:04,960 --> 00:38:07,720
Speaker 1: than if you shoot two electrons because the weak force

779
00:38:07,800 --> 00:38:11,640
Speaker 1: is weaker than electromagnetism. It's also shorter range, as you say,

780
00:38:11,760 --> 00:38:14,880
Speaker 1: because the particles can't fly as far, but it's also weaker.

781
00:38:14,920 --> 00:38:17,600
Speaker 1: It's less likely to sort of like come into play

782
00:38:17,640 --> 00:38:19,480
Speaker 1: when you shoot two particles at each other.

783
00:38:19,880 --> 00:38:22,040
Speaker 2: I guess the question is how does having masks make

784
00:38:22,120 --> 00:38:25,360
Speaker 2: it less likely to interact or harder to interact and

785
00:38:25,960 --> 00:38:27,920
Speaker 2: also a shorter range.

786
00:38:28,080 --> 00:38:30,560
Speaker 1: You can think of them as connected, like imagine shooting

787
00:38:30,560 --> 00:38:33,480
Speaker 1: two particles together and you know the probability of them

788
00:38:33,560 --> 00:38:36,520
Speaker 1: interacting sort of depends on their relative distance. Like if

789
00:38:36,560 --> 00:38:38,160
Speaker 1: you shoot them in the same direction but they're like

790
00:38:38,160 --> 00:38:40,960
Speaker 1: a meter apart, there's going to be no chance to interact.

791
00:38:41,120 --> 00:38:43,640
Speaker 1: As they get closer and closer together, then there's a

792
00:38:43,760 --> 00:38:46,160
Speaker 1: larger and larger chance that they interact. And we talk

793
00:38:46,200 --> 00:38:48,520
Speaker 1: about the chance that interaction is being like the relative

794
00:38:48,600 --> 00:38:51,719
Speaker 1: cross section, like a physical analogies, you throw like two

795
00:38:51,719 --> 00:38:53,759
Speaker 1: balls at each other, the chance that they're going to

796
00:38:53,840 --> 00:38:56,120
Speaker 1: hit each other depends on their cross section, like how

797
00:38:56,200 --> 00:38:58,400
Speaker 1: big does one appear to the other, And so we

798
00:38:58,440 --> 00:39:00,960
Speaker 1: have sort of a quantum and of that which we

799
00:39:01,040 --> 00:39:03,400
Speaker 1: call again the cross section, And the cross section is

800
00:39:03,440 --> 00:39:05,600
Speaker 1: smaller if the particle that mediates it has a lot

801
00:39:05,600 --> 00:39:07,920
Speaker 1: of mass. The fact that it's a shorter range force

802
00:39:08,000 --> 00:39:10,800
Speaker 1: means it has a smaller cross section when the particles

803
00:39:10,800 --> 00:39:12,800
Speaker 1: coming the other direction, So you have to sort of

804
00:39:12,840 --> 00:39:14,960
Speaker 1: like get it right on the nose in order to

805
00:39:15,000 --> 00:39:18,120
Speaker 1: have that interaction happen, Whereas if you're using photons, they

806
00:39:18,120 --> 00:39:20,560
Speaker 1: can fly everywhere. You don't have to like shoot electrons

807
00:39:20,600 --> 00:39:22,279
Speaker 1: to be as close to each other for them to

808
00:39:22,280 --> 00:39:22,960
Speaker 1: feel each other.

809
00:39:23,239 --> 00:39:25,160
Speaker 2: Yeah, but I guess you know, what does it mean

810
00:39:25,200 --> 00:39:28,760
Speaker 2: to have short range like what happens to the particle,

811
00:39:28,840 --> 00:39:31,840
Speaker 2: Like it disappears or breaks up into other particles because

812
00:39:31,840 --> 00:39:33,960
Speaker 2: it has mass, which means it has energy.

813
00:39:34,080 --> 00:39:36,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, if you shoot a Z particle, for example,

814
00:39:36,640 --> 00:39:39,399
Speaker 1: it can't just fly across the universe wherever the way

815
00:39:39,400 --> 00:39:42,319
Speaker 1: a photon can, Like a photon made billions of years

816
00:39:42,320 --> 00:39:44,920
Speaker 1: ago can still just fly through the universe towards you.

817
00:39:45,360 --> 00:39:47,480
Speaker 1: If you make a Z particle billions of years ago,

818
00:39:47,760 --> 00:39:50,799
Speaker 1: it will decay pretty quickly into something else because it's

819
00:39:50,840 --> 00:39:53,239
Speaker 1: so heavy. It'll turn into a pair of electrons or

820
00:39:53,280 --> 00:39:55,600
Speaker 1: a pair of neutrinos or something. So they just don't

821
00:39:55,640 --> 00:39:56,640
Speaker 1: last very long.

822
00:39:56,680 --> 00:39:58,960
Speaker 2: Right, because it can, right, because it has this sort

823
00:39:58,960 --> 00:40:01,640
Speaker 2: of internal energy from the mass, and so it tends

824
00:40:01,640 --> 00:40:02,920
Speaker 2: to like disperse kind.

825
00:40:02,800 --> 00:40:06,240
Speaker 1: Of exactly, Whereas photons are stable and they can propagate forever,

826
00:40:06,520 --> 00:40:08,960
Speaker 1: but these dissipate and turn into other fields.

827
00:40:08,960 --> 00:40:11,920
Speaker 2: Like throwing a snowball in a windstorm or something like

828
00:40:11,960 --> 00:40:13,520
Speaker 2: the it just breaks up, yeah.

829
00:40:13,400 --> 00:40:15,319
Speaker 1: Or like throwing a snowball in death Valley. Right, it's

830
00:40:15,360 --> 00:40:17,360
Speaker 1: just it's probably going to melt before it gets to

831
00:40:17,400 --> 00:40:18,360
Speaker 1: your friend's face.

832
00:40:18,280 --> 00:40:21,080
Speaker 2: Which sounds like a fun activity. But I guess maybe

833
00:40:21,120 --> 00:40:24,640
Speaker 2: a question is is the weak force, you know, weak

834
00:40:24,880 --> 00:40:27,759
Speaker 2: in itself, Like if it could travel further, would it

835
00:40:27,800 --> 00:40:30,600
Speaker 2: still be weak or would it have an inherently lower

836
00:40:30,719 --> 00:40:33,880
Speaker 2: kind of interactive value or impact? Like is it as

837
00:40:33,880 --> 00:40:38,080
Speaker 2: strong as the other forces, but because it decays and

838
00:40:38,160 --> 00:40:40,239
Speaker 2: it has a short range, it's you call it weak

839
00:40:40,320 --> 00:40:40,839
Speaker 2: because of that.

840
00:40:41,080 --> 00:40:43,239
Speaker 1: Yeah, I would say so if for example, we lived

841
00:40:43,280 --> 00:40:46,160
Speaker 1: in a universe where it didn't get mass right with

842
00:40:46,320 --> 00:40:48,520
Speaker 1: the Z and the W propagated the same way as

843
00:40:48,520 --> 00:40:51,280
Speaker 1: the photon, it would be as strong as electromagnetism.

844
00:40:51,520 --> 00:40:53,759
Speaker 2: All right, I think we covered the basics and now

845
00:40:53,840 --> 00:40:56,680
Speaker 2: let's get into the main question, which is does the

846
00:40:56,719 --> 00:41:00,600
Speaker 2: weak force attract or repel? But first, let's take another

847
00:41:00,719 --> 00:41:01,200
Speaker 2: quick break.

848
00:41:05,680 --> 00:41:07,480
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

849
00:41:07,560 --> 00:41:10,719
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

850
00:41:10,760 --> 00:41:14,800
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

851
00:41:14,840 --> 00:41:17,440
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are US. Dairy

852
00:41:17,480 --> 00:41:21,799
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

853
00:41:21,840 --> 00:41:24,399
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

854
00:41:24,440 --> 00:41:26,800
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

855
00:41:26,840 --> 00:41:31,040
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water.

856
00:41:31,120 --> 00:41:34,680
Speaker 1: For example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four times.

857
00:41:34,719 --> 00:41:38,120
Speaker 1: The same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn,

858
00:41:38,200 --> 00:41:41,920
Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases?

859
00:41:41,960 --> 00:41:44,960
Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from

860
00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:48,360
Speaker 1: maneure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and

861
00:41:48,440 --> 00:41:50,680
Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice

862
00:41:50,680 --> 00:41:52,560
Speaker 1: of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know that

863
00:41:52,640 --> 00:41:55,279
Speaker 1: dairy farmers and processors around the country are using the

864
00:41:55,360 --> 00:41:59,120
Speaker 1: latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense dairy

865
00:41:59,160 --> 00:42:02,160
Speaker 1: products we love with less of an impact. Visit usdairy

866
00:42:02,200 --> 00:42:04,439
Speaker 1: dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

867
00:42:05,080 --> 00:42:08,640
Speaker 3: Hi, I'm David Eagleman from the podcast Inner Cosmos, which

868
00:42:08,680 --> 00:42:11,360
Speaker 3: recently hit the number one science podcast in America.

869
00:42:11,880 --> 00:42:14,040
Speaker 4: I'm a neuroscientists at Stanford and.

870
00:42:14,000 --> 00:42:17,360
Speaker 3: I've spent my career exploring the three pound universe in

871
00:42:17,400 --> 00:42:18,080
Speaker 3: our heads.

872
00:42:18,360 --> 00:42:19,520
Speaker 4: We're looking at a whole new.

873
00:42:19,440 --> 00:42:23,360
Speaker 3: Series of episodes this season to understand why and how

874
00:42:23,680 --> 00:42:26,399
Speaker 3: our lives look the way they do. Why does your

875
00:42:26,440 --> 00:42:30,120
Speaker 3: memory drift so much. Why is it so hard to

876
00:42:30,200 --> 00:42:33,840
Speaker 3: keep a secret, When should you not trust your intuition?

877
00:42:34,680 --> 00:42:38,000
Speaker 3: Why do brains so easily fall for magic tricks? And

878
00:42:38,000 --> 00:42:42,000
Speaker 3: why do they love conspiracy theories. I'm hitting these questions

879
00:42:42,040 --> 00:42:45,520
Speaker 3: and hundreds more because the more we know about what's

880
00:42:45,600 --> 00:42:49,160
Speaker 3: running under the hood, the better we can steer our lives.

881
00:42:49,840 --> 00:42:52,920
Speaker 4: Join me weekly to explore the relationship.

882
00:42:52,239 --> 00:42:56,920
Speaker 3: Between your brain and your life by digging into unexpected questions.

883
00:42:57,520 --> 00:43:00,000
Speaker 3: Listen to Inner Cosmos with David Eagleman on the Eye,

884
00:43:00,040 --> 00:43:05,600
Speaker 3: Heart Radio, app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

885
00:43:05,640 --> 00:43:08,799
Speaker 7: Parents, are you looking for a screen free, engaging way

886
00:43:08,800 --> 00:43:10,840
Speaker 7: to teach your kids the Bible, one that's easy to

887
00:43:10,920 --> 00:43:15,280
Speaker 7: understand and enjoyable for multiple ages kids, Bible Stories podcast

888
00:43:15,400 --> 00:43:18,320
Speaker 7: is here to help. I created this for my own children,

889
00:43:18,400 --> 00:43:21,680
Speaker 7: and it's now a favorite among thousands of families. Kids

890
00:43:21,800 --> 00:43:25,200
Speaker 7: love the vivid imagery, scriptures, and sound effects, while parents

891
00:43:25,239 --> 00:43:29,000
Speaker 7: appreciate the apply section for meaningful conversations. We have hundreds

892
00:43:29,080 --> 00:43:32,319
Speaker 7: and hundreds of beautiful episodes that bring the Bible to

893
00:43:32,360 --> 00:43:36,040
Speaker 7: life when you simply press play. It's a sound and

894
00:43:36,160 --> 00:43:39,840
Speaker 7: practical resource that walks alongside you as you teach your kids.

895
00:43:40,440 --> 00:43:43,400
Speaker 7: We want kids to see how incredible God's word is

896
00:43:43,640 --> 00:43:47,920
Speaker 7: in an engaging and memorable way with Kids' Bible Stories podcast.

897
00:43:49,160 --> 00:43:51,959
Speaker 7: Listen to Kids Bible Stories podcast on the iHeartRadio app,

898
00:43:52,040 --> 00:43:54,960
Speaker 7: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

899
00:43:55,680 --> 00:44:00,719
Speaker 2: Smokey the Bear, then you know why you what he

900
00:44:00,880 --> 00:44:02,279
Speaker 2: sees you passion through.

901
00:44:02,920 --> 00:44:05,160
Speaker 10: Remember be careful.

902
00:44:04,760 --> 00:44:10,080
Speaker 8: It's the least that you can do.

903
00:44:12,160 --> 00:44:15,280
Speaker 5: After eighty years of learning his wildfire prevention tips, Smoky

904
00:44:15,320 --> 00:44:18,800
Speaker 5: Bear lives within us. All learn more at Smokeybear dot com.

905
00:44:18,840 --> 00:44:20,600
Speaker 10: And remember only.

906
00:44:20,320 --> 00:44:23,200
Speaker 1: You can prevent wildfires.

907
00:44:22,400 --> 00:44:24,440
Speaker 5: Brought to you by the USCA Force Service, your state Forster,

908
00:44:24,480 --> 00:44:25,160
Speaker 5: and the ad Council.

909
00:44:34,360 --> 00:44:37,000
Speaker 2: All right, does the weak force attract or repel? And

910
00:44:37,120 --> 00:44:39,440
Speaker 2: Daniel we talked about it being weak because it doesn't

911
00:44:39,440 --> 00:44:43,000
Speaker 2: have a very long range. The particles that transmit this

912
00:44:43,120 --> 00:44:46,520
Speaker 2: force decay before they get very far. But I guess

913
00:44:46,600 --> 00:44:49,799
Speaker 2: the question is if it does reach their target, Like

914
00:44:49,880 --> 00:44:52,319
Speaker 2: if you if two particles do interact with a W

915
00:44:52,440 --> 00:44:55,600
Speaker 2: plus or W minus or Z force particle, are they

916
00:44:55,600 --> 00:44:58,600
Speaker 2: gonna make each other come closer or further apart?

917
00:44:58,760 --> 00:45:02,560
Speaker 1: Yes? So, because the week is a lot like electricity, magnetism,

918
00:45:02,760 --> 00:45:05,320
Speaker 1: and because actually they're just part of a larger force.

919
00:45:05,719 --> 00:45:09,279
Speaker 1: In general, it follows the same rules as electricity and magnetism,

920
00:45:09,400 --> 00:45:12,799
Speaker 1: which means if you have the same weak charge right

921
00:45:13,040 --> 00:45:16,480
Speaker 1: weak isospin, then particles will repel each other. Via the

922
00:45:16,640 --> 00:45:20,400
Speaker 1: opposite weak isospin, then particles will attract each other. So

923
00:45:20,480 --> 00:45:24,360
Speaker 1: it makes it similar to electromagnetism and different from gravity.

924
00:45:24,640 --> 00:45:26,759
Speaker 2: All right, well, then we answered the question. It does

925
00:45:26,840 --> 00:45:27,760
Speaker 2: attract and repel.

926
00:45:27,840 --> 00:45:30,480
Speaker 1: It does attract and repel, and there's some interesting wrinkles

927
00:45:30,520 --> 00:45:33,640
Speaker 1: to it. Right. For example, you asked earlier, like what

928
00:45:33,680 --> 00:45:36,920
Speaker 1: can a force do other than attract and repel? And

929
00:45:37,040 --> 00:45:39,520
Speaker 1: the W particle is an example of that. Right, The

930
00:45:39,640 --> 00:45:42,719
Speaker 1: W particle doesn't just attract or repel. In fact, you

931
00:45:42,760 --> 00:45:45,200
Speaker 1: can't even really think of it as attracting and repelling

932
00:45:45,320 --> 00:45:49,120
Speaker 1: because the W particle transforms a particle. It doesn't just

933
00:45:49,200 --> 00:45:51,800
Speaker 1: like push it or pull it. It changes it into

934
00:45:51,840 --> 00:45:55,680
Speaker 1: something else because the W particle itself, for example, has

935
00:45:55,800 --> 00:45:56,840
Speaker 1: electric charge.

936
00:45:57,120 --> 00:46:01,239
Speaker 2: Wait what so, like, let's say have two particles you know,

937
00:46:01,280 --> 00:46:04,719
Speaker 2: to electrons in the electron field, and they interact through

938
00:46:04,719 --> 00:46:07,600
Speaker 2: the weak fours. You're saying like they exchange a W

939
00:46:07,800 --> 00:46:10,279
Speaker 2: particle and then that doesn't move them, but it just

940
00:46:10,400 --> 00:46:11,239
Speaker 2: changes one of them.

941
00:46:11,440 --> 00:46:14,480
Speaker 1: It both moves them and changes both of them. So,

942
00:46:14,560 --> 00:46:17,640
Speaker 1: for example, if an electron interacts with a W particle,

943
00:46:18,280 --> 00:46:19,960
Speaker 1: how does it do that? Well, to give off a

944
00:46:20,120 --> 00:46:23,239
Speaker 1: W particle, it has to lose its electric charge because

945
00:46:23,239 --> 00:46:27,120
Speaker 1: the W particle itself has electric charge. Like an electron

946
00:46:27,160 --> 00:46:30,920
Speaker 1: can radiate a photon, photon is charge zero, doesn't change

947
00:46:30,920 --> 00:46:33,320
Speaker 1: the electron. It's still an electron. It's just an electron

948
00:46:33,400 --> 00:46:36,080
Speaker 1: with less energy now or something. But the electron radiates

949
00:46:36,080 --> 00:46:39,080
Speaker 1: a W, the electric charge has to be conserved, and

950
00:46:39,160 --> 00:46:41,600
Speaker 1: so the electric charge goes with the W and the

951
00:46:41,600 --> 00:46:45,239
Speaker 1: electron is no longer an electron. It turns into a neutrino.

952
00:46:45,440 --> 00:46:47,759
Speaker 1: So for an electron to radiate a W, it has

953
00:46:47,800 --> 00:46:50,960
Speaker 1: to become a neutrino, And for a neutrino to feel

954
00:46:51,120 --> 00:46:54,120
Speaker 1: a W, it has to turn into an electron. So

955
00:46:54,160 --> 00:46:56,680
Speaker 1: the W particles here do much more than just push

956
00:46:56,800 --> 00:46:58,960
Speaker 1: or pull. They transform these particles.

957
00:46:59,160 --> 00:47:01,919
Speaker 2: Interesting, but does that mean that an electron can talk

958
00:47:01,920 --> 00:47:04,080
Speaker 2: to another electron through the W or it cannot?

959
00:47:04,239 --> 00:47:07,400
Speaker 1: Absolutely it can. It can read a W, and that

960
00:47:07,600 --> 00:47:10,400
Speaker 1: W can interact with an electron because the W feels

961
00:47:10,400 --> 00:47:13,120
Speaker 1: a charge and the electron feels a charge, and so

962
00:47:13,160 --> 00:47:15,480
Speaker 1: then that W and the electron can like attract or

963
00:47:15,480 --> 00:47:19,080
Speaker 1: repel each other based on their relative charges. So absolutely,

964
00:47:19,360 --> 00:47:22,279
Speaker 1: and the electron can also interact with other electrons using

965
00:47:22,320 --> 00:47:23,120
Speaker 1: the Z particle.

966
00:47:23,440 --> 00:47:26,040
Speaker 2: So it's kind of like the electromagnetic force, but it's

967
00:47:26,160 --> 00:47:30,480
Speaker 2: just like it has added complications because these force particles

968
00:47:30,600 --> 00:47:33,440
Speaker 2: are have you know, more to them. They have energy

969
00:47:33,480 --> 00:47:36,280
Speaker 2: and electric charge, whereas the photon.

970
00:47:35,960 --> 00:47:39,240
Speaker 1: Doesn't exactly, So it's out of this big complicated mess.

971
00:47:39,360 --> 00:47:41,839
Speaker 1: It's got two of these charged bosons, a W plus

972
00:47:41,880 --> 00:47:44,560
Speaker 1: and W minus, which can do these crazy things, you know,

973
00:47:44,719 --> 00:47:47,400
Speaker 1: like change the charge of the particle that was radiating it.

974
00:47:47,680 --> 00:47:49,680
Speaker 2: Oh wait wait wait, that's what the plus means. The

975
00:47:49,680 --> 00:47:52,160
Speaker 2: plus means it has positive electric charge.

976
00:47:52,280 --> 00:47:55,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, for once, the plus actually means something reasonable. It's

977
00:47:55,520 --> 00:47:58,960
Speaker 1: actually makes sense. Yeah, good job. All this time you

978
00:47:58,960 --> 00:48:00,799
Speaker 1: thought the W plus would just it's like, well, it

979
00:48:00,840 --> 00:48:03,479
Speaker 1: can't actually mean positive charge, because that would make sense.

980
00:48:05,040 --> 00:48:07,520
Speaker 2: It seems like you guys use it kind of willy nieleak, right,

981
00:48:07,560 --> 00:48:09,920
Speaker 2: because even the up and down use plus and minus

982
00:48:09,920 --> 00:48:10,200
Speaker 2: for it.

983
00:48:10,239 --> 00:48:12,680
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, that's right. But no, the W plus has

984
00:48:12,719 --> 00:48:15,319
Speaker 1: a plus one electric charge, and the W minus has

985
00:48:15,320 --> 00:48:18,040
Speaker 1: a minus one electric charge. That's exactly what it means.

986
00:48:18,080 --> 00:48:21,280
Speaker 1: And the Z is neutral. The Z has no electric charge.

987
00:48:21,360 --> 00:48:24,400
Speaker 2: So like, if two electrons exchange a Z, then they

988
00:48:24,480 --> 00:48:27,439
Speaker 2: don't change. They still change or they push each other.

989
00:48:27,840 --> 00:48:29,239
Speaker 2: What happens when they exchange a Z.

990
00:48:29,640 --> 00:48:32,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, so if you have electrons and positrons, they can

991
00:48:32,520 --> 00:48:35,680
Speaker 1: exchange photons and they can exchange Z particles. And now

992
00:48:35,719 --> 00:48:38,080
Speaker 1: if they exchange photons, you know what the rules are. Right,

993
00:48:38,160 --> 00:48:40,120
Speaker 1: If the charges are the same, they repel each other.

994
00:48:40,480 --> 00:48:43,480
Speaker 1: The charges are the opposite, they attract each other. The

995
00:48:43,560 --> 00:48:46,880
Speaker 1: same rule applies for the Z, but if the charge

996
00:48:46,920 --> 00:48:48,960
Speaker 1: is different, because the charge for the Z is the

997
00:48:49,000 --> 00:48:52,440
Speaker 1: weak isospin. And so you can then ask the question

998
00:48:52,560 --> 00:48:55,640
Speaker 1: like do two electrons attract or repel each other using

999
00:48:55,680 --> 00:48:58,600
Speaker 1: the Z And the answer is that the electrons have

1000
00:48:59,000 --> 00:49:02,400
Speaker 1: the same we isospin because it's just two electrons, and

1001
00:49:02,440 --> 00:49:05,200
Speaker 1: so they repel each other the same way like two

1002
00:49:05,360 --> 00:49:08,800
Speaker 1: positrons will repel each other. They're the same weak isospin,

1003
00:49:08,920 --> 00:49:09,960
Speaker 1: so they have to repel.

1004
00:49:10,080 --> 00:49:11,920
Speaker 2: But I guess maybe a difference is that the Z

1005
00:49:12,360 --> 00:49:14,520
Speaker 2: force particle doesn't go at the speed of light, right,

1006
00:49:14,560 --> 00:49:17,160
Speaker 2: because it has mass, so it's like a slower force too.

1007
00:49:17,360 --> 00:49:19,720
Speaker 1: Yeah, and so the Z is weaker, and so usually

1008
00:49:19,840 --> 00:49:22,799
Speaker 1: if two electrons are interacting, it's just dominated by the

1009
00:49:22,800 --> 00:49:26,480
Speaker 1: photon interaction because that's much stronger and longer range. The

1010
00:49:26,600 --> 00:49:30,399
Speaker 1: Z contributes, but it's like almost ignorable, which is why

1011
00:49:30,400 --> 00:49:33,640
Speaker 1: in chemistry, for example, you're mostly thinking about like the

1012
00:49:33,680 --> 00:49:38,720
Speaker 1: electromagnetic interactions between electrons in atoms and electrons in neighboring atoms.

1013
00:49:38,840 --> 00:49:42,080
Speaker 1: There are some weak force interactions there, but they're mostly

1014
00:49:42,120 --> 00:49:46,160
Speaker 1: ignorable because the weak force is so much weaker than electromagnetism.

1015
00:49:46,480 --> 00:49:50,120
Speaker 2: Oh. Interesting, it's like it's always happening. They're just like

1016
00:49:50,239 --> 00:49:53,799
Speaker 2: electromagnetic forces, but they're just you know, so weak that

1017
00:49:53,920 --> 00:49:57,080
Speaker 2: nobody cares. But it's always happening. Like even within the

1018
00:49:57,120 --> 00:50:00,120
Speaker 2: particles in my body, there's a whole bunch of you know,

1019
00:50:00,280 --> 00:50:03,759
Speaker 2: weak stuff going on, but it's sort of negligible.

1020
00:50:04,040 --> 00:50:08,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, it's mostly just washed out by electromagnetism. And

1021
00:50:08,440 --> 00:50:11,360
Speaker 1: it's interesting to think about, like is it always pushing

1022
00:50:11,400 --> 00:50:14,320
Speaker 1: and pulling in the same direction or is it sometimes

1023
00:50:14,400 --> 00:50:18,080
Speaker 1: like opposing electromagnetism, And the answer is that it's always

1024
00:50:18,080 --> 00:50:20,960
Speaker 1: pushing and pulling in the same direction. And the reason

1025
00:50:21,040 --> 00:50:24,239
Speaker 1: is that it follows the same basic rule that like

1026
00:50:24,400 --> 00:50:28,000
Speaker 1: charges repel and opposite charges attract, And it just so

1027
00:50:28,120 --> 00:50:32,600
Speaker 1: happens that like electrons and neutrinos have opposite charges, and

1028
00:50:32,719 --> 00:50:36,760
Speaker 1: upquarks and down corks have opposite electric charges and opposite

1029
00:50:36,800 --> 00:50:40,759
Speaker 1: weak isospin charges. So you know, for example, take an

1030
00:50:40,840 --> 00:50:44,440
Speaker 1: upcork and a down cork. For example, an upcork and

1031
00:50:44,480 --> 00:50:48,040
Speaker 1: a down cork have opposite sign electric charges. One of

1032
00:50:48,040 --> 00:50:50,440
Speaker 1: them is plus two thirds, the other one is minus

1033
00:50:50,480 --> 00:50:54,000
Speaker 1: one third, so they attract each other. They also have

1034
00:50:54,280 --> 00:50:57,319
Speaker 1: opposite week isospin. One is plus a half, one is

1035
00:50:57,400 --> 00:51:00,480
Speaker 1: minus a half, so they attract each other. In that case,

1036
00:51:00,680 --> 00:51:03,239
Speaker 1: the upcork and the down cork, the photon is pulling

1037
00:51:03,320 --> 00:51:05,720
Speaker 1: them together and the z is pulling them together.

1038
00:51:05,800 --> 00:51:08,520
Speaker 2: I mean, like plus electric charge is always associated with

1039
00:51:08,880 --> 00:51:11,480
Speaker 2: up kind of or one of those two. Like you

1040
00:51:11,520 --> 00:51:13,160
Speaker 2: never mix and match him that much.

1041
00:51:13,280 --> 00:51:16,799
Speaker 1: Plus electric charge is always associated with up weak isospin,

1042
00:51:17,160 --> 00:51:21,000
Speaker 1: and minus electric charge is always associated with minus weak

1043
00:51:21,040 --> 00:51:25,000
Speaker 1: isospin exactly. But there's one weird case, right, There's always

1044
00:51:25,000 --> 00:51:27,800
Speaker 1: a weird case. And the weird case is the neutrino.

1045
00:51:28,120 --> 00:51:31,920
Speaker 1: The neutrino has no electric charge, right, so the photon

1046
00:51:32,000 --> 00:51:34,560
Speaker 1: doesn't push or pull. So in the case of the neutrino,

1047
00:51:34,880 --> 00:51:38,040
Speaker 1: the z is the only thing pushing and pulling, and.

1048
00:51:38,080 --> 00:51:40,480
Speaker 2: So there are no other weird cases where like you know,

1049
00:51:40,680 --> 00:51:43,320
Speaker 2: it has a plus electric charge, but like a down

1050
00:51:43,680 --> 00:51:47,480
Speaker 2: that never happens. It's always of aligned these two forces.

1051
00:51:47,200 --> 00:51:50,839
Speaker 1: Exactly because the antiparticles have the opposite values, but they

1052
00:51:50,840 --> 00:51:54,880
Speaker 1: flip together. So for example, an upcork has positive electric

1053
00:51:55,000 --> 00:51:59,160
Speaker 1: charge and positive weak isospin and an anti upcork has

1054
00:51:59,440 --> 00:52:03,440
Speaker 1: negative with values negative electric charge and negative weak isospin.

1055
00:52:03,800 --> 00:52:05,799
Speaker 1: So they're always pointing in the same direction and they

1056
00:52:05,840 --> 00:52:06,600
Speaker 1: flip together.

1057
00:52:06,840 --> 00:52:09,759
Speaker 2: But theoretically there could be particles maybe that have a

1058
00:52:09,800 --> 00:52:11,919
Speaker 2: weird combination. We just don't see them.

1059
00:52:12,239 --> 00:52:15,200
Speaker 1: Yeah. Absolutely. And the interesting thing about the weak force

1060
00:52:15,360 --> 00:52:18,880
Speaker 1: is everything feels it. Like the other forces, there's always

1061
00:52:18,920 --> 00:52:21,400
Speaker 1: some particle that ignores it, you know, the strong force.

1062
00:52:21,520 --> 00:52:25,759
Speaker 1: Electrons don't feel the strong force, totally ignore it. Electromagnetism,

1063
00:52:25,920 --> 00:52:29,840
Speaker 1: neutrinos totally ignore it. Nothing ignores the weak force. The

1064
00:52:29,840 --> 00:52:31,840
Speaker 1: weak force feels everything.

1065
00:52:31,880 --> 00:52:32,480
Speaker 2: Wait, what do you mean?

1066
00:52:32,520 --> 00:52:35,440
Speaker 1: It feels everything like every particle in the universe feels

1067
00:52:35,440 --> 00:52:37,799
Speaker 1: the weak force. There is no particle out there that

1068
00:52:37,920 --> 00:52:40,880
Speaker 1: doesn't interact with the weak force. There are particles that

1069
00:52:40,880 --> 00:52:43,719
Speaker 1: don't interact with electricity, magnetism, and there are particles that

1070
00:52:43,719 --> 00:52:46,560
Speaker 1: don't interact with the strong force. But there's no particle

1071
00:52:46,560 --> 00:52:49,480
Speaker 1: we've discovered that doesn't interact with the weak force.

1072
00:52:49,320 --> 00:52:51,200
Speaker 2: Sort of like gravity, right, Like, we don't have any

1073
00:52:51,200 --> 00:52:53,560
Speaker 2: particle that doesn't interact with gravity.

1074
00:52:53,760 --> 00:52:56,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, although we don't really understand, you know, how particles

1075
00:52:56,960 --> 00:52:59,320
Speaker 1: in gravity interact, you know, what's going on there on

1076
00:52:59,360 --> 00:53:01,600
Speaker 1: the quantum line. It's not something we can really say

1077
00:53:01,600 --> 00:53:04,960
Speaker 1: specifically how that works. But you're right that, like everything

1078
00:53:05,040 --> 00:53:07,759
Speaker 1: we know, moves through space, and the curvature of that

1079
00:53:07,800 --> 00:53:10,640
Speaker 1: space depends on the mass of stuff around it. But again,

1080
00:53:10,680 --> 00:53:12,920
Speaker 1: we don't understand it at the quantum level. But I

1081
00:53:12,920 --> 00:53:15,799
Speaker 1: think it's fun to think about like two neutrinos, Like

1082
00:53:15,840 --> 00:53:18,799
Speaker 1: you shoot two neutrinos at each other, they actually do

1083
00:53:19,200 --> 00:53:23,680
Speaker 1: repel or attract each other based on their weak isospin,

1084
00:53:23,960 --> 00:53:27,240
Speaker 1: Like two neutrinos will repel each other, and a neutrino

1085
00:53:27,280 --> 00:53:30,279
Speaker 1: and an anti neutrino will attract each other because they

1086
00:53:30,280 --> 00:53:31,799
Speaker 1: have opposite weak isospin.

1087
00:53:32,080 --> 00:53:35,040
Speaker 2: Yeah, just like two electrons will repel each other. Now

1088
00:53:35,160 --> 00:53:37,239
Speaker 2: you said that the weak force is sort of like

1089
00:53:37,440 --> 00:53:40,000
Speaker 2: part of the electromagnetic force, or they're all part of

1090
00:53:40,000 --> 00:53:42,640
Speaker 2: the same force. What does that mean, Like they're sort

1091
00:53:42,640 --> 00:53:45,400
Speaker 2: of couple. They depend on each other, they're not independent.

1092
00:53:45,440 --> 00:53:46,040
Speaker 2: What does that mean.

1093
00:53:46,239 --> 00:53:48,759
Speaker 1: It means that it makes more sense mathematically when you

1094
00:53:48,760 --> 00:53:51,000
Speaker 1: plug them together. And in fact, we don't think about

1095
00:53:51,040 --> 00:53:53,960
Speaker 1: weak isospin on its own. Usually what we do is

1096
00:53:54,000 --> 00:53:57,160
Speaker 1: we think about electricity and magnetism together and we make

1097
00:53:57,200 --> 00:54:01,640
Speaker 1: this new number which is a combination of electric charge

1098
00:54:01,800 --> 00:54:05,880
Speaker 1: and week isospin, and we call it week hypercharge. And

1099
00:54:05,880 --> 00:54:09,800
Speaker 1: then we have these two numbers week isospin and week hypercharge,

1100
00:54:09,840 --> 00:54:14,120
Speaker 1: and together these four particles can serve these numbers. Like,

1101
00:54:14,200 --> 00:54:17,000
Speaker 1: these four particles respect these values. They do what they

1102
00:54:17,040 --> 00:54:20,040
Speaker 1: can to make sure that in the bookkeeping of the universe,

1103
00:54:20,280 --> 00:54:24,400
Speaker 1: these two quantities week hypercharge and week isospin are conserved.

1104
00:54:24,800 --> 00:54:27,399
Speaker 1: And so we see them all working together to keep

1105
00:54:27,400 --> 00:54:29,759
Speaker 1: this symmetry in line, which is why we think they're

1106
00:54:29,800 --> 00:54:31,359
Speaker 1: all part of the same thing.

1107
00:54:31,600 --> 00:54:33,600
Speaker 2: Well, I see you noticed that they're sort of part

1108
00:54:33,640 --> 00:54:36,439
Speaker 2: of the same team, or they weren't for the same

1109
00:54:36,480 --> 00:54:39,680
Speaker 2: company which has the same accounting you know, Ledger, and

1110
00:54:39,719 --> 00:54:42,279
Speaker 2: so you sort of group them together, unlike say, like

1111
00:54:42,360 --> 00:54:45,799
Speaker 2: the strong force or maybe gravity. Like gravity and the

1112
00:54:45,800 --> 00:54:49,720
Speaker 2: strong forces don't care about the conservation of this hypercharge.

1113
00:54:49,760 --> 00:54:52,040
Speaker 1: That's exactly right, And you know, we tend to think

1114
00:54:52,040 --> 00:54:55,160
Speaker 1: about things that way, where like if things transform together,

1115
00:54:55,600 --> 00:54:58,759
Speaker 1: if when you rotate the world, things move together, we

1116
00:54:58,960 --> 00:55:01,120
Speaker 1: think that there's part of the the same thing. Just

1117
00:55:01,120 --> 00:55:02,799
Speaker 1: like if you pick something up and you turn it

1118
00:55:02,880 --> 00:55:06,040
Speaker 1: around and it holds itself together and you look at

1119
00:55:06,040 --> 00:55:08,200
Speaker 1: it from different directions and it feels like it keeps

1120
00:55:08,239 --> 00:55:10,600
Speaker 1: the same shape, you think it's, oh, it's one thing,

1121
00:55:10,920 --> 00:55:12,560
Speaker 1: whereas if you pick it up and it like falls

1122
00:55:12,560 --> 00:55:15,040
Speaker 1: into pieces, like, oh, it's a bunch of different stuff.

1123
00:55:15,080 --> 00:55:17,279
Speaker 1: It just happened to be near each other. And in

1124
00:55:17,320 --> 00:55:19,839
Speaker 1: that same way, the photon like fits in with these

1125
00:55:19,920 --> 00:55:23,879
Speaker 1: other three particles to make one cohesive mathematical object, which

1126
00:55:24,000 --> 00:55:27,560
Speaker 1: if you rotate in this like mathematical way, keeps its

1127
00:55:27,560 --> 00:55:29,600
Speaker 1: same shape. It conserves these numbers.

1128
00:55:29,719 --> 00:55:31,879
Speaker 2: All right, Well, I think that answers the question does

1129
00:55:31,920 --> 00:55:35,160
Speaker 2: the weak force attract or repel? And the answer is yes,

1130
00:55:35,680 --> 00:55:38,000
Speaker 2: But it's a little bit more complicated, right, because the

1131
00:55:38,040 --> 00:55:42,279
Speaker 2: force that transmits it also has charge and mass, and

1132
00:55:42,360 --> 00:55:45,880
Speaker 2: so it gets complicated. It's not a straight up relationship.

1133
00:55:45,880 --> 00:55:47,879
Speaker 1: It does get complicated. But I think it's pretty cool

1134
00:55:48,160 --> 00:55:50,239
Speaker 1: that we can use sort of the similar ideas we

1135
00:55:50,360 --> 00:55:54,440
Speaker 1: use to think about electricity and magnetism, charges and potentials

1136
00:55:54,719 --> 00:55:57,600
Speaker 1: to think about whether these things push and pull. And

1137
00:55:57,640 --> 00:55:59,600
Speaker 1: it's even much richer than we got to talk about

1138
00:55:59,640 --> 00:56:02,600
Speaker 1: on the podcast because there's two kinds of particles. There

1139
00:56:02,600 --> 00:56:06,000
Speaker 1: are left handed particles and right handed particles, and only

1140
00:56:06,040 --> 00:56:08,680
Speaker 1: the left handed particles actually do this kind of interaction.

1141
00:56:08,719 --> 00:56:11,359
Speaker 1: The right handed particles don't do it, So it's even

1142
00:56:11,360 --> 00:56:13,960
Speaker 1: more complicated than we talked about. The weak force is

1143
00:56:14,000 --> 00:56:18,120
Speaker 1: like a huge mathematical headache slash delicious.

1144
00:56:17,560 --> 00:56:22,400
Speaker 2: Puzzle slash weak strong problems kind of.

1145
00:56:23,480 --> 00:56:26,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's sort of like attracts and repels physicists.

1146
00:56:26,440 --> 00:56:28,920
Speaker 2: All right, Well, I guess maybe one last question is

1147
00:56:28,920 --> 00:56:31,520
Speaker 2: why did you find this question so hard? Like we

1148
00:56:31,640 --> 00:56:35,319
Speaker 2: broke it down and it seemed like something that you know,

1149
00:56:35,360 --> 00:56:37,279
Speaker 2: if two things have the same week, I just spend

1150
00:56:37,360 --> 00:56:41,040
Speaker 2: day repel or and if they don't, they attract. What

1151
00:56:41,120 --> 00:56:42,080
Speaker 2: was the thing that was stumping in.

1152
00:56:42,200 --> 00:56:43,920
Speaker 1: I think it's just because I never thought about the

1153
00:56:43,920 --> 00:56:46,400
Speaker 1: weak force in terms of its potential.

1154
00:56:46,040 --> 00:56:48,200
Speaker 2: You mean to push and pull, like its ability to

1155
00:56:48,280 --> 00:56:50,080
Speaker 2: push or pool things, just because it's so weak.

1156
00:56:50,160 --> 00:56:52,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, just because it's so weak. And also because frankly,

1157
00:56:52,440 --> 00:56:55,600
Speaker 1: there's some layers of mathematical complexity I'm hiding from you here,

1158
00:56:55,640 --> 00:56:58,760
Speaker 1: Like there's actually two different potentials that the Z has,

1159
00:56:59,080 --> 00:57:01,880
Speaker 1: that has an axl potential and an axial vector potential,

1160
00:57:02,160 --> 00:57:04,000
Speaker 1: And so I had to actually work through whether they're

1161
00:57:04,000 --> 00:57:06,959
Speaker 1: always working together or sometimes working apart from each other,

1162
00:57:07,280 --> 00:57:09,279
Speaker 1: as so whether or not we need to dig into that.

1163
00:57:09,680 --> 00:57:12,480
Speaker 1: So one issue was like how deep to go into this?

1164
00:57:12,560 --> 00:57:14,640
Speaker 1: You know, we could do like ten podcast episodes of

1165
00:57:15,040 --> 00:57:17,720
Speaker 1: quantum field theory engage symmetry before we get to the answer.

1166
00:57:17,760 --> 00:57:19,920
Speaker 2: All right, let's do it, Daniel, I got ten hours?

1167
00:57:20,360 --> 00:57:20,920
Speaker 1: All right?

1168
00:57:21,080 --> 00:57:23,439
Speaker 2: All right, well, thank you to the person who asked

1169
00:57:23,440 --> 00:57:26,240
Speaker 2: this question, the organic chemistry professor. I think you should

1170
00:57:26,240 --> 00:57:28,560
Speaker 2: watch out because Daniel might come to your office hours

1171
00:57:28,960 --> 00:57:31,120
Speaker 2: and lay down some tough organic chemistry.

1172
00:57:31,400 --> 00:57:35,200
Speaker 1: That sounds like a threat, man, an academic threat. He's

1173
00:57:35,240 --> 00:57:37,120
Speaker 1: going to be nervous every time he has office hours

1174
00:57:37,120 --> 00:57:37,600
Speaker 1: from now on.

1175
00:57:37,720 --> 00:57:39,360
Speaker 2: Oh man, he's going to be looking out for you.

1176
00:57:39,800 --> 00:57:42,360
Speaker 2: All right. Well, we hope you enjoyed that and made

1177
00:57:42,360 --> 00:57:44,680
Speaker 2: you think a little bit about all the things that

1178
00:57:44,720 --> 00:57:46,960
Speaker 2: are happening inside of your body right now. There's a

1179
00:57:46,960 --> 00:57:50,760
Speaker 2: lot of stuff going on between your particles, not just

1180
00:57:51,000 --> 00:57:54,920
Speaker 2: electromagnetic forces, but this really strange and complicated thing called

1181
00:57:54,920 --> 00:57:55,600
Speaker 2: the weak force.

1182
00:57:55,920 --> 00:57:59,040
Speaker 1: And all these forces working together are what create the

1183
00:57:59,040 --> 00:58:02,320
Speaker 1: fabric of reality that we experience around us. The world

1184
00:58:02,360 --> 00:58:05,080
Speaker 1: wouldn't be the same without just one of these forces.

1185
00:58:05,120 --> 00:58:08,800
Speaker 1: It would feel palpably different. It wouldn't be nearly as delicious.

1186
00:58:09,000 --> 00:58:11,400
Speaker 1: We might be those aliens that look at this landscape

1187
00:58:11,400 --> 00:58:14,000
Speaker 1: and go eh, if this had a weak force, it

1188
00:58:14,000 --> 00:58:15,240
Speaker 1: would be much cooler.

1189
00:58:15,360 --> 00:58:17,880
Speaker 2: That's right, it's two weak right now. It's a weak sauce.

1190
00:58:18,800 --> 00:58:20,840
Speaker 1: We should have called the weak force the spicy force

1191
00:58:20,960 --> 00:58:22,160
Speaker 1: to give it some pride, you know.

1192
00:58:22,560 --> 00:58:24,840
Speaker 2: Yeah, there you go, because it's not sort of not weak, right,

1193
00:58:25,080 --> 00:58:28,240
Speaker 2: it's sort of strong and it's a mathematical complexity.

1194
00:58:28,360 --> 00:58:29,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's doing a lot.

1195
00:58:29,640 --> 00:58:29,840
Speaker 10: Man.

1196
00:58:30,200 --> 00:58:33,200
Speaker 2: Yeah, maybe week is a new strong and isospin is

1197
00:58:33,200 --> 00:58:36,840
Speaker 2: a ne plus or minus. I don't know. Anyways, Thanks

1198
00:58:36,840 --> 00:58:38,760
Speaker 2: for joining us, See you next time.

1199
00:58:46,600 --> 00:58:49,400
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain

1200
00:58:49,440 --> 00:58:52,760
Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of iHeart Radio. For more

1201
00:58:52,800 --> 00:58:57,640
Speaker 1: podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or

1202
00:58:57,680 --> 00:59:11,360
Speaker 1: wherever you listen to your favorite shows. When you pop

1203
00:59:11,400 --> 00:59:13,400
Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not

1204
00:59:13,480 --> 00:59:16,400
Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the

1205
00:59:16,440 --> 00:59:19,760
Speaker 1: dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day

1206
00:59:19,800 --> 00:59:22,880
Speaker 1: to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources,

1207
00:59:22,880 --> 00:59:26,480
Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is US dairy

1208
00:59:26,520 --> 00:59:30,640
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors to turn

1209
00:59:30,640 --> 00:59:35,160
Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

1210
00:59:35,200 --> 00:59:39,440
Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit usdairy dot COM's Last Sustainability to

1211
00:59:39,560 --> 00:59:40,120
Speaker 1: learn more.

1212
00:59:41,080 --> 00:59:44,640
Speaker 3: Hi, I'm David Eagleman from the podcast Inner Cosmos, which

1213
00:59:44,680 --> 00:59:47,640
Speaker 3: recently hit the number one science podcast in America. I

1214
00:59:47,720 --> 00:59:51,440
Speaker 3: mean neuroscientists at Stanford and I've spent my career exploring

1215
00:59:51,520 --> 00:59:53,720
Speaker 3: the three pound universe in our heads.

1216
00:59:54,000 --> 00:59:57,040
Speaker 4: Join me weekly to explore the relationship.

1217
00:59:56,400 --> 00:59:59,360
Speaker 3: Between your brain and your life, Because the more we

1218
00:59:59,440 --> 01:00:02,160
Speaker 3: know about what's running under the hood bet or we

1219
01:00:02,200 --> 01:00:05,680
Speaker 3: can steer our lives. Listen to Inner Cosmos with David

1220
01:00:05,720 --> 01:00:09,240
Speaker 3: Eagleman on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you

1221
01:00:09,280 --> 01:00:10,400
Speaker 3: get your podcasts.

1222
01:00:10,960 --> 01:00:14,120
Speaker 5: I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast.

1223
01:00:14,680 --> 01:00:18,120
Speaker 5: Is the US elections approach? It can feel like we're

1224
01:00:18,160 --> 01:00:22,280
Speaker 5: angrier and more divided than ever, But in a new

1225
01:00:22,400 --> 01:00:25,360
Speaker 5: copule season of my podcast, I'll share with the Science,

1226
01:00:25,360 --> 01:00:28,720
Speaker 5: it really shows that we're surprisingly more united than most

1227
01:00:28,720 --> 01:00:29,280
Speaker 5: people think.

1228
01:00:29,560 --> 01:00:32,400
Speaker 6: We all know something is wrong in our culture and

1229
01:00:32,480 --> 01:00:35,160
Speaker 6: our politics, and that we need to do better and

1230
01:00:35,200 --> 01:00:36,240
Speaker 6: that we can be better.

1231
01:00:36,480 --> 01:00:40,240
Speaker 5: Listen on the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you

1232
01:00:40,320 --> 01:00:41,360
Speaker 5: listen to podcasts.