1 00:00:04,200 --> 00:00:05,440 Speaker 1: Coming up on the A Building. 2 00:00:05,960 --> 00:00:07,000 Speaker 2: This is your time. 3 00:00:12,200 --> 00:00:15,440 Speaker 3: The light of new realization shines on you today. 4 00:00:16,000 --> 00:00:18,119 Speaker 2: This was an era of terror. It was not a 5 00:00:18,200 --> 00:00:18,800 Speaker 2: term network. 6 00:00:18,960 --> 00:00:22,000 Speaker 4: This is an era of terrorism, of lynchings, of rape, 7 00:00:23,120 --> 00:00:24,200 Speaker 4: of impunity. 8 00:00:24,920 --> 00:00:26,520 Speaker 1: I knew doctor Gloucester very well. 9 00:00:26,640 --> 00:00:27,720 Speaker 5: Yeah, what kind of man was he? 10 00:00:28,000 --> 00:00:30,560 Speaker 6: Well, he was a more rigid He kept telling me 11 00:00:30,600 --> 00:00:31,840 Speaker 6: to shave my beard. 12 00:00:39,080 --> 00:00:42,680 Speaker 1: The A Building, Episode three, Historically Black. 13 00:00:57,480 --> 00:01:02,120 Speaker 5: Atlanta, nineteen ninety six gold medalist Muhammad Ali lights the 14 00:01:02,160 --> 00:01:06,120 Speaker 5: torch to start the Olympic Games. His body, now controlled 15 00:01:06,120 --> 00:01:08,880 Speaker 5: by Parkins's disease, could barely hold steady as he lights 16 00:01:08,920 --> 00:01:11,880 Speaker 5: the torch. He manages to light the flame and he 17 00:01:11,959 --> 00:01:15,360 Speaker 5: raises the torch, his arms shaking from the disease. It 18 00:01:15,480 --> 00:01:19,240 Speaker 5: made the once invincible boxing champion into a mortal man 19 00:01:19,319 --> 00:01:23,880 Speaker 5: with a frail body. However, in that moment, he reminded 20 00:01:23,920 --> 00:01:26,280 Speaker 5: the world why he was still the greatest champion of 21 00:01:26,319 --> 00:01:29,800 Speaker 5: all time. The nineteen ninety six Olympic Games had begun 22 00:01:30,319 --> 00:01:32,360 Speaker 5: and Atlanta was on the world stage. 23 00:01:33,560 --> 00:01:36,560 Speaker 7: The decision goes to Cassius Play of the United States 24 00:01:36,720 --> 00:01:39,160 Speaker 7: Masterful Boxing Exhibition. 25 00:01:39,240 --> 00:01:42,360 Speaker 5: Nineteen sixty nine, just nine years after I Leave won 26 00:01:42,400 --> 00:01:46,640 Speaker 5: gold in Rome, Atlantis sat Amid another historic moment, but 27 00:01:46,880 --> 00:01:50,800 Speaker 5: unlike Olympic sports, victory would be much harder to prove. 28 00:01:56,320 --> 00:02:01,520 Speaker 1: At an HBCU halftime is game time. The sounds of 29 00:02:01,560 --> 00:02:05,680 Speaker 1: the big band carry through a stadium with pulse and energy. 30 00:02:06,280 --> 00:02:09,800 Speaker 1: There is no place like a historically black college on Saturday. 31 00:02:10,560 --> 00:02:13,480 Speaker 5: Dion Saturdays took the road of college football by storm 32 00:02:13,480 --> 00:02:15,880 Speaker 5: when he took the head coaching position at Jackson State 33 00:02:16,000 --> 00:02:21,040 Speaker 5: University in Mississippi in eighteen seventy seven. Jackson State was 34 00:02:21,080 --> 00:02:25,400 Speaker 5: originally called Natchez Seminary. The school was established to educate 35 00:02:25,520 --> 00:02:28,920 Speaker 5: recently free slaves and prepare them for a new world 36 00:02:29,120 --> 00:02:33,760 Speaker 5: of American possibility. Jackson State is just one example of 37 00:02:33,800 --> 00:02:37,720 Speaker 5: a storied history of historically black colleges and universities. As 38 00:02:37,760 --> 00:02:41,640 Speaker 5: of today, there are one hundred and seven hbcs. This 39 00:02:41,760 --> 00:02:44,880 Speaker 5: accounts for three percent of all collegies and universities around 40 00:02:44,880 --> 00:02:48,519 Speaker 5: the country. However, the impact goes far beyond this number. 41 00:02:49,080 --> 00:02:51,840 Speaker 5: In twenty twenty one, Deon Sanders shocked the world by 42 00:02:51,840 --> 00:02:54,400 Speaker 5: flipping the number one recruit in the nation, Travis Hunter, 43 00:02:54,880 --> 00:02:58,400 Speaker 5: from his alma mater, Florida State, to Jackson, Mississippi. I'm 44 00:02:58,440 --> 00:02:59,919 Speaker 5: pretty certain that this is why I'm hearing. 45 00:03:00,000 --> 00:03:02,600 Speaker 8: I'm pretty certain this is why God led me to 46 00:03:03,120 --> 00:03:07,200 Speaker 8: Jackson State University, to HBCU, to the Swag. I'm pretty 47 00:03:07,240 --> 00:03:11,080 Speaker 8: certain that's why I tried to tell you. Everybody nobody wanted. 48 00:03:10,880 --> 00:03:11,239 Speaker 5: To listen to. 49 00:03:11,240 --> 00:03:15,480 Speaker 8: You thought I was just just running the mouth, and 50 00:03:15,560 --> 00:03:18,320 Speaker 8: it was not that. I truly believe. You know, we 51 00:03:18,440 --> 00:03:22,120 Speaker 8: stand by that word. I believe and we truly believe 52 00:03:22,200 --> 00:03:25,040 Speaker 8: that it's going to be a change. Everything I've done 53 00:03:25,080 --> 00:03:26,560 Speaker 8: in my life, I provoke change. 54 00:03:27,160 --> 00:03:32,280 Speaker 1: Change At an HBCU, change is more than cliche. It 55 00:03:32,360 --> 00:03:35,640 Speaker 1: is a way of life. And they knew that at Morehouse. 56 00:03:36,280 --> 00:03:39,800 Speaker 1: Here's a young graduate and more House man Otto Taylor 57 00:03:40,000 --> 00:03:42,880 Speaker 1: discussing his reasons for attending me. 58 00:03:43,000 --> 00:03:45,280 Speaker 9: It was always, you know, what is my why when 59 00:03:45,280 --> 00:03:47,400 Speaker 9: I get discouraged? What I go back to to keep 60 00:03:47,440 --> 00:03:49,480 Speaker 9: me going even if I don't feel like going to 61 00:03:49,480 --> 00:03:52,160 Speaker 9: class or doing my work? Got standing behind me. Doctor 62 00:03:52,200 --> 00:03:54,800 Speaker 9: Martin Luther King Junior DATD Team Warehouse College. But a 63 00:03:54,840 --> 00:03:57,440 Speaker 9: lot of enough people don't know about his mentor Doctor 64 00:03:57,440 --> 00:04:03,440 Speaker 9: Benjamin lager Mas very intricate part of the Moorhouse mystique, 65 00:04:03,880 --> 00:04:05,200 Speaker 9: and I see that today on campus. 66 00:04:05,640 --> 00:04:07,720 Speaker 5: A lot of people have left at Marco Morehouse and 67 00:04:07,760 --> 00:04:11,080 Speaker 5: now Elwood Robinson talks about the mission and value of 68 00:04:11,240 --> 00:04:12,800 Speaker 5: HBCUs in the US. 69 00:04:13,520 --> 00:04:16,920 Speaker 3: HBCUs have strived to be driven by something more than 70 00:04:16,960 --> 00:04:20,320 Speaker 3: the market economy. There has been the vision that a 71 00:04:20,440 --> 00:04:24,560 Speaker 3: university would be an inescapable social. 72 00:04:24,279 --> 00:04:25,640 Speaker 5: Force for good. 73 00:04:26,560 --> 00:04:31,640 Speaker 3: This has attracted a caguary of faculty, staff, and administrative 74 00:04:31,760 --> 00:04:35,760 Speaker 3: to these institutions who came because of a strong sense 75 00:04:35,800 --> 00:04:40,520 Speaker 3: of mission and providing an excellent educational experience to those 76 00:04:40,560 --> 00:04:45,599 Speaker 3: who have been denied access because of racial, social, cultural, 77 00:04:45,680 --> 00:04:47,080 Speaker 3: or economic barriers. 78 00:04:47,160 --> 00:04:51,920 Speaker 5: In the core of the HBCU experience. As I mentioned earlier, 79 00:04:52,240 --> 00:04:55,880 Speaker 5: HBCUs account for three percent of collegies and universities in 80 00:04:55,920 --> 00:04:57,320 Speaker 5: the United States. 81 00:04:57,160 --> 00:04:59,719 Speaker 1: But they play an outsizeer role and the success of 82 00:04:59,760 --> 00:05:04,640 Speaker 1: this black leaders and politics, sports, business, and the arts. 83 00:05:04,880 --> 00:05:05,839 Speaker 1: Here are just a few. 84 00:05:06,520 --> 00:05:08,120 Speaker 5: We love road called y'all. 85 00:05:09,200 --> 00:05:15,599 Speaker 1: Lionel Richie, everybody see everybody, Advanced tu Ski University, Taraji 86 00:05:15,640 --> 00:05:16,279 Speaker 1: p Henson. 87 00:05:16,400 --> 00:05:18,919 Speaker 2: There are no colored bathrooms in this building. 88 00:05:19,200 --> 00:05:26,720 Speaker 1: Howard University. Thirdgood Marshall, I'm getting Nolan coming apart. Howard University. 89 00:05:27,040 --> 00:05:31,240 Speaker 10: Oprah Winfrey, Who's proud to vote again and again and again, 90 00:05:31,320 --> 00:05:33,880 Speaker 10: because I'm an American, and that's what Americans do. 91 00:05:34,680 --> 00:05:38,880 Speaker 1: Tennessee State University, Common Fletsco, Florida A and. 92 00:05:38,920 --> 00:05:42,200 Speaker 5: M University, Jerry Rice, I. 93 00:05:42,279 --> 00:05:44,440 Speaker 1: Always gave one. 94 00:05:44,880 --> 00:05:47,240 Speaker 5: Mississippi Valley State, Walter Payton. 95 00:05:47,480 --> 00:05:50,320 Speaker 3: Life is short. It's also sweet. 96 00:05:50,520 --> 00:05:52,960 Speaker 5: Jack The State University, Steve McNair. 97 00:05:53,080 --> 00:05:55,080 Speaker 1: It's been ups and downs. I learned from the good 98 00:05:55,160 --> 00:05:56,160 Speaker 1: and I learned from the bad. 99 00:05:56,480 --> 00:06:03,599 Speaker 5: Our Course State University, Erkabadu A warm and Sunday Grahmy 100 00:06:03,640 --> 00:06:07,080 Speaker 5: State University, Chadwick Boseman. This is your time. 101 00:06:12,600 --> 00:06:15,839 Speaker 3: The light of new realization shines on you today. 102 00:06:16,240 --> 00:06:18,640 Speaker 5: Howard University, Felicia Rishard. 103 00:06:18,520 --> 00:06:21,080 Speaker 11: Doctor King was assassinated in my sophomore year. 104 00:06:21,440 --> 00:06:23,640 Speaker 12: I watched these things happen. 105 00:06:24,279 --> 00:06:26,440 Speaker 11: So much unfolded on that campus. 106 00:06:26,800 --> 00:06:29,240 Speaker 5: Howard University, Kamala Harris. 107 00:06:29,000 --> 00:06:34,440 Speaker 10: And together, let us write the next great chapter in 108 00:06:34,560 --> 00:06:39,200 Speaker 10: the most extraordinary story ever told. 109 00:06:40,040 --> 00:06:42,159 Speaker 5: Howard University, Spike Lee. 110 00:06:42,440 --> 00:06:45,400 Speaker 1: Let's do the right thing. Do you know how to 111 00:06:45,440 --> 00:06:45,719 Speaker 1: get that. 112 00:06:45,800 --> 00:06:50,279 Speaker 5: Any Morehouse College, Samuel L. Jackson. 113 00:06:50,600 --> 00:06:53,680 Speaker 9: The dream has been shared with my partner in crime, 114 00:06:53,760 --> 00:06:59,279 Speaker 9: my critic and residents, my rock solid foundation, and my 115 00:06:59,400 --> 00:07:00,000 Speaker 9: best friend. 116 00:07:00,560 --> 00:07:04,400 Speaker 1: Tell you Morehouse College, Latanya, Richardson Jackson. 117 00:07:04,760 --> 00:07:07,280 Speaker 11: If there's something we can do. 118 00:07:06,240 --> 00:07:07,400 Speaker 5: We get to it. 119 00:07:07,640 --> 00:07:10,040 Speaker 1: Spelman College, Stacy Abrams. 120 00:07:10,200 --> 00:07:12,000 Speaker 2: We were dreaming here in Georgia. 121 00:07:12,680 --> 00:07:15,800 Speaker 10: We were dreaming about a president and a vice president 122 00:07:15,880 --> 00:07:19,040 Speaker 10: who could look at us and actually see us. 123 00:07:19,080 --> 00:07:22,400 Speaker 1: Spelman College, and the list goes on and on. 124 00:07:31,000 --> 00:07:34,560 Speaker 5: Welcome back to the A Building. The impact of HBCU 125 00:07:34,600 --> 00:07:38,000 Speaker 5: alumni goes far beyond the Richard famous. You can find 126 00:07:38,120 --> 00:07:42,160 Speaker 5: HBCU alumni in every industry and work in large corporations 127 00:07:42,360 --> 00:07:45,720 Speaker 5: that work as teachers. Their impact is directly connected to 128 00:07:45,800 --> 00:07:50,120 Speaker 5: the American experience. Despite a nationwide decline in college enrollment, 129 00:07:50,520 --> 00:07:54,280 Speaker 5: many HBCUs saw an increase in student applications and enrollment 130 00:07:54,360 --> 00:07:58,680 Speaker 5: during the early twenty twenties. This surge was partially attributed 131 00:07:58,720 --> 00:08:01,680 Speaker 5: to the height and awareness of from injustice Following the 132 00:08:01,720 --> 00:08:05,440 Speaker 5: twenty twenty protests that gave systemic racism and police brutality. 133 00:08:06,120 --> 00:08:09,760 Speaker 5: HPCUS became a refuge for black students seeking a culturally 134 00:08:09,800 --> 00:08:11,520 Speaker 5: affirming academic environment. 135 00:08:12,240 --> 00:08:17,400 Speaker 1: In response to growing interest, HBCUs expanded academic programs in 136 00:08:17,440 --> 00:08:24,400 Speaker 1: stem science, technology, engineering and mathematics, healthcare, and entrepreneurship. Schools 137 00:08:24,440 --> 00:08:27,800 Speaker 1: such as Howard University, North Carolina A and T State 138 00:08:27,880 --> 00:08:32,160 Speaker 1: University and Spelman College saw growth in their engineering and 139 00:08:32,240 --> 00:08:36,560 Speaker 1: medical programs, partnering with major corporations to provide students with 140 00:08:36,720 --> 00:08:41,880 Speaker 1: career opportunities. Education is often tied directly to impact. We 141 00:08:42,000 --> 00:08:46,959 Speaker 1: see the effect on the sciences, sports, business, humanities, and entertainment. 142 00:08:47,600 --> 00:08:51,160 Speaker 1: We see the impact on pop culture. At Morehouse, doctor 143 00:08:51,240 --> 00:08:54,840 Speaker 1: King's death created a new reality for Black America, and 144 00:08:54,920 --> 00:08:57,000 Speaker 1: this reality was beyond grim. 145 00:08:57,480 --> 00:09:00,400 Speaker 5: Back in nineteen sixty nine, the students of Morehouse College 146 00:09:00,440 --> 00:09:04,719 Speaker 5: wanted more from the HBCU experience. HBCUs were often too 147 00:09:04,800 --> 00:09:08,040 Speaker 5: conservative for the wide raising protests of the sixties. In 148 00:09:08,080 --> 00:09:11,880 Speaker 5: those days, the class and political divide was drawn by education. 149 00:09:12,559 --> 00:09:15,960 Speaker 5: This created conflict between an old school administration at Morehouse 150 00:09:16,280 --> 00:09:18,880 Speaker 5: and the new generation that would be drawn to leaders 151 00:09:18,920 --> 00:09:23,120 Speaker 5: like h. Ray Brown, Up Newton and ADAMLA. Davis. Battle 152 00:09:23,160 --> 00:09:26,760 Speaker 5: lines have been drawn, but what are the stakes and 153 00:09:26,800 --> 00:09:31,160 Speaker 5: who wins? We spoke with Dick Celeste, former director of 154 00:09:31,200 --> 00:09:34,440 Speaker 5: the Peace Corps, two term governor of Ohio, and most 155 00:09:34,480 --> 00:09:38,680 Speaker 5: recently nine year president of Colorado College. What was your 156 00:09:38,880 --> 00:09:42,440 Speaker 5: initial thought, you know, as a former college president, when 157 00:09:42,480 --> 00:09:44,439 Speaker 5: you heard about this story at Morehouse. 158 00:09:46,440 --> 00:09:49,280 Speaker 7: Well, firstly, I you know, I had a lot of 159 00:09:49,360 --> 00:09:52,280 Speaker 7: sympathy both for the president and for the students. Sure, 160 00:09:54,280 --> 00:09:58,240 Speaker 7: you know what, the late sixties were a fraught time, 161 00:09:58,679 --> 00:10:03,320 Speaker 7: and elect state government, you know, would have its young 162 00:10:03,840 --> 00:10:10,400 Speaker 7: rotc kids really fire on students who were their own 163 00:10:10,440 --> 00:10:14,480 Speaker 7: age demonstrating against the war. It was a tragedy. It 164 00:10:14,559 --> 00:10:17,440 Speaker 7: was one of the things that motivated me to get 165 00:10:17,440 --> 00:10:22,560 Speaker 7: involved in politics when I did, and I found that 166 00:10:22,640 --> 00:10:27,280 Speaker 7: the challenge was how to bring people who had very 167 00:10:27,320 --> 00:10:32,400 Speaker 7: different perspectives together in a way where they could really 168 00:10:32,480 --> 00:10:37,439 Speaker 7: listen to each other and hear each other. And often 169 00:10:38,000 --> 00:10:43,200 Speaker 7: those who were in authority, governors or college presidents felt 170 00:10:43,200 --> 00:10:50,400 Speaker 7: that their responsibility was to protect the institution and students 171 00:10:50,640 --> 00:10:56,640 Speaker 7: who were angry and frustrated and determined to try to 172 00:10:56,679 --> 00:11:00,840 Speaker 7: achieve change, but had very few ways in which they 173 00:11:00,880 --> 00:11:05,720 Speaker 7: could directly achieve that change had to find other ways 174 00:11:05,760 --> 00:11:08,840 Speaker 7: to do it. So a lock in, I thought, was 175 00:11:09,160 --> 00:11:11,880 Speaker 7: from a student perspective, a pretty creative thing to do. 176 00:11:13,120 --> 00:11:18,200 Speaker 7: It was peaceful, but it was firm, it was serious. 177 00:11:19,080 --> 00:11:21,360 Speaker 5: Well, okay, what's your view on the board lock in? 178 00:11:21,400 --> 00:11:22,920 Speaker 5: In nineteen sixty nine. 179 00:11:23,320 --> 00:11:27,800 Speaker 7: I could understand a president or members of a board. 180 00:11:28,320 --> 00:11:33,640 Speaker 7: Anyone being locked in would be upset because it is 181 00:11:34,320 --> 00:11:39,560 Speaker 7: resisting authority, and it makes it difficult to carry on 182 00:11:39,600 --> 00:11:43,640 Speaker 7: a conversation, to really listen to each other and to 183 00:11:43,679 --> 00:11:46,520 Speaker 7: say is there a path forward that we could do 184 00:11:47,160 --> 00:11:53,400 Speaker 7: together to address the concern that you have. As I 185 00:11:53,520 --> 00:11:57,720 Speaker 7: listened to the story of the lock in at Morehouse, 186 00:11:58,240 --> 00:12:01,640 Speaker 7: I kind of admire both sides for that story. I 187 00:12:01,679 --> 00:12:05,800 Speaker 7: mean Morehouses, I mean it was the leading HBCU. It 188 00:12:05,960 --> 00:12:11,760 Speaker 7: is a terrific university and proud of its tradition of 189 00:12:12,440 --> 00:12:15,800 Speaker 7: leadership moral leadership. At the same time, they were training 190 00:12:17,000 --> 00:12:21,360 Speaker 7: more House men to be men, to stand up for 191 00:12:22,480 --> 00:12:25,760 Speaker 7: you know, values, and to speak out. And so I 192 00:12:25,800 --> 00:12:30,040 Speaker 7: think in some respects the lock in may have been 193 00:12:30,880 --> 00:12:37,240 Speaker 7: a quintessential expression of protest in a Morehouse fashion. 194 00:12:37,960 --> 00:12:41,400 Speaker 5: Here's more from doctor Lomax, president and CEO of the 195 00:12:41,480 --> 00:12:45,079 Speaker 5: United Ingo College Fund and former president of Duluk University, 196 00:12:45,800 --> 00:12:49,320 Speaker 5: Doctor Lomax, If you're in charge doing that lock in 197 00:12:49,400 --> 00:12:53,120 Speaker 5: sixty eight or sixty nine, do you expel those students? 198 00:12:53,960 --> 00:12:54,480 Speaker 5: I mean, don't. 199 00:12:54,559 --> 00:12:55,960 Speaker 6: I don't want to say in one sense, I don't 200 00:12:55,960 --> 00:12:59,520 Speaker 6: want to say. Guest Hugh Gloucester, he handed me my degree. Yeah, 201 00:12:59,559 --> 00:13:02,600 Speaker 6: because I was in the first graduated class and I knew. 202 00:13:02,440 --> 00:13:03,680 Speaker 2: Doctor Gloucester very well. 203 00:13:03,760 --> 00:13:04,839 Speaker 5: Yeah. What kind of man was he? 204 00:13:05,120 --> 00:13:06,880 Speaker 6: Well, he was a more rigid. 205 00:13:06,960 --> 00:13:12,719 Speaker 2: He kept telling me to shave my beard so I 206 00:13:12,760 --> 00:13:13,520 Speaker 2: would play you. 207 00:13:13,520 --> 00:13:17,440 Speaker 6: You know, I was called in weeks a week before 208 00:13:17,520 --> 00:13:20,959 Speaker 6: graduation by the dean of the college, a guy named 209 00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:24,480 Speaker 6: Brailsford Brazil, who had been given the authority to do this, 210 00:13:24,559 --> 00:13:28,280 Speaker 6: I'm sure, by Hugh Gloucester. And doctor Brazil said, uh, 211 00:13:28,400 --> 00:13:30,720 Speaker 6: you know you're going to graduate. We can't stop you, 212 00:13:32,200 --> 00:13:34,640 Speaker 6: but you need to shave that beard off because you 213 00:13:34,679 --> 00:13:42,760 Speaker 6: look like a goriller. And you know I love doctor Brazil, 214 00:13:43,600 --> 00:13:45,800 Speaker 6: And I said, you know, but you know I was 215 00:13:45,960 --> 00:13:49,959 Speaker 6: graduating second in the class Phi Beta Kappa, and I. 216 00:13:49,920 --> 00:13:51,880 Speaker 7: Said, well, you know what, I guess I've just got 217 00:13:51,880 --> 00:13:53,079 Speaker 7: to look like a gorilla. 218 00:13:53,640 --> 00:13:56,120 Speaker 6: The things that they thought were important in my life 219 00:13:56,200 --> 00:13:59,040 Speaker 6: how I appeared had nothing to do with who I was, 220 00:13:59,240 --> 00:14:02,480 Speaker 6: So I know I would say if doctor Gloucester had 221 00:14:02,480 --> 00:14:05,320 Speaker 6: asked me, i'd have said I definitely would not have 222 00:14:05,600 --> 00:14:09,559 Speaker 6: expelled them. When I had a student graduated the year 223 00:14:09,640 --> 00:14:12,120 Speaker 6: that I had John Lewis as the speaker, and we 224 00:14:12,160 --> 00:14:16,160 Speaker 6: gave honorary degrees to him and to Julian Bond. And 225 00:14:16,200 --> 00:14:18,920 Speaker 6: we had a policy at at Dillard you could march 226 00:14:19,400 --> 00:14:23,440 Speaker 6: even if you hadn't completed everything, if you had something 227 00:14:23,520 --> 00:14:26,360 Speaker 6: left to complete. And there was one student, a young 228 00:14:26,400 --> 00:14:31,040 Speaker 6: woman whom I knew well, and she was allowed to march. 229 00:14:31,520 --> 00:14:34,720 Speaker 6: And she was so mad at me that she wasn't 230 00:14:35,120 --> 00:14:37,200 Speaker 6: going to get the degree yet. She's had jand something 231 00:14:37,240 --> 00:14:39,720 Speaker 6: to finish. And when she got up to there, she 232 00:14:40,040 --> 00:14:42,280 Speaker 6: took her robe off and threw it at me. 233 00:14:42,520 --> 00:14:46,840 Speaker 1: I was a little bit surprised. But what was the reaction. 234 00:14:47,280 --> 00:14:50,080 Speaker 6: Well, we didn't expel her. We didn't say she could 235 00:14:50,080 --> 00:14:52,880 Speaker 6: never get her degree. We just required her to take 236 00:14:52,920 --> 00:14:58,440 Speaker 6: a course in anger management before she I haven't seen 237 00:14:58,440 --> 00:15:01,400 Speaker 6: that young lady since, but she now a dinograt and 238 00:15:01,480 --> 00:15:02,320 Speaker 6: she got her degree. 239 00:15:02,440 --> 00:15:03,960 Speaker 5: She to anger imagine maclass. 240 00:15:04,520 --> 00:15:05,520 Speaker 1: That was a requirement. 241 00:15:13,840 --> 00:15:16,600 Speaker 5: Welcome back to the A building. More with our conversation 242 00:15:16,760 --> 00:15:17,760 Speaker 5: with doctor Lomex. 243 00:15:18,680 --> 00:15:21,600 Speaker 1: Let me ask you, then, what do you think about 244 00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:25,680 Speaker 1: the jeers that did? I watch several clips of these jeers. 245 00:15:25,800 --> 00:15:29,000 Speaker 5: Hans is talking about the commission address for President Claire 246 00:15:29,040 --> 00:15:30,960 Speaker 5: Shipman at Columbia. 247 00:15:31,520 --> 00:15:35,800 Speaker 13: We firmly believe that our international students have the same 248 00:15:35,920 --> 00:15:42,760 Speaker 13: rights to freedom and speech as everyone else's market are 249 00:15:43,320 --> 00:15:45,960 Speaker 13: playing the government for exercising that right. 250 00:15:46,280 --> 00:15:49,920 Speaker 1: I watched the facial expression of the President and it 251 00:15:50,040 --> 00:15:55,000 Speaker 1: felt at some point that she was either surprised or 252 00:15:55,160 --> 00:15:58,800 Speaker 1: disappointment at the length of the. 253 00:15:58,800 --> 00:16:03,720 Speaker 6: Jeers with those presidents is what do you expect? I mean, 254 00:16:03,720 --> 00:16:06,080 Speaker 6: what do you expect? You don't know the students, you 255 00:16:06,120 --> 00:16:10,480 Speaker 6: don't engage with the students. And I'm going to just 256 00:16:10,520 --> 00:16:14,440 Speaker 6: say this about what I saw happening on those campuses 257 00:16:14,840 --> 00:16:18,320 Speaker 6: from October eighth on. I went to Columbia academic year 258 00:16:18,320 --> 00:16:22,120 Speaker 6: in nineteen sixty eight sixty nine, the year after their lockup. 259 00:16:22,560 --> 00:16:26,880 Speaker 6: It was a highly politicized environment. People from varying points 260 00:16:26,880 --> 00:16:30,280 Speaker 6: of view were speaking on all the occasions, but no 261 00:16:30,320 --> 00:16:33,240 Speaker 6: one No one stopped you from being able to go 262 00:16:33,280 --> 00:16:37,680 Speaker 6: to class. No one said you were an illegitimate member 263 00:16:37,680 --> 00:16:40,240 Speaker 6: of that community. All that happened within the gates of 264 00:16:40,280 --> 00:16:45,000 Speaker 6: Columbia University. It was a very tempestuous time, but it 265 00:16:45,040 --> 00:16:48,880 Speaker 6: was never a physically threatening time. What I saw happening 266 00:16:48,920 --> 00:16:54,520 Speaker 6: on that campus after October seventh was like a repeat 267 00:16:55,280 --> 00:16:58,360 Speaker 6: of what I had seen happening at University of Georgia, 268 00:16:58,400 --> 00:17:01,840 Speaker 6: when Charlene Hunter Galt and Hamilton Homes were admitted, when 269 00:17:03,600 --> 00:17:09,760 Speaker 6: the University of Mississippi was integrated, those when black children 270 00:17:09,920 --> 00:17:13,760 Speaker 6: were admitted to the public schools of a little Rock, Arkansas. 271 00:17:14,280 --> 00:17:20,320 Speaker 6: Those students were threatened, they were vilified, they were disrespect 272 00:17:20,359 --> 00:17:23,359 Speaker 6: they were put in harm's way. And I watched on 273 00:17:23,720 --> 00:17:29,840 Speaker 6: the University on Columbia University's campus, on UCLA's campus, disagreement 274 00:17:29,920 --> 00:17:36,080 Speaker 6: turning into violence and hatred and disrespecting the rights the 275 00:17:36,080 --> 00:17:39,600 Speaker 6: beliefs of others, and with respect to Jewish students, treating 276 00:17:39,680 --> 00:17:43,720 Speaker 6: all Jews as the enemy. I mean, I said to myself, 277 00:17:44,040 --> 00:17:48,160 Speaker 6: what has happened to this great university? So I would 278 00:17:48,160 --> 00:17:52,679 Speaker 6: say that the earned authority of the presidents of some 279 00:17:52,720 --> 00:17:56,400 Speaker 6: of those campuses, they haven't earned the right to lead, 280 00:17:56,720 --> 00:17:58,359 Speaker 6: and they got a lot of work to do to 281 00:17:58,880 --> 00:18:02,639 Speaker 6: determine how to earn that right once again. And I 282 00:18:02,640 --> 00:18:06,040 Speaker 6: think that's been a great harm to those institutions. And 283 00:18:06,119 --> 00:18:09,320 Speaker 6: I think you just compare that with what has happened 284 00:18:09,760 --> 00:18:15,320 Speaker 6: on HBCU campuses, where students may have disagreed, but where 285 00:18:15,359 --> 00:18:18,880 Speaker 6: it's their education and the community in which they've received it, 286 00:18:19,320 --> 00:18:23,040 Speaker 6: which they are respecting as they participate in this great 287 00:18:23,160 --> 00:18:28,400 Speaker 6: ritual of transition for them. You know, oftentimes HBCUs are 288 00:18:28,440 --> 00:18:33,680 Speaker 6: not viewed as leaders as institutions which demonstrate what higher 289 00:18:33,800 --> 00:18:37,119 Speaker 6: education should become. I think that they have demonstrated that 290 00:18:38,000 --> 00:18:43,800 Speaker 6: we have embraced diversity and disagreement and discourse and still 291 00:18:43,960 --> 00:18:46,840 Speaker 6: found a way to create community. And I hope that 292 00:18:46,920 --> 00:18:49,320 Speaker 6: we won't forget that. I hope that we will work 293 00:18:49,920 --> 00:18:53,400 Speaker 6: hard for that. I celebrate the presidents who have been 294 00:18:53,520 --> 00:18:58,400 Speaker 6: very intentional about imbuing the institution. Doctor Gloucester was a 295 00:18:58,560 --> 00:19:03,840 Speaker 6: very important president Morehouse. He created the Morehouse School of Medicine. 296 00:19:04,440 --> 00:19:09,160 Speaker 6: But on the issue of agreement versus disagreement, he may 297 00:19:09,200 --> 00:19:12,520 Speaker 6: have made a mistake, but that was a mistake in 298 00:19:12,560 --> 00:19:17,399 Speaker 6: the course of a very important leadership journey he was on. 299 00:19:17,520 --> 00:19:21,840 Speaker 6: I disagreed with him about my beard, and I disagree 300 00:19:21,880 --> 00:19:24,400 Speaker 6: with it, the characterization that I look like a gorilla. 301 00:19:24,840 --> 00:19:26,399 Speaker 6: You know, I look pretty cool. 302 00:19:26,680 --> 00:19:27,520 Speaker 2: I will say this. 303 00:19:28,080 --> 00:19:32,480 Speaker 6: Always embraced me, always celebrated my achievements, and never allowed 304 00:19:32,520 --> 00:19:36,560 Speaker 6: how I looked or what I thought to diminish the 305 00:19:36,640 --> 00:19:38,960 Speaker 6: respect that I received. And I think we have to 306 00:19:39,040 --> 00:19:41,720 Speaker 6: learn to do that. And I believe that we've learned 307 00:19:41,720 --> 00:19:44,879 Speaker 6: to do that at HBCUs. We have to continue to 308 00:19:44,920 --> 00:19:47,560 Speaker 6: cultivate that and we have to share that with the world. 309 00:19:47,560 --> 00:19:50,560 Speaker 6: That is one of our gifts to American higher education. 310 00:19:51,800 --> 00:19:54,800 Speaker 6: But there's a dark side to the world of HBCUs. 311 00:19:55,320 --> 00:20:00,000 Speaker 6: These schools face historical and systematic headwinds to growth. Al 312 00:20:00,040 --> 00:20:02,840 Speaker 6: rule of twenty twenty one, the State of Maryland announced 313 00:20:02,880 --> 00:20:05,840 Speaker 6: through state Attorney General's office it had reached a five 314 00:20:05,920 --> 00:20:09,520 Speaker 6: hundred and seventy seven million dollars settlement. The funds would 315 00:20:09,520 --> 00:20:14,240 Speaker 6: be divided between its four HBCUs Alcorn State, Bowie State, 316 00:20:14,640 --> 00:20:17,760 Speaker 6: Morgan State, and the University of Maryland Eastern Shore. 317 00:20:18,359 --> 00:20:18,879 Speaker 5: Quote. 318 00:20:19,520 --> 00:20:24,119 Speaker 12: The lawsuit accused Maryland of underfunding these institutions while developing 319 00:20:24,200 --> 00:20:27,560 Speaker 12: programs at traditionally white schools that directly compete with them, 320 00:20:28,040 --> 00:20:32,240 Speaker 12: draining away prospective students. In twenty thirteen, a federal judge 321 00:20:32,320 --> 00:20:35,240 Speaker 12: ruled that the state maintained a dual and segregated education 322 00:20:35,359 --> 00:20:38,840 Speaker 12: system that violated the Constitution end quote. 323 00:20:39,080 --> 00:20:42,520 Speaker 5: In September of twenty thirteen, the US Secretary of Education 324 00:20:42,800 --> 00:20:46,440 Speaker 5: and US Secretary of Agriculture sent letters to sixteen governors 325 00:20:46,480 --> 00:20:49,960 Speaker 5: across the country serving their disparity in funding between laggrad 326 00:20:50,080 --> 00:20:55,080 Speaker 5: HBCUs and their mind HBCU Land grand peers. These disparities 327 00:20:55,119 --> 00:20:58,600 Speaker 5: affect schools like Tennessee State University, which in September of 328 00:20:58,600 --> 00:21:01,879 Speaker 5: twenty twenty four support to be underfunded by the state 329 00:21:02,200 --> 00:21:05,720 Speaker 5: by as much as two billion dollars. GCU is reportedly 330 00:21:05,760 --> 00:21:08,679 Speaker 5: in a budget shortfall over forty million dollars. Such a 331 00:21:08,760 --> 00:21:11,720 Speaker 5: severe money crunch affects the acron inequality of life of 332 00:21:11,800 --> 00:21:16,440 Speaker 5: current and former students. One of the most defining aspects 333 00:21:16,440 --> 00:21:19,600 Speaker 5: of HBCUs in the twenty twenties has been the significant 334 00:21:19,600 --> 00:21:23,399 Speaker 5: increase in funding from both government and private sectors. The 335 00:21:23,480 --> 00:21:28,159 Speaker 5: Biden administration made historic investments in HBCUs, including billions of 336 00:21:28,200 --> 00:21:33,040 Speaker 5: dollars allocated through pandemic belief packages, student deck forgiveness initiatives, 337 00:21:33,080 --> 00:21:37,920 Speaker 5: and increased peil grant funding. Additionally, private corporations that philanthropists 338 00:21:38,000 --> 00:21:43,360 Speaker 5: recognize the importance of supporting HBCUs companies like Apple, Google, 339 00:21:43,480 --> 00:21:48,520 Speaker 5: and Netflix, pledged millions to support HBCU endowments, scholarships, and 340 00:21:48,560 --> 00:21:54,119 Speaker 5: research initiatives. Notably, Mackenzie Scott formerly m Kidney Scott Bezos, 341 00:21:54,240 --> 00:21:58,560 Speaker 5: a philanthropist, donated hundreds of millions of dollars to multiple 342 00:21:58,720 --> 00:22:03,760 Speaker 5: HBCUs on unprecedented act that provided much needed financial support 343 00:22:03,800 --> 00:22:05,640 Speaker 5: to those institutions. 344 00:22:06,000 --> 00:22:09,440 Speaker 1: While students at HBCUs feel the financial pressure at their 345 00:22:09,440 --> 00:22:13,480 Speaker 1: respective schools. In twenty twenty three, the Supreme Court reversed 346 00:22:13,520 --> 00:22:18,879 Speaker 1: a long standing affirmative action ruling, gutting race based admission considerations. 347 00:22:19,880 --> 00:22:23,000 Speaker 1: During the unrests of the pandemic, black students and students 348 00:22:23,000 --> 00:22:27,240 Speaker 1: of color documented and protested their struggles with equal treatment 349 00:22:27,359 --> 00:22:29,320 Speaker 1: at predominantly white institutions. 350 00:22:29,960 --> 00:22:33,000 Speaker 5: In the fall of twenty twenty one, a protest erupted 351 00:22:33,040 --> 00:22:36,320 Speaker 5: on the campus of Howard University. The situation was more 352 00:22:36,400 --> 00:22:40,080 Speaker 5: complex because the president, doctor Wayne Frederick, not only held 353 00:22:40,119 --> 00:22:43,840 Speaker 5: three degrees from Howard University, but was relatively young in 354 00:22:43,840 --> 00:22:44,760 Speaker 5: his late forties. 355 00:22:44,880 --> 00:22:48,880 Speaker 1: The students were protesting housing conditions on campus. Things took 356 00:22:48,880 --> 00:22:52,800 Speaker 1: a turn when students pitched tents on campus. The visuals 357 00:22:52,800 --> 00:22:55,200 Speaker 1: embarrassed the university not sit in. 358 00:22:55,200 --> 00:22:59,040 Speaker 14: At Howard University, about a dozen demonstrators are still occupying 359 00:22:59,160 --> 00:23:03,440 Speaker 14: Blackburn Universeverity Center. The students are demanding representation on the 360 00:23:03,480 --> 00:23:06,399 Speaker 14: university's board of trustees. They're also calling for action to 361 00:23:06,400 --> 00:23:08,960 Speaker 14: address living conditions in student dorms. 362 00:23:09,960 --> 00:23:13,159 Speaker 15: So, students, I've been facing a lot of issues on campus, 363 00:23:14,000 --> 00:23:19,600 Speaker 15: everything from housing to tuition increases to safety issues on campus, 364 00:23:19,920 --> 00:23:23,400 Speaker 15: and we feel as though administration is not listening to us. 365 00:23:23,800 --> 00:23:28,360 Speaker 5: Back in nineteen sixty nine, HBCU students were experiencing some 366 00:23:28,400 --> 00:23:32,520 Speaker 5: of the same issues. We spoke to doctor Alvita King, 367 00:23:33,119 --> 00:23:37,440 Speaker 5: niece to Martin Luther King Junior and granddaughter to Daddy King. 368 00:23:37,640 --> 00:23:40,080 Speaker 5: Who better to give us perspective on the climate of 369 00:23:40,119 --> 00:23:43,000 Speaker 5: Atlanta at the time and the thinking of both men. 370 00:23:44,400 --> 00:23:47,399 Speaker 1: When is the first time you heard the story of 371 00:23:47,440 --> 00:23:48,119 Speaker 1: the lockout? 372 00:23:48,359 --> 00:23:50,800 Speaker 5: Actually, during the time that it happened, I didn't know. 373 00:23:50,960 --> 00:23:51,639 Speaker 5: Samuel L. 374 00:23:51,720 --> 00:23:54,480 Speaker 11: Jackson became a famous actor and all that and a 375 00:23:54,520 --> 00:23:57,960 Speaker 11: big voice that everybody listens to. But back in those days, 376 00:23:57,960 --> 00:23:59,879 Speaker 11: I heard about it, but I was on a different 377 00:24:00,119 --> 00:24:04,880 Speaker 11: front of protests, you see. I wasn't Black power all 378 00:24:04,920 --> 00:24:06,879 Speaker 11: of this. I tried to do that, but my daddy 379 00:24:06,880 --> 00:24:08,920 Speaker 11: before he was killed. Dad was killed the next year 380 00:24:09,040 --> 00:24:11,960 Speaker 11: A d King, Martin's brother was killed and throwing the 381 00:24:11,960 --> 00:24:15,560 Speaker 11: swimming pool no water in his lungs. But until Daddy died, 382 00:24:15,880 --> 00:24:19,360 Speaker 11: he made sure that I didn't join the Black power 383 00:24:19,600 --> 00:24:23,440 Speaker 11: black only he said, you really can't do that. So 384 00:24:23,520 --> 00:24:26,160 Speaker 11: I was in a different movement, but I was there 385 00:24:26,200 --> 00:24:28,680 Speaker 11: at the same time, so I heard about it. 386 00:24:29,480 --> 00:24:34,359 Speaker 5: Do you recall, as you all called in Daddy King's 387 00:24:35,000 --> 00:24:39,280 Speaker 5: reaction to that locking or his reaction to being essentially 388 00:24:39,359 --> 00:24:40,920 Speaker 5: held hostage in that way. 389 00:24:41,320 --> 00:24:43,719 Speaker 11: You know, he was like these young folks, That's what 390 00:24:43,760 --> 00:24:47,159 Speaker 11: he would have said, you know, his own son. He 391 00:24:47,160 --> 00:24:49,800 Speaker 11: didn't agree with all my uncle and Daddy's tactics. He 392 00:24:49,840 --> 00:24:52,560 Speaker 11: would ask them to come back off, to not be 393 00:24:52,800 --> 00:24:55,520 Speaker 11: so forceful with that. This were too dangerous. There's got 394 00:24:55,560 --> 00:24:59,080 Speaker 11: to be a better way. That was Granddaddy's perspective. So 395 00:24:59,119 --> 00:25:01,359 Speaker 11: he would have had to have looked at it. What 396 00:25:01,520 --> 00:25:04,199 Speaker 11: was he in his forties then, maybe fifties alm, But 397 00:25:04,280 --> 00:25:06,760 Speaker 11: he would have had to say, these are the young folks. 398 00:25:07,240 --> 00:25:10,720 Speaker 11: He would never have discredited their concerns, He never would, 399 00:25:11,800 --> 00:25:14,119 Speaker 11: but he may not have agreed with their method. 400 00:25:14,640 --> 00:25:17,160 Speaker 5: In our question to deep in this event, the first 401 00:25:17,160 --> 00:25:19,679 Speaker 5: person we found who was willing to speak about the 402 00:25:19,720 --> 00:25:23,600 Speaker 5: lock in and was actually participant was James Counts Early, 403 00:25:23,960 --> 00:25:27,879 Speaker 5: a cultural educator in Morehouse alone class of sixty nine. 404 00:25:28,080 --> 00:25:31,320 Speaker 5: Here's what he had to say, starting with Benjamin Mays. 405 00:25:31,640 --> 00:25:34,280 Speaker 6: The only real image I have of him is the 406 00:25:34,359 --> 00:25:38,000 Speaker 6: quiet doctor Mace when we took over the administration building and. 407 00:25:39,320 --> 00:25:40,040 Speaker 5: He was sitting there. 408 00:25:40,080 --> 00:25:41,680 Speaker 2: He sat basically quiet. 409 00:25:41,680 --> 00:25:44,080 Speaker 4: I don't remember him saying anything in the whole meeting, 410 00:25:44,160 --> 00:25:46,080 Speaker 4: at least those parts of the meeting that I was 411 00:25:46,119 --> 00:25:46,679 Speaker 4: engaged in. 412 00:25:47,359 --> 00:25:51,760 Speaker 2: He was a stately looking man. He was quiet. Gloucester 413 00:25:51,960 --> 00:25:54,000 Speaker 2: was really on the pin head of consideration. 414 00:25:55,000 --> 00:25:59,240 Speaker 4: That was for the sort of clash with executive authority 415 00:25:59,280 --> 00:26:02,200 Speaker 4: at Morehouse. But I don't have any larger I never 416 00:26:02,320 --> 00:26:03,600 Speaker 4: read doctor. 417 00:26:03,280 --> 00:26:04,159 Speaker 5: Mays, you know. 418 00:26:05,560 --> 00:26:09,320 Speaker 4: I knew he was a highly touted and highly respected figure, 419 00:26:09,359 --> 00:26:13,359 Speaker 4: and I accepted that there was a historical reasons for that, 420 00:26:13,520 --> 00:26:15,680 Speaker 4: but it was never He was never a point of 421 00:26:15,800 --> 00:26:18,280 Speaker 4: reference for me. So I don't have any more familiar 422 00:26:18,400 --> 00:26:20,359 Speaker 4: kinds of intersections with him. 423 00:26:20,880 --> 00:26:23,040 Speaker 5: James, tell us a little bit about the institution of 424 00:26:23,080 --> 00:26:26,359 Speaker 5: the Black World, and to follow up on that, a 425 00:26:26,359 --> 00:26:30,480 Speaker 5: little bit about the man who, from your perspective, led 426 00:26:30,520 --> 00:26:31,960 Speaker 5: the lock in. 427 00:26:32,080 --> 00:26:37,119 Speaker 6: Abdullah Calamonde INSWO the Black World is a major catalyst 428 00:26:37,520 --> 00:26:38,720 Speaker 6: for the Black Studies movement. 429 00:26:38,760 --> 00:26:41,920 Speaker 4: They organized major conferences. Abdullah Klimite is still one of 430 00:26:41,960 --> 00:26:45,920 Speaker 4: the principles and the evolution and ongoing issues and new 431 00:26:46,000 --> 00:26:48,360 Speaker 4: generations of people who were doing black studies. 432 00:26:48,960 --> 00:26:52,480 Speaker 16: That was a sign of a changing moment, a major 433 00:26:52,920 --> 00:26:57,359 Speaker 16: sign of a changing moment, because he was connected to 434 00:26:57,520 --> 00:27:02,399 Speaker 16: doctor King, Missus King, to all of those upper class, 435 00:27:02,440 --> 00:27:08,000 Speaker 16: middle class people in Atlanta who were fighting vigorously to 436 00:27:08,080 --> 00:27:11,400 Speaker 16: break American apartheid, a metaphor we now use in hindsight 437 00:27:11,480 --> 00:27:12,800 Speaker 16: to break American segregation. 438 00:27:13,560 --> 00:27:16,919 Speaker 6: Another key figure here was a Spellman student, doctor Bernie 439 00:27:17,040 --> 00:27:19,720 Speaker 6: Johnson Reagan. She had gone to college at sixteen. 440 00:27:19,840 --> 00:27:21,480 Speaker 2: Was its spell from Albany State. 441 00:27:21,880 --> 00:27:24,520 Speaker 6: Because she organized a protest against white man trying to 442 00:27:24,520 --> 00:27:30,040 Speaker 6: pick up black students, and the black community was very unsettled. 443 00:27:30,119 --> 00:27:32,800 Speaker 2: I mean, we must try to think about this. This 444 00:27:32,920 --> 00:27:35,199 Speaker 2: was a day. This was an era of terror. It 445 00:27:35,280 --> 00:27:36,240 Speaker 2: was not a terminenty. 446 00:27:36,480 --> 00:27:39,480 Speaker 4: This was an era of terrorism, of lynchings, of rape, 447 00:27:40,640 --> 00:27:44,520 Speaker 4: of impunity in which black people would move off the 448 00:27:44,560 --> 00:27:46,840 Speaker 4: sidewalk when white people were coming. 449 00:27:46,920 --> 00:27:48,399 Speaker 2: You didn't look him in the eye. 450 00:27:49,520 --> 00:27:53,760 Speaker 6: And my generation, I'm now almost seventy nine years old, 451 00:27:53,800 --> 00:27:56,240 Speaker 6: but you know, as an eighteen year old while I 452 00:27:56,400 --> 00:27:58,480 Speaker 6: live that, I'm. 453 00:27:58,000 --> 00:28:01,080 Speaker 2: Not sure we didn't understand the cavity of that. 454 00:28:01,680 --> 00:28:07,119 Speaker 6: Sure, and So the integrationist move was to find an equality, 455 00:28:07,160 --> 00:28:10,439 Speaker 6: which is to be positively acknowledged. 456 00:28:10,440 --> 00:28:10,639 Speaker 8: You know. 457 00:28:10,720 --> 00:28:14,040 Speaker 6: Now we critique it as you know King, and as 458 00:28:14,119 --> 00:28:16,920 Speaker 6: before he died Harry Belafonte, with whom I became very 459 00:28:16,920 --> 00:28:19,800 Speaker 6: close to, we used to say how King would say, 460 00:28:19,840 --> 00:28:22,440 Speaker 6: you know, I think we're integrating a burning house. 461 00:28:23,080 --> 00:28:26,480 Speaker 2: But that was an evolution in King's thinking as he 462 00:28:26,720 --> 00:28:27,879 Speaker 2: was as he was about it. 463 00:28:28,040 --> 00:28:31,719 Speaker 1: You're attracted to this particular professor. You hear about this 464 00:28:31,760 --> 00:28:34,600 Speaker 1: particular course of this book that somebody shared that, you know, 465 00:28:34,640 --> 00:28:37,520 Speaker 1: the way people would talk around in dorm rooms and spaces, 466 00:28:37,560 --> 00:28:39,120 Speaker 1: and this is perculating, right. 467 00:28:39,360 --> 00:28:42,040 Speaker 2: And plus King has been killed. Yes, so this is 468 00:28:42,080 --> 00:28:42,680 Speaker 2: a globe. 469 00:28:42,960 --> 00:28:46,600 Speaker 6: This is an Atlanta shock, it's a Moorhouse shock, it's 470 00:28:46,640 --> 00:28:48,320 Speaker 6: a national shock, it's. 471 00:28:48,160 --> 00:28:49,360 Speaker 2: A global shock. 472 00:28:49,840 --> 00:28:54,000 Speaker 6: The whole society was unsettled, The whole liberal society was 473 00:28:54,120 --> 00:29:01,040 Speaker 6: unsettled because King was not just an individualized black figure. 474 00:29:01,960 --> 00:29:06,680 Speaker 6: He was a contextual figure of massive change. 475 00:29:07,400 --> 00:29:11,680 Speaker 5: American history lives in the echoes of education. These echoes 476 00:29:11,760 --> 00:29:14,160 Speaker 5: speak to the fights of the past and the promise 477 00:29:14,240 --> 00:29:20,440 Speaker 5: of the future. Education provides stability in the potential of economics, prosperity, 478 00:29:21,200 --> 00:29:33,600 Speaker 5: Is that enough? Next time on the A Building. 479 00:29:33,840 --> 00:29:35,960 Speaker 2: I climbed the tree into the second floor because the 480 00:29:36,000 --> 00:29:36,920 Speaker 2: doors have been locked. 481 00:29:37,000 --> 00:29:37,600 Speaker 5: I go in. 482 00:29:37,720 --> 00:29:38,520 Speaker 2: I'm in the hallway. 483 00:29:38,560 --> 00:29:39,520 Speaker 1: The hallway is packed. 484 00:29:39,680 --> 00:29:42,360 Speaker 6: Abdu La kale Made and a few other students were 485 00:29:42,400 --> 00:29:45,120 Speaker 6: inside the conference room with the board. 486 00:29:45,880 --> 00:29:49,160 Speaker 1: And I go in the room. The A Building is 487 00:29:49,200 --> 00:29:53,120 Speaker 1: produced by Imagine Audio for iHeart Podcasts. It is written 488 00:29:53,200 --> 00:29:56,320 Speaker 1: and hosted by me Hans Charles and my co host 489 00:29:56,480 --> 00:29:57,400 Speaker 1: menelike La Mumba. 490 00:29:58,240 --> 00:30:00,840 Speaker 5: It is executive produced by Karl Wa Poker and Nathan 491 00:30:00,880 --> 00:30:04,040 Speaker 5: Klok me manelik Wamomba and Hans Charles. 492 00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:09,040 Speaker 1: Executive producers at iHeart Podcasts are Katrina Norville and Nikki Torre. 493 00:30:09,520 --> 00:30:11,320 Speaker 1: Marketing lead is David Wasserman. 494 00:30:11,880 --> 00:30:15,200 Speaker 5: It is produced, directed, and edited by Timothy Fernara with 495 00:30:15,320 --> 00:30:20,040 Speaker 5: producer John Asanti, Sound design and music by Alloy Trex. 496 00:30:20,000 --> 00:30:24,160 Speaker 1: And special thanks to April Ryan, Doctor, Elia Davis, Kim 497 00:30:24,400 --> 00:30:28,320 Speaker 1: vs Ada, Bobby Know and James Early. If you enjoyed 498 00:30:28,320 --> 00:30:31,080 Speaker 1: this episode, be sure to rate and review The A 499 00:30:31,240 --> 00:30:36,520 Speaker 1: Building on Apple Podcasts or wherever you get your podcast