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Speaker 1: Welcomed, unobscured a production of I Heart Radio and Aaron Minky.

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Speaker 1: Kate Fox was in London in love and the first

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Speaker 1: in line. The brilliant chemist William Crooks was investigating spiritualism,

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Speaker 1: and where better to begin than with a girl who

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Speaker 1: started it all. After Leah's celebrity appearance at the London

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Speaker 1: Art Gathery, her wealthy friends put their heads together and

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Speaker 1: determined that Kate needed to be pulled away from Maggie's influence.

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Speaker 1: They agreed there could be no better change of scene

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Speaker 1: for her than British high society. Their money rolled out

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Speaker 1: the red carpet for Kate. Traveling companions and pocket money

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Speaker 1: were hers to command. She arrived dressed in fine new clothing.

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Speaker 1: Her parting from Maggie might have been painful, but the

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Speaker 1: optimism of her friends lifted Kate's spirits, and the sensation

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Speaker 1: that greeted her only raised them higher. Society receptions brought

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Speaker 1: with them some very welcome attention. Foremost among Kate's new

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Speaker 1: admirers was the British lawyer Henry Yunkan strikingly handsome and

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Speaker 1: an accomplished spiritualist writer. He had a magnetism that Kate

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Speaker 1: couldn't deny. But even as she held seances, appeared in

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Speaker 1: London spiritualist newspapers and saw more of Henry Well. Kate

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Speaker 1: also found a glass back in her hand. That was

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Speaker 1: the brandy. There was always the brandy, but there was

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Speaker 1: no time to fight it. Kate began a series of

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Speaker 1: tests with the scientist William Crooks. He had once hired

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Speaker 1: Henry for legal advice on some of his business ventures,

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Speaker 1: and the two men were friends. Now William Crooks was

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Speaker 1: on a hunt to identify the spectral energies that flowed

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Speaker 1: through a seance. Soon enough, Kate was navigating not only

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Speaker 1: Henry Yunkin's overtures but also William's prime. The scientist tried

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Speaker 1: to stop her from giving any seances without him. He

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Speaker 1: didn't mind that she was an alcoholic. He may have

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Speaker 1: even agreed with her opinion that when the alcohol shattered

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Speaker 1: her conscious mind, it made her more open to the spirits.

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Speaker 1: The results, as he would record them, were astounding for

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Speaker 1: power and certainty. I have met with no one who

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Speaker 1: at all approached Miss Kate Fox, he wrote, in a

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Speaker 1: rush of enthusiasm. It seems only necessary for her to

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Speaker 1: place her hand on any substance for loud thuds to

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Speaker 1: be heard. I have heard them in a living tree,

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Speaker 1: on a sheet of glass, on stretched iron wire, on

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Speaker 1: a stretched membrane, a tambourine, on the roof of a cab,

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Speaker 1: and on the floor of a theater. I have heard

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Speaker 1: them on a glass harmonicon. I have felt them on

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Speaker 1: my shoulder and under my own hands. Things came to

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Speaker 1: a head though, when Crooks tried to push Henry away

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Speaker 1: from Kate, because it forced her to choose. Did she

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Speaker 1: want to continue submitting to the chemist's badgering and drink

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Speaker 1: away her frustrations, or did she want to choose a

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Speaker 1: life with Henry, who offered her his arms and his

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Speaker 1: opulent townhouse as refuge. One spring afternoon, Kate and Henry

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Speaker 1: were walking together through a friend's manicured gardens. He dropped

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Speaker 1: to a knee and took her hand. He asked her

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Speaker 1: to marry him. In response, Kate burst into tears. She

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Speaker 1: confessed her addiction and the cycles of recovery and relapse

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Speaker 1: that had kept her going back to the Swedish Movement

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Speaker 1: Cure Hospital for as long as she had lived in

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Speaker 1: New York. But Henry was insistent Kate followed in Leah's footsteps.

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Speaker 1: The New York Herald reported that at Kate's wedding, joyful

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Speaker 1: spirits raised the banquet table from the floor in salute.

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Speaker 1: Kate sat with William Crooks for a few more tests,

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Speaker 1: but not long after her marriage, Kate had a good

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Speaker 1: reason to finally cut them all off together. She was pregnant,

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Speaker 1: so William Crooks had to turn his investigations to others.

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Speaker 1: Fortunately for him, there were plenty of other mediums with

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Speaker 1: wealthy benefactors willing to fund his experiments. In eighteen seventy three,

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Speaker 1: Cora a fived in England and she began to appear

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Speaker 1: in the chemist records assisting with his experiments. Assisting, that is,

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Speaker 1: because William Crooks had already focused his attentions on another medium,

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Speaker 1: Daniel Hume. He had been the favorite of the wealthy

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Speaker 1: and powerful for years, and his displays had gone from

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Speaker 1: eye catching the downright astonishing. Daniel had been examined by

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Speaker 1: a slew of professionals. He had lost court cases and

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Speaker 1: fortunes with them. He'd been ridiculed by the poet Robert Browning,

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Speaker 1: and performed seances in France for Napoleon the Third. He

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Speaker 1: had even married into the Russian nobility before losing his

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Speaker 1: wife to tuberculosis. In eighteen seventy three. The Earl of

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Speaker 1: Dunraven had just published a celebration of Daniel's mediumship. Now

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Speaker 1: Crooks was publishing astonishing reports about measuring Daniel's psychic force.

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Speaker 1: Claims and counterclaims that rose up in response kept London buzzing.

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Speaker 1: Those debates went on even after Daniel Hume left England.

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Speaker 1: He returned to Russia, where he married a second heiress, and,

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Speaker 1: like so many others, he retired from mediumship. Storms, contests,

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Speaker 1: arguments and investigations would go on, stirring the public interest.

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Speaker 1: But Daniel had risen into the upper echelons of European nobility.

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Speaker 1: Now he considered himself above spiritualism as well. His last

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Speaker 1: years in Russia, France and Italy were spent in comfort,

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Speaker 1: and that final retirement into a life of ease was

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Speaker 1: just one more reason that Daniel Hume was remarkable. This

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Speaker 1: is unobscured. I'm Aaron manky H. New York City was

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Speaker 1: a boiling cauldron. Victoria Woodhall had beaten the Wall Street

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Speaker 1: casino when she made her run on Gold at the

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Speaker 1: end of eighteen sixty nine, but she didn't take her

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Speaker 1: fortune and withdraw from the public debate. The public had

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Speaker 1: tested spiritualist mediums for decades now, she wanted to turn

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Speaker 1: the tables. So when the New York Herald, excited by

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Speaker 1: the novelty of the first woman stockbroker, offered Victoria a

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Speaker 1: weekly column, she accepted. In her first article, she wrote,

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Speaker 1: while others of my sex devoted themselves to crusade against

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Speaker 1: the laws that shackle women in this country, I asserted

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Speaker 1: my individual into pendance, believing as I do, that the

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Speaker 1: prejudices which still exist against women in public life will

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Speaker 1: soon disappear. I now announced myself as candidate for the presidency.

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Speaker 1: That's right, Victoria Woodhull was running for president. She decided

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Speaker 1: to live the part too. Victoria left the house where

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Speaker 1: the spirit of Demosthenes has sent her. She took her

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Speaker 1: family and moved into a mansion in New York's Murray Hill,

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Speaker 1: just off Fifth Avenue. It was a massive and luxurious

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Speaker 1: home with columns and high windows. But if it all

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Speaker 1: made Victoria feel more legitimate, it didn't sway the opinion

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Speaker 1: of New Yorker's most still thought. Her announcement was only

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Speaker 1: a joke, as the pages of the New York newspapers testified.

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Speaker 1: Soon Victoria realized she needed to do more than just

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Speaker 1: make money and make pronouncements. She needed to make friends

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Speaker 1: and build power, and she needed a newspaper of her

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Speaker 1: own to do that. So in May, Victoria and her

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Speaker 1: sister Tenny launched a new magazine. They called it wood

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Speaker 1: Hole in Claughland's Weekly. Raising a banner like that brought allies.

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Speaker 1: One in particular, whose wild writing was just victorious style.

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Speaker 1: He considered himself a planetary grand master of all the Freemasons,

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Speaker 1: his words, not mine. He wanted to bring down the

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Speaker 1: powers that be and install himself as pantarch, benevolent ruler

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Speaker 1: of the world. Most people, though, just called him Stephen

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Speaker 1: Pearl Andrews. Here's author Mary Gabriel. He was one of

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Speaker 1: these fringe figures in the United States who had dabbled

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Speaker 1: in everything philosophy, journalism, academics, a bit of politics. And

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Speaker 1: so he came to her as a journalist and said,

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Speaker 1: you know, I can help you edit this paper. And

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Speaker 1: in fact, she was so busy launching her political career

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Speaker 1: and juggling so many things that she handed it off

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Speaker 1: to him with Blood supervising and Stephen Pearl Andrews under

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Speaker 1: his direction, the Woodhull and Claughland's Weekly became an incredible,

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Speaker 1: creaking Oregon. He was afraid of no one. No one

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Speaker 1: else was publishing articles attacking marriage as the shoals that

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Speaker 1: wrecked American women. No one else in polite society was

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Speaker 1: publishing articles about the New York Police working as hired

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Speaker 1: guns for its brothels. No one else was perceptively exposing

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Speaker 1: the frauds and hijinks of Wall Streets capitalists. After all,

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Speaker 1: what other papers were helmed by Cornelius Vanderbilt's personal medium.

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Speaker 1: Victoria had the inside scoop on the predatory schemes of

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Speaker 1: the insurance company boardrooms and the railroad tycoons. So Stephen

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Speaker 1: and Victoria came out swinging. By the fall of eighteen seventy,

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Speaker 1: the paper was flying out to twenty thousand readers. Still,

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Speaker 1: Victoria was a candidate without a party. She was an

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Speaker 1: outsider to spiritualist circles and a newcomer to the cause

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Speaker 1: of women's rights. But with Stephen Pearl Andrews guiding the magazine,

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Speaker 1: Victoria could set her mind on Washington, and she finally

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Speaker 1: found an ally there as well. Soon enough, Massachusetts Congressman

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Speaker 1: Beast Butler strolled into Victoria's luxurious mansion to make her acquaintance.

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Speaker 1: He had seized New Orleans with the Union Army, he

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Speaker 1: had impeached a president with his radical congress. Now he'd

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Speaker 1: heard a new call, one that demanded votes for women,

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Speaker 1: and he came to lend his aid. Victoria and Butler

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Speaker 1: plotted ways to put her in front of a Congressional

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Speaker 1: committee to read an argument for women's suffrage. The newly

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Speaker 1: past fourteenth Amendment recognized the rights of all people born

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Speaker 1: or naturalized in the United States, and because women were people,

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Speaker 1: they had the right to vote as well. It was

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Speaker 1: that simple. When Butler introduced Victoria to the House Judiciary

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Speaker 1: Committee in January of eighteen seventy one, she was joined

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Speaker 1: by Susan B. Anthony, and she was the first woman

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Speaker 1: to address a Congressional committee in American history, and that

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Speaker 1: success brought others. The first invitations came from women's rights groups.

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Speaker 1: Victoria started speaking to gatherings around New York. Soon some

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Speaker 1: newspapers were calling women's rights activists wood holds women, much

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Speaker 1: to the frustration of longtime leaders like Elizabeth Katie Stanton,

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Speaker 1: but others wanted Victoria's novel and inspiring presence. She spoke

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Speaker 1: at the Cooper Institute to a labor meeting in that spring,

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Speaker 1: and as she made circuits through various reform groups who

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Speaker 1: saw her new prominence as a sign of hope, Victoria

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Speaker 1: started to imagine a new political party that could unite

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Speaker 1: them into something real. In fact, Victoria was elected president

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Speaker 1: that fall. When she arrived at a meeting of the

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Speaker 1: American Association of Spiritualists, she found a group that was

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Speaker 1: hardly as large as their name promised. It seemed that

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Speaker 1: battles between trance speakers and materialization mediums throughout the eighteen

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Speaker 1: sixties had whittled down their numbers, but Victoria spoke anyway. Eventually,

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Speaker 1: her lecture brought her to her favorite subject, the toxic

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Speaker 1: institution of marriage and the double standard that crushed women

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Speaker 1: for things their husbands did without shame. A heated debate

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Speaker 1: followed at the meeting, both over changing the meaning of

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Speaker 1: marriage and about Victoria herself. Was she the spiritualist whispered

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Speaker 1: a free lover? Still, despite the controversy, and despite Victoria's

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Speaker 1: visit among them being her first, they decided she was

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Speaker 1: now the right person to lead them. When their votes

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Speaker 1: came in, Victoria was president of the American Association of Spiritualists.

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Speaker 1: The choice sent ripples of concern through spirit circles around

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Speaker 1: the country. Victoria traveled to speak across Pennsylvania, Ohio, and

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Speaker 1: Michigan in the fall of eighte She was met with

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Speaker 1: and trailed by hushed voices. She gained followers along the way, too,

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Speaker 1: but the rumors also grew. The word had gone round

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Speaker 1: that Victoria was living in her New York mansion with

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Speaker 1: both of her husband's James Blood and Kenning Woodhall. A

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Speaker 1: fight between James and her mother had reached the court,

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Speaker 1: and the press had published the revelations of their unusual

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Speaker 1: home life. For decades, concerns over free love ism had

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Speaker 1: kept some women's rights activists from embracing spiritualism and its

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Speaker 1: radical impulses. The fever came to a head that November

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Speaker 1: when Victoria took the stage at New York's Steinway Hall

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Speaker 1: and gave a talk she advertised as Principles of Social Freedom.

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Speaker 1: The hall was packed, thousands more milled outside. Victoria took

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Speaker 1: the stage and began to lay out in stark terms

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Speaker 1: that women needed the same freedoms as men, the freedom

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Speaker 1: to end a bad marriage, the freedom to start over

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Speaker 1: without being condemned by society. In fact, she said marriages

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Speaker 1: without love were adultery and marriage laws should be repealed.

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Speaker 1: This message shocked the crowd into an angry upheaval, but

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Speaker 1: that's because it wasn't direct enough. They wanted something more.

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Speaker 1: Someone in the crowd shouted the question they all wanted, answered,

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Speaker 1: are you a free lover? Here's Mary Gabriel. Once again,

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Speaker 1: Victoria flat and read, Hi, Yes, I'm a free lover.

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Speaker 1: I have an inalienable, constitutional, and natural right to love

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Speaker 1: whom I may to love as long or short a

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Speaker 1: period as I can, to change that love every day

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Speaker 1: if I please, And with that right, neither you nor

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Speaker 1: any law you can frame have any right to interfere.

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Speaker 1: So with that statement, Victoria became, really, I would say,

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Speaker 1: without doubt, the most notorious woman on the speaking circuit

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Speaker 1: in the United States. Victoria's words dropped like a hammer

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Speaker 1: on her political aspirations. The New York Herald called her

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Speaker 1: speech the most astonishing doctrine to ever be heard in America.

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Speaker 1: Victoria had admitted to being the thing her accusers shouted

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Speaker 1: about the loudest. The president of the Spiritualists, who wanted

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Speaker 1: to be the president of the nation, was a free

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Speaker 1: lover for the women of her world. This was a

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Speaker 1: radical liberty. But the question now hung in the air.

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Speaker 1: Could Victoria continue building power or would this public confession

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Speaker 1: of something so hated shatter her life into pieces. The

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Speaker 1: land of the free, Sojourner Truth still saw that vision

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Speaker 1: of a future held out to Black Americans. The political

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Speaker 1: radicalism of the Spiritualists in New York was shaking its

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Speaker 1: lecture halls and printing presses. That was Sojourner Truth style,

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Speaker 1: just as she had done decades before. By now, though,

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Speaker 1: Sojourner couldn't keep the same pace of lecturing and, as

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Speaker 1: she called it, agitating. But she had lived long enough

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Speaker 1: to see emancipation still following the voices of the spirits

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Speaker 1: and the voice of God, she knew the work wasn't

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Speaker 1: finished quite yet. Like so many Spiritualists, she supported the

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Speaker 1: work now to get women the vote and something else

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Speaker 1: that was just as close to her heart. She wanted

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Speaker 1: to see a place in the United States where Black

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Speaker 1: Americans could live in peace. Sojourner had found places for

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Speaker 1: herself in the American landscape. She had purchased land in Rochester,

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Speaker 1: New York, as well as in Battle Creek, Michigan. They

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Speaker 1: were homes where her daughters now lived. Ever since the

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Speaker 1: end of the Civil War, when she worked with Amy

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Speaker 1: Post to shelter freed people around Rochester, she had kept

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Speaker 1: up that search in the eighteen seventies, even as she

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Speaker 1: approached the threshold of her own death. She pressed on

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Speaker 1: in her work. Here's historian Margaret Washington. I think that

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Speaker 1: is the culminating point of her life, although she continues

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Speaker 1: to be active. She's very active in the anti capital

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Speaker 1: punishment movement and the temperance movement. But I think that

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Speaker 1: in terms of her service to African Americans, it is

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Speaker 1: the petition movement to create a black homeland in the West,

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Speaker 1: because black homeland is the mantra right. It first starts

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Speaker 1: with trying to get them settled in the West. And

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Speaker 1: there's no question that she saw the need. On a

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Speaker 1: visit to Washington in eighteen seventies, she saw how many

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Speaker 1: freed people were still without homes and jobs in the capital.

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Speaker 1: Elsewhere across the country, the government was carving open land

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Speaker 1: for the railroad magnates and offering ownership to white homesteaders.

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Speaker 1: The government has given land to the railroads in the West,

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Speaker 1: she told one audience, so why couldn't it do so

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Speaker 1: much for the people whose labor had built the country's wealth.

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Speaker 1: With that in mind, she traveled throughout New England, selling

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Speaker 1: photographs of herself and asking her fellow reformers to add

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Speaker 1: their names to her request that Congress should provide homes

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Speaker 1: for black Americans on federal land. After being invited to

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Speaker 1: a meeting of the American Women's Suffrage Association in Boston,

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00:17:40,640 --> 00:17:44,080
Speaker 1: Sojourner gave a fiery speech defending women's right to vote

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Speaker 1: and included a call for land and education for the

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Speaker 1: freed people. When one of the leaders of the meeting

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Speaker 1: asked so journal to be brief, she shot back that

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Speaker 1: she would speak when the spirit moved her, not when

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Speaker 1: people moved her, which, in her defense, had always been

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Speaker 1: so journals way. The spirit moved Sojourner into the halls

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Speaker 1: of Congress to see her petition brought up for discussion,

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Speaker 1: but despite the number of people who had signed it,

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Speaker 1: she was let down. Benjamin beast Butler, her trusted radical,

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Speaker 1: never even brought the motion to the floor, even without

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Speaker 1: a bill to support them. Though black Southerners were leaving

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Speaker 1: the South to settle in the Western States in the

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Speaker 1: years that followed, Sojourner said she traveled to greet them

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Speaker 1: in the Land of John Brown, as she called it,

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Speaker 1: and it was in Topeka, Kansas, that Sojourner found a

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Speaker 1: movement of people arriving to start over. They had begun

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Speaker 1: their move in Louisiana. The years after the Mechanics Institute

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Speaker 1: massacre in eighteen sixty six had not been easy in

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Speaker 1: New Orleans. But while some Black Southerners marched north and

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00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:49,359
Speaker 1: west to settle at a distance from the trials of

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Speaker 1: the city, others, like the Sir Carmonique, stayed put, and

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Speaker 1: the spirit moved them as well, to continue remaking their

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Speaker 1: city itself into the land of the free. When JB.

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00:19:01,040 --> 00:19:04,399
Speaker 1: Valmore died in eighteen sixty nine, the Sir Carmonique shrank

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Speaker 1: by one member, but of course he didn't leave them. Henri,

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00:19:08,040 --> 00:19:11,400
Speaker 1: who brought the cirque together before the war and reunited

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Speaker 1: it after it was over, recorded messages from his dead friend.

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Speaker 1: He wrote that Valmore came back in part to forgive

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Speaker 1: on re for any tensions in their partnership and to

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Speaker 1: urge the circle to continue their work so no. Losing

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00:19:25,680 --> 00:19:29,240
Speaker 1: one of their leaders didn't slow the Sircarmonique down. In fact,

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00:19:29,280 --> 00:19:31,600
Speaker 1: it was in the first years of the eighteen seventies

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Speaker 1: that Henri and the other spiritualists in the circle were

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Speaker 1: at their most active. One of their members, who owned

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00:19:36,960 --> 00:19:40,080
Speaker 1: a cigar shop, began hosting their seances, and the fate

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00:19:40,119 --> 00:19:42,320
Speaker 1: of the city again came to the four in the

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00:19:42,400 --> 00:19:46,760
Speaker 1: messages they received from spirit visitors. While the spirits of

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00:19:46,880 --> 00:19:50,600
Speaker 1: loved ones like Henri's father and now JB. Valmore continued

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00:19:50,640 --> 00:19:53,720
Speaker 1: to visit their seance tables, it was the warnings against

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00:19:53,720 --> 00:19:56,159
Speaker 1: the greed of materialism that rose to the top of

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Speaker 1: their concerns. Over and over, the spirits emphasized politics of

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00:20:00,840 --> 00:20:04,080
Speaker 1: greed created unfair divisions between the rich and the poor.

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00:20:04,720 --> 00:20:07,879
Speaker 1: As the spirit of JB. Valmore reminded the circle he

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00:20:07,920 --> 00:20:11,200
Speaker 1: had been a humble blacksmith, but in the Circle of Harmony,

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Speaker 1: his love and charity paved the way for him to

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00:20:14,000 --> 00:20:18,040
Speaker 1: be a true apostle. He was a reminder that Henri

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00:20:18,160 --> 00:20:20,520
Speaker 1: would take to heart as his position in the city

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00:20:20,560 --> 00:20:23,840
Speaker 1: continued to rise in eighteen seventy, he was appointed to

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Speaker 1: be the tax assessor for the city's third district and

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00:20:26,800 --> 00:20:30,240
Speaker 1: then director of a parish school board. While Sojourner worked

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00:20:30,240 --> 00:20:32,919
Speaker 1: a secure education for the freed people of the West,

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00:20:33,320 --> 00:20:36,320
Speaker 1: Henri did the same for the black community in New Orleans.

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Speaker 1: Here's historian Emily Clark. He serves a term in the

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Speaker 1: Louisiana legislature. He serves on a school board, not the

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Speaker 1: school board of his father, but for public schools. They've

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00:20:49,280 --> 00:20:53,400
Speaker 1: got a pretty respectable home in the Tremain neighborhood, kind

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00:20:53,440 --> 00:20:58,560
Speaker 1: of living a New Orleans middle class what we might

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Speaker 1: call middle class for the re contry Auction period life.

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Speaker 1: As un resettled into the city's public life, the spirits

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00:21:07,480 --> 00:21:10,040
Speaker 1: continued to urge him and the other members of the

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Speaker 1: cirque to remember the poor. The message came from them

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Speaker 1: from the spirit of Senator Daniel Webster, who inspired Unrea's ambitions,

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Speaker 1: but it also came from anonymous spirits who drew his sympathy.

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Speaker 1: Once the spirit of a woman arrived at a seance

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Speaker 1: and simply said that she was one who suffered. The

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00:21:28,440 --> 00:21:32,400
Speaker 1: explanation of that suffering could have been printed by Victoria Woodhall.

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Speaker 1: This nameless woman was born to a wealthy family, she

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00:21:35,960 --> 00:21:39,280
Speaker 1: told the circle, but she married a predator. He scooped

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00:21:39,359 --> 00:21:42,359
Speaker 1: up her inheritance and then abandoned her. In the years

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00:21:42,400 --> 00:21:45,240
Speaker 1: that followed, she had supported herself through sex work, but

340
00:21:45,359 --> 00:21:48,240
Speaker 1: found no one to help her until she crossed into death.

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Speaker 1: Now she said she was comforted by Mary Magdalen the

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00:21:52,160 --> 00:21:55,240
Speaker 1: New Orleans at the seance table of men. Her radical

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00:21:55,280 --> 00:21:58,840
Speaker 1: message came across clearly. A society that would judge and

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00:21:58,880 --> 00:22:05,760
Speaker 1: punish women for reviving abuse was unjust. A society in harmony, however,

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00:22:05,920 --> 00:22:09,280
Speaker 1: would look like something new, Not a hierarchy, but a

346
00:22:09,320 --> 00:22:12,439
Speaker 1: circle where the poor were lifted up and men and

347
00:22:12,480 --> 00:22:15,040
Speaker 1: women joined hands to seek out the wisdom of the

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00:22:15,080 --> 00:22:18,480
Speaker 1: past and map out the future. And it was a

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00:22:18,520 --> 00:22:22,600
Speaker 1: future Henri and the others we're still willing to fight for.

350
00:22:30,359 --> 00:22:33,560
Speaker 1: Theodore Tilton knew what the future looked like. He had

351
00:22:33,560 --> 00:22:36,600
Speaker 1: fallen in love, first with the writings of Karl Marx,

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00:22:36,720 --> 00:22:40,000
Speaker 1: who inspired his belief in a democracy that could overthrow

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Speaker 1: the rich and powerful, and second with a fierce woman

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Speaker 1: who was determined to do the same, a woman by

355
00:22:46,440 --> 00:22:51,560
Speaker 1: the name of Victoria Woodhull. Through seventy one, while Victoria

356
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Speaker 1: was campaigning for president and publishing the dirt on her

357
00:22:54,840 --> 00:22:57,800
Speaker 1: enemies among the rich and powerful, she was also spending

358
00:22:57,920 --> 00:23:00,600
Speaker 1: a lot of time with Tilton. Still then had flown

359
00:23:00,600 --> 00:23:02,960
Speaker 1: into the public eye as a journalist and as a

360
00:23:02,960 --> 00:23:06,600
Speaker 1: protege of Henry Ward Beecher, New York City's celebrity pastor,

361
00:23:06,960 --> 00:23:09,920
Speaker 1: and that year his journalistic eye turned toward a conflict

362
00:23:09,960 --> 00:23:13,159
Speaker 1: that would grow more important over the coming decade. Here's

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00:23:13,240 --> 00:23:17,600
Speaker 1: Mary Gabriel once again. The kind of conversations that were

364
00:23:17,680 --> 00:23:21,840
Speaker 1: murmured before the Civil War in the eighteen forties, and

365
00:23:21,880 --> 00:23:25,240
Speaker 1: the kind of revolutions that occurred in eighteen forty eight,

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Speaker 1: and the discussions and the political arguments that began to

367
00:23:28,840 --> 00:23:31,639
Speaker 1: heat up erupted in the Civil War in the United States,

368
00:23:31,640 --> 00:23:35,320
Speaker 1: But afterwards they didn't die down. In fact, groups coalesced,

369
00:23:35,320 --> 00:23:37,080
Speaker 1: and two of the most powerful groups to call us

370
00:23:37,240 --> 00:23:40,119
Speaker 1: were labor unions. And this was something that was happening

371
00:23:40,119 --> 00:23:41,719
Speaker 1: in Europe. And in fact, once again, when we can

372
00:23:41,720 --> 00:23:44,600
Speaker 1: talk about Carl Marks, because he had formed in eighteen

373
00:23:44,640 --> 00:23:49,159
Speaker 1: sixty four something called the International working Men's Association, and

374
00:23:49,200 --> 00:23:52,720
Speaker 1: the International working Men's Association had already made its mark

375
00:23:52,800 --> 00:23:55,800
Speaker 1: on history. Mars was in London, but some of the

376
00:23:55,800 --> 00:23:59,040
Speaker 1: group's French members had joined a revolution in France. They

377
00:23:59,040 --> 00:24:01,439
Speaker 1: had seized Paris and ruled for two months in the

378
00:24:01,480 --> 00:24:05,200
Speaker 1: spring of eighteen seventy one. They called their government the Commune.

379
00:24:06,320 --> 00:24:09,400
Speaker 1: Anxiety about the same thing happening in the United States

380
00:24:09,400 --> 00:24:13,159
Speaker 1: bubbled from the New York newspapers, but the Spiritualists weren't worried.

381
00:24:13,359 --> 00:24:15,680
Speaker 1: In fact, the Banner of Light proclaimed to its readers

382
00:24:15,720 --> 00:24:18,040
Speaker 1: that the principles of the Commune were the same as

383
00:24:18,080 --> 00:24:21,760
Speaker 1: the principles of spiritualist seedbeds like Hopedale. To a reformer

384
00:24:21,840 --> 00:24:26,600
Speaker 1: like Tilton, their argument was extremely convincing. With Tilton now

385
00:24:26,640 --> 00:24:29,120
Speaker 1: on their team, Victoria and Tenny decided to make their

386
00:24:29,119 --> 00:24:33,360
Speaker 1: newspaper a mouthpiece for the International. As their publicist, Victoria

387
00:24:33,520 --> 00:24:36,520
Speaker 1: became an organizer for the International in New York. She

388
00:24:36,560 --> 00:24:39,280
Speaker 1: gathered workers to her meetings and sent word to Marx

389
00:24:39,320 --> 00:24:42,120
Speaker 1: that he had followers in New York City. Soon enough,

390
00:24:42,359 --> 00:24:46,320
Speaker 1: Victoria's cohorts were recognized as Section twelve of the International

391
00:24:46,400 --> 00:24:50,240
Speaker 1: working Men's Association. And if they were going to turn

392
00:24:50,280 --> 00:24:53,720
Speaker 1: their weekly newspaper into the mouthpiece of the Working man's movement.

393
00:24:53,960 --> 00:24:56,520
Speaker 1: They were going to go all the way. Victoria had

394
00:24:56,560 --> 00:25:00,080
Speaker 1: never done anything less, So on December eighteen seven, he

395
00:25:00,200 --> 00:25:04,199
Speaker 1: one Woodhall and Clafland's Weekly published the Communist Manifesto in

396
00:25:04,280 --> 00:25:08,040
Speaker 1: English for the first time. At first, Tilton was introducing

397
00:25:08,119 --> 00:25:11,960
Speaker 1: Victoria at lectures, then he was defending her in his articles,

398
00:25:12,000 --> 00:25:14,960
Speaker 1: and he was there by her side when Victoria's kaleidoscope

399
00:25:14,960 --> 00:25:17,640
Speaker 1: of radical allies announced that they were forming a new

400
00:25:17,680 --> 00:25:21,800
Speaker 1: political movement, the Equal Rights Party. They took Victoria as

401
00:25:21,800 --> 00:25:25,400
Speaker 1: their presidential nominee and invited Frederick Douglas to run as

402
00:25:25,400 --> 00:25:29,399
Speaker 1: her vice president. Tilton even wrote a glowing biography of

403
00:25:29,440 --> 00:25:32,240
Speaker 1: her that was rushed to press to support her presidential run.

404
00:25:32,680 --> 00:25:35,240
Speaker 1: It was very good for Victoria. It may even have

405
00:25:35,320 --> 00:25:37,440
Speaker 1: been the main reason she was elected president of the

406
00:25:37,480 --> 00:25:40,720
Speaker 1: Association of Spiritualists. But even as Tilton was learning the

407
00:25:40,760 --> 00:25:43,960
Speaker 1: story of victorious life, she was learning his as well.

408
00:25:44,400 --> 00:25:47,920
Speaker 1: And this is where gossip turned to scandal. Because Theodore

409
00:25:47,960 --> 00:25:50,800
Speaker 1: Tilton was rowing with Victoria on the river, He was

410
00:25:50,840 --> 00:25:55,200
Speaker 1: eating late dinners of chicken cake and champagne inside her bedroom.

411
00:25:55,400 --> 00:25:57,880
Speaker 1: He was spending nights alone with her on her mansion's

412
00:25:57,920 --> 00:26:02,040
Speaker 1: roof and what she learned, well, it made her angry

413
00:26:02,080 --> 00:26:05,160
Speaker 1: because among Tilton's stories was the revelation that for years

414
00:26:05,280 --> 00:26:07,600
Speaker 1: Henry Ward beach Her had carried on an affair with

415
00:26:07,640 --> 00:26:10,040
Speaker 1: Tilton's wife. In fact, it was one of the events

416
00:26:10,040 --> 00:26:13,320
Speaker 1: that had driven Tilton into Victoria's arms. And I hope

417
00:26:13,320 --> 00:26:16,600
Speaker 1: you can see why she was so enraged. Victoria had

418
00:26:16,640 --> 00:26:18,800
Speaker 1: declared to the world that she was a free lover,

419
00:26:19,000 --> 00:26:21,440
Speaker 1: and it had sent a storm of hate and judgment

420
00:26:21,520 --> 00:26:25,200
Speaker 1: to rain down upon her. Heck, political cartoonist Thomas Nast

421
00:26:25,359 --> 00:26:28,560
Speaker 1: even published a cartoon about her that called her Mrs Satan.

422
00:26:29,320 --> 00:26:31,960
Speaker 1: But now she had learned that New York's darling minister,

423
00:26:32,280 --> 00:26:34,520
Speaker 1: the man who could do no wrong in the public eye,

424
00:26:34,720 --> 00:26:38,840
Speaker 1: had actually committed a much bigger sin. Naturally, she was livid,

425
00:26:39,119 --> 00:26:41,720
Speaker 1: and so she did the only thing she knew. She

426
00:26:41,840 --> 00:26:47,680
Speaker 1: published Here's Mary Gabriel once again. And so in her

427
00:26:47,720 --> 00:26:51,280
Speaker 1: newspaper in October in eighteen seventy two, she decided to

428
00:26:51,280 --> 00:26:54,919
Speaker 1: tell the story of the Beach Your Tilton affair, and

429
00:26:55,040 --> 00:26:58,440
Speaker 1: in black and white. In this newspaper she went into

430
00:26:58,480 --> 00:27:02,160
Speaker 1: all the gory details and exposed him for who he

431
00:27:02,280 --> 00:27:05,359
Speaker 1: was and brought down this house of cards, which was

432
00:27:05,600 --> 00:27:11,080
Speaker 1: the Beecher family, the Congregational Church in Brooklyn, the religious

433
00:27:11,119 --> 00:27:16,120
Speaker 1: pillar upon which so much of the moral American myth

434
00:27:16,400 --> 00:27:19,359
Speaker 1: was built. She brought it down in that article, and

435
00:27:19,440 --> 00:27:26,240
Speaker 1: the issue flew off the stands. In response, the Beecher family,

436
00:27:26,480 --> 00:27:30,679
Speaker 1: especially Henry's sister Harriet Beecher Stow, went into overdrive to

437
00:27:30,720 --> 00:27:34,679
Speaker 1: defend him. Court battles and published attacks racked Victoria and

438
00:27:34,680 --> 00:27:39,280
Speaker 1: eventually drained her fortune. Worst of all, Cornelius Vanderbilt withdrew

439
00:27:39,359 --> 00:27:42,719
Speaker 1: his support. She had become a liability to the women's

440
00:27:42,760 --> 00:27:46,560
Speaker 1: movement too. In the months that followed, Victoria was set adrift.

441
00:27:48,160 --> 00:27:53,840
Speaker 1: And so Victoria, in taking that rash step, basically ended

442
00:27:53,840 --> 00:27:57,399
Speaker 1: her political career. Ironically, it was the month before she

443
00:27:57,480 --> 00:27:59,760
Speaker 1: was on the ballot as a presidential candidate that she

444
00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:01,879
Speaker 1: at this piece, or that she allowed this piece to

445
00:28:01,880 --> 00:28:05,400
Speaker 1: be published in her newspaper, and on the morning of

446
00:28:05,440 --> 00:28:10,880
Speaker 1: the election day she was in jail for having distributed

447
00:28:10,960 --> 00:28:16,800
Speaker 1: that newspaper through the mail, thereby violating u S obsanity laws.

448
00:28:18,560 --> 00:28:21,159
Speaker 1: And it wasn't just the political support in the United

449
00:28:21,200 --> 00:28:23,800
Speaker 1: States that was pulled out from under her. When Karl

450
00:28:23,880 --> 00:28:27,120
Speaker 1: Marx called a meeting of the International working Man's Association

451
00:28:27,200 --> 00:28:29,919
Speaker 1: later that year, they looked right at Section twelve in

452
00:28:29,960 --> 00:28:33,520
Speaker 1: New York and made a decision any section of their

453
00:28:33,640 --> 00:28:38,080
Speaker 1: organization had to be strictly materialist. Not only was Victoria's

454
00:28:38,080 --> 00:28:41,880
Speaker 1: New York chapter awash and scandal and fighting for women's rights,

455
00:28:42,120 --> 00:28:44,960
Speaker 1: but it was also heated by the fires of spiritualism

456
00:28:45,000 --> 00:28:48,080
Speaker 1: and guided by the voices of the dead. As far

457
00:28:48,120 --> 00:28:51,920
Speaker 1: as Marx was concerned, Section twelve was an embarrassment. As

458
00:28:51,960 --> 00:28:55,600
Speaker 1: a result, the leadership of the working Men's Association kicked

459
00:28:55,640 --> 00:28:59,240
Speaker 1: them to the curb. Looking back, it was more than

460
00:28:59,280 --> 00:29:02,920
Speaker 1: a little i run. After a seemingly endless run of success,

461
00:29:03,080 --> 00:29:06,560
Speaker 1: Victoria Woodhall had been defeated by the one enemy she

462
00:29:06,640 --> 00:29:19,960
Speaker 1: had never thought to prepare for herself. In September of

463
00:29:20,000 --> 00:29:24,080
Speaker 1: eighteen seventy three, another panic swept Wall Street over drafts

464
00:29:24,080 --> 00:29:27,200
Speaker 1: on railroad credit led to a spring of bankruptcies, and

465
00:29:27,320 --> 00:29:31,480
Speaker 1: the domino effect of a crash followed. Five thousand businesses closed,

466
00:29:31,640 --> 00:29:35,640
Speaker 1: a quarter of New Yorkers were unemployed. That was also

467
00:29:35,720 --> 00:29:37,960
Speaker 1: the month of Victoria closed the doors on her own

468
00:29:37,960 --> 00:29:41,200
Speaker 1: brokerage firm, but it didn't extinguish any of the fierceness

469
00:29:41,200 --> 00:29:43,400
Speaker 1: in her voice. She took to the stage at the

470
00:29:43,400 --> 00:29:47,040
Speaker 1: Cooper Union in fury, railing against the banks on behalf

471
00:29:47,080 --> 00:29:49,760
Speaker 1: of the lower million, as she called them, who were

472
00:29:49,800 --> 00:29:54,080
Speaker 1: always exploited by the upper ten. In the months that

473
00:29:54,160 --> 00:29:57,520
Speaker 1: followed her historic address to Congress, one of Victoria's most

474
00:29:57,520 --> 00:30:01,360
Speaker 1: prominent followers had been Isabella Beecher hook Her. Isabella went

475
00:30:01,400 --> 00:30:03,800
Speaker 1: so far as to call her new friend an inspiration,

476
00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:09,120
Speaker 1: no longer a banker or businesswoman, but a prospective queen. Now, though,

477
00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:12,840
Speaker 1: that kind of talk was gone, and not just for

478
00:30:13,040 --> 00:30:16,080
Speaker 1: Victoria but also for other people whose stories had been

479
00:30:16,080 --> 00:30:19,640
Speaker 1: at the heart of spiritualism. In eighteen seventy two, Isaac

480
00:30:19,720 --> 00:30:22,840
Speaker 1: Post passed away, and for a while his widow, Amy

481
00:30:22,960 --> 00:30:25,440
Speaker 1: left her home in Rochester to find comfort with an

482
00:30:25,440 --> 00:30:30,040
Speaker 1: old friend. She visited Maggie in New York. The two

483
00:30:30,080 --> 00:30:33,560
Speaker 1: women were both bereft. Maggie was missing her sister Kate,

484
00:30:33,800 --> 00:30:36,160
Speaker 1: hanging on the news about her nephews that would travel

485
00:30:36,200 --> 00:30:39,960
Speaker 1: across the ocean from England. Organizing support for suffrage was

486
00:30:40,000 --> 00:30:42,480
Speaker 1: still at the top of Amy's mind, but the loss

487
00:30:42,520 --> 00:30:45,120
Speaker 1: of Isaac had cut her loose again, leaving her to

488
00:30:45,160 --> 00:30:49,240
Speaker 1: search for where she might belong, and after her dramatic

489
00:30:49,320 --> 00:30:53,360
Speaker 1: public fall from grace, so was Victoria. Amy Post arrived

490
00:30:53,360 --> 00:30:56,320
Speaker 1: in New York just as Victoria was leaving in eighteen

491
00:30:56,360 --> 00:31:00,280
Speaker 1: seventy four. She traveled west, lecturing as she went. She

492
00:31:00,320 --> 00:31:03,000
Speaker 1: had to return frequently to New York, though, to face

493
00:31:03,120 --> 00:31:06,280
Speaker 1: a series of snarls in court charges of libel and

494
00:31:06,320 --> 00:31:09,560
Speaker 1: public obscenity, but also to provide testimony in the case

495
00:31:09,680 --> 00:31:12,600
Speaker 1: launched between Tilton and Beecher. In the wake of the scandal,

496
00:31:14,000 --> 00:31:17,560
Speaker 1: the respectable circles of wealth and prominent families no longer

497
00:31:17,600 --> 00:31:20,440
Speaker 1: wanted to have anything to do with Victoria. But for

498
00:31:20,480 --> 00:31:24,280
Speaker 1: a traveling speaker, a bad reputation is a great advertisement.

499
00:31:24,640 --> 00:31:27,560
Speaker 1: In fact, the widespread hatred of her ideas was exactly

500
00:31:27,560 --> 00:31:30,440
Speaker 1: what made her popular, and it provided just the right

501
00:31:30,440 --> 00:31:33,080
Speaker 1: amount of cover for anyone who did want to come

502
00:31:33,120 --> 00:31:35,800
Speaker 1: and listen to what she had to say. But there

503
00:31:35,880 --> 00:31:38,360
Speaker 1: was one group who didn't cut their ties with Victoria.

504
00:31:38,720 --> 00:31:40,800
Speaker 1: They were used to be in the outside force that

505
00:31:40,840 --> 00:31:43,720
Speaker 1: put pressure on American life from the margins. They were

506
00:31:43,840 --> 00:31:47,360
Speaker 1: used to being mocked by conservative moralizers while they offered

507
00:31:47,400 --> 00:31:50,720
Speaker 1: their own alternative moral vision for the nation. So in

508
00:31:50,800 --> 00:31:55,440
Speaker 1: eighteen seventy five, the Universal Association of Spiritualists re elected

509
00:31:55,520 --> 00:31:58,920
Speaker 1: Victoria as their president for the fifth time in a row.

510
00:32:00,720 --> 00:32:03,440
Speaker 1: But even that connection to the Spiritualists wasn't enough to

511
00:32:03,520 --> 00:32:06,440
Speaker 1: keep Victoria moored to the nation where she lived and

512
00:32:06,480 --> 00:32:09,560
Speaker 1: fought for and had tried to change. It had chewed

513
00:32:09,560 --> 00:32:12,080
Speaker 1: her up, but it had also given her a platform

514
00:32:12,120 --> 00:32:15,120
Speaker 1: and a fortune, which she had won and lost. And

515
00:32:15,160 --> 00:32:18,120
Speaker 1: after all of that, one last mountain came her way

516
00:32:18,120 --> 00:32:23,840
Speaker 1: that needed to be overcome. Cornelius Vanderbilt was dead. His

517
00:32:23,960 --> 00:32:26,520
Speaker 1: son had taken over, and he was determined that his

518
00:32:26,600 --> 00:32:29,560
Speaker 1: father's disgraceful connections would be out of the way. When

519
00:32:29,600 --> 00:32:33,080
Speaker 1: it came time to settle Vanderbilt's will, according to one report,

520
00:32:33,360 --> 00:32:36,080
Speaker 1: he came to Victoria and Tenny with one hundred thousand

521
00:32:36,080 --> 00:32:40,080
Speaker 1: dollars in hand. The money was theirs if they would disappear.

522
00:32:40,960 --> 00:32:45,080
Speaker 1: With a brokerage firm, newspaper, and her political aspirations all

523
00:32:45,120 --> 00:32:48,440
Speaker 1: at an end. Victoria said goodbye to James Blood and

524
00:32:48,480 --> 00:32:51,080
Speaker 1: the life they'd had together. Then she climbed aboard a

525
00:32:51,120 --> 00:32:54,040
Speaker 1: steamer with her two children, along with Tenny and their mother,

526
00:32:54,400 --> 00:32:57,640
Speaker 1: and then set off for England. In eighteen seventy five,

527
00:32:57,800 --> 00:33:00,520
Speaker 1: Cora Taypin gave a trance lecture on the topic of

528
00:33:00,560 --> 00:33:05,120
Speaker 1: spirit materializations. Heaven, she said, was coming to earth, and

529
00:33:05,160 --> 00:33:07,280
Speaker 1: the spirit who spoke through her was one of her

530
00:33:07,320 --> 00:33:11,640
Speaker 1: oldest guides, Augustus Blew. He was still remembered as the

531
00:33:11,680 --> 00:33:14,520
Speaker 1: bright flower of the Hopedale community who had been cut

532
00:33:14,520 --> 00:33:18,400
Speaker 1: down in his youth. After Victoria's fall from grace, Augustus

533
00:33:18,440 --> 00:33:21,280
Speaker 1: came back to Cora. He wanted to encourage spiritualists that

534
00:33:21,320 --> 00:33:24,400
Speaker 1: the world they were working toward was just around the corner.

535
00:33:25,600 --> 00:33:28,760
Speaker 1: The marvelous new manifestations of power, he told them, were

536
00:33:28,800 --> 00:33:31,840
Speaker 1: an indication of a new golden age. They were sure

537
00:33:31,920 --> 00:33:35,120
Speaker 1: signs that Heaven was coming to earth, that justice would

538
00:33:35,160 --> 00:33:37,600
Speaker 1: be done, and the power of that justice would be

539
00:33:37,680 --> 00:33:42,240
Speaker 1: made manifest. But two years later, after Victoria had been

540
00:33:42,240 --> 00:33:45,120
Speaker 1: toppled from her lofty perch and chased from the country,

541
00:33:45,360 --> 00:33:48,959
Speaker 1: the tone was different. Spiritualists were beginning to ask if

542
00:33:49,000 --> 00:33:51,600
Speaker 1: the fight for the future might be lost, and when

543
00:33:51,680 --> 00:33:55,160
Speaker 1: Cora and Samuel Tapin divorced in eighteen seventy six, it

544
00:33:55,240 --> 00:33:58,360
Speaker 1: only added one more name to the list of disgraced mediums.

545
00:33:58,800 --> 00:34:01,760
Speaker 1: After all, Samuel had been her third husband and the

546
00:34:01,800 --> 00:34:05,640
Speaker 1: second she had divorced. But there were other problems on

547
00:34:05,680 --> 00:34:09,399
Speaker 1: the horizon. It seems that Victoria's escaped to England wasn't

548
00:34:09,400 --> 00:34:12,480
Speaker 1: the only exit that mattered for the nation. In the South,

549
00:34:12,640 --> 00:34:15,600
Speaker 1: federal troops who had been part of reconstruction began to

550
00:34:15,640 --> 00:34:19,120
Speaker 1: return north, and the newly elected president was already wheeling

551
00:34:19,160 --> 00:34:22,280
Speaker 1: and dealing with the Southern powers to keep political control

552
00:34:22,440 --> 00:34:27,000
Speaker 1: in white hands. Then, after waves of wage cuts hit

553
00:34:27,080 --> 00:34:30,840
Speaker 1: railroad workers in eighteen seventy seven, the largest American labor

554
00:34:30,920 --> 00:34:34,680
Speaker 1: uprising of the nineteenth century began. The U s Secretary

555
00:34:34,680 --> 00:34:38,879
Speaker 1: of War viewed the strikes as insurrection. In response, army

556
00:34:39,000 --> 00:34:41,520
Speaker 1: units in the South, including the troops that were guarding

557
00:34:41,520 --> 00:34:46,000
Speaker 1: the Louisiana State House, were withdrawn. Everywhere that the railroad

558
00:34:46,000 --> 00:34:48,680
Speaker 1: workers put down their tools and held up their fists,

559
00:34:48,800 --> 00:34:52,600
Speaker 1: Their neighbors showed up to help them. Craftsmen, shopkeepers, and

560
00:34:52,680 --> 00:34:56,280
Speaker 1: farmers along the rail lines fed their families and cheered

561
00:34:56,320 --> 00:34:58,879
Speaker 1: on their fights with the robber, barons and tycoons who

562
00:34:58,880 --> 00:35:02,440
Speaker 1: were gobbling up so much of the American landscape and

563
00:35:02,480 --> 00:35:07,440
Speaker 1: the profits of enterprise. In Pittsburgh, miners and steel workers

564
00:35:07,480 --> 00:35:10,520
Speaker 1: followed suit striking to show support for the rail workers

565
00:35:10,560 --> 00:35:13,360
Speaker 1: who refused to make men like the Vanderbilts any richer.

566
00:35:13,880 --> 00:35:17,680
Speaker 1: More amazingly, the militia often supported the striking workers they

567
00:35:17,680 --> 00:35:20,120
Speaker 1: had been sent to aim their guns at, turning their

568
00:35:20,160 --> 00:35:24,880
Speaker 1: anger back on the tycoons instead. When the militia and

569
00:35:24,960 --> 00:35:28,719
Speaker 1: hired guns did attack the striking workers, though, things spiraled

570
00:35:28,719 --> 00:35:32,640
Speaker 1: out of control. When hired gunmen killed twenty strikers in Pittsburgh,

571
00:35:32,680 --> 00:35:36,200
Speaker 1: the rail yards were set on fire. Over one locomotives

572
00:35:36,200 --> 00:35:39,520
Speaker 1: and two thousand rail cars were torched. Strikes in Chicago

573
00:35:39,600 --> 00:35:42,440
Speaker 1: and St. Louis only added fuel to the fire. And

574
00:35:42,520 --> 00:35:45,799
Speaker 1: what did these angry workers want? Nothing more than an

575
00:35:45,800 --> 00:35:48,520
Speaker 1: eight hour work day, an end to child labor, and

576
00:35:48,600 --> 00:35:52,280
Speaker 1: for the government to take control of the railroads. Samuel

577
00:35:52,320 --> 00:35:55,439
Speaker 1: Tapan's view of railroad monopolies was finally taking a hold

578
00:35:55,440 --> 00:35:59,040
Speaker 1: among working people. The New York Tribune wrote that public

579
00:35:59,080 --> 00:36:04,520
Speaker 1: opinion is almost everywhere in sympathy with the insurrection. To

580
00:36:04,600 --> 00:36:07,560
Speaker 1: fight that threat and to defend practices like child labor

581
00:36:07,640 --> 00:36:10,759
Speaker 1: that made the railroad tycoons obscenely rich, the project to

582
00:36:10,840 --> 00:36:14,360
Speaker 1: defend black freedom in the South was abandoned. Other changes

583
00:36:14,400 --> 00:36:17,640
Speaker 1: came as well too. In the North, militias were disbanded.

584
00:36:17,760 --> 00:36:20,680
Speaker 1: In their place, cities began to recruit an armed police

585
00:36:20,719 --> 00:36:25,160
Speaker 1: forces in greater number. They traded out unreliable citizen militias

586
00:36:25,200 --> 00:36:28,840
Speaker 1: for well trained professionals, people who wouldn't blink at using

587
00:36:28,920 --> 00:36:32,479
Speaker 1: force to put down a labor strike. From Europe, where

588
00:36:32,480 --> 00:36:36,040
Speaker 1: he was resting after leaving office, former President Ulysses S.

589
00:36:36,080 --> 00:36:39,080
Speaker 1: Grant wrote words that seemed to echo sojourn or truth.

590
00:36:39,560 --> 00:36:42,000
Speaker 1: He wrote about how strange it was that officials who

591
00:36:42,040 --> 00:36:45,120
Speaker 1: hated him for using the army to defend black Americans

592
00:36:45,120 --> 00:36:49,040
Speaker 1: in the South now showed and I quote no hesitation

593
00:36:49,160 --> 00:36:52,680
Speaker 1: about exhausting the whole power of the government to suppress

594
00:36:52,760 --> 00:36:57,400
Speaker 1: a strike. It was hypocrisy, plain and simple, and a

595
00:36:57,520 --> 00:37:00,480
Speaker 1: sign that there was one spirit more powerful and most

596
00:37:00,840 --> 00:37:12,240
Speaker 1: in control of America, the spirit of greed. William Crooks

597
00:37:12,280 --> 00:37:16,360
Speaker 1: satisfied none of Spiritualism's critics back in America. His defense

598
00:37:16,400 --> 00:37:20,520
Speaker 1: of British sciences didn't even satisfy Spiritualists themselves. As far

599
00:37:20,560 --> 00:37:23,280
Speaker 1: as believers were concerned, there was so much more work

600
00:37:23,320 --> 00:37:27,200
Speaker 1: to be done, and that included Henry Seibert, a wealthy

601
00:37:27,280 --> 00:37:30,480
Speaker 1: Philadelphia industrialist who knew just what he wanted to do

602
00:37:30,520 --> 00:37:34,080
Speaker 1: with his money. You see, the police were professionalizing, so

603
00:37:34,120 --> 00:37:36,720
Speaker 1: we're doctors who were now working to purge the public

604
00:37:36,719 --> 00:37:40,480
Speaker 1: of counterfeit practitioners like the Canning Woodhalls and Buck Laughlands

605
00:37:40,480 --> 00:37:43,919
Speaker 1: of the eighteen fifties. After so many tumultuous years, all

606
00:37:44,040 --> 00:37:48,240
Speaker 1: kinds of groups were organizing themselves into stable societies with training,

607
00:37:48,320 --> 00:37:53,640
Speaker 1: guidelines and rules. Here's historian Molly McGarry. That was very

608
00:37:53,719 --> 00:37:57,000
Speaker 1: much an impulse of the era, and historians have described

609
00:37:57,120 --> 00:38:00,760
Speaker 1: that there as an age of corporation, incorporation, and when

610
00:38:01,080 --> 00:38:05,359
Speaker 1: Americans become more likely to build institutions and to move

611
00:38:05,360 --> 00:38:09,000
Speaker 1: away from the kind of anti authoritarian communal impulses of

612
00:38:09,080 --> 00:38:14,080
Speaker 1: the fervent of the Antebellum years. Henry Seybert had a

613
00:38:14,160 --> 00:38:16,680
Speaker 1: vision of that impulse sweeping in to clean up the

614
00:38:16,680 --> 00:38:20,560
Speaker 1: anarchy of spiritualism. He had actually been curious about spiritualism

615
00:38:20,560 --> 00:38:24,040
Speaker 1: for years back when Robert Dale Owen published his Seances

616
00:38:24,040 --> 00:38:27,160
Speaker 1: with Leah. Henry realized that someone needed to create a

617
00:38:27,200 --> 00:38:31,000
Speaker 1: center for spiritualism in Philadelphia, a home base, if you will.

618
00:38:31,719 --> 00:38:33,640
Speaker 1: So he made an offer to a medium the city

619
00:38:33,680 --> 00:38:37,239
Speaker 1: knew all too well, Maggie Fox, she should come down

620
00:38:37,320 --> 00:38:40,719
Speaker 1: and live in his spiritual mansion. He said. Once there

621
00:38:40,840 --> 00:38:43,360
Speaker 1: she would hold seances for him and his clients, and

622
00:38:43,440 --> 00:38:46,400
Speaker 1: he promised that her salary would be generous, too, something

623
00:38:46,480 --> 00:38:50,480
Speaker 1: that made the deal hard to resist. It seemed like

624
00:38:50,520 --> 00:38:53,080
Speaker 1: the perfect retreat from the public seances she had been

625
00:38:53,120 --> 00:38:56,600
Speaker 1: holding in New York City. So Maggie agreed she would

626
00:38:56,600 --> 00:38:59,520
Speaker 1: be the high priestess of his new temple. But she

627
00:38:59,600 --> 00:39:02,839
Speaker 1: didn't day long. That's because his request quickly moved from

628
00:39:02,880 --> 00:39:06,799
Speaker 1: the mundane to the downright awkward. You see, he had

629
00:39:06,840 --> 00:39:09,560
Speaker 1: been a spiritualist long enough to know that pious mediums

630
00:39:09,560 --> 00:39:13,120
Speaker 1: could hold conversations with just about anyone, so he started

631
00:39:13,120 --> 00:39:16,719
Speaker 1: to ask for others. George Washington and Benjamin Franklin were

632
00:39:16,719 --> 00:39:20,200
Speaker 1: one thing, but Henry Cybert had his mindset on the eternal.

633
00:39:21,560 --> 00:39:24,560
Speaker 1: Soon he was asking for conversations with every murtyr and

634
00:39:24,640 --> 00:39:27,520
Speaker 1: saint in the Protestant calendar. And he didn't just want

635
00:39:27,600 --> 00:39:31,080
Speaker 1: American leaders either, but famous sages and rulers of the

636
00:39:31,120 --> 00:39:33,919
Speaker 1: ancient world. He asked to talk to St. Paul about

637
00:39:33,960 --> 00:39:36,120
Speaker 1: the way the Bible had been written. He even asked

638
00:39:36,120 --> 00:39:38,759
Speaker 1: to talk with the old Testament prophet Elijah. When he

639
00:39:38,800 --> 00:39:41,839
Speaker 1: insisted that he talked with the angel Gabriel, Maggie said

640
00:39:41,880 --> 00:39:44,360
Speaker 1: it was too much. She was still a Catholic believer,

641
00:39:44,520 --> 00:39:48,200
Speaker 1: after all. She wanted Cybert's money, sure, but not at

642
00:39:48,200 --> 00:39:52,040
Speaker 1: the cost of her soul. But if Maggie thought a

643
00:39:52,080 --> 00:39:54,600
Speaker 1: retreat back to New York could give Cybert the slip,

644
00:39:54,680 --> 00:39:58,520
Speaker 1: she was sorely mistaken. Neither did his death, because when

645
00:39:58,560 --> 00:40:01,440
Speaker 1: his will was read in eighteen eight for the University

646
00:40:01,440 --> 00:40:05,000
Speaker 1: of Pennsylvania found itself with two gifts of sixty dollars

647
00:40:05,000 --> 00:40:08,080
Speaker 1: on their hands. The first went toward the University hospital,

648
00:40:08,360 --> 00:40:12,040
Speaker 1: while the second, well, it had some conditions attached to it.

649
00:40:12,680 --> 00:40:16,080
Speaker 1: I know, a large donation with strings attached sounds very

650
00:40:16,200 --> 00:40:21,360
Speaker 1: very unusual. These strings insisted that the university appoints a

651
00:40:21,400 --> 00:40:25,359
Speaker 1: new professor to investigate spiritualism. But if Cybert had an

652
00:40:25,360 --> 00:40:28,440
Speaker 1: agenda for giving his money to establish the commission, the

653
00:40:28,520 --> 00:40:31,359
Speaker 1: investigators on the commission had an agenda of their own.

654
00:40:31,760 --> 00:40:33,920
Speaker 1: It seems the chair of the Cybert Commission was a

655
00:40:33,920 --> 00:40:37,719
Speaker 1: man who resented being told what to believe for cash publicly.

656
00:40:38,000 --> 00:40:42,440
Speaker 1: He followed Cybert's instructions privately, though well Let's just say

657
00:40:42,480 --> 00:40:46,520
Speaker 1: they didn't exactly apply the scientific method, and that became

658
00:40:46,600 --> 00:40:49,440
Speaker 1: only too obvious when the Commission decided to investigate a

659
00:40:49,440 --> 00:40:52,400
Speaker 1: series of mediums who had already been exposed as frauds.

660
00:40:52,880 --> 00:40:55,560
Speaker 1: In his private letters, the chair of the Commission didn't

661
00:40:55,560 --> 00:40:58,400
Speaker 1: bother to pretend. He wrote that he was a viper

662
00:40:58,680 --> 00:41:02,040
Speaker 1: warmed by the spiritual nonsense. He said that he wanted

663
00:41:02,080 --> 00:41:06,040
Speaker 1: to use the Cybert Commission to poison spiritualism's lifeblood and

664
00:41:06,080 --> 00:41:09,920
Speaker 1: then strike it dead. Sometime during the first year of

665
00:41:09,920 --> 00:41:12,840
Speaker 1: the Commission, he decided just where to sink his fings.

666
00:41:13,440 --> 00:41:16,440
Speaker 1: In November eight eighty three, he invited Maggie Fox to

667
00:41:16,440 --> 00:41:19,880
Speaker 1: travel back to Philadelphia once more. She agreed to have

668
00:41:19,960 --> 00:41:23,400
Speaker 1: her spirit rapping tested by a committee. The things didn't

669
00:41:23,480 --> 00:41:27,080
Speaker 1: quite turn out as planned. That's because Maggie came with

670
00:41:27,120 --> 00:41:30,480
Speaker 1: her own agenda. Her opinion of Cybert had soured over

671
00:41:30,520 --> 00:41:32,839
Speaker 1: the years, and she'd had enough of trying to prove

672
00:41:32,880 --> 00:41:36,440
Speaker 1: herself to others. Now her only goal was to confound

673
00:41:36,480 --> 00:41:40,240
Speaker 1: the Commission. She arrived at the chairman's house and settled

674
00:41:40,239 --> 00:41:43,320
Speaker 1: in for the investigation in his dining room. The Cybert

675
00:41:43,360 --> 00:41:46,200
Speaker 1: Commission began with a few tests that produced the knocking

676
00:41:46,280 --> 00:41:49,839
Speaker 1: sounds they all expected. But then Maggie suggested a test

677
00:41:49,960 --> 00:41:53,759
Speaker 1: she had never passed before. She should stand on glass tumblers,

678
00:41:53,760 --> 00:41:56,440
Speaker 1: she said, and then produce the raps on the floor.

679
00:41:57,960 --> 00:42:00,279
Speaker 1: When they lined up four glass tumblers for her to use,

680
00:42:00,440 --> 00:42:03,600
Speaker 1: Maggie climbed on board. She stood there holding the hands

681
00:42:03,640 --> 00:42:06,120
Speaker 1: of two of the men, but were met with only silence.

682
00:42:06,600 --> 00:42:09,960
Speaker 1: The men moved the glasses and try it again, but failed.

683
00:42:10,080 --> 00:42:14,800
Speaker 1: Just as before, the Commission published their report to little fanfare.

684
00:42:15,239 --> 00:42:18,120
Speaker 1: The problems with their methods were obvious, but they weren't

685
00:42:18,120 --> 00:42:22,239
Speaker 1: the only prestigious investigators taking on mediums that decade. In fact,

686
00:42:22,320 --> 00:42:25,560
Speaker 1: the British Society of Psychical Research, which took on not

687
00:42:25,680 --> 00:42:30,440
Speaker 1: just spiritualism but also claims of telepathy, uncanny dreams, and hauntings,

688
00:42:30,600 --> 00:42:35,160
Speaker 1: had also spread to the United States. Here's historian Kathy Gutierrez.

689
00:42:38,320 --> 00:42:43,280
Speaker 1: So there's an American offshoot that begins, and William James

690
00:42:43,480 --> 00:42:49,640
Speaker 1: is its most famous investigator believer. And James does not

691
00:42:50,120 --> 00:42:55,600
Speaker 1: buy into spiritualism wholesale at all, but he does think

692
00:42:55,840 --> 00:42:59,600
Speaker 1: that the unconscious can communicate with spirits greater than they

693
00:43:00,160 --> 00:43:03,800
Speaker 1: and he finds this one woman who he secks this

694
00:43:04,000 --> 00:43:08,560
Speaker 1: detective on for years, and she's just infallible, and so

695
00:43:08,600 --> 00:43:11,640
Speaker 1: he thinks it's possible. But he also concedes that there's

696
00:43:11,680 --> 00:43:14,520
Speaker 1: a lot of chicken ring going on. But he's this

697
00:43:14,640 --> 00:43:19,280
Speaker 1: amazing name and his dad was the Swedenborgian mystic, so

698
00:43:19,440 --> 00:43:23,080
Speaker 1: they clearly come from this very religious family. But yeah,

699
00:43:23,080 --> 00:43:26,960
Speaker 1: so he gives a real intellectual impromoter to the entire

700
00:43:27,000 --> 00:43:32,239
Speaker 1: spiritualist cause. In fact, William James was one of the

701
00:43:32,239 --> 00:43:35,120
Speaker 1: observers who took the Cyber Commission to task for its

702
00:43:35,160 --> 00:43:38,840
Speaker 1: mishandling of their obligation to study spiritualism with a serious

703
00:43:38,880 --> 00:43:42,879
Speaker 1: objective attitude. But there was something else. When the chair

704
00:43:42,880 --> 00:43:45,200
Speaker 1: of the Commission had faced off with Maggie, he had

705
00:43:45,239 --> 00:43:48,320
Speaker 1: asked her whether she claimed the knocking sounds were independent

706
00:43:48,480 --> 00:43:51,800
Speaker 1: of herself. She said she never made that claim. He

707
00:43:51,880 --> 00:43:54,800
Speaker 1: asked her how she influenced the sounds that had followed

708
00:43:54,800 --> 00:43:58,880
Speaker 1: her throughout her adult life. Her only answer was, I

709
00:43:58,920 --> 00:44:10,480
Speaker 1: cannot tell, but that it turns out it wasn't quite true.

710
00:44:11,200 --> 00:44:13,800
Speaker 1: They had birthed the religion at the edge of science.

711
00:44:14,280 --> 00:44:17,960
Speaker 1: They had crafted their beliefs from communal impulses. They had

712
00:44:18,000 --> 00:44:23,360
Speaker 1: given rise to a kaleidoscope of ideas, beliefs, newspapers, communities,

713
00:44:23,600 --> 00:44:26,160
Speaker 1: and visions of the world, and as the end of

714
00:44:26,160 --> 00:44:30,359
Speaker 1: the century drew near, the mediums were finally professionalizing too.

715
00:44:32,200 --> 00:44:35,480
Speaker 1: In eighteen eighty three, Andrew Jackson Davis graduated from the

716
00:44:35,560 --> 00:44:38,680
Speaker 1: United States Medical College with his m d. He would

717
00:44:38,719 --> 00:44:42,040
Speaker 1: go on healing visitors, now with the proper credentials to

718
00:44:42,160 --> 00:44:45,520
Speaker 1: justify himself to others. At least that was the hope,

719
00:44:45,920 --> 00:44:48,640
Speaker 1: but rather than give his reputation to boost, he ended

720
00:44:48,719 --> 00:44:52,520
Speaker 1: up making it worse. Just two years later, he announced

721
00:44:52,560 --> 00:44:54,680
Speaker 1: to his wife Mary that he had been wrong all

722
00:44:54,719 --> 00:44:58,520
Speaker 1: these years. She was not, in fact his spirits affinity.

723
00:44:58,920 --> 00:45:01,560
Speaker 1: He had eyes on a clas mate from his medical school,

724
00:45:01,840 --> 00:45:04,960
Speaker 1: fifteen years younger than Mary. They would have confirmed all

725
00:45:04,960 --> 00:45:08,920
Speaker 1: the worst estimations that any outsider had about spiritualists and

726
00:45:09,040 --> 00:45:12,520
Speaker 1: free love. But it even took his own people by surprise.

727
00:45:13,080 --> 00:45:18,640
Speaker 1: Here's historian and browdie spiritualists were shocked by this, and

728
00:45:19,000 --> 00:45:23,440
Speaker 1: it really it was very detrimental to Andrew Jackson Davis's

729
00:45:23,560 --> 00:45:26,719
Speaker 1: standing in the community. And it gives you some of

730
00:45:26,760 --> 00:45:31,680
Speaker 1: the irony of these ideas that sexual liberation in the

731
00:45:31,760 --> 00:45:37,200
Speaker 1: nineteenth century was a much more complicated idea, given the

732
00:45:37,320 --> 00:45:43,520
Speaker 1: legal climate regarding divorce, regarding child custody, and the lack

733
00:45:43,560 --> 00:45:46,920
Speaker 1: of birth control. It was not what we think of

734
00:45:46,960 --> 00:45:51,040
Speaker 1: as the sexual freedoms of the nineteen sixties and seventies.

735
00:45:52,560 --> 00:45:55,920
Speaker 1: Now sixty years old, the Seer of Poughkeepsie had witnessed

736
00:45:55,920 --> 00:46:00,080
Speaker 1: decades of Spiritualism. He'd watched the movement rise blossom a

737
00:46:00,160 --> 00:46:05,000
Speaker 1: thousand different colors, and also weather the storms of accusation, opposition,

738
00:46:05,160 --> 00:46:08,440
Speaker 1: and in fighting. But now it seemed too many that

739
00:46:08,560 --> 00:46:11,200
Speaker 1: he had abandoned it, just as he had his wife,

740
00:46:11,600 --> 00:46:15,000
Speaker 1: and sure he would continue to practice medicine and sell

741
00:46:15,040 --> 00:46:18,360
Speaker 1: books into his twilight years. He had always wanted others

742
00:46:18,400 --> 00:46:20,160
Speaker 1: to believe that he was a man of peace and

743
00:46:20,280 --> 00:46:23,439
Speaker 1: vision after all, but the sour cord he struck after

744
00:46:23,520 --> 00:46:29,320
Speaker 1: medical school disrupted the legacy of his harmonial philosophy. Unfortunately

745
00:46:29,440 --> 00:46:34,719
Speaker 1: for Spiritualism, he wouldn't be the only one. By eighty eight,

746
00:46:34,840 --> 00:46:38,400
Speaker 1: Kate and Maggie had switched places. Kate's marriage brought her

747
00:46:38,400 --> 00:46:41,480
Speaker 1: two children and ten years of happiness, but when Henry

748
00:46:41,560 --> 00:46:44,480
Speaker 1: Yenkin died in eighteen eighty one, he left her with

749
00:46:44,560 --> 00:46:50,000
Speaker 1: little to go on. Here's author Nancy Stewart. She's still drinking,

750
00:46:50,040 --> 00:46:53,560
Speaker 1: but it's not terrible, and they seemed to be happy.

751
00:46:53,680 --> 00:46:59,200
Speaker 1: And then suddenly he dies, and then she discovers that

752
00:46:59,440 --> 00:47:04,359
Speaker 1: his lego his money. He's originally from Germany. I mean

753
00:47:04,600 --> 00:47:06,160
Speaker 1: it has to go back there. She's not going to

754
00:47:06,239 --> 00:47:11,000
Speaker 1: get me money for it. Despite her time in the limelight,

755
00:47:11,120 --> 00:47:13,319
Speaker 1: it had really been Henry who had been her home

756
00:47:13,360 --> 00:47:16,400
Speaker 1: in Britain. His death sent her back to New York City,

757
00:47:16,760 --> 00:47:20,280
Speaker 1: back to the tailor's and the Swedish movement cure. Here's

758
00:47:20,400 --> 00:47:24,760
Speaker 1: Nancy Stewart once again. Katie has come back with these children,

759
00:47:24,800 --> 00:47:27,440
Speaker 1: and she's drinking again, and the children neglected, or at

760
00:47:27,520 --> 00:47:31,120
Speaker 1: least they're seized by the authorities, and she's accused of

761
00:47:31,120 --> 00:47:34,000
Speaker 1: being a mother. And Maggie Nemo has gone to England

762
00:47:34,480 --> 00:47:38,440
Speaker 1: and is doing seances there and she is extremely upset

763
00:47:38,480 --> 00:47:43,680
Speaker 1: about Katie, and she decides that she is got to confess.

764
00:47:45,480 --> 00:47:49,279
Speaker 1: She started with announcements in the newspaper. Word began to

765
00:47:49,360 --> 00:47:52,480
Speaker 1: spread that in the wisdom of her maturity, Maggie Fox,

766
00:47:52,719 --> 00:47:56,000
Speaker 1: the woman who had given spiritualism to the world, was

767
00:47:56,040 --> 00:47:59,880
Speaker 1: about to take it back again. And New York eagerly

768
00:48:00,040 --> 00:48:03,799
Speaker 1: awaited her arrival. On October twenty one, at the New

769
00:48:03,880 --> 00:48:06,560
Speaker 1: York Academy of Music, she took the stage before an

770
00:48:06,600 --> 00:48:10,240
Speaker 1: audience of over three thousand people. She had helped start

771
00:48:10,239 --> 00:48:13,160
Speaker 1: a movement that had given so many people a feeling

772
00:48:13,280 --> 00:48:16,920
Speaker 1: of purpose and hope. It had given them life. But

773
00:48:17,000 --> 00:48:19,520
Speaker 1: her message that night from the stage in New York

774
00:48:19,719 --> 00:48:23,120
Speaker 1: would be different this time because her next words would

775
00:48:23,160 --> 00:48:29,960
Speaker 1: deliver spiritualism a fatal blow. That's it for this week's

776
00:48:29,960 --> 00:48:34,360
Speaker 1: episode of Unobscured. Stick around after this short sponsor break

777
00:48:34,560 --> 00:48:37,360
Speaker 1: for a preview of what's in store for next week.

778
00:48:40,160 --> 00:48:48,120
Speaker 1: Next time on Unobscured, Spiritualism had always threatened the priest, politicians,

779
00:48:48,200 --> 00:48:51,839
Speaker 1: and profiteers who benefited from the status quo. It had

780
00:48:51,880 --> 00:48:54,520
Speaker 1: given spiritual and moral authority to people who had been

781
00:48:54,560 --> 00:48:57,840
Speaker 1: stripped of their rights, pushed to the margins, and burdened

782
00:48:57,840 --> 00:49:01,880
Speaker 1: with work while others reaped the rewards. The last thing

783
00:49:02,000 --> 00:49:05,560
Speaker 1: spiritualists wanted to do, even in the nineties, was to

784
00:49:05,640 --> 00:49:08,240
Speaker 1: give up on their labors and return to a world

785
00:49:08,280 --> 00:49:11,480
Speaker 1: of the strong crushing the week. But in the coming decades,

786
00:49:11,600 --> 00:49:15,120
Speaker 1: Cora and the Chicago Spiritualists weren't the only ones who

787
00:49:15,160 --> 00:49:19,800
Speaker 1: saw a spiritualist future finally taking shape. It just wasn't

788
00:49:19,840 --> 00:49:41,080
Speaker 1: the future they'd expected. Loun Obscured was created by me,

789
00:49:41,320 --> 00:49:44,640
Speaker 1: Aaron Manky and produced by Matt Frederick, Alex Williams, and

790
00:49:44,719 --> 00:49:48,440
Speaker 1: Josh Thane in partnership with I Heart Radio. Research and

791
00:49:48,560 --> 00:49:50,600
Speaker 1: writing for this season is all the work of my

792
00:49:50,719 --> 00:49:53,720
Speaker 1: right hand man Carl Nellis and the brilliant Chad Lawson

793
00:49:53,840 --> 00:49:58,279
Speaker 1: composed the brand new soundtrack. Learn more about our contributing historians,

794
00:49:58,400 --> 00:50:01,520
Speaker 1: source material and links to our other shows over at

795
00:50:01,600 --> 00:50:06,520
Speaker 1: history unobscured dot com, and until next time, thanks for

796
00:50:06,600 --> 00:50:16,360
Speaker 1: listening Unobscured as a production of I Heart Radio and

797
00:50:16,360 --> 00:50:18,919
Speaker 1: Aaron Minkey. For more podcasts for my heart Radio, visit

798
00:50:18,920 --> 00:50:21,439
Speaker 1: I heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen

799
00:50:21,480 --> 00:50:22,360
Speaker 1: to your favorite shows.