1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:13,920 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:14,000 --> 00:00:17,400 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy B. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. It is 4 00:00:17,480 --> 00:00:22,680 Speaker 1: time for Unearthed. This is our Unearthed installments to to 5 00:00:22,840 --> 00:00:27,040 Speaker 1: close out the year. We know it's when it's actually 6 00:00:27,040 --> 00:00:30,040 Speaker 1: coming out for folks who maybe are new to the 7 00:00:30,080 --> 00:00:32,320 Speaker 1: show or don't remember. This is when we talk about 8 00:00:32,320 --> 00:00:36,519 Speaker 1: things that have been literally and figuratively unearthed over the 9 00:00:36,600 --> 00:00:39,680 Speaker 1: last three months, so in this case it's October November 10 00:00:39,800 --> 00:00:44,720 Speaker 1: December of UH. Today we are going to talk about 11 00:00:44,720 --> 00:00:47,440 Speaker 1: a whole bunch of updates, so things we've talked about 12 00:00:47,479 --> 00:00:50,400 Speaker 1: before on the show, either on Unearthed or otherwise, as 13 00:00:50,400 --> 00:00:53,120 Speaker 1: well as a whole bunch of shipwrecks and a whole 14 00:00:53,159 --> 00:00:57,880 Speaker 1: bunch of repatriations. Just the updates shipwrecks and repatriations that 15 00:00:57,920 --> 00:01:02,440 Speaker 1: was enough for one whole episode. Um part two on Wednesday, 16 00:01:02,480 --> 00:01:04,560 Speaker 1: we'll be talking about the Edibles and the Potables and 17 00:01:04,600 --> 00:01:08,280 Speaker 1: the art and some animals and some other stuff, so 18 00:01:08,319 --> 00:01:11,600 Speaker 1: we can just get started right. So first, we've had 19 00:01:11,640 --> 00:01:15,120 Speaker 1: several updates about the search for victims of the Tulsa massacre, 20 00:01:15,400 --> 00:01:20,360 Speaker 1: which we first covered on the show in July. Investigations 21 00:01:20,440 --> 00:01:24,600 Speaker 1: continued at Oaklawn Cemetery in October and November of last year, 22 00:01:24,880 --> 00:01:28,920 Speaker 1: with crews finding thirty two total burials and exhuming the 23 00:01:28,959 --> 00:01:32,479 Speaker 1: remains of eight people so they could be examined. So 24 00:01:32,640 --> 00:01:35,200 Speaker 1: this is an ongoing process. It's kind of a multi 25 00:01:35,240 --> 00:01:38,800 Speaker 1: step thing. First, they are examining the burials themselves to 26 00:01:38,840 --> 00:01:42,320 Speaker 1: try to determine whether they were likely connected to the massacre. 27 00:01:42,880 --> 00:01:46,200 Speaker 1: From there, they decide which ones they should exume, and 28 00:01:46,200 --> 00:01:49,040 Speaker 1: then they need to examine the remains that have been 29 00:01:49,080 --> 00:01:52,720 Speaker 1: exhumed to try to identify them if possible. So while 30 00:01:52,840 --> 00:01:57,200 Speaker 1: investigators have found some burial sites and conducted some exhimations, 31 00:01:57,240 --> 00:02:01,720 Speaker 1: the investigations with this are still ongoing. Research published in 32 00:02:01,720 --> 00:02:05,720 Speaker 1: the journal The Holocene has proposed a new explanation for 33 00:02:05,800 --> 00:02:08,600 Speaker 1: how and when the person known as Utsy the Iceman 34 00:02:08,720 --> 00:02:11,400 Speaker 1: died and how his body came to be preserved in 35 00:02:11,400 --> 00:02:15,359 Speaker 1: the ice. The most widely accepted idea before this point 36 00:02:15,440 --> 00:02:18,160 Speaker 1: has been that Utsy died in the autumn more than 37 00:02:18,240 --> 00:02:21,079 Speaker 1: five thousand years ago, and that his body was quickly 38 00:02:21,120 --> 00:02:24,760 Speaker 1: buried in snow, where it essentially was freeze dried and 39 00:02:24,760 --> 00:02:28,960 Speaker 1: then encased under glacial ice. According to this idea, it 40 00:02:29,040 --> 00:02:33,360 Speaker 1: remained undisturbed for thousands of years before being found by hikers. 41 00:02:35,639 --> 00:02:40,040 Speaker 1: But this newly published research calls really all of that 42 00:02:40,080 --> 00:02:44,399 Speaker 1: in the question, suggesting that instead, based on the stomach 43 00:02:44,480 --> 00:02:48,840 Speaker 1: contents and analysis of plant material found around him, Utzy 44 00:02:48,960 --> 00:02:51,840 Speaker 1: really died in the spring, not the fall, so his 45 00:02:51,919 --> 00:02:54,560 Speaker 1: body would have been exposed to the elements all through 46 00:02:54,560 --> 00:02:57,560 Speaker 1: the summer rather than immediately being buried in the snow. 47 00:02:58,480 --> 00:03:01,240 Speaker 1: Radio carbon dating all to suggests that some of the 48 00:03:01,280 --> 00:03:05,520 Speaker 1: material found around him is newer than his body is, 49 00:03:05,720 --> 00:03:09,200 Speaker 1: so that suggests that he was not completely buried in 50 00:03:09,240 --> 00:03:12,360 Speaker 1: the ice that whole time, but instead was exposed at 51 00:03:12,440 --> 00:03:16,200 Speaker 1: various points that additional material than being frozen in there 52 00:03:16,200 --> 00:03:19,600 Speaker 1: with him later. So that's something that they think recurred 53 00:03:19,639 --> 00:03:22,920 Speaker 1: several times in the centuries between his death and his discovery. 54 00:03:23,320 --> 00:03:26,240 Speaker 1: This research to even suggests that Utsey did not die 55 00:03:26,400 --> 00:03:28,840 Speaker 1: in the place where his body was found, but that 56 00:03:29,320 --> 00:03:32,240 Speaker 1: in all of this melting and refreezing, his body was 57 00:03:32,320 --> 00:03:37,440 Speaker 1: pushed down from a higher elevation. So that initial description 58 00:03:37,600 --> 00:03:40,200 Speaker 1: of what might have happened to Utsey that I talked 59 00:03:40,240 --> 00:03:44,040 Speaker 1: about before this last explanation by Tracy. It's a pretty 60 00:03:44,120 --> 00:03:47,320 Speaker 1: unlikely series of events. It's often described as a series 61 00:03:47,360 --> 00:03:51,840 Speaker 1: of miracles, and back in a lot of researchers thought 62 00:03:51,840 --> 00:03:56,080 Speaker 1: that Utsey was fairly or even entirely unique, but this 63 00:03:56,160 --> 00:03:59,720 Speaker 1: new proposal suggests a process that's a lot less miraculous 64 00:03:59,760 --> 00:04:03,480 Speaker 1: and more commonplace, meaning that there could be other bodies 65 00:04:03,520 --> 00:04:06,600 Speaker 1: like Utsi's out there which will be found as global 66 00:04:06,600 --> 00:04:10,720 Speaker 1: temperatures continue to rise and glacial ice continues to melt. 67 00:04:11,520 --> 00:04:15,080 Speaker 1: There have also been other remains and artifacts exposed through 68 00:04:15,080 --> 00:04:18,080 Speaker 1: the melting ice in the decades since Utzy was found, 69 00:04:18,120 --> 00:04:20,880 Speaker 1: so it has already become clear that he's really not 70 00:04:21,040 --> 00:04:25,040 Speaker 1: quite one of a kind. Yeah, no shade to Utsy, 71 00:04:25,440 --> 00:04:31,039 Speaker 1: just saying not a totally unique in the entire world scenario. 72 00:04:31,480 --> 00:04:34,200 Speaker 1: Prior hosts of the show did an episode on Nutzy 73 00:04:34,360 --> 00:04:37,640 Speaker 1: in January, and then we have had a lot of 74 00:04:37,760 --> 00:04:42,400 Speaker 1: Utzy updates on various installments of Unearthed since then. He 75 00:04:42,560 --> 00:04:44,919 Speaker 1: also appears on an episode I have been working on 76 00:04:44,920 --> 00:04:46,680 Speaker 1: in the background for a long time, and we'll see 77 00:04:46,720 --> 00:04:48,599 Speaker 1: if I ever get my act fully together on it, 78 00:04:48,640 --> 00:04:52,640 Speaker 1: but fingers crossed, I'll look forward to it, and I 79 00:04:53,080 --> 00:04:56,159 Speaker 1: saur fossil, believed to have been collected by Mary Anning, 80 00:04:56,600 --> 00:05:01,000 Speaker 1: was excavated from southern England in eighteen eighteen. We most 81 00:05:01,040 --> 00:05:04,520 Speaker 1: recently ran Past Hosts episode on Mary Anning is a 82 00:05:04,560 --> 00:05:09,640 Speaker 1: Saturday Classic in September of This fossil is believed to 83 00:05:09,680 --> 00:05:13,400 Speaker 1: be the first complete ichths R fossil ever found, but 84 00:05:13,600 --> 00:05:16,040 Speaker 1: it was placed in the collections of the Royal College 85 00:05:16,040 --> 00:05:19,919 Speaker 1: of Surgeons in London and was destroyed there when the 86 00:05:19,960 --> 00:05:23,479 Speaker 1: city was bombed during World War Two, so the specimen 87 00:05:23,520 --> 00:05:26,000 Speaker 1: at that point was believed to have been totally lost, 88 00:05:26,120 --> 00:05:29,159 Speaker 1: aside from a scientific illustration that had been made in 89 00:05:29,200 --> 00:05:36,320 Speaker 1: the nineteenth century. But in and researchers found two different 90 00:05:36,400 --> 00:05:40,279 Speaker 1: casts of it in two different collections, one at Yale 91 00:05:40,360 --> 00:05:45,360 Speaker 1: University's Peabody Museum and the other at Berlin's Natural History Museum, 92 00:05:45,400 --> 00:05:49,120 Speaker 1: and the cast in Berlin wasn't listed in the museum's records. 93 00:05:49,680 --> 00:05:52,839 Speaker 1: A paper on the discovery of these casts was published 94 00:05:53,080 --> 00:05:57,080 Speaker 1: in Royal Society Open Science in November, and it points 95 00:05:57,080 --> 00:06:00,160 Speaker 1: out that old casts like these can have historic and 96 00:06:00,279 --> 00:06:04,640 Speaker 1: scientific importance but are often overlooked. In this case, the 97 00:06:04,680 --> 00:06:08,000 Speaker 1: two casts have verified the accuracy of most of the 98 00:06:08,040 --> 00:06:12,279 Speaker 1: scientific illustration that still survived, while also showing a couple 99 00:06:12,279 --> 00:06:16,000 Speaker 1: of spots where the illustration didn't quite capture the specimen. 100 00:06:16,560 --> 00:06:19,120 Speaker 1: It also notes that there may still be other casts 101 00:06:19,160 --> 00:06:23,680 Speaker 1: of this same specimen in other museums collections. Yeah, it 102 00:06:23,760 --> 00:06:26,279 Speaker 1: was one of those things where people were like, that 103 00:06:26,320 --> 00:06:30,680 Speaker 1: looks familiar to me. Wait, it's something we thought had 104 00:06:30,680 --> 00:06:32,839 Speaker 1: been totally destroyed that we actually have this cast of 105 00:06:33,880 --> 00:06:37,440 Speaker 1: Moving on, In our previous installment of Unearthed, we talked 106 00:06:37,440 --> 00:06:42,080 Speaker 1: about the Summerton Man, that is a previously unidentified body 107 00:06:42,120 --> 00:06:45,760 Speaker 1: who had washed up in Australia. We talked about the 108 00:06:45,760 --> 00:06:49,160 Speaker 1: announcement that a pair of researchers had concluded that this 109 00:06:49,240 --> 00:06:53,279 Speaker 1: person was Carl Webb, known as Charles. So Police in 110 00:06:53,320 --> 00:06:57,080 Speaker 1: Australia have also been conducting their own investigation into the 111 00:06:57,080 --> 00:07:00,920 Speaker 1: Summerton Man's identity. They have not we're least their results 112 00:07:01,040 --> 00:07:06,159 Speaker 1: or confirmed this investigation, but one of the two researchers 113 00:07:06,200 --> 00:07:10,280 Speaker 1: involved in that investigation, Derek Abbott of Adelaide University, has 114 00:07:10,400 --> 00:07:13,960 Speaker 1: contacted members of the web family to try to find 115 00:07:14,160 --> 00:07:19,000 Speaker 1: more information about Charles and to just confirm this identification. 116 00:07:19,800 --> 00:07:24,400 Speaker 1: That conversation Unearthed to photo album containing family photos, including 117 00:07:24,840 --> 00:07:27,640 Speaker 1: a Charlie Webb, as well as a group photo of 118 00:07:27,680 --> 00:07:31,680 Speaker 1: the Swinburne Technical College Under sixteen football team, one of 119 00:07:31,720 --> 00:07:36,080 Speaker 1: whom is listed as ce Web. One family member also 120 00:07:36,200 --> 00:07:39,520 Speaker 1: underwent DNA testing to confirm a link to Charles Webb. 121 00:07:40,640 --> 00:07:43,880 Speaker 1: And another update to an earlier episode of an Earth. 122 00:07:44,360 --> 00:07:47,200 Speaker 1: In July, we talked about the discovery of a led 123 00:07:47,280 --> 00:07:51,760 Speaker 1: sarcophagus at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. The sarcophagus was 124 00:07:51,800 --> 00:07:55,840 Speaker 1: found during work to rebuild the cathedral's spire following the 125 00:07:55,920 --> 00:07:59,520 Speaker 1: fire that damaged it very badly in twenty nineteen. So 126 00:07:59,600 --> 00:08:02,320 Speaker 1: there were actually two sarcophagu i found. There was only 127 00:08:02,320 --> 00:08:04,280 Speaker 1: one that was known when we talked about this. The 128 00:08:04,320 --> 00:08:08,480 Speaker 1: second was found also. There were statues, sculptures and other 129 00:08:08,600 --> 00:08:13,240 Speaker 1: items discovered. Both of these sarcophagu i have now been opened. 130 00:08:14,200 --> 00:08:16,800 Speaker 1: One was marked with a brass plaque saying that it 131 00:08:16,840 --> 00:08:19,600 Speaker 1: belonged to Antoine de la Porte, the canon of Notre 132 00:08:19,680 --> 00:08:24,040 Speaker 1: Dame Cathedral, who died in seventeen ten. The identity of 133 00:08:24,040 --> 00:08:27,000 Speaker 1: the other is not known, but has been nicknamed La Cavalier. 134 00:08:27,640 --> 00:08:29,600 Speaker 1: This is believed to be the body of an affluent 135 00:08:29,680 --> 00:08:32,120 Speaker 1: man in his thirties who died as long ago as 136 00:08:32,160 --> 00:08:36,000 Speaker 1: the fourteenth century. Based on where he was buried, he 137 00:08:36,080 --> 00:08:39,319 Speaker 1: would have been someone important, but other than that, not 138 00:08:39,520 --> 00:08:42,840 Speaker 1: much as known. Yeah, it's a little unclear whether anybody 139 00:08:42,880 --> 00:08:44,880 Speaker 1: will be able to figure out exactly who this was. 140 00:08:45,000 --> 00:08:47,760 Speaker 1: It kind of depends on exactly how old that body was, 141 00:08:47,840 --> 00:08:53,160 Speaker 1: because records before a certain point no longer exist. Moving on, 142 00:08:53,600 --> 00:08:57,480 Speaker 1: in we did a two part episode on Executive Order 143 00:08:57,600 --> 00:09:01,320 Speaker 1: ninety six and the mass incarceration of Japanese Americans during 144 00:09:01,320 --> 00:09:06,280 Speaker 1: World War Two. While researching the people who had been incarcerated, 145 00:09:06,800 --> 00:09:11,160 Speaker 1: Duncan Reigan Williams, director of the University of Southern California's 146 00:09:11,320 --> 00:09:15,760 Speaker 1: nso Ito Center for Japanese Religions and Culture, realized that 147 00:09:15,800 --> 00:09:19,840 Speaker 1: there was no complete, sort of master list of everybody 148 00:09:19,880 --> 00:09:24,600 Speaker 1: who had been imprisoned under this order, So he assembled 149 00:09:24,640 --> 00:09:28,520 Speaker 1: a team of researchers and volunteers to create one, compiling 150 00:09:28,600 --> 00:09:31,840 Speaker 1: and cross referencing records from all of the various camps. 151 00:09:32,760 --> 00:09:35,719 Speaker 1: The result is a sacred book called cho which is 152 00:09:35,760 --> 00:09:41,080 Speaker 1: a handbound, thousand page book containing one thousand, two hundred 153 00:09:41,160 --> 00:09:44,720 Speaker 1: eighty four names. This is the first attempt at a 154 00:09:44,760 --> 00:09:49,240 Speaker 1: comprehensive list of everyone the United States imprisoned in these camps. 155 00:09:49,760 --> 00:09:52,640 Speaker 1: The names are also displayed on a website arranged by 156 00:09:52,679 --> 00:09:56,400 Speaker 1: birth year. The book itself is currently on display at 157 00:09:56,400 --> 00:10:00,079 Speaker 1: the Japanese American National Museum in Los Angeles, California, a 158 00:10:00,559 --> 00:10:03,680 Speaker 1: where visitors are invited to view the book and to 159 00:10:03,800 --> 00:10:07,280 Speaker 1: use a special hanko or signature seal to stamp up 160 00:10:07,320 --> 00:10:10,800 Speaker 1: to six names in the book. Although a person doesn't 161 00:10:10,840 --> 00:10:13,520 Speaker 1: have to be a survivor of one of the camps 162 00:10:13,679 --> 00:10:16,600 Speaker 1: or a friend or relative of somebody who was incarcerated 163 00:10:16,640 --> 00:10:18,959 Speaker 1: there to stamp one of the names, this is a 164 00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:22,040 Speaker 1: process that they're hoping will help verify the names in 165 00:10:22,040 --> 00:10:25,240 Speaker 1: the book, so people have an opportunity to do things 166 00:10:25,240 --> 00:10:28,640 Speaker 1: like correct misspellings or add people in who might have 167 00:10:28,720 --> 00:10:31,480 Speaker 1: been omitted in spite of all the research that went 168 00:10:31,480 --> 00:10:35,080 Speaker 1: into this. Back in we did an episode on the 169 00:10:35,160 --> 00:10:39,319 Speaker 1: last Carolina parakeet and other endlings, or the last known 170 00:10:39,400 --> 00:10:42,199 Speaker 1: number of a species to live before it becomes extinct. 171 00:10:42,960 --> 00:10:45,559 Speaker 1: One of the ones we mentioned was the last Tasmanian 172 00:10:45,640 --> 00:10:49,080 Speaker 1: tiger or thili sign, who died at Hobar Zoo in 173 00:10:49,120 --> 00:10:53,800 Speaker 1: Australia in ninety six Although the animals skeleton and skin 174 00:10:53,880 --> 00:10:57,360 Speaker 1: were preserved and given to the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, 175 00:10:57,720 --> 00:11:01,920 Speaker 1: they later disappeared. Eventually people concluded that they must have 176 00:11:01,960 --> 00:11:08,600 Speaker 1: been thrown away, but after somebody found an unpublished taxidermists report, 177 00:11:08,880 --> 00:11:11,840 Speaker 1: the museum conducted a search and they wound up finding 178 00:11:11,880 --> 00:11:15,400 Speaker 1: the skin and skeleton in a cupboard in the museum's 179 00:11:15,559 --> 00:11:19,760 Speaker 1: education department. Because this was in very good condition, staff 180 00:11:19,800 --> 00:11:23,560 Speaker 1: had used it as part of traveling educational exhibits, sort 181 00:11:23,600 --> 00:11:26,360 Speaker 1: of like we need to take an example to show people, 182 00:11:26,480 --> 00:11:28,280 Speaker 1: this is the best one we have, so it's what 183 00:11:28,320 --> 00:11:32,000 Speaker 1: we'll take with us, not realizing exactly what it was 184 00:11:32,040 --> 00:11:34,240 Speaker 1: and that it was the last style a sign. So 185 00:11:34,280 --> 00:11:37,200 Speaker 1: now this is on display at the museum. And for 186 00:11:37,320 --> 00:11:40,720 Speaker 1: our last update, the Herschel Museum of Astronomy in Bath, 187 00:11:40,800 --> 00:11:45,000 Speaker 1: England has acquired a handwritten copy of Caroline Herschel's memoir 188 00:11:45,360 --> 00:11:48,400 Speaker 1: which contains material that was removed when it was edited 189 00:11:48,480 --> 00:11:51,360 Speaker 1: and published. This will be going on display at the 190 00:11:51,400 --> 00:11:54,840 Speaker 1: Herschel Museum of Astronomy, which is housed in the Hershel's home. 191 00:11:55,480 --> 00:11:58,680 Speaker 1: This was an important acquisition for the museum. Most of 192 00:11:58,760 --> 00:12:02,760 Speaker 1: Caroline's own documents and personal papers are still held by 193 00:12:02,760 --> 00:12:06,000 Speaker 1: the Herschel family, so they're not necessarily available for the 194 00:12:06,080 --> 00:12:09,080 Speaker 1: public to see, and most of the items that are 195 00:12:09,120 --> 00:12:12,199 Speaker 1: on display at the museum are on loan rather than 196 00:12:12,240 --> 00:12:16,000 Speaker 1: being owned by the museum. This is only the second 197 00:12:16,160 --> 00:12:19,640 Speaker 1: artifact directly connected to Caroline that the museum has been 198 00:12:19,679 --> 00:12:23,720 Speaker 1: able to purchase, although acquiring more items for the museum's 199 00:12:23,720 --> 00:12:27,240 Speaker 1: permanent collection is one of its priorities. Our episode on 200 00:12:27,280 --> 00:12:30,240 Speaker 1: Caroline Herschel came out as a Saturday Classic in March 201 00:12:30,320 --> 00:12:33,599 Speaker 1: of twenty nineteen, and now we're going to take a 202 00:12:33,679 --> 00:12:46,760 Speaker 1: quick sponsor break before we get onto the shipwrecks. Today, 203 00:12:46,800 --> 00:12:51,960 Speaker 1: we have about a jillion shipwrecked discoveries uh and also 204 00:12:52,040 --> 00:12:55,359 Speaker 1: some research done at at shipwreck sites that were previously 205 00:12:55,440 --> 00:12:59,600 Speaker 1: known about, but this research is new. First researchers in 206 00:12:59,640 --> 00:13:01,920 Speaker 1: the North at Sea have been trying to figure out 207 00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:06,640 Speaker 1: whether wartime shipwrecks are polluting the water there and whether 208 00:13:06,880 --> 00:13:10,600 Speaker 1: that pollution means that these wrecks should be removed. In 209 00:13:10,640 --> 00:13:14,080 Speaker 1: this case, they focused on the V two John Mahn 210 00:13:14,679 --> 00:13:17,240 Speaker 1: German ship that was sunk by the Royal Air Force 211 00:13:17,280 --> 00:13:22,640 Speaker 1: in February of two. Based on their research yes this 212 00:13:22,760 --> 00:13:27,800 Speaker 1: particular wreck is leaking toxic chemicals into the water, including nickel, copper, 213 00:13:27,880 --> 00:13:31,200 Speaker 1: and arsenic, as well as chemicals found in fossil fuels 214 00:13:31,240 --> 00:13:35,320 Speaker 1: and explosives. The amounts of the substances are at this 215 00:13:35,400 --> 00:13:40,360 Speaker 1: point fairly small, although polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or p h s, 216 00:13:40,600 --> 00:13:43,880 Speaker 1: which are found in fossil fuels, are altering the ecosystem 217 00:13:43,920 --> 00:13:47,360 Speaker 1: around the ship, and this is one of many wartime 218 00:13:47,400 --> 00:13:51,439 Speaker 1: shipwrecks in the area. Other ships may present bigger problems 219 00:13:52,679 --> 00:13:55,760 Speaker 1: next up. After being on hold due to the COVID 220 00:13:55,840 --> 00:14:00,319 Speaker 1: nineteen pandemic, dives and excavations have resumed at the site 221 00:14:00,360 --> 00:14:03,280 Speaker 1: of the HMS Arabis, which was one of the ships 222 00:14:03,320 --> 00:14:07,079 Speaker 1: that was lost during Captain John Franklin's attempt to navigate 223 00:14:07,120 --> 00:14:12,680 Speaker 1: the Northwest Passage. That attempt started in eight Researchers have 224 00:14:12,800 --> 00:14:16,679 Speaker 1: recovered more than two hundred and seventy five artifacts, including 225 00:14:16,760 --> 00:14:21,480 Speaker 1: an embossed leather folio with a quill tucked inside. Although 226 00:14:21,480 --> 00:14:24,200 Speaker 1: it is not yet known whose folio this was or 227 00:14:24,240 --> 00:14:27,840 Speaker 1: what was written inside of it. Divers discovered this as 228 00:14:27,880 --> 00:14:31,480 Speaker 1: the most remarkable find of the season. Because of the 229 00:14:31,520 --> 00:14:34,400 Speaker 1: conditions of the Arctic waters where these ships went down. 230 00:14:34,840 --> 00:14:38,280 Speaker 1: Diving is possible only in the summer and using special 231 00:14:38,280 --> 00:14:42,240 Speaker 1: equipment to help keep divers warm. Divers didn't visit the 232 00:14:42,280 --> 00:14:46,120 Speaker 1: other ship, the HMS Terror, during last summer's dives, because 233 00:14:46,160 --> 00:14:49,800 Speaker 1: it is in much deeper water, so archaeologists consider it 234 00:14:49,880 --> 00:14:52,800 Speaker 1: to be more secure than the Arabis. You know, they're 235 00:14:53,240 --> 00:14:56,560 Speaker 1: prioritizing the Arabis since it's a little bit more threatened. 236 00:14:57,400 --> 00:15:00,880 Speaker 1: The team conducted fifty six dives during this very narrow 237 00:15:00,920 --> 00:15:03,560 Speaker 1: diving window, and they focused a lot of their efforts 238 00:15:03,600 --> 00:15:06,080 Speaker 1: on the steward's pantry on the ships that they brought 239 00:15:06,160 --> 00:15:10,000 Speaker 1: up a lot of tableware. Next, in the late nineteenth century, 240 00:15:10,160 --> 00:15:14,280 Speaker 1: an unusual ship design was developed almost exclusively to move 241 00:15:14,320 --> 00:15:17,120 Speaker 1: freight around the Great Lakes. It's called the whale back. 242 00:15:17,720 --> 00:15:20,400 Speaker 1: Although some of these vessels were later moved and used 243 00:15:20,400 --> 00:15:23,120 Speaker 1: in other bodies of water, only forty four of them 244 00:15:23,120 --> 00:15:25,480 Speaker 1: were ever made, and all but two of those were 245 00:15:25,520 --> 00:15:28,840 Speaker 1: made for use in the Great Lakes. The name comes 246 00:15:28,880 --> 00:15:31,360 Speaker 1: from its appearance, looking a little bit like the back 247 00:15:31,400 --> 00:15:34,240 Speaker 1: of a whale. They're shaped almost like a cigar, with 248 00:15:34,320 --> 00:15:37,520 Speaker 1: the ends curved slightly upward and ending in a blunted 249 00:15:37,560 --> 00:15:41,360 Speaker 1: off shape almost like a pig snout. Barged one nine 250 00:15:41,560 --> 00:15:44,920 Speaker 1: was a whale back ship that collided with another vessel 251 00:15:45,080 --> 00:15:49,200 Speaker 1: during a storm on October nineteen o two. Although the 252 00:15:49,280 --> 00:15:53,440 Speaker 1: crew managed to evacuate to that other ship, Barged sank. 253 00:15:54,160 --> 00:15:58,240 Speaker 1: A remote operated vehicle captured the first images of the 254 00:15:58,320 --> 00:16:01,320 Speaker 1: vessel on the floor of the lake into one, and 255 00:16:01,480 --> 00:16:05,920 Speaker 1: its identification was announced late last year. This was the 256 00:16:06,040 --> 00:16:09,680 Speaker 1: last as yet undiscovered wreck of a whale back ship, 257 00:16:09,840 --> 00:16:12,080 Speaker 1: so of all the ones that had wrecked, this was 258 00:16:12,120 --> 00:16:14,720 Speaker 1: the only one that until now we didn't know exactly 259 00:16:14,720 --> 00:16:17,720 Speaker 1: where it was. A wreck known as the Scuff Doh 260 00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:20,200 Speaker 1: was found by a diver off the coast of Sweden 261 00:16:20,240 --> 00:16:23,760 Speaker 1: in two thousand three, and although investigations were conducted in 262 00:16:23,800 --> 00:16:27,120 Speaker 1: the years that immediately followed, a new analysis of the 263 00:16:27,160 --> 00:16:30,400 Speaker 1: ship and its cargo was just published last year, and 264 00:16:30,480 --> 00:16:33,400 Speaker 1: this research has formed sort of a snapshot of maritime 265 00:16:33,440 --> 00:16:37,840 Speaker 1: trade in Northern Europe during the fifteenth century. For example, 266 00:16:38,120 --> 00:16:40,440 Speaker 1: the ship was made of timber that was cut down 267 00:16:40,480 --> 00:16:43,960 Speaker 1: between fourteen thirty seven and fourteen thirty nine, while the 268 00:16:44,000 --> 00:16:47,440 Speaker 1: trees that it was carrying as cargo date to fourteen 269 00:16:47,480 --> 00:16:50,920 Speaker 1: forty to fourteen forty three. So it seems like this 270 00:16:50,960 --> 00:16:54,440 Speaker 1: ship went down not long after it was built. The 271 00:16:54,480 --> 00:16:57,360 Speaker 1: cargo included pieces of copper that had been mined in 272 00:16:57,520 --> 00:17:01,840 Speaker 1: two regions of what's now Slovakia. There were bricks from 273 00:17:01,920 --> 00:17:05,760 Speaker 1: Poland and Poland was also probably the source of the timber. 274 00:17:06,359 --> 00:17:11,520 Speaker 1: Quicklime came from the island of Goodland in Sweden. Together, 275 00:17:11,960 --> 00:17:15,280 Speaker 1: the various types of cargo identified and their origin points 276 00:17:15,720 --> 00:17:18,639 Speaker 1: suggests that the ship was departing from the Hanseatic League 277 00:17:18,640 --> 00:17:22,920 Speaker 1: port known as Goadant now Danzig, probably bound for Bruge. 278 00:17:23,600 --> 00:17:26,040 Speaker 1: I just thought it was interesting has provided like one 279 00:17:26,119 --> 00:17:31,200 Speaker 1: snapshot of this interconnected trade network and other news. Meisa 280 00:17:31,400 --> 00:17:34,800 Speaker 1: is the largest lake in Norway and it serves as 281 00:17:34,840 --> 00:17:38,159 Speaker 1: a source of drinking water for about a hundred thousand people, 282 00:17:38,480 --> 00:17:41,879 Speaker 1: but it has also been used as a munitions dump. 283 00:17:42,160 --> 00:17:45,399 Speaker 1: So researchers started a project to survey the floor of 284 00:17:45,440 --> 00:17:47,520 Speaker 1: the lake and to map all of the dump sites 285 00:17:47,600 --> 00:17:51,320 Speaker 1: using high resolution sonar, ultimate goal being to clean up 286 00:17:51,359 --> 00:17:54,720 Speaker 1: the lake. In the process of this mapping, they also 287 00:17:54,840 --> 00:17:59,080 Speaker 1: found what appears to be an extremely well preserved shipwreck. 288 00:18:00,200 --> 00:18:02,480 Speaker 1: Very little is known about the wreck at this point. 289 00:18:02,920 --> 00:18:06,400 Speaker 1: It is estimated as dating back to somewhere between thirteen 290 00:18:06,480 --> 00:18:11,120 Speaker 1: hundred and eighteen fifties, so that is quite a time span. Uh. 291 00:18:11,240 --> 00:18:15,159 Speaker 1: That's called hedging your bets on the gas. It is 292 00:18:15,240 --> 00:18:18,400 Speaker 1: extremely well preserved, apart from a little bit of corrosion 293 00:18:18,400 --> 00:18:21,360 Speaker 1: in some of the nails used in its construction. One 294 00:18:21,400 --> 00:18:23,760 Speaker 1: reason all of this seems pretty vague is that there 295 00:18:23,800 --> 00:18:27,480 Speaker 1: were attempts to send a remotely operated vehicle to capture 296 00:18:27,560 --> 00:18:30,440 Speaker 1: images of the wreck, which might have helped learn more 297 00:18:30,480 --> 00:18:33,280 Speaker 1: about it, but that had to be scrubbed due to weather. 298 00:18:33,800 --> 00:18:37,160 Speaker 1: So researchers are hoping to try again next year, maybe 299 00:18:37,160 --> 00:18:39,879 Speaker 1: get some pictures and clear some things up and in 300 00:18:40,000 --> 00:18:43,960 Speaker 1: similar we don't know what this might be. News Nantucket 301 00:18:43,960 --> 00:18:46,840 Speaker 1: residence Matthew Pelka found what appears to be the remains 302 00:18:46,880 --> 00:18:49,560 Speaker 1: of a shipwreck while out on the beach in early December. 303 00:18:50,320 --> 00:18:53,080 Speaker 1: The area in and around the island of Nantucket is 304 00:18:53,119 --> 00:18:56,000 Speaker 1: home to a lot of shipwrecks, but at this point 305 00:18:56,040 --> 00:18:58,720 Speaker 1: there's not a clear sense of which one this might be. 306 00:18:59,600 --> 00:19:02,159 Speaker 1: There's some speculation that it might be the remains of 307 00:19:02,160 --> 00:19:05,720 Speaker 1: a nineteenth or early twentieth century vessel used to ferry 308 00:19:05,760 --> 00:19:09,119 Speaker 1: cargo to and from the island, rather than something that 309 00:19:09,160 --> 00:19:13,280 Speaker 1: was meant for longer voyages. Regardless, just stumbling over the 310 00:19:13,320 --> 00:19:15,600 Speaker 1: decaying timbers of a wreck ship while out on a 311 00:19:15,640 --> 00:19:19,200 Speaker 1: local beach seems like it would be quite the experience. Yes, 312 00:19:19,720 --> 00:19:21,640 Speaker 1: just sort of like, is that a is that a 313 00:19:21,680 --> 00:19:26,760 Speaker 1: shipwreck looks kind of like part of a ship? Uh. 314 00:19:26,880 --> 00:19:30,960 Speaker 1: Two more medieval cogs have been discovered in a lake 315 00:19:31,080 --> 00:19:34,800 Speaker 1: in Sweden, this time during construction of a railway tunnel. 316 00:19:35,800 --> 00:19:38,960 Speaker 1: They've been nicknamed Barberg skugg In one and two after 317 00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:43,400 Speaker 1: their location, which was found near Barberg. Cogs have come 318 00:19:43,480 --> 00:19:46,119 Speaker 1: up on several installments of Unearthed, and this is the 319 00:19:46,240 --> 00:19:50,080 Speaker 1: third cog that we have talked about from But this 320 00:19:50,240 --> 00:19:53,439 Speaker 1: type of ship is actually pretty rare. Only seven of 321 00:19:53,440 --> 00:19:56,480 Speaker 1: them have been found in Sweden, only thirty or so 322 00:19:56,680 --> 00:20:00,360 Speaker 1: have been found in all of Europe. Um. I had 323 00:20:00,400 --> 00:20:03,200 Speaker 1: this moment where I was like, I keep reading about 324 00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:05,600 Speaker 1: how rare these ships were, but I feel like we've 325 00:20:05,600 --> 00:20:08,679 Speaker 1: been talking about them a lot, so finding two of 326 00:20:08,720 --> 00:20:12,400 Speaker 1: them together is pretty unusual. Both cogs have been dated 327 00:20:12,440 --> 00:20:15,439 Speaker 1: to the fourteenth century using tree ring analysis of the 328 00:20:15,480 --> 00:20:19,120 Speaker 1: timbers that were used to build them. Also in Sweden, 329 00:20:19,560 --> 00:20:23,240 Speaker 1: maritime archaeologists have found the Uplet, which was the sister 330 00:20:23,320 --> 00:20:27,600 Speaker 1: ship to the seventeenth century warship Vassa. The Vasa sank 331 00:20:27,680 --> 00:20:31,000 Speaker 1: on its first voyage in Sight and was covered by 332 00:20:31,040 --> 00:20:34,400 Speaker 1: previous host of the show in the eleven episode More 333 00:20:34,480 --> 00:20:38,720 Speaker 1: Shipwreck Stories Battleships. The Applet was built by the same 334 00:20:38,800 --> 00:20:42,080 Speaker 1: shipbuilder as the Vassa and was launched a year later, 335 00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:47,120 Speaker 1: with both ships having pretty similar dimensions and construction. The 336 00:20:47,119 --> 00:20:50,200 Speaker 1: Applet was an active service during the Thirty Years War, 337 00:20:50,320 --> 00:20:53,840 Speaker 1: and the active service continued until sixteen fifty eight and 338 00:20:53,880 --> 00:20:56,760 Speaker 1: then a year after that, during the Second Northern War, 339 00:20:57,359 --> 00:21:01,440 Speaker 1: it was intentionally sunk along with seven other ships. This 340 00:21:01,520 --> 00:21:04,280 Speaker 1: is an attempt to block off a strait that could 341 00:21:04,280 --> 00:21:07,600 Speaker 1: be used to attack Stockholm by sea. Just in case 342 00:21:07,640 --> 00:21:11,760 Speaker 1: you're thinking, wait, the Uplet sounds familiar somehow. In Unearthed 343 00:21:11,760 --> 00:21:15,160 Speaker 1: in July, we talked about the discovery of a wreck 344 00:21:15,240 --> 00:21:18,439 Speaker 1: that was at first believed to be the Opplet, but 345 00:21:18,520 --> 00:21:20,680 Speaker 1: that turned out to be two other rex the Apollo 346 00:21:20,880 --> 00:21:26,479 Speaker 1: and Maria, and other news. A nearly intact seventeenth century dress, 347 00:21:26,600 --> 00:21:29,920 Speaker 1: which was probably a wedding dress, was pulled from a 348 00:21:29,960 --> 00:21:34,320 Speaker 1: shipwreck off the Widden Islands in the Netherlands. Back and 349 00:21:34,320 --> 00:21:36,600 Speaker 1: it was put on public display for the first time 350 00:21:36,640 --> 00:21:41,479 Speaker 1: this past November at the Museum cop Skill. This dress 351 00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:44,560 Speaker 1: was one of a lot of garments and other textiles 352 00:21:44,600 --> 00:21:47,399 Speaker 1: that were part of this rex cargo, but it really 353 00:21:47,400 --> 00:21:50,600 Speaker 1: took a while for conservators to figure out what exactly 354 00:21:50,640 --> 00:21:54,160 Speaker 1: it was. Some of this was because of the time 355 00:21:54,200 --> 00:21:56,159 Speaker 1: that it had been in the water, like the damage 356 00:21:56,200 --> 00:21:58,560 Speaker 1: that it had faced on being submerged, but it also 357 00:21:58,600 --> 00:22:01,600 Speaker 1: had to do with the nature of the garment itself. 358 00:22:02,160 --> 00:22:04,840 Speaker 1: The various parts of this dress would have been pieced 359 00:22:04,880 --> 00:22:08,200 Speaker 1: together by a maid while the wearer was being dressed, 360 00:22:08,680 --> 00:22:10,800 Speaker 1: so it wasn't like one dress that you would just 361 00:22:10,920 --> 00:22:12,880 Speaker 1: pick up and it's a whole thing. There were lots 362 00:22:12,880 --> 00:22:16,360 Speaker 1: of different pieces to be put together. Yeah, if you've 363 00:22:16,400 --> 00:22:19,919 Speaker 1: ever looked at like particularly you know Rococo era addresses, 364 00:22:20,000 --> 00:22:23,440 Speaker 1: you see that some pieces literally get pinned together while 365 00:22:23,440 --> 00:22:27,280 Speaker 1: you're getting dressed. This is not a pull on situation, no. 366 00:22:28,200 --> 00:22:30,960 Speaker 1: Uh So in this case, conservatives believe that this was 367 00:22:31,000 --> 00:22:34,040 Speaker 1: a wedding dress in part because the fabric is woven 368 00:22:34,040 --> 00:22:36,720 Speaker 1: with a pattern of silver pieces known as a love 369 00:22:36,800 --> 00:22:40,000 Speaker 1: not This would have made it very expensive, so it 370 00:22:40,080 --> 00:22:43,399 Speaker 1: probably belonged to a very wealthy person or a member 371 00:22:43,400 --> 00:22:46,960 Speaker 1: of the nobility, and in our last fine, which is 372 00:22:47,119 --> 00:22:51,879 Speaker 1: more shipwreck adjacent than really about shipwrecks. Documentary film crew 373 00:22:52,119 --> 00:22:55,320 Speaker 1: looking for the submerged remains of World War two era 374 00:22:55,480 --> 00:22:59,440 Speaker 1: aircraft found a piece of the Space Shuttle Challenger off 375 00:22:59,440 --> 00:23:03,879 Speaker 1: the eastern host of Florida. Divers pretty immediately realized what 376 00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:07,679 Speaker 1: it was because of the recognizable pattern of tiles that 377 00:23:07,720 --> 00:23:10,359 Speaker 1: acted as a heat shield during a shuttle's re entry 378 00:23:10,400 --> 00:23:14,080 Speaker 1: into the atmosphere. If you are younger than Holly and I. 379 00:23:14,440 --> 00:23:19,879 Speaker 1: The Challenger exploded shortly after liftoff on January, on what 380 00:23:20,000 --> 00:23:22,520 Speaker 1: was supposed to be its tenth flight and the first 381 00:23:22,560 --> 00:23:27,520 Speaker 1: flight of an American civilian in space. NASA confirmed this find, 382 00:23:27,640 --> 00:23:30,040 Speaker 1: which is one of the largest single pieces of the 383 00:23:30,119 --> 00:23:33,200 Speaker 1: Challenger that has been found, in a statement in November. 384 00:23:34,160 --> 00:23:36,640 Speaker 1: So let's take a break and then we will dive 385 00:23:36,680 --> 00:23:50,280 Speaker 1: into repatriations next. We have quite a number of repatriations 386 00:23:50,320 --> 00:23:53,000 Speaker 1: to talk about, some of them in a fair amount 387 00:23:53,040 --> 00:23:57,280 Speaker 1: of detail. In November, members of the Oglala Sioux and 388 00:23:57,400 --> 00:24:00,320 Speaker 1: Cheyenne River Sioux tribes traveled to Bury, mass the two 389 00:24:00,400 --> 00:24:02,760 Speaker 1: sits to take custody of more than a hundred and 390 00:24:02,840 --> 00:24:08,680 Speaker 1: fifty items, including weapons, clothing, pipes, and other belongings. These 391 00:24:08,760 --> 00:24:11,639 Speaker 1: had been in the collection of the Founders Museum in 392 00:24:11,760 --> 00:24:14,679 Speaker 1: Barry for more than a hundred years. A lot of 393 00:24:14,680 --> 00:24:17,720 Speaker 1: these items are from the collection of Frank Route, who 394 00:24:17,800 --> 00:24:22,080 Speaker 1: was the nineteenth century traveling shoe salesman who lived in Berry. 395 00:24:22,440 --> 00:24:25,840 Speaker 1: He was a collector of Indigenous artwork and cultural items, 396 00:24:25,880 --> 00:24:27,879 Speaker 1: and he kind of made a showcase out of his 397 00:24:28,000 --> 00:24:32,640 Speaker 1: collection and then donated it to the town library in Eo. 398 00:24:33,680 --> 00:24:36,800 Speaker 1: Route purchased some of these items while traveling from people 399 00:24:36,840 --> 00:24:39,440 Speaker 1: who were selling things that they had made or owned 400 00:24:39,480 --> 00:24:42,960 Speaker 1: to tourists, but some are also directly connected to the 401 00:24:43,000 --> 00:24:47,000 Speaker 1: eighteen ninety Wounded Knee massacre. Route bought them from someone 402 00:24:47,000 --> 00:24:50,280 Speaker 1: who had been contracted to clear the massacre site after 403 00:24:50,320 --> 00:24:54,160 Speaker 1: it was over. According to tribal members who were present 404 00:24:54,240 --> 00:24:57,360 Speaker 1: at the ceremony where these items were returned, they will 405 00:24:57,400 --> 00:25:01,320 Speaker 1: be stored at the Ogala Lakota College as these communities 406 00:25:01,359 --> 00:25:06,359 Speaker 1: decide what to do with everything. Everything has been authenticated, 407 00:25:06,400 --> 00:25:09,119 Speaker 1: but there are still some questions to be resolved, like 408 00:25:09,640 --> 00:25:12,640 Speaker 1: if anything needs to be returned to a specific family 409 00:25:13,000 --> 00:25:17,080 Speaker 1: and how to most respectfully treat anything that was connected 410 00:25:17,119 --> 00:25:22,440 Speaker 1: to the massacre. Members of multiple Lakota tribes, including descendants 411 00:25:22,440 --> 00:25:25,800 Speaker 1: of Woundedknee survivors, have been trying to have these items 412 00:25:25,800 --> 00:25:30,159 Speaker 1: returned for decades. This is one of many collections that 413 00:25:30,240 --> 00:25:33,680 Speaker 1: became more widely known after the Native American Graves Protection 414 00:25:33,720 --> 00:25:39,000 Speaker 1: and Repatriation Act, or NAGPRA, was passed in nine Efforts 415 00:25:39,080 --> 00:25:41,480 Speaker 1: to have these items returned have been going on at 416 00:25:41,520 --> 00:25:45,119 Speaker 1: least since the early nineteen nineties, with one early proposal 417 00:25:45,160 --> 00:25:48,440 Speaker 1: being for the museum to return the original items while 418 00:25:48,520 --> 00:25:53,240 Speaker 1: indigenous communities made replicas to serve as replacements. A group 419 00:25:53,280 --> 00:25:56,679 Speaker 1: of Woundednee descendants traveled to Bury this past April to 420 00:25:56,840 --> 00:25:59,879 Speaker 1: visit the museum and again asked for the item's return. 421 00:26:00,880 --> 00:26:05,800 Speaker 1: So NAGRA doesn't directly apply to this particular museum. This 422 00:26:06,040 --> 00:26:11,280 Speaker 1: law is focused on federal agencies and institutions receiving federal funds, 423 00:26:11,320 --> 00:26:14,840 Speaker 1: and the Founders Museum and Barry is a small collection 424 00:26:14,960 --> 00:26:18,119 Speaker 1: that's housed within the Woods Memorial Library and it doesn't 425 00:26:18,119 --> 00:26:22,720 Speaker 1: receive federal funds. The Very Museum Association and Barry Library 426 00:26:22,760 --> 00:26:27,840 Speaker 1: Association did, however, consult with a NAGPRA specialist on how 427 00:26:27,880 --> 00:26:34,040 Speaker 1: to return these items. Those consultations started earlier in After 428 00:26:34,119 --> 00:26:37,119 Speaker 1: all this, there were still more than one items in 429 00:26:37,160 --> 00:26:41,159 Speaker 1: the museum's collection that likely belonged to an indigenous nation, 430 00:26:41,359 --> 00:26:44,920 Speaker 1: so the process is still ongoing to determine how those 431 00:26:44,960 --> 00:26:50,040 Speaker 1: items should be returned. Next. Colgate University returned about fifteen 432 00:26:50,119 --> 00:26:54,760 Speaker 1: hundred items to the Oneida Nation in November. These items 433 00:26:54,760 --> 00:26:57,959 Speaker 1: are from a collection that the university acquired in nineteen 434 00:26:58,000 --> 00:27:00,560 Speaker 1: fifty nine and had been housed at the Long Year 435 00:27:00,640 --> 00:27:05,680 Speaker 1: Museum of Cultural Anthropology. These had been collected by Herbert Bigford, 436 00:27:05,800 --> 00:27:10,800 Speaker 1: Senor between n and nineteen fifty seven. These were belongings 437 00:27:10,800 --> 00:27:13,119 Speaker 1: that had been buried with people in sights around up 438 00:27:13,119 --> 00:27:18,119 Speaker 1: state New York. News reports describe Bigford as an amateur 439 00:27:18,200 --> 00:27:22,280 Speaker 1: archaeologist and as secretary for an organization whose members went 440 00:27:22,320 --> 00:27:26,240 Speaker 1: on so called digging tours in the summertime. This is 441 00:27:26,280 --> 00:27:29,480 Speaker 1: part of an ongoing process involving the university and the 442 00:27:29,560 --> 00:27:32,959 Speaker 1: Onita Nation to return objects that started in the nineteen nineties. 443 00:27:32,960 --> 00:27:36,000 Speaker 1: And just as a side note here, I really do 444 00:27:36,080 --> 00:27:39,280 Speaker 1: not know anything about Herbert Bigford Senior. I don't know 445 00:27:39,480 --> 00:27:42,240 Speaker 1: what relationship he had with the Oneita people, if any, 446 00:27:42,440 --> 00:27:45,639 Speaker 1: or what kind of archaeological training he had, if any, 447 00:27:45,760 --> 00:27:48,240 Speaker 1: or what kind of standards this organization he was part 448 00:27:48,280 --> 00:27:51,959 Speaker 1: of had for their so called digging tours, if any again. 449 00:27:52,520 --> 00:27:56,119 Speaker 1: But there is a long, long history of non indigenous 450 00:27:56,200 --> 00:27:59,680 Speaker 1: people in North America just feeling entitled to go dig 451 00:27:59,800 --> 00:28:02,760 Speaker 1: up the graves of Indigenous people and keep whatever they want. 452 00:28:03,400 --> 00:28:06,320 Speaker 1: This has been going on for centuries. There are written 453 00:28:06,359 --> 00:28:09,719 Speaker 1: accounts from like literally some of the earliest colonists in 454 00:28:09,760 --> 00:28:12,600 Speaker 1: North America. It is still going on. So we have 455 00:28:12,760 --> 00:28:15,600 Speaker 1: talked a lot on the show about the fields of 456 00:28:15,720 --> 00:28:19,840 Speaker 1: archaeology and anthropology and museums and other institutions sort of 457 00:28:19,880 --> 00:28:24,640 Speaker 1: examining their acquisition practices and their collections and making formal 458 00:28:24,720 --> 00:28:28,920 Speaker 1: efforts to repatriate culturally important items and belongings. But there 459 00:28:29,000 --> 00:28:33,320 Speaker 1: is also this whole other aspect of just ordinary random 460 00:28:33,359 --> 00:28:37,560 Speaker 1: people who have no institutional connection, who are private citizens 461 00:28:37,600 --> 00:28:41,720 Speaker 1: acting on their own, who like the things they have taken, 462 00:28:41,840 --> 00:28:45,520 Speaker 1: haven't necessarily made their way into an institution that might 463 00:28:45,560 --> 00:28:50,000 Speaker 1: be going through this kind of process. And speaking of 464 00:28:50,040 --> 00:28:54,480 Speaker 1: institutions revisiting their practices, the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and 465 00:28:54,520 --> 00:28:58,400 Speaker 1: Ethnology at Harvard University has announced its intent to return 466 00:28:58,520 --> 00:29:03,080 Speaker 1: a collection of hair sample taken from seven hundred Indigenous children, 467 00:29:03,400 --> 00:29:05,480 Speaker 1: which has been in the museum's collection for more than 468 00:29:05,520 --> 00:29:10,760 Speaker 1: eighty years. Anthropologist George Edward Woodbury collected this hair from 469 00:29:10,760 --> 00:29:14,920 Speaker 1: Indigenous children who were attending government run boarding schools between 470 00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:19,840 Speaker 1: nineteen thirty and ninety three. So the reaction from Indigenous 471 00:29:19,840 --> 00:29:24,040 Speaker 1: communities to this announcement was largely one of just heartbroken, 472 00:29:24,160 --> 00:29:28,280 Speaker 1: horror and outrage. These schools, the boarding schools, they have 473 00:29:28,520 --> 00:29:32,200 Speaker 1: a painful and deeply traumatic legacy. We've talked about them 474 00:29:32,200 --> 00:29:33,920 Speaker 1: on the show a number of times. They were an 475 00:29:33,920 --> 00:29:37,160 Speaker 1: act of cultural genocide and hundreds of children died while 476 00:29:37,200 --> 00:29:41,920 Speaker 1: attending them. So and many Indigenous nations. Hair also has 477 00:29:41,960 --> 00:29:45,160 Speaker 1: a very special cultural and religious significance, and that means 478 00:29:45,200 --> 00:29:49,600 Speaker 1: the idea that vulnerable children's hair was being taken from 479 00:29:49,640 --> 00:29:52,960 Speaker 1: them at these schools and then kept in a museum 480 00:29:53,040 --> 00:29:58,040 Speaker 1: that was just particularly violating. In November twenty five, items 481 00:29:58,240 --> 00:30:01,520 Speaker 1: returned to the Organized Village of Cake from George Fox 482 00:30:01,600 --> 00:30:06,640 Speaker 1: University in Oregon. These items had been identified in when 483 00:30:06,640 --> 00:30:09,920 Speaker 1: Frank Hughes, a member of the Cake Village Council, was 484 00:30:09,960 --> 00:30:13,800 Speaker 1: working at the university as NAG pre coordinator. The items 485 00:30:13,800 --> 00:30:17,840 Speaker 1: include a mask, woven baskets, and head dresses, some of 486 00:30:17,840 --> 00:30:20,720 Speaker 1: which may have been given to visitors as gifts, but 487 00:30:20,880 --> 00:30:23,400 Speaker 1: some of which were probably taken by missionaries in the 488 00:30:23,480 --> 00:30:28,080 Speaker 1: late nineteenth or early twentieth centuries. One piece, in particular 489 00:30:28,200 --> 00:30:31,520 Speaker 1: is a wooden mask that was used to identify territory 490 00:30:31,560 --> 00:30:34,240 Speaker 1: and it could only have been removed if someone cut 491 00:30:34,280 --> 00:30:37,840 Speaker 1: it off the tree that it was on the organized 492 00:30:37,880 --> 00:30:40,560 Speaker 1: village of cake Is in Alaska, which I neglected to 493 00:30:40,640 --> 00:30:42,920 Speaker 1: put in that paragraph. And this was a sort of 494 00:30:42,920 --> 00:30:46,960 Speaker 1: surprising thing because Um Hughes obviously knew that he was 495 00:30:47,000 --> 00:30:49,800 Speaker 1: going to be looking at items that needed to be 496 00:30:49,840 --> 00:30:52,560 Speaker 1: returned to various nations, did not expect that there was 497 00:30:52,600 --> 00:30:57,040 Speaker 1: going to be something from his tribe where he lives 498 00:30:57,600 --> 00:31:02,120 Speaker 1: to be part of that. Um moveing on to repatriations 499 00:31:02,160 --> 00:31:04,920 Speaker 1: to nations that are located outside of the United States, 500 00:31:05,640 --> 00:31:09,400 Speaker 1: six artifacts have been returned to turkeya from the United 501 00:31:09,440 --> 00:31:13,200 Speaker 1: States that happened on October. These included items that were 502 00:31:13,200 --> 00:31:16,760 Speaker 1: seized from two different auction houses and one private collector, 503 00:31:16,840 --> 00:31:21,520 Speaker 1: and they included life sized statues, including a bronze statue 504 00:31:21,640 --> 00:31:25,000 Speaker 1: of Roman emperor Lucius Verus, and there was also a 505 00:31:25,120 --> 00:31:28,040 Speaker 1: Roman era sarcophagus that was returned as part of this 506 00:31:29,000 --> 00:31:33,520 Speaker 1: The Netherlands has repatriated two hundred twenty three pre Hispanic 507 00:31:33,640 --> 00:31:36,920 Speaker 1: artifacts to Mexico, part of an ongoing effort by the 508 00:31:36,960 --> 00:31:41,000 Speaker 1: Mexican government to reclaim its cultural heritage from other nations. 509 00:31:41,680 --> 00:31:44,600 Speaker 1: The oldest of these pieces date back to the thirteenth 510 00:31:44,600 --> 00:31:48,120 Speaker 1: century b c. And they are from cultures from around 511 00:31:48,240 --> 00:31:51,560 Speaker 1: most of what's now Mexico. These items are now with 512 00:31:51,680 --> 00:31:56,760 Speaker 1: Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History for analysis and conservation. 513 00:31:58,000 --> 00:32:01,840 Speaker 1: The University of Cork has now plans to return artifacts, 514 00:32:01,920 --> 00:32:06,200 Speaker 1: including a wooden sarcophagus and mummified remains, to Egypt. That 515 00:32:06,280 --> 00:32:10,040 Speaker 1: return is supposed to happen in The sarcophagus and the 516 00:32:10,080 --> 00:32:14,240 Speaker 1: remains were both donated to the university, and other items, 517 00:32:14,320 --> 00:32:17,760 Speaker 1: including a set of four knopic jars, are also among 518 00:32:17,800 --> 00:32:20,080 Speaker 1: these items that are being returned, but it is less 519 00:32:20,160 --> 00:32:25,400 Speaker 1: clear how they became part of the university's collections. A 520 00:32:25,520 --> 00:32:28,800 Speaker 1: set of ancient seals is being returned to Iraq from 521 00:32:28,800 --> 00:32:32,200 Speaker 1: the United States after they were listed in an online 522 00:32:32,240 --> 00:32:36,840 Speaker 1: auction site. In These items had been looted from the 523 00:32:36,840 --> 00:32:40,680 Speaker 1: Iraq Museum in Baghdad in two thousand three, following the 524 00:32:40,800 --> 00:32:44,880 Speaker 1: US invasion of Iraq. Four of them are cylinder seals, 525 00:32:44,920 --> 00:32:48,640 Speaker 1: which made an impression when rolled across the surface. Three 526 00:32:48,680 --> 00:32:51,280 Speaker 1: of them are stamps. They are just a few of 527 00:32:51,360 --> 00:32:54,200 Speaker 1: the hundreds of thousands of items that were stolen from 528 00:32:54,240 --> 00:32:58,360 Speaker 1: Iraq in the wake of that invasion. Next up, Pope 529 00:32:58,360 --> 00:33:01,800 Speaker 1: Francis has announced a plan to return three pieces of 530 00:33:01,840 --> 00:33:05,440 Speaker 1: the parthen On to Greece. These items have been held 531 00:33:05,440 --> 00:33:09,120 Speaker 1: in the Vatican City Museums, and in response to this announcement, 532 00:33:09,120 --> 00:33:11,880 Speaker 1: the Greek Ministry of Culture and Sports called for the 533 00:33:11,960 --> 00:33:14,960 Speaker 1: return of the many similar items that are currently being 534 00:33:15,000 --> 00:33:17,800 Speaker 1: held by the British Museum. Those are known as the 535 00:33:18,080 --> 00:33:20,800 Speaker 1: Parthenon Marbles or the Elgin Marbles. We covered them as 536 00:33:20,840 --> 00:33:25,080 Speaker 1: a two part episode back in and we have a 537 00:33:25,080 --> 00:33:27,960 Speaker 1: few updates that are all related to the Beni bronzes 538 00:33:28,040 --> 00:33:31,440 Speaker 1: and other items taken from the Kingdom of Benin. We've 539 00:33:31,480 --> 00:33:34,600 Speaker 1: previously talked about Germany's announcement of a plan to return 540 00:33:34,640 --> 00:33:38,880 Speaker 1: more than one thousand items to Nigerian authorities. That process 541 00:33:38,920 --> 00:33:42,040 Speaker 1: is underway now, with ninety two sculptures being delivered to 542 00:33:42,120 --> 00:33:46,840 Speaker 1: Nigeria by the city of Cologne. Cambridge University has also 543 00:33:46,880 --> 00:33:50,600 Speaker 1: announced a plan to return one hundred sixteen artifacts to 544 00:33:50,840 --> 00:33:55,240 Speaker 1: Nigeria from its Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. As we 545 00:33:55,320 --> 00:33:58,080 Speaker 1: talked about in more detail in our episode on the 546 00:33:58,080 --> 00:34:01,000 Speaker 1: Benin Bronzes. One of the complex cities of all of 547 00:34:01,040 --> 00:34:03,680 Speaker 1: this is that the Kingdom of Benin still exists, but 548 00:34:03,840 --> 00:34:08,360 Speaker 1: not as an internationally recognized political entities. So most of 549 00:34:08,360 --> 00:34:11,479 Speaker 1: the time are items that are being returned are going 550 00:34:11,520 --> 00:34:14,440 Speaker 1: to Nigeria, which is the nation that exists to day 551 00:34:14,480 --> 00:34:18,040 Speaker 1: in the same general area that the Kingdom of Benin occupied. 552 00:34:18,800 --> 00:34:21,880 Speaker 1: We have also talked about the Smithsonian's announcement of a 553 00:34:21,920 --> 00:34:24,920 Speaker 1: plan to return to Benien bronzes that are in its collection. 554 00:34:25,360 --> 00:34:29,200 Speaker 1: An organization called the Restitution Study Group has filed suit 555 00:34:29,280 --> 00:34:33,120 Speaker 1: against the Smithsonian to try to stop that effort. The 556 00:34:33,239 --> 00:34:36,920 Speaker 1: organization's argument is that returning these items to Nigeria prevents 557 00:34:36,960 --> 00:34:40,320 Speaker 1: the descendants of enslaved people now living in the US 558 00:34:40,400 --> 00:34:44,280 Speaker 1: from being able to access parts of their heritage. However, 559 00:34:44,400 --> 00:34:46,920 Speaker 1: at this point, twenty nine items that we're in the 560 00:34:46,960 --> 00:34:51,319 Speaker 1: Smithsonian's collections have already been transferred to Nigeria with nine 561 00:34:51,360 --> 00:34:55,040 Speaker 1: others remaining on long term loan. So that is where 562 00:34:55,080 --> 00:34:59,000 Speaker 1: we will end Unearthed in two part one. We will 563 00:34:59,000 --> 00:35:02,200 Speaker 1: have more stuff on Wednesday before listener mail. I have 564 00:35:02,200 --> 00:35:06,960 Speaker 1: a quick correction. When we were doing our episode on 565 00:35:07,040 --> 00:35:10,200 Speaker 1: Irving Berlin, we talked about the Marx Brothers movie The 566 00:35:10,280 --> 00:35:15,279 Speaker 1: Coconuts um and made a random side comment. We were 567 00:35:15,280 --> 00:35:18,839 Speaker 1: talking about how this movie, as many Marx Brothers movies were, 568 00:35:19,080 --> 00:35:23,000 Speaker 1: was like more a vehicle for their comedic chaos than 569 00:35:23,160 --> 00:35:27,480 Speaker 1: like something driven by a plot, right, um, And there 570 00:35:27,520 --> 00:35:30,120 Speaker 1: was a side comment about who poked who in the eye. 571 00:35:30,200 --> 00:35:32,800 Speaker 1: And we have gotten a number of emails from people 572 00:35:32,800 --> 00:35:35,319 Speaker 1: who have pointed out that the Marx Brothers comedy did 573 00:35:35,320 --> 00:35:40,359 Speaker 1: not generally involve poking one another in the eye. That 574 00:35:40,440 --> 00:35:45,080 Speaker 1: was something more associated with the Three Stooges. Um. So, 575 00:35:45,120 --> 00:35:48,359 Speaker 1: the Marx Brothers did have like some physical comedy and 576 00:35:48,440 --> 00:35:51,920 Speaker 1: some slapstick, but they also had a lot of wordplay 577 00:35:51,960 --> 00:35:55,719 Speaker 1: and a lot of like physical humor. Sometimes when you're 578 00:35:55,760 --> 00:35:58,640 Speaker 1: watching a Marx Brothers movie, it's like there's a verbal 579 00:35:58,719 --> 00:36:01,880 Speaker 1: joke that goes around around in circles until it becomes 580 00:36:01,960 --> 00:36:07,040 Speaker 1: really absurd. Um. So yeah, we made an example that 581 00:36:07,160 --> 00:36:11,879 Speaker 1: had more to do with a different comedy group simultaneously. 582 00:36:11,960 --> 00:36:16,239 Speaker 1: Though there has been a very dismissive tone in some 583 00:36:16,360 --> 00:36:20,719 Speaker 1: of these emails, making it sound like the Three Stooges 584 00:36:21,320 --> 00:36:26,520 Speaker 1: were just slapstick with nothing else involved, when the Three 585 00:36:26,520 --> 00:36:30,400 Speaker 1: Stooges comedy could also be very subversive and also be 586 00:36:30,719 --> 00:36:34,640 Speaker 1: like very pointed in terms of social commentary. I found 587 00:36:34,680 --> 00:36:36,400 Speaker 1: this not just in the emails that we got, but 588 00:36:36,480 --> 00:36:38,719 Speaker 1: also more broadly on the Internet. There are a lot 589 00:36:38,719 --> 00:36:42,120 Speaker 1: of people who seem very angry that people sometimes confuse 590 00:36:42,200 --> 00:36:45,600 Speaker 1: the Marx Brothers and the Three Stooges um and make 591 00:36:45,640 --> 00:36:48,319 Speaker 1: it sound like the Three Stooges were just slapping each 592 00:36:48,320 --> 00:36:50,520 Speaker 1: other with no rhyme or reason, when really it was 593 00:36:50,560 --> 00:36:55,120 Speaker 1: like part of something that wove in a lot of 594 00:36:55,120 --> 00:36:59,920 Speaker 1: often social commentary and satire, and not just like poking 595 00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:04,360 Speaker 1: each other in the eye with nothing else happening on screen. 596 00:37:04,640 --> 00:37:07,480 Speaker 1: Right one, I will say, when I realized this when 597 00:37:07,520 --> 00:37:11,920 Speaker 1: someone sent us the first correction, I was morbidly embarrassed because, dude, 598 00:37:12,280 --> 00:37:17,719 Speaker 1: I wore Gratio Marx glasses to my wedding. But that 599 00:37:17,880 --> 00:37:19,680 Speaker 1: is the product of us trying to get a lot 600 00:37:19,680 --> 00:37:21,319 Speaker 1: of episodes ready at the end of the year. But 601 00:37:21,480 --> 00:37:23,800 Speaker 1: the other thing related to what you were just saying 602 00:37:24,320 --> 00:37:26,400 Speaker 1: is that it is a little bit I don't know 603 00:37:26,400 --> 00:37:29,200 Speaker 1: if dismaying is the right word. I grow chagrin when 604 00:37:29,239 --> 00:37:33,360 Speaker 1: people um act as though that comparison and that confusion 605 00:37:33,360 --> 00:37:35,080 Speaker 1: I think happens a lot, which is why people will 606 00:37:35,120 --> 00:37:37,520 Speaker 1: get frustrated by it. But my other thing is like, 607 00:37:37,719 --> 00:37:42,040 Speaker 1: it's not an insult to confuse someone with the Three Stooges. 608 00:37:42,520 --> 00:37:45,239 Speaker 1: They are I pokey at times, but like as you said, 609 00:37:45,640 --> 00:37:50,200 Speaker 1: there's a lot of very smart They're using the construct 610 00:37:50,320 --> 00:37:54,239 Speaker 1: of them being buffoons to really lampoon a lot of 611 00:37:54,280 --> 00:37:58,560 Speaker 1: people without them realizing it at the time because they thought, oh, 612 00:37:58,640 --> 00:38:04,200 Speaker 1: there three dufices, right, right, So I'm sorry we I 613 00:38:04,239 --> 00:38:06,799 Speaker 1: don't know if confused one for the other is right, Like, 614 00:38:06,920 --> 00:38:10,080 Speaker 1: I'm sorry we we, in an unscripted moment, gave a 615 00:38:10,200 --> 00:38:13,480 Speaker 1: wrong example of what we were trying to say. I 616 00:38:13,600 --> 00:38:17,120 Speaker 1: don't really think we besmirched the name of the Marx 617 00:38:17,200 --> 00:38:22,399 Speaker 1: Brothers by invoking the Three Stooges, because I don't think 618 00:38:22,440 --> 00:38:25,640 Speaker 1: the Three Stooges need to be dismissed out of hand 619 00:38:26,200 --> 00:38:30,600 Speaker 1: as purposeless violence, which is sort of how some of 620 00:38:30,680 --> 00:38:33,960 Speaker 1: these things have characterized them. So I also have an 621 00:38:34,000 --> 00:38:37,680 Speaker 1: actual email. Uh and this email it's from all the 622 00:38:37,719 --> 00:38:41,120 Speaker 1: way back in November because it's related to our previous 623 00:38:41,120 --> 00:38:42,840 Speaker 1: installment of on Earth, and I meant to read it 624 00:38:42,880 --> 00:38:46,960 Speaker 1: before now and I forgot. This is from Hannah, and 625 00:38:47,120 --> 00:38:50,520 Speaker 1: Hannah said Dear Tracy and Holly. As always, I enjoyed 626 00:38:50,560 --> 00:38:54,640 Speaker 1: the seasonal Unearthed episodes. Coincidentally, Part two aired a few 627 00:38:54,719 --> 00:38:58,080 Speaker 1: days after I participated in a three day conference about 628 00:38:58,120 --> 00:39:01,080 Speaker 1: the Jews of medieval England. It was a rich and 629 00:39:01,120 --> 00:39:05,200 Speaker 1: diverse workshop, bringing together researchers to discuss topics from tax 630 00:39:05,239 --> 00:39:09,719 Speaker 1: and court records to manuscript glasses, from material culture and architecture, 631 00:39:09,719 --> 00:39:14,239 Speaker 1: to curating museum exhibitions and methodology. Over dinner, I asked 632 00:39:14,320 --> 00:39:17,680 Speaker 1: Dr Dean Irwin for his opinion on the recently published 633 00:39:17,760 --> 00:39:21,160 Speaker 1: article about the possible identification of the skeletons found in 634 00:39:21,200 --> 00:39:23,880 Speaker 1: the well in Norwich as Jews who fell victim to 635 00:39:24,080 --> 00:39:27,400 Speaker 1: violence in the twelfth century. Dr Irwin shared with me 636 00:39:27,480 --> 00:39:31,040 Speaker 1: his skepticism of this conclusion, and that from his familiarity 637 00:39:31,080 --> 00:39:33,400 Speaker 1: with the historical records, it is more likely that the 638 00:39:33,480 --> 00:39:36,920 Speaker 1: remains are those of people who were recent immigrants to 639 00:39:37,040 --> 00:39:39,480 Speaker 1: the area from the continent, and not of members of 640 00:39:39,480 --> 00:39:44,240 Speaker 1: the well established local Jewish community. The disappearance of local 641 00:39:44,360 --> 00:39:47,719 Speaker 1: people whose presence was documented by the crown for taxation 642 00:39:47,760 --> 00:39:51,120 Speaker 1: purposes would not have gone unnoticed in the legal records 643 00:39:51,120 --> 00:39:54,279 Speaker 1: of the time, Yet no fine or other recourse is recorded. 644 00:39:54,880 --> 00:39:59,359 Speaker 1: Hannah included UH linked to Dr Irwin's remarks and went 645 00:39:59,400 --> 00:40:02,400 Speaker 1: on to say, I found this discussion of fascinating example 646 00:40:02,440 --> 00:40:04,960 Speaker 1: of how our reading of history is ongoing and how 647 00:40:05,000 --> 00:40:08,480 Speaker 1: many factors contribute to trying to achieve a more insightful 648 00:40:08,600 --> 00:40:12,160 Speaker 1: understanding of the past, incorporating cutting edge DNA technology or 649 00:40:12,320 --> 00:40:16,240 Speaker 1: medieval archival documents. Thank you again for continue to create 650 00:40:16,360 --> 00:40:20,560 Speaker 1: one of my favorite podcasts. UH. And that again was 651 00:40:20,640 --> 00:40:24,640 Speaker 1: from Hannah Um, So thank you so much for this email. 652 00:40:24,719 --> 00:40:26,839 Speaker 1: I am sorry that I neglected it to read it 653 00:40:27,120 --> 00:40:31,439 Speaker 1: back when it when it originally came to us. UM. 654 00:40:31,480 --> 00:40:34,200 Speaker 1: I found this really interesting, not just because of it 655 00:40:34,239 --> 00:40:37,520 Speaker 1: adding another dimension to that discovery that we talked about, 656 00:40:37,560 --> 00:40:39,879 Speaker 1: but also because this comes up a lot. I think 657 00:40:39,960 --> 00:40:45,920 Speaker 1: when there's new DNA research sometimes historians will say, hey, 658 00:40:45,920 --> 00:40:50,319 Speaker 1: but we actually already had some written documentation about this 659 00:40:50,440 --> 00:40:54,840 Speaker 1: that either confirms what the DNA research said or totally 660 00:40:54,920 --> 00:40:57,440 Speaker 1: raises questions about whether that's actually the case or not. 661 00:40:57,520 --> 00:41:00,080 Speaker 1: So I found this to be an interesting example of 662 00:41:00,120 --> 00:41:05,520 Speaker 1: how DNA research and written historical records are both part 663 00:41:05,760 --> 00:41:08,480 Speaker 1: of understanding all of this. UM so thank you again 664 00:41:08,680 --> 00:41:12,040 Speaker 1: to Hannah for sending this email. If you would like 665 00:41:12,120 --> 00:41:14,400 Speaker 1: to write to us about this or any other podcast 666 00:41:14,520 --> 00:41:17,680 Speaker 1: or a history podcasts that I heart radio dot com. 667 00:41:17,760 --> 00:41:20,200 Speaker 1: We're also all over social media I miss in History, 668 00:41:20,520 --> 00:41:24,160 Speaker 1: where you'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram, and 669 00:41:24,320 --> 00:41:27,319 Speaker 1: you can subscribe to our show on the I heart 670 00:41:27,360 --> 00:41:29,960 Speaker 1: Radio app or wherever else you like to get your podcasts. 671 00:41:35,360 --> 00:41:37,520 Speaker 1: Stuff you Missed in History Class is a production of 672 00:41:37,560 --> 00:41:40,760 Speaker 1: I heart Radio. For more podcasts from I heart Radio, 673 00:41:40,960 --> 00:41:44,120 Speaker 1: visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 674 00:41:44,239 --> 00:41:45,560 Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows.