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Speaker 1: Orne, Hey, do you ever feel like being a parent

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Speaker 1: is a little bit like being a detective? Yikes? What

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Speaker 1: kind of crimes are your kids doing these days? Well,

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Speaker 1: sometimes I walk into my kitchen and it looks like

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Speaker 1: a disaster scene and I had to try to figure out,

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Speaker 1: like what happened here? Oh, man, they had some big

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Speaker 1: spaghetti parties or something. Yes, spaghetti sauce on the ceiling. Well,

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Speaker 1: it sounds like you have to use your noodle to

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Speaker 1: solve that saucy mystery. Hi, am or hand. My cartoonists

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Speaker 1: and the co author frequently asked questions about the universe. Hi,

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Speaker 1: I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor at

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Speaker 1: UC Irvine, and my kitchen is often used as a

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Speaker 1: chemistry laugh. Oh yeah, it makes dangerous chemicals or delicious chemicals,

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Speaker 1: dangerous and experimental recipes, mostly by my daughter. Last week,

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Speaker 1: I went to the kitchen and she was making boba

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Speaker 1: from scratch. Oh, we've done that. It's pretty fun. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's pretty fun. Not that dangerous, though. You make it

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Speaker 1: sounds like you're making a you know, a breaking bad

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Speaker 1: situation in your kitchen. Well, I didn't eat any of

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Speaker 1: this boba because, you know, who knows what really went

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Speaker 1: into it, but I did get to clean up after it,

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Speaker 1: so that was fun. Yeah, it's the privilege of being

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Speaker 1: a part I guess we're just the clean up crew

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Speaker 1: and the finance ears at the same time. Somehow that

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Speaker 1: doesn't make sense. Welcome to our podcast Daniel and Jorge

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Speaker 1: Explained the Universe, a production of I Heart Radio, in

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Speaker 1: which we act like the clean up crew for the universe.

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Speaker 1: It's out there creating incredible mysteries and cosmic connections, slashing

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Speaker 1: around and buzzing particles and throwing things in the black holes,

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Speaker 1: but it's not always doing a great job of explaining itself.

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Speaker 1: So we step in. We asked the big questions, We

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Speaker 1: try to give as many answers as we in, and

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Speaker 1: we embrace the eternal mysteries that is, the remaining vast

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Speaker 1: unknown about the universe. Yes, because it is a pretty

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Speaker 1: messy universe, full of amazing and sometimes can explicable phenomenon

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Speaker 1: that no one is going to clean up apparently, if

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Speaker 1: not for physicists and scientists. Yeah, that's exactly our job.

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Speaker 1: We can't always organize the universe, but at least we

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Speaker 1: can try to figure out why it ended up in

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Speaker 1: this messy state that it's in. And when we see

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Speaker 1: something we don't understand, you might think we get frustrated

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Speaker 1: and confused, But actually those are the most glorious moments

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Speaker 1: when you find a clue that tells you that the

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Speaker 1: story you've been telling about the universe is not complete

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Speaker 1: and you have an in road to figure out the

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Speaker 1: true story. Well, I've seen your desktop, Daniel. I'm not

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Speaker 1: sure I would trust you to clean anything up. It's

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Speaker 1: pretty messy. It's part of the process. Man. The spaghetti

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Speaker 1: stains and you're ceiling too. There's no boba making allowed

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Speaker 1: in my office, at least for kids, because then they

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Speaker 1: would know how messy you are now. Actually, all the

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Speaker 1: chalkboards that I have in my office are cover in

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Speaker 1: my kids scribbles, which is wonderful, but I hate erasing them,

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Speaker 1: which means most of my chalkboards are no longer useful

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Speaker 1: to me. Are there any good physics ideas in there?

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Speaker 1: Have they done your job for you yet? I'm not

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Speaker 1: done training them up yet to be grad students. Oh boy,

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Speaker 1: I'm sure that they're looking forward to being their dad's

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Speaker 1: grad students. That should be fun. No, neither of them

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Speaker 1: look like they're heading into the science direction, but I

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Speaker 1: wish them the best. Well, there are incredible mysteries out

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Speaker 1: there are some of them pretty messy, some of them

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Speaker 1: pretty neat. I think the universe it's a broad range

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Speaker 1: of cleanliness and its phenomena, and we're here to explain

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Speaker 1: all of them too. And you might think that most

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Speaker 1: of the mysteries are deep out in space, at the

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Speaker 1: heart of black holes, or only visible to particle physicists

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Speaker 1: able to smash open the tiniest bits of matter. But

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Speaker 1: there are a lot of mysteries that are sort of

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Speaker 1: at our size, things the size of the Moon or

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Speaker 1: the Earth. Things in our backyard that we still do

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Speaker 1: not understand, things that are covered in clues left by

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Speaker 1: a really interesting sequence of events that we get to unravel.

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Speaker 1: It's right, there are big mysteries right here in our

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Speaker 1: solar system. So to be on the podcast, we'll be

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Speaker 1: asking the question what happened to yepid is? First of all,

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Speaker 1: what is yepid is? And is that the correct way

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Speaker 1: to pronounce it? According to my Internet googling, that is

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Speaker 1: the correct pronunciation of this solar system body, which originally

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Speaker 1: comes from the Greek I see and if it's on

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Speaker 1: the Internet, it must be true exactly. I also found

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Speaker 1: people from New Jersey who pronounced the epidis, but I

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Speaker 1: think we should go with the Greek version. Are you

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Speaker 1: sure they're talking about a celestial body and not not you?

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Speaker 1: I was googling on campus and I thought this is

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Speaker 1: probably danger zone, so I just stopped right there. And

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Speaker 1: the whole Internet is a danger zone. But yeah, this

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Speaker 1: is an interesting body in our olar system, one that

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Speaker 1: we don't quite understand how it got to be the

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Speaker 1: way it is exactly. And everything that's out there in

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Speaker 1: our solar system tells a story. It tells us a

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Speaker 1: story because of what it's made out of. It tells

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Speaker 1: us a story because of what it looks like, and

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Speaker 1: it tells us a story because of how it moves.

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Speaker 1: You know, physics is a set of laws that governs

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Speaker 1: how things evolve, and so if something is doing something

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Speaker 1: weird or looking weird, there's a reason. There's a clue.

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Speaker 1: It's like if you meet some person and they have

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Speaker 1: a scar on their arm, you know that there's probably

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Speaker 1: an interesting story there, and if you know them well

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Speaker 1: enough to you might ask them about it. And so

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Speaker 1: everything in the solar system is also covered in scars

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Speaker 1: and comes with an interesting story. Yeah, maybe they were

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Speaker 1: making boba in their kitchen and had a boba accident

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Speaker 1: and their dad got really mad. And something that we've

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Speaker 1: learned over the last few decades is how many interesting

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Speaker 1: stories there are in our solar system. You probably have

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Speaker 1: a picture in your mind of the Sun with the

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Speaker 1: planets moving around it in a very orderly fashion and

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Speaker 1: not changing, right, that this is the way the Solar

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Speaker 1: system is and probably always has been. But as we

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Speaker 1: look deeper into the Solar system and study with more detail,

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Speaker 1: we discover that there's a lot of really interesting and

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Speaker 1: chaotic history there. It's more like the mountains on Earth

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Speaker 1: that changed slowly on our time scale, but very rapidly

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Speaker 1: on geological time scales. Yeah, the story of how the

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Speaker 1: Solar system form is not just a big story. It's

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Speaker 1: also an important story, right, because it tells us kind

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Speaker 1: of where we came from and how we came to

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Speaker 1: be here, and also maybe what are the chances that

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Speaker 1: life could develop in other places in the universe? Exactly

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Speaker 1: is our solar system weird? What kind of strange early

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Speaker 1: cataclysms do solar systems have to survive in order to

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Speaker 1: produce life bearing planets. We know from our own solar

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Speaker 1: system that Jupiter probably was formed on the outer Solar System,

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Speaker 1: then moved inwards, and then moved back outwards again, maybe

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Speaker 1: even ejecting an entire planet from the Solar System along

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Speaker 1: the way. Is this a typical kind of thing in

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Speaker 1: our solar system? Fortunately, everything that happens in the Solar

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Speaker 1: system leaves a mark. There's always some evidence of something

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Speaker 1: that happened, and so we can unravel that story by

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Speaker 1: working backwards, and then we can give it fun name

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Speaker 1: like yep it is. Yep, we can. It's a good thing.

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Speaker 1: They didn't call it nupidus. Yeah, that would be more

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Speaker 1: negative name. But as usually, we were wondering how many

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Speaker 1: people had heard of something in our solar system called

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Speaker 1: the yep it is and what is the story with

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Speaker 1: that body? So thanks to everybody who's willing to participate.

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Speaker 1: As usual, if you would like to answer these questions

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Speaker 1: for future versions in the podcast, please don't be shy

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Speaker 1: right to me two questions at Daniel and Jorge dot com.

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Speaker 1: So think about it for a second. If someone went

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Speaker 1: up to you and ask you what is the story

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Speaker 1: with yep it is? What would you say? I think

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Speaker 1: I Petis or a Petis is a moon around Saturn.

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Speaker 1: If I recall correctly, UM, it has a very light

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Speaker 1: and a very dark side, UM, so the surface is different.

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Speaker 1: I have no idea where this is. Maybe um, somebody

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Speaker 1: who's half the moon as an ashtray UM. I don't know.

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Speaker 1: I don't know what a Petus is. So I'm going

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Speaker 1: to take a random guests and assume it's one of

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Speaker 1: Jupiter's moons, and based on that assumption, I'm also going

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Speaker 1: to guess that something unusual is happening, like maybe there

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Speaker 1: is some sort of cloud formation around it that may

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Speaker 1: indicate a volcanic eruption. I don't know it's it's a moon,

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Speaker 1: it's it's on Saturn. I think it's one of the

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Speaker 1: ones that has a really rough time because the tides

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Speaker 1: ripping it around. If it's one of Saturn's moons, that

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Speaker 1: it's got more problems with being smacked upside the head

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Speaker 1: by the bits of the rings. So I'm going to

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Speaker 1: go out on a limb and guess volcanic action. I

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Speaker 1: have no idea. I Appenenus is a moon of Jupiter,

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Speaker 1: I think, but I have not seen any recent news

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Speaker 1: on it, And I don't remember what in particular is

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Speaker 1: significant about that moon Iapetus. I think that's one of

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Speaker 1: Saturn's moons. What's going on there? Um? Some icy stuff,

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Speaker 1: some cracking and plumes and hopefully lots of organisms. Um.

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Speaker 1: Judging by the name, I guess Yeapetus is a moon,

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Speaker 1: but I don't really know of which planet and it

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Speaker 1: does anything special about it? What is going on on

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Speaker 1: Lapidus or Yapetus? Well, I'm not even sure what it is.

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Speaker 1: Maybe a star fall way and that does funny things,

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Speaker 1: but I totally sure what it does, and I didn't

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Speaker 1: get invitation to whatever it does. All right, Well, a

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Speaker 1: lot of people seem to guess that it was some

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Speaker 1: kind of moon, yeah, though they're not sure exactly what's

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Speaker 1: the moon of Yeah, a lot of people said it's

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Speaker 1: a moon of Jupiter. But first of all, how do

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Speaker 1: people know it was a moon? I don't know. I

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Speaker 1: guess it sort of sounds like a moon. It sounds moony, yeah,

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Speaker 1: but it is. But yeah, a lot of people seem

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Speaker 1: to know it's a moon or guess it was a moon,

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Speaker 1: but some people have thought it was maybe a star

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Speaker 1: mm hmmm. Yeah, there's a lot of good guesses out there.

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Speaker 1: I didn't give people really a lot of clues. I

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Speaker 1: was really curious if people had heard about this strange object,

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Speaker 1: already knew about the mysteries that it was hiding, or

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Speaker 1: whether it was something that nobody had heard of. You

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Speaker 1: make it sounds super mysterious, So let's get into it, Daniel,

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Speaker 1: what is yeap it is? Assuming that's the correct pronunciation.

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Speaker 1: Assuming that's a correct pronunciation, Yeapidus is a moon, and

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Speaker 1: it's a moon of Saturn. It's a good guess moon

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Speaker 1: of Jupiter because Jupiter is big and it's got lots

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Speaker 1: of moons, so if you're not sure, Jupiter is always

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Speaker 1: a good guess. But in this case it's one of

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Speaker 1: the moons of Saturn. Saturn has a ton of moons too,

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Speaker 1: Right does have more moons and Jupiter Saturn does have

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Speaker 1: a lot of moons. Right, And Saturn is really interesting

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Speaker 1: because it has obviously the big ring system and also

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Speaker 1: the moons. Right with with complex interplace sometimes interesting. It

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Speaker 1: has a lot of blings it does. It's a very

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Speaker 1: bad rings and rocks. It says Yeapidus to ordering new

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Speaker 1: stuff online anything, it's up for anything. Um. Yes, So

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Speaker 1: Saturn has a bunch of moons. This moon is really

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Speaker 1: interesting though, because it's much further out from the other moons,

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Speaker 1: like the other seven major moons of Saturn. The furthest

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Speaker 1: one out is Hyperion, and yeapa Is is twice as

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Speaker 1: far out as Hyperion. So it's this huge ball of

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Speaker 1: mostly ice a little bit rock that's orbiting Saturn. It's

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Speaker 1: interesting how you know a planet can be kind of

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Speaker 1: its own solar system, right, It's like a solar system

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Speaker 1: within a solar system. Yeah, it really is. It's fascinating

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Speaker 1: and it shows you just sort of like the general

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Speaker 1: gravitational structure of the Solar system, everything is really determined

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Speaker 1: by its gravitational attraction. You know, we talk a lot

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Speaker 1: about how gravity is the weakest force in the universe.

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Speaker 1: It's so much weaker than even the weak force, and

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Speaker 1: yet you see here very physically, very viscerally, how it

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Speaker 1: determines the structure of the universe. Right. The reason that

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Speaker 1: these things orbit Saturn and Saturn orbits the Sun and

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Speaker 1: the Sun orbits the center of the key way is

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Speaker 1: all just gravity. It's pretty interesting. I guess it has

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Speaker 1: to do with the fact that gravity is kind of

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Speaker 1: a very local force, right, Like it's very powerful when

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Speaker 1: you're up closed, but a little bit less powerful when

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Speaker 1: you're far away. Yeah, gravity definitely falls like one over

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Speaker 1: distance squared. I think it mostly has to do with

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Speaker 1: the fact that gravity is different from the other forces

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Speaker 1: because it's almost always just attractive, so it can't really

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Speaker 1: be canceled out. Like the electromagnetic force is much more

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Speaker 1: powerful than gravity, but it has two charges, positive and negative,

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Speaker 1: and so you can neutralize it. Like the Earth and

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Speaker 1: Sun don't have a very large overall electromagnetic charge because

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Speaker 1: that would lead to a large force and a lot

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Speaker 1: of transfer of mass between the two. They're mostly neutral.

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Speaker 1: It can be neutralized, but gravity you can't neutralize. It's

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Speaker 1: only has positive masses as we've discovered in the universe,

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Speaker 1: and no negative masses as far as we're aware, which

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Speaker 1: means that everything always attracts and you can't balance that out. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's pretty interesting, I guess. Like to a moon, gravitationally

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Speaker 1: mostly just sees the plan that it's orbiting, right, Like

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Speaker 1: it's probably getting a little bit tugged by the Sun

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Speaker 1: and the other planets, but mostly it just kind of

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Speaker 1: sees what's in front of it, right, just like we're

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Speaker 1: going around the Sun, but we're also kind of a

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Speaker 1: little bit being pulled by other stars and other things

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Speaker 1: in our galaxy. Yeah, I see what you're saying. Absolutely,

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Speaker 1: it's true that gravity dominates the structure of the universe.

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Speaker 1: But I think you're saying that we get this sort

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Speaker 1: of hierarchical system where you have things orbiting things orbiting

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Speaker 1: other things because you can mostly ignore things that are

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Speaker 1: further away, like the Moon mostly just orbits the Earth

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Speaker 1: and doesn't have to worry about the Sun and Jupiter

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Speaker 1: and that kind of stuff. Yeah, that's true, although as

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Speaker 1: we'll hear today, Jupiter does play a role in the

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Speaker 1: orbits of all the other planets. Also, it does really

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Speaker 1: have a little bit of an effect that tugs on

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Speaker 1: all of these things and creates chaos that can mess

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Speaker 1: up the whole system and also protect us. You know,

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Speaker 1: Jupiter's enormous gravity breaks up things that come into the

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Speaker 1: Solar System, like it's shredded comet Shoemaker Levy when it

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Speaker 1: came into the Solar System a few decades ago, and

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Speaker 1: that helps protect the Earth sometimes. Yeah, it AC's kind

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Speaker 1: of like magnet, right, like pulls dangerous things away from

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Speaker 1: us and also sucks the mint. Yeah, exactly. So the

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Speaker 1: whole system is sort of very delicately balanced, and understanding

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Speaker 1: exactly how things orbit and where they're going requires understanding

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Speaker 1: everything in great detail. Like when we send a probe

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Speaker 1: out into the far reaches of the Solar System, we

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Speaker 1: have to account for the gravity of all of those planets,

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Speaker 1: which give it little tugs, because even a little tug

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Speaker 1: early on is going to change the direction of that probe,

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Speaker 1: which you can really add up when you're going zillions

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Speaker 1: and zillions of miles. So I think, like to first order,

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Speaker 1: you know, to a simple approximation, you can mostly just

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Speaker 1: think about the Earth orberating the Sun. But you want

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Speaker 1: to get all the details right, then you need to

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Speaker 1: factor in Jubiter's orbit and Jubiter's gravity. But back to yeah,

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Speaker 1: it is, so it's a moon of Saturn, And is

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Speaker 1: this something we can see with the naked eye? Because

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Speaker 1: I know, like if you look at it through a

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Speaker 1: telescope at Saturn and you can see the reins, can

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Speaker 1: you also maybe see this moon? You can't see the

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Speaker 1: moon of Saturn with the naked eye. In fact, it

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Speaker 1: was Galle who saw moons are on Jupiter for the

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Speaker 1: first time because of his telescope. You really need a

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Speaker 1: telescope to see these things. This moon was discovered by Cassini,

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Speaker 1: not by Galileo, and he also used a telescope, and

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Speaker 1: it was in sixteen seventy one that he discovered it.

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Speaker 1: So we've known about this moon for a long long time,

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Speaker 1: basically since the advent of the telescope. So if you

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Speaker 1: have a telescope at home, you can maybe see this moon. Right. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: you don't need a very powerful telescope to see Yapous,

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Speaker 1: but as we'll learn later, you can only really see

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Speaker 1: one side of Yapodus with a telescope. Right. Well, we've

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Speaker 1: been yapping a lot about Yeapidus. Uh, let's stay into

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Speaker 1: why it's so interesting and what is there is some

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Speaker 1: kind of strange story about it. So there's like three

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Speaker 1: really weird things about Yeapoitis, how it moves, its shape,

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Speaker 1: and its color. To me, the motion is really interesting

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Speaker 1: because not only is Yapatis much further out than all

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Speaker 1: the other moons, like the other moons are much closer

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Speaker 1: in they all sort of clustered together, and then you

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Speaker 1: got Yeapais like way way out there. Not only that,

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Speaker 1: but also it's not in the plane as the other moons.

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Speaker 1: So you have like Saturn is rotating and around it

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Speaker 1: are the rings, and then also the moons which rotate

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Speaker 1: around Saturn, and those all move around the same axis.

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Speaker 1: Like if you drew a line through the north and

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Speaker 1: south pole of Saturn, Saturn itself rotates around that axis,

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Speaker 1: and then all the moons and the rings rotate around

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Speaker 1: that same axis, but not yeapitus, yapatus orbits on like

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Speaker 1: a tilted axis. Interesting, it's not in the same plane.

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Speaker 1: And that is um weird, right, because usually, like in

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Speaker 1: our solar system, almost everything is going around the same plane, right,

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Speaker 1: the same kind of um level. So when you have

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Speaker 1: a lot of stuff going around you, it's usually in

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Speaker 1: the same level, right. Yeah, And there's a good physics

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Speaker 1: reason for that. It comes from conservation of angular momentum.

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Speaker 1: Like the whole solar system is mostly spinning in the

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Speaker 1: same direction because the big cloud of gas and dust

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Speaker 1: that created the solar system was originally spinning, and that

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Speaker 1: spin can't just go away. In our universe, angulamentum sticks around.

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Speaker 1: If you have a top spinning without friction, it will

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Speaker 1: continue spinning forever. The only way to slow it down

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Speaker 1: is to come in with some sort of outside force,

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Speaker 1: to bump it from something external, right, And so as

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Speaker 1: solar systems started to coalesce, that very gentle spin became

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Speaker 1: faster and faster. So the Sun is spinning in one direction,

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Speaker 1: the planets are mostly moving around the Sun in the

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Speaker 1: same direction as it's spinning in that same plane. And

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Speaker 1: then all the planets are spinning in that same direction,

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Speaker 1: and their moons are mostly moving around them in that

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Speaker 1: same direction. So everything is super well aligned. Right. So

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Speaker 1: if you see something that is spinning around another object

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Speaker 1: in kind of a skewed or inclined level, that means

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Speaker 1: there's maybe an interesting story going on there, right exactly.

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Speaker 1: It means that you have some sort of external force

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Speaker 1: that has tweaked it. And so the cool thing there

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Speaker 1: is that it tells you something about the history, right.

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Speaker 1: It tells you something happened here that's interesting. It wasn't

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Speaker 1: just the normal formation of a moon that you would expect.

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Speaker 1: You know, there's a few different ways that you can

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Speaker 1: make a moon for a planet, Yeah, including in your kitchen.

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Speaker 1: I guess we're along with Bobo. But let's get into

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Speaker 1: the different ways you can make a moon. I guess

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Speaker 1: a lot of people might want to know that if

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Speaker 1: they want to make their own moon. And let's get

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Speaker 1: into why it's so weird that yep it Is has

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Speaker 1: a skewed orbit. But first let's take a quick break.

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Speaker 1: All right, we're talking about yep it is, which, Um,

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Speaker 1: it's a great name. I think I'm going to name

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Speaker 1: my next child yep yep it is a great name. Well,

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Speaker 1: it's a moon of Saturn, and it's a weird moon.

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Speaker 1: And it's a little interesting and a bit of a

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Speaker 1: mystery because, first of all, because it has kind of

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Speaker 1: a skewed orbit, it's not orbiting along with the rings

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Speaker 1: of Saturn. It's not orbiting at the same level as

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Speaker 1: the other moons of Saturn. It's ordering kind of a

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Speaker 1: in a tilted orbit. Yeah, and when you look at

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Speaker 1: the moon of a planet, you gotta wonder, like, where

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Speaker 1: did this moon come from? And as far as we know,

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Speaker 1: there's a few different ways that a plane and it

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Speaker 1: can get a moon. There's the idea that it's made

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Speaker 1: from the same stuff, Like you have a big cloud

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Speaker 1: of stuff and some of it comes together into a planet.

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Speaker 1: But if you have a big enough blob of it

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Speaker 1: that's like far enough away, then it's going to coalesce

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Speaker 1: into its own little blob rather than falling into the

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Speaker 1: planet and becoming part of the planet. And so it

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Speaker 1: can coalesce into its own little blob of stuff, right

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Speaker 1: because initially, like every planet in the Solar System was

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Speaker 1: like a cloud of stuff. Right, Yeah, all you had

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Speaker 1: is a big cloud and the sunsuted form and it's

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Speaker 1: swallowed up most of the gas. But then you also

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Speaker 1: have other heavy seeds of like places where you had

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Speaker 1: a little bit more stuff than everywhere else. And you know,

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Speaker 1: gravity is this runaway effect. When you have something with

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Speaker 1: a little bit more density, it has more gravity, so

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Speaker 1: it's able to pull other stuff in, which gives it

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Speaker 1: more density, which gives it more gravity. So any place

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Speaker 1: that is like a little bit more dense by chance

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Speaker 1: than another place is a seed for something to form.

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Speaker 1: These seeds form, and then sometimes they pull themselves together

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Speaker 1: and form something larger, right, But sometimes they don't. Sometimes

386
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Speaker 1: they're spinning fast enough to get into orbit around each other,

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Speaker 1: which is why the Earth is orbiting the Sun instead

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Speaker 1: of just falling into its massive gravity, because it had

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Speaker 1: enough motions going fast enough to avoid falling in And

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00:20:11,520 --> 00:20:14,400
Speaker 1: so when you have a planet forming, the same thing happens. Right.

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Speaker 1: Not all of the stuff in the neighborhood of the

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Speaker 1: planet necessarily forms the planet. Some of it can form

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Speaker 1: a moon, and that moon can get into orbit around

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Speaker 1: the planet. But when that happens, you expect it to

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Speaker 1: be aligned with the motion of the planet, expected to

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Speaker 1: be orbiting around the same axis that the planet is spinning.

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00:20:31,359 --> 00:20:33,280
Speaker 1: That's not happening here. Yeap it Is is is orbiting a

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Speaker 1: different axis, this tilted orbit. Right. I think you're saying

399
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Speaker 1: that if yeap it Is was formed along with Saturn,

400
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Speaker 1: it should be spinning in the same level, at the

401
00:20:41,400 --> 00:20:43,600
Speaker 1: same level as its rings and all the other moons

402
00:20:43,960 --> 00:20:46,040
Speaker 1: if it had been made that way. So something must

403
00:20:46,040 --> 00:20:48,240
Speaker 1: have happened to it, or maybe it wasn't made the

404
00:20:48,280 --> 00:20:51,640
Speaker 1: same along with Saturn. Yeah, one really fun idea is capture.

405
00:20:52,000 --> 00:20:54,440
Speaker 1: You know, maybe some rock came from somewhere else, maybe

406
00:20:54,440 --> 00:20:57,520
Speaker 1: it was lost from another planet, or even like interstellar

407
00:20:57,560 --> 00:21:00,840
Speaker 1: object came and was captured by Saturn. Because Saturn is

408
00:21:00,840 --> 00:21:03,119
Speaker 1: a big, heavy dude, right, It's got a lot of

409
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Speaker 1: gravity on its own. It's can't compare to Jupiter. Jupiter

410
00:21:06,119 --> 00:21:09,840
Speaker 1: is much more massive than Saturn, but Saturn is no lightweight,

411
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Speaker 1: and so it's possible for it to capture our Capture

412
00:21:13,240 --> 00:21:16,399
Speaker 1: is sort of like exotic and seems really cool, And

413
00:21:16,400 --> 00:21:19,439
Speaker 1: it's also likely to lead to weird orbits because the

414
00:21:19,520 --> 00:21:21,639
Speaker 1: orbit of that object would just depend on the angle

415
00:21:21,680 --> 00:21:24,600
Speaker 1: that came in on, and it's not likely necessarily for

416
00:21:24,640 --> 00:21:26,520
Speaker 1: it to be aligned with a Solar system. It could

417
00:21:26,560 --> 00:21:28,359
Speaker 1: come like from the top or from the bottom, or

418
00:21:28,520 --> 00:21:31,200
Speaker 1: any random angle and then get captured, and then it

419
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Speaker 1: would have a weird orbit and it's kind of a

420
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Speaker 1: big coincidence if if that happens, right, it's rare, Right,

421
00:21:36,440 --> 00:21:38,119
Speaker 1: It's like it's rare for something to come in with

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00:21:38,359 --> 00:21:41,760
Speaker 1: just the right velocity, angle and position to actually fall

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00:21:41,840 --> 00:21:45,600
Speaker 1: into a stable orbit. Right. Yeah. Orbits are not easy.

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00:21:45,760 --> 00:21:47,560
Speaker 1: If you shoot rocks and Saturn, most of them will

425
00:21:47,560 --> 00:21:50,680
Speaker 1: just fall into Saturn or be deflected away from Saturn.

426
00:21:50,880 --> 00:21:52,560
Speaker 1: To get into a stable orbit, you have to like

427
00:21:52,800 --> 00:21:55,760
Speaker 1: really hit the window. And there's something about yeapetus Is

428
00:21:55,840 --> 00:21:59,000
Speaker 1: orbit that makes it unlikely that it came from capture,

429
00:21:59,280 --> 00:22:03,000
Speaker 1: which is that it's though it's tilted, is really really circular,

430
00:22:03,480 --> 00:22:07,600
Speaker 1: like it's not some weird eccentric elliptical orbit or something crazy,

431
00:22:08,119 --> 00:22:10,760
Speaker 1: and a captured orbit is very very unlikely to be

432
00:22:10,800 --> 00:22:14,040
Speaker 1: like perfectly circular. For that to happen, you not only

433
00:22:14,040 --> 00:22:15,560
Speaker 1: have to hit just the right window, you have to

434
00:22:15,640 --> 00:22:18,800
Speaker 1: hit like a perfect dot in inside that window to

435
00:22:18,840 --> 00:22:22,680
Speaker 1: get into a perfectly circular orbit. So scientists think that Yeapodus,

436
00:22:22,680 --> 00:22:26,040
Speaker 1: though it's tilted, probably didn't come from capture, right, not

437
00:22:26,119 --> 00:22:28,639
Speaker 1: just because it's rare to have a circular orbit in

438
00:22:28,640 --> 00:22:31,359
Speaker 1: a capture, but also because of what this moon is

439
00:22:31,400 --> 00:22:33,400
Speaker 1: made out of. Right, that's right. And as far as

440
00:22:33,440 --> 00:22:35,960
Speaker 1: we can tell, this moon seems to be made out

441
00:22:36,000 --> 00:22:39,280
Speaker 1: of basically the same stuff as the other moons. It's

442
00:22:39,280 --> 00:22:43,280
Speaker 1: like ice and rock. We haven't visited this moon, but

443
00:22:43,359 --> 00:22:45,800
Speaker 1: we can tell by how the light reflects off of

444
00:22:45,840 --> 00:22:48,760
Speaker 1: it something about what it's made out of. And so

445
00:22:48,840 --> 00:22:50,960
Speaker 1: it looks like it's made out of basically the same

446
00:22:51,040 --> 00:22:53,639
Speaker 1: stuff that Saturn and its moons were made out of.

447
00:22:53,960 --> 00:22:56,600
Speaker 1: So it doesn't look like it's captured, doesn't look like

448
00:22:56,720 --> 00:23:00,080
Speaker 1: capture can explain. It looks too much like it's a

449
00:23:00,119 --> 00:23:04,160
Speaker 1: parent exactly, which is I guess ice? Is it really ice?

450
00:23:04,359 --> 00:23:06,879
Speaker 1: But is it's not water? Ice? Is it. It is ice.

451
00:23:06,960 --> 00:23:09,760
Speaker 1: But astronomers have a different meaning for the word ice

452
00:23:09,840 --> 00:23:12,480
Speaker 1: than you and I do, of course, right, because they've

453
00:23:12,520 --> 00:23:15,639
Speaker 1: taken this word that we are familiar with and adopted

454
00:23:15,640 --> 00:23:18,560
Speaker 1: it for something else. Remember, astronomers also think that everything

455
00:23:18,640 --> 00:23:21,520
Speaker 1: heavier than helium is a metal, right, I think oxygen

456
00:23:21,600 --> 00:23:24,600
Speaker 1: is a metal. We are a metal breathing species, according

457
00:23:24,600 --> 00:23:27,720
Speaker 1: to astronomers. But ice in this case can also refer

458
00:23:27,800 --> 00:23:30,960
Speaker 1: to like methane ice, or ammonia ice, or all sorts

459
00:23:30,960 --> 00:23:33,639
Speaker 1: of other hydrocarbons. But there is also a lot of

460
00:23:33,680 --> 00:23:36,800
Speaker 1: like water ice there. There's no shortage of water in

461
00:23:36,800 --> 00:23:39,000
Speaker 1: the outer Solar system, right, So I guess that's one

462
00:23:39,000 --> 00:23:41,800
Speaker 1: of the mysteries is that, yeah, it is. It looks

463
00:23:41,840 --> 00:23:43,840
Speaker 1: a lot like Saturn. Looks like it was made from

464
00:23:43,920 --> 00:23:46,040
Speaker 1: the same stuff Saturn was, but it's in an orbit

465
00:23:46,080 --> 00:23:50,840
Speaker 1: that's tilted, unlike the other stuff that's orbiting Saturn. Mm

466
00:23:50,960 --> 00:23:53,800
Speaker 1: hmm exactly. So that's very weird. It tells you something

467
00:23:53,920 --> 00:23:56,760
Speaker 1: happened here, m all right. What are some of the

468
00:23:56,800 --> 00:24:00,359
Speaker 1: other mysteries of Yevidis. The other mystery is that its

469
00:24:00,480 --> 00:24:03,000
Speaker 1: is kind of like a walnut. Most of the things

470
00:24:03,080 --> 00:24:05,560
Speaker 1: out there in the Solar system that are this big

471
00:24:05,680 --> 00:24:08,479
Speaker 1: are pretty round, Like the Earth is round and the

472
00:24:08,520 --> 00:24:10,959
Speaker 1: Moon is round, and Jupiter is round. And that's just

473
00:24:11,000 --> 00:24:14,280
Speaker 1: because of gravity. Right. If you have a big, heavy object,

474
00:24:14,320 --> 00:24:16,560
Speaker 1: it's gonna pull on stuff and eventually it's gonna pull

475
00:24:16,560 --> 00:24:19,359
Speaker 1: stuff down, and any bit that's sticking up is going

476
00:24:19,400 --> 00:24:22,920
Speaker 1: to get yanked down by gravity. It's like the simplest shape.

477
00:24:22,920 --> 00:24:26,320
Speaker 1: It's the lowest energy shape for a huge blob of stuff.

478
00:24:26,600 --> 00:24:28,680
Speaker 1: That's not true for a really small blob. Like if

479
00:24:28,680 --> 00:24:31,040
Speaker 1: you have rock in your hand, it's strong enough to

480
00:24:31,080 --> 00:24:33,359
Speaker 1: resist the pull of gravity. Gravity is not going to

481
00:24:33,480 --> 00:24:36,280
Speaker 1: form every rock into a sphere, but a big enough

482
00:24:36,359 --> 00:24:39,920
Speaker 1: piece of stuff has it powerful enough gravity to overcome that.

483
00:24:40,560 --> 00:24:43,320
Speaker 1: But YEAPS is not a sphere, right, But the things

484
00:24:43,320 --> 00:24:45,679
Speaker 1: in the source system aren't perfectly spherical, right, Like the

485
00:24:45,680 --> 00:24:48,399
Speaker 1: Earth is not a perfect sphere. It's kind of you know,

486
00:24:48,520 --> 00:24:52,119
Speaker 1: a little little wide around the waist. Earth has been

487
00:24:52,160 --> 00:24:54,640
Speaker 1: having too much boba at home. I think, Yeah, things

488
00:24:54,640 --> 00:24:57,800
Speaker 1: are not perfect spheres because they're spinning, right, So things

489
00:24:57,800 --> 00:25:00,200
Speaker 1: would be a perfect sphere if they weren't spinning, or

490
00:25:00,240 --> 00:25:01,959
Speaker 1: when you're spinning, you can think of it like creating

491
00:25:02,000 --> 00:25:05,439
Speaker 1: this fictitious force that works against gravity. So, like the

492
00:25:05,440 --> 00:25:08,679
Speaker 1: force of gravity on you is a little weaker at

493
00:25:08,720 --> 00:25:11,439
Speaker 1: the equator than it is at the north pole, so

494
00:25:11,480 --> 00:25:14,240
Speaker 1: you're like way less at the equator than at the

495
00:25:14,280 --> 00:25:16,600
Speaker 1: north pole. Right, It's it's kind of like hanging on

496
00:25:16,640 --> 00:25:18,520
Speaker 1: at the edge of a merry go round, right, You're

497
00:25:18,520 --> 00:25:22,360
Speaker 1: being kind of pulled outwards exactly, and that force counteracts

498
00:25:22,359 --> 00:25:25,399
Speaker 1: the force of gravity, so it makes a lesser effective force.

499
00:25:25,600 --> 00:25:28,040
Speaker 1: It's not really a force, it's just a product of

500
00:25:28,080 --> 00:25:31,360
Speaker 1: you being in an accelerated frame of reference because you're spinning.

501
00:25:31,560 --> 00:25:34,159
Speaker 1: You're moving in a circle. But that's what happens. And

502
00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:36,320
Speaker 1: so if you spin the Earth, it makes it fatter,

503
00:25:36,560 --> 00:25:39,000
Speaker 1: and exactly how fat it gets depends on how strong

504
00:25:39,040 --> 00:25:41,680
Speaker 1: it is. If you had like a planet made of

505
00:25:42,000 --> 00:25:45,040
Speaker 1: graphene or diamond or something and you spun it, it

506
00:25:45,040 --> 00:25:47,359
Speaker 1: wouldn't get much fatter, whereas if you had a planet

507
00:25:47,359 --> 00:25:49,600
Speaker 1: made of like maple syrup and you spun it, it

508
00:25:49,640 --> 00:25:52,000
Speaker 1: would mostly make it into a disk. Which is why

509
00:25:52,000 --> 00:25:55,120
Speaker 1: I like the galaxy is a disk rather than a spear,

510
00:25:55,440 --> 00:25:57,720
Speaker 1: whereas the Earth is a sphere rather than a disc

511
00:25:57,840 --> 00:26:00,720
Speaker 1: or more like a sphere. Interesting, what about the Sun.

512
00:26:01,040 --> 00:26:03,200
Speaker 1: Is the Sun also a little wide around its waist,

513
00:26:03,480 --> 00:26:05,600
Speaker 1: and the Sun is a little wide around its waist.

514
00:26:05,960 --> 00:26:07,959
Speaker 1: And even though it's sort of like more like maple

515
00:26:08,000 --> 00:26:10,280
Speaker 1: syrup than a diamond, because it's just a big ball

516
00:26:10,320 --> 00:26:13,919
Speaker 1: of plasma, it's gravity is so powerful. So it's this

517
00:26:14,000 --> 00:26:17,080
Speaker 1: interplay between the mass and the spinning rate and the

518
00:26:17,119 --> 00:26:20,000
Speaker 1: sort of interior tension of the object that determines the

519
00:26:20,040 --> 00:26:22,679
Speaker 1: final shape, right, okay, And so then yeah, it is

520
00:26:22,760 --> 00:26:26,080
Speaker 1: this moon of Saturn is also not privently spherical. It

521
00:26:26,119 --> 00:26:30,160
Speaker 1: has kind of a weird feature around its waist. Yeah,

522
00:26:30,200 --> 00:26:33,080
Speaker 1: it's got two weird features. Actually. First of all, it's bulging.

523
00:26:33,119 --> 00:26:36,080
Speaker 1: It's bulging as if it was spinning a lot, right,

524
00:26:36,119 --> 00:26:39,360
Speaker 1: Like we said, things that spin faster should bulge more, right,

525
00:26:39,720 --> 00:26:42,600
Speaker 1: But Yeapais doesn't spin very fast, and yet it has

526
00:26:42,840 --> 00:26:46,159
Speaker 1: a really big bulge. It's like sort of fatter around

527
00:26:46,160 --> 00:26:49,439
Speaker 1: the middle than it should be for its spin. So

528
00:26:49,480 --> 00:26:52,480
Speaker 1: that's kind of weird. It's like inconsistent, right. I feel

529
00:26:52,480 --> 00:26:55,719
Speaker 1: like you're attacking yeap It is this body positivity here, Daniel,

530
00:26:56,000 --> 00:26:58,880
Speaker 1: I mean, there's no normal right in the Solar system

531
00:27:00,280 --> 00:27:04,840
Speaker 1: regards to our bulges. I'm not criticizing. I'm saying it's fascinating, right,

532
00:27:04,920 --> 00:27:07,800
Speaker 1: It's individual, it's different, and I love that, right. I

533
00:27:07,840 --> 00:27:10,040
Speaker 1: don't want it to just like fall into the same

534
00:27:10,119 --> 00:27:14,720
Speaker 1: rules as everybody else, you know yourself, yaps. Yeah, but

535
00:27:14,720 --> 00:27:18,560
Speaker 1: it's but you're saying it a little bit too wide

536
00:27:18,560 --> 00:27:20,720
Speaker 1: around its ways than it should be. We can't explain

537
00:27:20,760 --> 00:27:23,320
Speaker 1: how wide it is around its waist just from its spinning.

538
00:27:23,359 --> 00:27:25,159
Speaker 1: Could it be that maybe the inside of it is

539
00:27:25,200 --> 00:27:27,240
Speaker 1: more liquid than we think it is or something like that.

540
00:27:27,240 --> 00:27:30,520
Speaker 1: That's a really cool idea. Typically the insides are liquid

541
00:27:30,800 --> 00:27:34,960
Speaker 1: due to tidal forces, but Yeapaus is really far from Saturn,

542
00:27:35,040 --> 00:27:37,240
Speaker 1: too far for Saturn to like be heating it from

543
00:27:37,240 --> 00:27:40,000
Speaker 1: the interior. There are other like big moons of Saturn

544
00:27:40,040 --> 00:27:43,280
Speaker 1: and Jupiter that we think might have like underground oceans

545
00:27:43,320 --> 00:27:45,920
Speaker 1: because of tidal forces, but yeap it is is too

546
00:27:45,960 --> 00:27:49,640
Speaker 1: small and too far for those kind of effects. Could

547
00:27:49,640 --> 00:27:51,520
Speaker 1: it be spinning faster than we think it is. No,

548
00:27:51,640 --> 00:27:53,960
Speaker 1: we can measure it's been pretty well. That's not something

549
00:27:54,000 --> 00:27:56,720
Speaker 1: we're confused about. But it also has a weird thing

550
00:27:56,760 --> 00:27:59,400
Speaker 1: on top of this bulg Right, not only is it bulging,

551
00:27:59,640 --> 00:28:02,800
Speaker 1: but a long it's waist. It has this huge ridge

552
00:28:03,040 --> 00:28:05,439
Speaker 1: that makes it look like a walnut. And this is

553
00:28:05,480 --> 00:28:07,760
Speaker 1: not something like a little bump we're exaggerating here. This

554
00:28:07,840 --> 00:28:12,280
Speaker 1: thing is like fifteen kilometers high and twenty kilometers wide.

555
00:28:12,680 --> 00:28:15,960
Speaker 1: Is one of the biggest features in the Solar system.

556
00:28:16,040 --> 00:28:18,240
Speaker 1: Like when we did our Tallest Mountains in the Solar

557
00:28:18,280 --> 00:28:21,720
Speaker 1: System episode, this featured on it. It's this crazy ring

558
00:28:21,760 --> 00:28:25,800
Speaker 1: around its waist. It's like a one long mountain ridge

559
00:28:25,960 --> 00:28:28,520
Speaker 1: kind of right that goes along the equator. The first

560
00:28:28,520 --> 00:28:31,000
Speaker 1: approximation is like a big ridge around the equator, kind

561
00:28:31,000 --> 00:28:33,439
Speaker 1: of like a walnut. If you zoom in, it's actually

562
00:28:33,440 --> 00:28:36,719
Speaker 1: like a complicated system that has a few isolated peaks

563
00:28:37,119 --> 00:28:40,320
Speaker 1: and then like a two kilometer section with like three

564
00:28:40,480 --> 00:28:44,720
Speaker 1: parallel ridges. It's really strange, but mostly it seems like

565
00:28:44,760 --> 00:28:47,000
Speaker 1: a sort of a ring around the middle. And there's

566
00:28:47,040 --> 00:28:51,280
Speaker 1: nothing else in the Solar system that looks anything like this. Typically,

567
00:28:51,280 --> 00:28:52,800
Speaker 1: when you see something in the Solar system, you can

568
00:28:52,800 --> 00:28:55,600
Speaker 1: see other examples of it because it's a common process.

569
00:28:56,080 --> 00:28:59,080
Speaker 1: But this, whatever caused this must have been rare because

570
00:28:59,120 --> 00:29:01,880
Speaker 1: it's the only exam ample we've ever seen of like

571
00:29:01,920 --> 00:29:05,160
Speaker 1: a walnut object in the Solar system. Yeah, that's pretty nuts.

572
00:29:06,040 --> 00:29:09,680
Speaker 1: We're hoping to crack the mystery one, all right. Yeah,

573
00:29:09,720 --> 00:29:12,040
Speaker 1: and then you said there's a third mystery about the

574
00:29:12,120 --> 00:29:14,920
Speaker 1: third and the most amazing mystery in my view, is

575
00:29:14,960 --> 00:29:18,520
Speaker 1: that it has two colors. So when Cassini first saw

576
00:29:18,680 --> 00:29:22,240
Speaker 1: Yeapois in sixteen seventy one, it looked pretty bright. He

577
00:29:22,280 --> 00:29:24,920
Speaker 1: saw on one side of Saturn, and then he thought, well,

578
00:29:24,960 --> 00:29:26,880
Speaker 1: if this thing is orbiting Saturn, I should be able

579
00:29:26,920 --> 00:29:29,160
Speaker 1: to see it on the other side also, So he

580
00:29:29,240 --> 00:29:32,160
Speaker 1: trained his telescope to the other side of Saturn and

581
00:29:32,320 --> 00:29:35,080
Speaker 1: didn't see anything, and it was very confused. And then

582
00:29:35,080 --> 00:29:37,960
Speaker 1: he saw it again on the original side, and then

583
00:29:38,000 --> 00:29:40,040
Speaker 1: he didn't see it on the other side. So you

584
00:29:40,040 --> 00:29:43,320
Speaker 1: can only see it on one side of the planet,

585
00:29:43,440 --> 00:29:45,640
Speaker 1: like as it goes around you can see it and

586
00:29:45,800 --> 00:29:47,320
Speaker 1: when it's on the right side, but you can't see

587
00:29:47,320 --> 00:29:49,560
Speaker 1: it when it comes around on the left side exactly.

588
00:29:49,600 --> 00:29:52,400
Speaker 1: And he actually guessed the reason. He guessed that it's

589
00:29:52,400 --> 00:29:55,320
Speaker 1: because it's a two toned planet. One side of it

590
00:29:55,400 --> 00:29:58,440
Speaker 1: is white, the other side of it is black. It's

591
00:29:58,480 --> 00:30:00,600
Speaker 1: like one of those black and white cookie or like

592
00:30:00,640 --> 00:30:03,520
Speaker 1: a scoop of vanilla ice cream that's been half dipped

593
00:30:03,520 --> 00:30:06,400
Speaker 1: into chocolate. Wait what and so is the idea that

594
00:30:06,440 --> 00:30:08,880
Speaker 1: it's when it's one one side of the planet, it's

595
00:30:08,920 --> 00:30:12,160
Speaker 1: always facing us on the chocolate side, But when it's

596
00:30:12,160 --> 00:30:14,080
Speaker 1: on the other side of the planet, it's always facing

597
00:30:14,120 --> 00:30:17,640
Speaker 1: us on the vanilla side, exactly because it's tidally locked.

598
00:30:17,800 --> 00:30:19,840
Speaker 1: So the same part of it is always facing Saturn.

599
00:30:20,040 --> 00:30:22,200
Speaker 1: So when it goes around, we always see the trailing

600
00:30:22,280 --> 00:30:24,400
Speaker 1: edge on one side and the leading edge on the

601
00:30:24,440 --> 00:30:26,880
Speaker 1: other side, so we see black and then white, and

602
00:30:26,920 --> 00:30:28,600
Speaker 1: then black and then white. I see it. So it

603
00:30:28,680 --> 00:30:30,960
Speaker 1: is spinning in place, but it's spinning in place at

604
00:30:31,000 --> 00:30:34,240
Speaker 1: the same rate as it's going around Saturn, sort of

605
00:30:34,240 --> 00:30:35,600
Speaker 1: like our moon. How we when you look at the

606
00:30:35,600 --> 00:30:37,960
Speaker 1: moon here on Earth, you always see the same side

607
00:30:37,960 --> 00:30:40,520
Speaker 1: of it, even though it's spinning around us, exactly because

608
00:30:40,560 --> 00:30:43,240
Speaker 1: Saturn has pulled it to be a little bit oblong,

609
00:30:43,440 --> 00:30:46,640
Speaker 1: and so it's sort of relaxed into this gravitational minimum

610
00:30:46,840 --> 00:30:48,680
Speaker 1: where the closer bits get pulled on a little bit

611
00:30:48,720 --> 00:30:51,520
Speaker 1: more strongly by Saturn. It's called tidal locking, and so

612
00:30:51,560 --> 00:30:54,240
Speaker 1: the same side of it is always facing Saturn. So

613
00:30:54,320 --> 00:30:58,280
Speaker 1: we always see the trailing side of Yappitus when it's

614
00:30:58,280 --> 00:31:00,480
Speaker 1: on one side of Saturn and the lead inside of

615
00:31:00,520 --> 00:31:03,760
Speaker 1: Yopotus when it's on the other and those are different colors.

616
00:31:03,840 --> 00:31:06,440
Speaker 1: One is very dark and one is very bright. It's

617
00:31:06,440 --> 00:31:09,640
Speaker 1: super weird because you said it looks like a walnut, right,

618
00:31:09,880 --> 00:31:13,640
Speaker 1: it has a ridge in the middle, But it's not

619
00:31:13,680 --> 00:31:15,720
Speaker 1: like one side of the walnut is one color, the

620
00:31:15,760 --> 00:31:18,320
Speaker 1: other one is another color. It's like it has the

621
00:31:18,320 --> 00:31:20,440
Speaker 1: two sides of the walnut. But then it was somebody

622
00:31:20,440 --> 00:31:23,360
Speaker 1: dipped it sideways. Yeah, somebody dipped it sideways. Yeah, it's

623
00:31:23,400 --> 00:31:26,440
Speaker 1: super weird. So now it has like four quadrants kind

624
00:31:26,440 --> 00:31:31,200
Speaker 1: of right, like four there are four different Yepidus is Yepti. Yeah,

625
00:31:31,280 --> 00:31:33,440
Speaker 1: and somebody probably made a big mess in the universe

626
00:31:33,520 --> 00:31:35,680
Speaker 1: kitchen when they were cooking up this project. Maybe they're

627
00:31:35,680 --> 00:31:38,200
Speaker 1: trying to make a moon size boba ball, and that

628
00:31:38,240 --> 00:31:41,760
Speaker 1: would also explain why it's a little bit bulging. Maybe

629
00:31:41,760 --> 00:31:44,120
Speaker 1: all the moons are just boba. There you go, you

630
00:31:44,160 --> 00:31:48,600
Speaker 1: need to get into tap yoga physics. My daughter asked

631
00:31:48,600 --> 00:31:51,520
Speaker 1: me once if it was true that horse hoofs were

632
00:31:51,520 --> 00:31:56,200
Speaker 1: made of gummy bears. Technically, um, it depends on what

633
00:31:56,320 --> 00:31:59,840
Speaker 1: the horse has been eating. I guess, Yeah, I mean,

634
00:31:59,840 --> 00:32:01,800
Speaker 1: I think it's true that gummy bears are made of

635
00:32:01,840 --> 00:32:04,640
Speaker 1: horses hooves, which is a little discomforting for a girl

636
00:32:04,680 --> 00:32:07,160
Speaker 1: who loves horses so much and gummy bears. She had

637
00:32:07,200 --> 00:32:09,280
Speaker 1: to pick one, horses or gummy bears. Yeah, well, I

638
00:32:09,320 --> 00:32:11,520
Speaker 1: don't know how a horse could run with gummy bear hooves,

639
00:32:11,560 --> 00:32:14,760
Speaker 1: but you know, some cartoonis could probably figure that out. Yeah, well,

640
00:32:14,760 --> 00:32:17,320
Speaker 1: they have vegan gummies. Did you tell her about those?

641
00:32:17,360 --> 00:32:22,480
Speaker 1: They're not as good. You love that hoof aftertaste, that's

642
00:32:22,480 --> 00:32:26,480
Speaker 1: what makes so so good. All right, Well, let's get

643
00:32:26,520 --> 00:32:30,240
Speaker 1: into what these mysteries really mean about the history of

644
00:32:30,240 --> 00:32:33,360
Speaker 1: our solar system and one are some possible explanations for

645
00:32:33,400 --> 00:32:50,600
Speaker 1: these strange phenomenon. But first, let's take another quick break light.

646
00:32:50,680 --> 00:32:54,600
Speaker 1: We're talking about gummy bears and horse foods. Apparently, somehow

647
00:32:54,680 --> 00:32:57,720
Speaker 1: that's related to the moon of Saturn called yep Is.

648
00:32:57,880 --> 00:33:00,280
Speaker 1: You take a bunch of gummy bears, you launch amount

649
00:33:00,320 --> 00:33:02,760
Speaker 1: into space, and you get them spinning, and eventually you

650
00:33:02,840 --> 00:33:05,800
Speaker 1: get a Boba moon. I mean, isn't boba basically just

651
00:33:05,840 --> 00:33:10,040
Speaker 1: gummy bears in your drink? But it's pretty spacey and celestial. Alright,

652
00:33:10,080 --> 00:33:12,120
Speaker 1: we we're talking about the moon of Saturn called yeap

653
00:33:12,200 --> 00:33:15,440
Speaker 1: it Is, and it's many mysteries. It's mysterious because it

654
00:33:15,640 --> 00:33:18,200
Speaker 1: has a weird orbit, it has a weird ridge around

655
00:33:18,240 --> 00:33:21,120
Speaker 1: its equator, and it's also got two sides of it,

656
00:33:21,240 --> 00:33:24,200
Speaker 1: literally a dark side and a light side. Yeah, and

657
00:33:24,280 --> 00:33:27,760
Speaker 1: forever will it dominate its destiny? Yeah, it's like an

658
00:33:27,800 --> 00:33:31,520
Speaker 1: actual ying yang ball out there in space. Yeah, it

659
00:33:31,600 --> 00:33:34,200
Speaker 1: really is that. It It looks like a huge art project.

660
00:33:35,040 --> 00:33:37,240
Speaker 1: All right, Well, let's tackle each of these mysteries one

661
00:33:37,240 --> 00:33:39,880
Speaker 1: at a time, Daniel. What could be causing its or

662
00:33:39,920 --> 00:33:42,360
Speaker 1: what could have caused it's weird orbit. So we're pretty

663
00:33:42,400 --> 00:33:46,080
Speaker 1: sure that Yeapitus was formed around Saturn. As we said,

664
00:33:46,160 --> 00:33:48,720
Speaker 1: it was made at the same stuff as Saturn. So

665
00:33:48,800 --> 00:33:51,200
Speaker 1: that precludes the idea that it's like some weird rock

666
00:33:51,280 --> 00:33:54,160
Speaker 1: from somewhere else that came in at a strange angle.

667
00:33:54,840 --> 00:33:57,200
Speaker 1: But if it formed around Saturn, then we think probably

668
00:33:57,240 --> 00:33:59,400
Speaker 1: should be in the same plane as all the other moons.

669
00:33:59,800 --> 00:34:03,640
Speaker 1: So another possibility is that it was struck by something. Right,

670
00:34:03,680 --> 00:34:06,760
Speaker 1: another way to get external angular momentum is to be

671
00:34:06,840 --> 00:34:09,480
Speaker 1: hit by something that comes from somewhere else, maybe like

672
00:34:09,520 --> 00:34:12,120
Speaker 1: an asteroid that lost its way or something from another

673
00:34:12,120 --> 00:34:14,520
Speaker 1: Solar system that banged into it could give it a

674
00:34:14,560 --> 00:34:18,120
Speaker 1: tilted orbit. I see, like, if there's something scwed it,

675
00:34:18,120 --> 00:34:20,120
Speaker 1: it came in and crashed into it and scwed it.

676
00:34:20,400 --> 00:34:23,239
Speaker 1: But wouldn't that also kind of make the orbit more

677
00:34:23,280 --> 00:34:26,399
Speaker 1: elliptical or some weird shape, isn't it? It's still weird

678
00:34:26,400 --> 00:34:29,440
Speaker 1: that it's so perfectly circular and tilted. Yeah, I think

679
00:34:29,440 --> 00:34:32,040
Speaker 1: it's likely that a collision would also perturb the shape

680
00:34:32,040 --> 00:34:35,440
Speaker 1: of the orbit. So a better explanation is a series

681
00:34:35,560 --> 00:34:39,759
Speaker 1: of gentle tugs from Jupiter. Remember Jupiter, we said it's

682
00:34:39,800 --> 00:34:41,920
Speaker 1: sort of like the bad boy of the Solar System.

683
00:34:41,920 --> 00:34:44,360
Speaker 1: It's not staying and it's laying. It's tugging on everybody

684
00:34:44,360 --> 00:34:47,320
Speaker 1: because it's so massive. Remember, Jupiter is like ten times

685
00:34:47,320 --> 00:34:50,160
Speaker 1: as massive as Saturn, and Yeapodus is a really far

686
00:34:50,239 --> 00:34:53,000
Speaker 1: out moon. It's like really distant from Saturn. So if

687
00:34:53,040 --> 00:34:55,760
Speaker 1: all of Saturn's moons, this is the one that's most

688
00:34:55,800 --> 00:34:59,560
Speaker 1: susceptible to Jupiter's gravity. So it might be that sometime

689
00:34:59,600 --> 00:35:02,040
Speaker 1: in the earlier history of the Solar System, when things

690
00:35:02,080 --> 00:35:05,400
Speaker 1: were funky and Jupiter and Saturn were migrating their places

691
00:35:05,440 --> 00:35:09,120
Speaker 1: in the Solar System, some gravitational interaction between Jupiter and

692
00:35:09,120 --> 00:35:12,000
Speaker 1: Saturn could have tugged on Yapotus in such a way

693
00:35:12,040 --> 00:35:15,080
Speaker 1: as to give it this weird tilt. But isn't that

694
00:35:15,120 --> 00:35:18,200
Speaker 1: kind of weird because Jupiter is in the same claim

695
00:35:18,280 --> 00:35:21,040
Speaker 1: and the same level as all the rings of Saturn,

696
00:35:21,160 --> 00:35:23,560
Speaker 1: right and all its spoons, So if it pulled in,

697
00:35:23,640 --> 00:35:26,720
Speaker 1: it wouldn't just kind of pulled it outwards on the orbit.

698
00:35:26,960 --> 00:35:29,719
Speaker 1: You do have to conserve angular momentum, right, and so

699
00:35:29,840 --> 00:35:32,160
Speaker 1: to create something that's off tilt, you would have to

700
00:35:32,200 --> 00:35:35,360
Speaker 1: shoot something else off in the other direction. So maybe

701
00:35:35,600 --> 00:35:37,880
Speaker 1: like there were two moons of Saturn and one of

702
00:35:37,880 --> 00:35:40,439
Speaker 1: them got this tilt and another one got ejected out

703
00:35:40,440 --> 00:35:42,839
Speaker 1: of the Solar system to sort of balance things out.

704
00:35:43,440 --> 00:35:45,840
Speaker 1: We think probably it was a pretty chaotic event, But

705
00:35:45,920 --> 00:35:47,960
Speaker 1: it's still sort of like a big question mark. People

706
00:35:48,000 --> 00:35:51,360
Speaker 1: are running simulations, and in those simulations you can sometimes

707
00:35:51,400 --> 00:35:54,840
Speaker 1: generate these kinds of tilts. So it's still a big mystery.

708
00:35:54,920 --> 00:35:57,000
Speaker 1: Then it's still a big mystery we do not understand,

709
00:35:57,040 --> 00:35:59,799
Speaker 1: but we know that something happened here. It's not just

710
00:36:00,040 --> 00:36:03,600
Speaker 1: the ordinary formation of rings and moons around a planet.

711
00:36:04,040 --> 00:36:06,720
Speaker 1: The tidal forces of Saturn are not enough to explain

712
00:36:07,160 --> 00:36:09,920
Speaker 1: this weird moon. So it's like a huge clue that

713
00:36:10,080 --> 00:36:12,359
Speaker 1: something big happened in the Solar System. It's so it's

714
00:36:12,400 --> 00:36:14,600
Speaker 1: so far away from all the other moons of Saturn.

715
00:36:14,680 --> 00:36:16,400
Speaker 1: I wonder is that if it's possibly it could have

716
00:36:16,480 --> 00:36:19,680
Speaker 1: just formed that way, right, Like, maybe it's some of

717
00:36:19,800 --> 00:36:22,440
Speaker 1: the some of the outer stuff that we're that was

718
00:36:22,480 --> 00:36:25,120
Speaker 1: far away from Saturn just had this kind of extra

719
00:36:25,200 --> 00:36:28,200
Speaker 1: angular momentum in another direction, and because it's so far

720
00:36:28,200 --> 00:36:30,440
Speaker 1: away from all the other stuff, it just you know,

721
00:36:30,480 --> 00:36:33,000
Speaker 1: form its own orbit plane. It's a good point that

722
00:36:33,080 --> 00:36:36,719
Speaker 1: the whole Solar system has an overall average angular momentum,

723
00:36:37,000 --> 00:36:39,759
Speaker 1: but like a random pocket of the Solar system can

724
00:36:39,800 --> 00:36:42,279
Speaker 1: have its own angular momentum, and then you expect all

725
00:36:42,320 --> 00:36:45,600
Speaker 1: those pockets to add up to the overall angular momentum

726
00:36:45,640 --> 00:36:47,799
Speaker 1: of the Solar System. So it is possible to get

727
00:36:47,800 --> 00:36:50,480
Speaker 1: a fluctuation there. We have like one blob that has

728
00:36:50,480 --> 00:36:53,200
Speaker 1: a different direction, but it's pretty rare. Otherwise we would

729
00:36:53,239 --> 00:36:56,600
Speaker 1: see this more often around other planets, and so it's

730
00:36:56,600 --> 00:36:59,120
Speaker 1: a possibility, but we don't see that happening very often

731
00:36:59,120 --> 00:37:02,360
Speaker 1: in simulations, all right, So maybe it could be Jupiter

732
00:37:02,440 --> 00:37:05,160
Speaker 1: or maybe it had a collision, but it like, none

733
00:37:05,160 --> 00:37:07,080
Speaker 1: of it is a slam dunk case. None of it

734
00:37:07,120 --> 00:37:09,360
Speaker 1: is a slam dunk case. It's still an open question,

735
00:37:09,400 --> 00:37:11,279
Speaker 1: and it might not be something that's very easy to

736
00:37:11,360 --> 00:37:14,120
Speaker 1: figure out unless we go and explore Yapodus itself and

737
00:37:14,200 --> 00:37:16,880
Speaker 1: like look at this geology and try to understand if

738
00:37:16,880 --> 00:37:19,359
Speaker 1: there's something they're consistent with a big collision or not.

739
00:37:19,840 --> 00:37:22,799
Speaker 1: It's so weird. Well, I guess you know, you're we

740
00:37:22,800 --> 00:37:25,480
Speaker 1: were just saying that it's not likely that it was

741
00:37:25,520 --> 00:37:28,120
Speaker 1: a collision because it would be hard to sort of

742
00:37:28,160 --> 00:37:30,839
Speaker 1: get that orbit right. But it could still could happen, right,

743
00:37:31,000 --> 00:37:33,799
Speaker 1: it still could happened possible, I mean, if it's if

744
00:37:33,800 --> 00:37:36,719
Speaker 1: it's there today, and maybe that's what did happen. And

745
00:37:36,760 --> 00:37:39,440
Speaker 1: actually collisions are part of the hypothesis for some of

746
00:37:39,440 --> 00:37:42,560
Speaker 1: the other mysteries of the Yapodus, so it might come

747
00:37:42,600 --> 00:37:45,879
Speaker 1: together interesting. All right, Well, let's getting too the other mysteries. Um,

748
00:37:45,880 --> 00:37:48,920
Speaker 1: what might explain it's bulge around its middle. So the

749
00:37:48,960 --> 00:37:51,279
Speaker 1: weird thing about the bulge is that Yapodus is not

750
00:37:51,360 --> 00:37:54,160
Speaker 1: spinning fast enough to have that bulge. But it might

751
00:37:54,200 --> 00:37:56,479
Speaker 1: be that the bulge got sort of like frozen in

752
00:37:57,040 --> 00:38:00,719
Speaker 1: back when Yappotus was softer and was spinning fast. Like

753
00:38:00,840 --> 00:38:04,239
Speaker 1: imagine as Yeapitus forms, it's not as cold and as

754
00:38:04,320 --> 00:38:06,799
Speaker 1: frozen and as firm as it is today. It was

755
00:38:06,880 --> 00:38:09,560
Speaker 1: more like a huge ball of boba. And maybe it

756
00:38:09,600 --> 00:38:13,560
Speaker 1: was spinning faster before it got like tidally locked by Saturn.

757
00:38:14,120 --> 00:38:17,240
Speaker 1: So originally as it formed, maybe it was spinning faster

758
00:38:17,480 --> 00:38:20,080
Speaker 1: and then that shape got frozen in as it cooled,

759
00:38:20,400 --> 00:38:22,720
Speaker 1: And so now it's sort of like has the bulge

760
00:38:22,840 --> 00:38:25,759
Speaker 1: left over from its original spin, and then it got

761
00:38:25,760 --> 00:38:29,040
Speaker 1: tidally locked by Saturn, but it still has that same shape,

762
00:38:29,440 --> 00:38:33,360
Speaker 1: but it has enough time pass for um the spin

763
00:38:33,440 --> 00:38:36,400
Speaker 1: to slow down that much. Yes, Saturn's gravity is pretty strong,

764
00:38:36,560 --> 00:38:39,919
Speaker 1: so it's had plenty of time to tidally lock an object. Right. Yeah,

765
00:38:40,040 --> 00:38:43,480
Speaker 1: that's an interesting phenomenon, right, because it requires the planet

766
00:38:43,520 --> 00:38:46,919
Speaker 1: to kind of change shape to right, Yeah, a little

767
00:38:46,920 --> 00:38:49,520
Speaker 1: bit like like the part of the planet that's closer

768
00:38:49,560 --> 00:38:51,520
Speaker 1: to the sorry, the part of the moon that's closer

769
00:38:51,560 --> 00:38:55,680
Speaker 1: to the planet actually gets heavier, yeah, because remember tidal

770
00:38:55,760 --> 00:38:58,960
Speaker 1: forces come from a difference in the gravitational force on

771
00:38:59,000 --> 00:39:01,480
Speaker 1: the near side and the far side. As we're talking

772
00:39:01,480 --> 00:39:04,799
Speaker 1: about before gravity gets weaker with distance, which means that

773
00:39:04,840 --> 00:39:06,640
Speaker 1: the Earth is pulling on the near side of the

774
00:39:06,680 --> 00:39:09,040
Speaker 1: Moon harder than it's pulling on the forest side of

775
00:39:09,040 --> 00:39:11,520
Speaker 1: the Moon. And as you say, eventually that makes the

776
00:39:11,560 --> 00:39:13,480
Speaker 1: near side of the Moon a little bit closer, like

777
00:39:13,600 --> 00:39:16,440
Speaker 1: turns into an ellipsoid instead of a sphere. And then

778
00:39:16,440 --> 00:39:18,040
Speaker 1: it's sort of hard to get it out of that

779
00:39:18,080 --> 00:39:20,480
Speaker 1: configuration because now you have like a little bit of

780
00:39:20,480 --> 00:39:23,160
Speaker 1: a heavier bit that's even closer. So it ends up

781
00:39:23,160 --> 00:39:25,120
Speaker 1: in sort of a stable state where like the long

782
00:39:25,239 --> 00:39:27,840
Speaker 1: axis of the Moon is not pointing towards the planet.

783
00:39:28,840 --> 00:39:31,080
Speaker 1: So like maybe before you're saying it was more liquid

784
00:39:31,239 --> 00:39:33,600
Speaker 1: this this moon. Yeah, So the idea is that as

785
00:39:33,640 --> 00:39:36,640
Speaker 1: it was forming before it got tightly locked, maybe it

786
00:39:36,680 --> 00:39:39,080
Speaker 1: was spinning faster and it was sort of softer. It

787
00:39:39,160 --> 00:39:42,000
Speaker 1: wasn't like maybe fully liquid, but it wasn't as firm

788
00:39:42,040 --> 00:39:44,799
Speaker 1: and as frozen as it is today, and so it's

789
00:39:44,880 --> 00:39:48,239
Speaker 1: bulge got frozen in maybe early on, and then it

790
00:39:48,400 --> 00:39:51,719
Speaker 1: got tidally locked by Saturn. That's sort of like one

791
00:39:51,800 --> 00:39:56,480
Speaker 1: hypothesis to potentially explain the bulge you got like flash

792
00:39:56,520 --> 00:40:02,279
Speaker 1: freeze or flash frozen exactly exactly. And then remember that

793
00:40:02,320 --> 00:40:05,480
Speaker 1: the bulge has on top of it this weird ridge, right,

794
00:40:05,520 --> 00:40:09,160
Speaker 1: these crazy tall mountains that go all the way around

795
00:40:09,160 --> 00:40:12,320
Speaker 1: the bulge, And so people are trying to also explain

796
00:40:12,360 --> 00:40:14,560
Speaker 1: that at the same time, right, that it's weird to

797
00:40:14,600 --> 00:40:18,560
Speaker 1: have this mountain rich around your waist of any celestial body.

798
00:40:18,760 --> 00:40:20,440
Speaker 1: So what are some theories about that? Well, this is

799
00:40:20,440 --> 00:40:23,000
Speaker 1: really bizarre, as we said, because it doesn't appear anywhere

800
00:40:23,040 --> 00:40:25,480
Speaker 1: else in the Solar system. So there's a bunch of

801
00:40:25,600 --> 00:40:29,239
Speaker 1: very different stories here. One is a huge collision, Like

802
00:40:29,320 --> 00:40:31,480
Speaker 1: maybe there was a really big collision and that's the

803
00:40:31,560 --> 00:40:35,080
Speaker 1: explanation for why Yeppotus is tilted. And this collision might

804
00:40:35,120 --> 00:40:38,520
Speaker 1: have like tossed up an enormous amount of stuff which

805
00:40:38,560 --> 00:40:40,759
Speaker 1: formed a ring around the Moon, but wasn't stable and

806
00:40:40,760 --> 00:40:45,080
Speaker 1: eventually like fell down and formed this ridge around the edges. Right,

807
00:40:45,080 --> 00:40:47,640
Speaker 1: But if it was just made from stuff falling on

808
00:40:47,760 --> 00:40:50,800
Speaker 1: the ground, Um, why would only fall in the equator?

809
00:40:51,000 --> 00:40:53,439
Speaker 1: And also how can you explain, like the peaks of it,

810
00:40:53,440 --> 00:40:55,239
Speaker 1: it would only fall in the equator if it had

811
00:40:55,280 --> 00:40:58,200
Speaker 1: time to gather into a ring. Remember, rings conform because

812
00:40:58,239 --> 00:41:01,520
Speaker 1: gravity can compress things a long the axis of spin

813
00:41:01,640 --> 00:41:04,640
Speaker 1: without any resistance. It's harder for gravity to push things

814
00:41:05,280 --> 00:41:07,880
Speaker 1: towards the axis of spin, but along the axis of

815
00:41:07,920 --> 00:41:10,399
Speaker 1: spin isn't a big deal. That's why, like Saturn's rings

816
00:41:10,400 --> 00:41:13,200
Speaker 1: are flat. So you have some big collision which creates

817
00:41:13,239 --> 00:41:16,400
Speaker 1: a huge cloud of debris which orbits and forms a

818
00:41:16,480 --> 00:41:18,360
Speaker 1: ring for a little while, but then the ring falls

819
00:41:18,360 --> 00:41:20,919
Speaker 1: back down onto the Moon. So that would explain why

820
00:41:20,920 --> 00:41:23,560
Speaker 1: it only goes around the equator. You're right that it

821
00:41:23,600 --> 00:41:26,360
Speaker 1: doesn't really explain very well why it's like such a

822
00:41:26,520 --> 00:41:29,719
Speaker 1: crazy tall mountain. You'd expect more of a blob or

823
00:41:29,760 --> 00:41:33,200
Speaker 1: something there. Yeah, right, Yeah, especially it's just like raining rocks.

824
00:41:34,560 --> 00:41:37,319
Speaker 1: So people have other ideas, like one idea that it

825
00:41:37,360 --> 00:41:40,799
Speaker 1: comes from underneath, that there's some very strange geology that

826
00:41:40,920 --> 00:41:44,279
Speaker 1: was happening as it was forming and freezing, that this

827
00:41:44,400 --> 00:41:48,560
Speaker 1: weird icy material like upweld from the interior of Yapitus.

828
00:41:48,920 --> 00:41:51,560
Speaker 1: This is very speculative. People don't really have like a

829
00:41:51,600 --> 00:41:54,320
Speaker 1: great model to explain how that might have happened. Interesting,

830
00:41:54,360 --> 00:41:55,960
Speaker 1: it came from the ground, sort of like maybe how

831
00:41:56,040 --> 00:41:59,160
Speaker 1: mountains form here on Earth, right, like mountains here, A

832
00:41:59,200 --> 00:42:02,160
Speaker 1: lot of our mountains and ridges form from the tectonic

833
00:42:02,239 --> 00:42:04,840
Speaker 1: plates crashing into each other and then kind of like

834
00:42:05,160 --> 00:42:08,000
Speaker 1: well like swelling up right, pushing up, And so this

835
00:42:08,120 --> 00:42:10,400
Speaker 1: could be some like cracking in the exterior and friction

836
00:42:10,400 --> 00:42:13,680
Speaker 1: between those pieces or things pushing up from underneath. But

837
00:42:13,719 --> 00:42:16,080
Speaker 1: you have to explain why you basically only see it

838
00:42:16,160 --> 00:42:20,000
Speaker 1: along the ridge. Is very strange and it's very dramatic,

839
00:42:20,080 --> 00:42:23,719
Speaker 1: Like I can't accentuate enough, like how tall these mountains

840
00:42:23,760 --> 00:42:27,759
Speaker 1: are there? Really are insanely high for a tiny little moon. Yeah,

841
00:42:27,920 --> 00:42:31,600
Speaker 1: thirteen kilometers high. Um. I wonder if maybe the two

842
00:42:31,600 --> 00:42:33,319
Speaker 1: things are kind of related to each other, like the

843
00:42:33,320 --> 00:42:36,360
Speaker 1: bulge and the mountains, like maybe before yet but it

844
00:42:36,600 --> 00:42:39,560
Speaker 1: was spinning a lot faster, which kind of maybe made

845
00:42:39,600 --> 00:42:41,799
Speaker 1: everything on the equator kind of push out, and then

846
00:42:41,840 --> 00:42:44,080
Speaker 1: which made all the technic plates also maybe push out

847
00:42:44,120 --> 00:42:46,160
Speaker 1: towards the middle of the equator, and then that created

848
00:42:46,200 --> 00:42:48,600
Speaker 1: the mountains. Could have been something like that, Yeah, it

849
00:42:48,640 --> 00:42:50,440
Speaker 1: certainly it could be that, like the spinning makes the

850
00:42:50,480 --> 00:42:53,000
Speaker 1: equator sort of like more fragile and more likely to

851
00:42:53,040 --> 00:42:54,680
Speaker 1: be the place where things are going to well up

852
00:42:54,680 --> 00:42:58,120
Speaker 1: from underneath. It's certainly possible, but it's definitely an area

853
00:42:58,160 --> 00:43:01,080
Speaker 1: of active investigation, all right, and then the last mystery

854
00:43:01,200 --> 00:43:04,720
Speaker 1: is it's weird colors that the one side of the planet,

855
00:43:05,280 --> 00:43:07,640
Speaker 1: on one side of the moon, it's bright and the

856
00:43:07,680 --> 00:43:10,120
Speaker 1: other side it's darker. Like how big is this contrast?

857
00:43:10,160 --> 00:43:11,960
Speaker 1: Like is it really like black and white? Or is

858
00:43:12,000 --> 00:43:14,560
Speaker 1: it like one shade of brown and another shade of brown?

859
00:43:14,800 --> 00:43:17,279
Speaker 1: It's really like black and white. You should definitely google this.

860
00:43:17,600 --> 00:43:20,200
Speaker 1: One side of it is like twenty times brighter than

861
00:43:20,239 --> 00:43:23,240
Speaker 1: the other. I mean, Cassini, it took him thirty years

862
00:43:23,280 --> 00:43:26,640
Speaker 1: to build a telescope powerful enough to even see the

863
00:43:26,760 --> 00:43:30,839
Speaker 1: dark side of the Appitus. It's very dramatic. Well, it's

864
00:43:30,880 --> 00:43:35,160
Speaker 1: interesting that it's also interesting that it's pointing towards us

865
00:43:35,280 --> 00:43:37,799
Speaker 1: kind of right, Like, what are the chances that we

866
00:43:37,840 --> 00:43:40,600
Speaker 1: would see both sides, the dark and light side, and

867
00:43:40,640 --> 00:43:43,439
Speaker 1: not just one side? Or is it that some parts

868
00:43:43,440 --> 00:43:45,839
Speaker 1: of the year we see both and sometimes we see

869
00:43:45,880 --> 00:43:48,800
Speaker 1: on only the dark side. Well, it's going around Saturn

870
00:43:49,000 --> 00:43:52,320
Speaker 1: counterclockwise like all the other moons, so we're always definitely

871
00:43:52,320 --> 00:43:54,920
Speaker 1: going to see the trailing side and the leading side.

872
00:43:55,120 --> 00:43:57,520
Speaker 1: That gives you a clue, Right, it seems to be

873
00:43:57,560 --> 00:44:00,480
Speaker 1: interestingly colored, So the trailing side in the leading side

874
00:44:00,480 --> 00:44:03,360
Speaker 1: are different colors. It's like flying through space in some direction,

875
00:44:03,800 --> 00:44:06,120
Speaker 1: and the leading side is the dark side and the

876
00:44:06,160 --> 00:44:08,960
Speaker 1: trailing side is the bright side. It's not just like

877
00:44:09,120 --> 00:44:11,319
Speaker 1: randomly oriented. What do you mean like leading side? What

878
00:44:11,320 --> 00:44:13,359
Speaker 1: does that mean? So, if you're like riding a motorcycle

879
00:44:13,719 --> 00:44:16,720
Speaker 1: through a huge cloud of bugs, for example, the leading

880
00:44:16,760 --> 00:44:18,880
Speaker 1: side is the front face plate that's going to hit

881
00:44:18,920 --> 00:44:21,000
Speaker 1: all the bugs, and the trailing side is the back

882
00:44:21,000 --> 00:44:24,000
Speaker 1: side of the helmet that's not hitting any of the bugs, right,

883
00:44:24,040 --> 00:44:27,320
Speaker 1: And so, yeah, it is moving around saturn, it's moving

884
00:44:27,360 --> 00:44:30,120
Speaker 1: through space. It's moving in the direction of one of

885
00:44:30,160 --> 00:44:33,040
Speaker 1: its sides, that's the leading side. Oh you mean like

886
00:44:33,280 --> 00:44:36,879
Speaker 1: ground right, Yes, like going around a merrygoround. If you're

887
00:44:36,920 --> 00:44:39,399
Speaker 1: facing one way, you know you're faving in the front

888
00:44:39,400 --> 00:44:41,680
Speaker 1: part of your body is going to hit all the bugs,

889
00:44:42,080 --> 00:44:43,560
Speaker 1: but the backside of your body is not going to

890
00:44:43,640 --> 00:44:45,319
Speaker 1: hit any bugs. Exactly. So when you get off your

891
00:44:45,320 --> 00:44:46,960
Speaker 1: motorcycle and you look at the helmet and you see

892
00:44:46,960 --> 00:44:49,719
Speaker 1: insects covering the front and not the back, you don't think, oh,

893
00:44:49,800 --> 00:44:52,400
Speaker 1: it's weird that it only covered the front. There's like

894
00:44:52,440 --> 00:44:54,800
Speaker 1: a reason. It's connected to the fact that you're moving

895
00:44:54,880 --> 00:44:57,960
Speaker 1: through that cloud of bugs in a certain direction. That's

896
00:44:58,000 --> 00:44:59,920
Speaker 1: why you have bugs all over the front side, the

897
00:45:00,080 --> 00:45:02,440
Speaker 1: leading side of it. And so the fact that the

898
00:45:02,520 --> 00:45:04,960
Speaker 1: leading side of Yapodus is the dark side is a

899
00:45:04,960 --> 00:45:08,600
Speaker 1: big clue as to why it's I see, as it

900
00:45:08,680 --> 00:45:10,919
Speaker 1: goes around Saturn, but then Saturn is also going around

901
00:45:10,960 --> 00:45:13,880
Speaker 1: the Solar system, so if it is picking up bugs

902
00:45:14,000 --> 00:45:17,120
Speaker 1: or the equivalent of bugs, it's like stuff that's near

903
00:45:17,120 --> 00:45:20,160
Speaker 1: Saturn as well, exactly. And that's just what they figured out.

904
00:45:20,480 --> 00:45:24,200
Speaker 1: They pointed the Spitzer space telescope at Saturn, and remember

905
00:45:24,239 --> 00:45:27,000
Speaker 1: Spitzer is an infrared telescope, so it's really good at

906
00:45:27,040 --> 00:45:29,759
Speaker 1: seeing stuff that doesn't reflect a lot of light but

907
00:45:29,920 --> 00:45:33,239
Speaker 1: glows in the infrared. And what it discovered is that

908
00:45:33,280 --> 00:45:36,600
Speaker 1: there's a huge ring of Saturn that nobody knew about.

909
00:45:36,760 --> 00:45:40,560
Speaker 1: It's basically like an enormous ring of dust. It extends

910
00:45:40,680 --> 00:45:43,600
Speaker 1: really really far out even well beyond the Yapodus. So

911
00:45:43,719 --> 00:45:46,760
Speaker 1: this is huge cloud of dust and Yeapodus is basically

912
00:45:46,800 --> 00:45:50,000
Speaker 1: flying through that cloud, sort of like it's flying through

913
00:45:50,000 --> 00:45:52,160
Speaker 1: a cloud of bugs. It's just like it's flying through

914
00:45:52,200 --> 00:45:54,640
Speaker 1: a cloud of bugs, and this cloud is actually rotating

915
00:45:54,680 --> 00:45:58,680
Speaker 1: the other direction from Yapais. So it's like flying through

916
00:45:58,719 --> 00:46:02,000
Speaker 1: a headwind of this dust. It's actually one of the

917
00:46:02,120 --> 00:46:05,400
Speaker 1: rings of Saturn, this really really dusty, sort of diffuse

918
00:46:05,560 --> 00:46:08,880
Speaker 1: ring of Saturn that it's flying through. It's interesting that

919
00:46:08,920 --> 00:46:12,439
Speaker 1: it's happening on this moon of Saturn, Like why isn't

920
00:46:12,440 --> 00:46:14,719
Speaker 1: it happening in our moon? Like why doesn't our moon

921
00:46:14,960 --> 00:46:19,040
Speaker 1: look half white and half a dark Well, because Earth

922
00:46:19,080 --> 00:46:21,840
Speaker 1: doesn't have this huge dusty ring that our moon is

923
00:46:21,880 --> 00:46:25,279
Speaker 1: flying through, and so Saturn has this huge dusty ring.

924
00:46:25,400 --> 00:46:27,640
Speaker 1: They think it comes from another one of the moons

925
00:46:27,640 --> 00:46:31,920
Speaker 1: of Saturn, Phoebe. Phoebe is this very very dark moon,

926
00:46:32,520 --> 00:46:35,480
Speaker 1: and it's basically getting shredded, it's getting hit and it's

927
00:46:35,480 --> 00:46:38,560
Speaker 1: falling apart, and it's leaving this big dust trail, and

928
00:46:38,600 --> 00:46:41,480
Speaker 1: the Yeapodus is flying through that dust trail. Yeah, so

929
00:46:41,560 --> 00:46:44,399
Speaker 1: it's it's creating this kind of trail. But then that's

930
00:46:44,440 --> 00:46:47,920
Speaker 1: in the same level as all the other moons, whereas

931
00:46:47,920 --> 00:46:50,359
Speaker 1: in yeap Its is literally like dipping in and out

932
00:46:50,360 --> 00:46:52,839
Speaker 1: of this right sort of like like you were saying,

933
00:46:52,880 --> 00:46:55,319
Speaker 1: it's like a chocolate like an ice cream ball being

934
00:46:55,320 --> 00:46:58,399
Speaker 1: dipped in chocolate exactly, and Yeapodus is the furthest out,

935
00:46:58,520 --> 00:47:01,239
Speaker 1: which is why it sees most of this dust from

936
00:47:01,239 --> 00:47:05,080
Speaker 1: this dusty e ring created by Phoebe. And it's not

937
00:47:05,200 --> 00:47:08,480
Speaker 1: actually the only place this happens. Like Callisto, one of

938
00:47:08,480 --> 00:47:11,160
Speaker 1: the satellites of Jupiter, also sees a little bit of

939
00:47:11,160 --> 00:47:14,200
Speaker 1: a contrast on its leading edge and its trailing edge

940
00:47:14,280 --> 00:47:16,560
Speaker 1: for similar reasons. Well, which side do you think is

941
00:47:16,600 --> 00:47:18,880
Speaker 1: better to live on? The dark side, the filled with

942
00:47:19,000 --> 00:47:23,400
Speaker 1: a bugs splatter or the cleaner side behind. Well, the

943
00:47:23,520 --> 00:47:25,720
Speaker 1: dark side is hotter, and that's one of the reasons

944
00:47:25,719 --> 00:47:28,759
Speaker 1: why it's dark because this dust falls onto it and

945
00:47:28,760 --> 00:47:31,879
Speaker 1: then absorbs more of the Sun's radiation which warms it up,

946
00:47:32,040 --> 00:47:34,560
Speaker 1: which also then like boils off any of the ice

947
00:47:34,840 --> 00:47:37,360
Speaker 1: which like floats up and then lands on the other side.

948
00:47:37,520 --> 00:47:41,400
Speaker 1: Wait what Once the dust lands, it warms up that

949
00:47:41,600 --> 00:47:45,520
Speaker 1: half of Yeapitus, and that contributes to the darkening of

950
00:47:45,520 --> 00:47:48,200
Speaker 1: the planet because it boils off any of the ices

951
00:47:48,239 --> 00:47:51,000
Speaker 1: which land on the other side. Wait to the ice

952
00:47:51,080 --> 00:47:53,960
Speaker 1: is what makes it look clear? Yeah, the ice makes

953
00:47:54,000 --> 00:47:56,759
Speaker 1: it look brighter. And so when the ice evaporates, what

954
00:47:56,800 --> 00:47:59,719
Speaker 1: are you left with rocks? Yeah, So when the ice evaporates,

955
00:48:00,040 --> 00:48:03,279
Speaker 1: it reduces the reflectivity of that side, right you left

956
00:48:03,320 --> 00:48:05,719
Speaker 1: with rocks and other stuff that doesn't reflect as much.

957
00:48:06,280 --> 00:48:09,279
Speaker 1: So it's just sort of like when you make snow dirty, right,

958
00:48:09,360 --> 00:48:12,239
Speaker 1: it melts much faster because it's able to absorb the sun,

959
00:48:12,680 --> 00:48:14,320
Speaker 1: and then it gets darker and darker, and it's a

960
00:48:14,360 --> 00:48:17,680
Speaker 1: runaway effect. The same thing is happening on Yeapotus. One

961
00:48:17,680 --> 00:48:20,840
Speaker 1: side of it got covered in dust from Phoebe, and

962
00:48:20,880 --> 00:48:23,360
Speaker 1: that like melted all the ice on that side, warming

963
00:48:23,400 --> 00:48:26,000
Speaker 1: it up, and all that ice like reformed on the

964
00:48:26,040 --> 00:48:28,200
Speaker 1: other side, and now one side is super bright and

965
00:48:28,239 --> 00:48:30,520
Speaker 1: the other side is super not that it's weird, And

966
00:48:30,560 --> 00:48:33,680
Speaker 1: wouldn't that also change its shape, Like wouldn't it look

967
00:48:33,880 --> 00:48:37,600
Speaker 1: flatter on the the side that's getting pelted, like the

968
00:48:37,719 --> 00:48:40,160
Speaker 1: stuff is evaporating away and landing on the other side.

969
00:48:40,160 --> 00:48:42,879
Speaker 1: Wouldn't that make the overall moon have kind of an

970
00:48:42,880 --> 00:48:45,440
Speaker 1: oblong shape a little bit? But I think we're talking

971
00:48:45,440 --> 00:48:49,279
Speaker 1: about like centimeters worth of covering out like meters or kilometers,

972
00:48:49,520 --> 00:48:50,920
Speaker 1: So I don't think it makes a different sort of

973
00:48:50,960 --> 00:48:54,839
Speaker 1: geologically interesting. So I guess you would want to live

974
00:48:54,880 --> 00:48:57,880
Speaker 1: on the warmer side right of an ice planet, Yes,

975
00:48:58,360 --> 00:49:00,280
Speaker 1: I think so. You want to live on the warmer side,

976
00:49:00,480 --> 00:49:02,239
Speaker 1: but you're also going to be sweeping dust off of

977
00:49:02,280 --> 00:49:07,279
Speaker 1: your solar panels basically every day book splatters. You'd be

978
00:49:07,280 --> 00:49:10,600
Speaker 1: pretty excited to discover bugs out in space. I guess

979
00:49:10,600 --> 00:49:14,920
Speaker 1: that would be the bigger news. All right, Well, it's

980
00:49:14,920 --> 00:49:16,719
Speaker 1: pretty cool. I guess you can look at pictures of

981
00:49:16,760 --> 00:49:19,520
Speaker 1: this moon and and see the contrast right between the

982
00:49:19,560 --> 00:49:23,080
Speaker 1: two sides. It's very easy to spot exactly. It's very dramatic.

983
00:49:23,320 --> 00:49:27,840
Speaker 1: Somebody definitely dipped the appetus in hot couco or bugs,

984
00:49:29,040 --> 00:49:31,279
Speaker 1: or maybe the opposite. Maybe it's actually chocolate and it's

985
00:49:31,320 --> 00:49:34,239
Speaker 1: been dipped in vanilla. Yeah, maybe it's chocolate bugs too.

986
00:49:35,719 --> 00:49:38,400
Speaker 1: But is it pretty conclusive that people feel pretty confident

987
00:49:38,440 --> 00:49:40,919
Speaker 1: that that this is the reason it's has two colors. Yeah,

988
00:49:40,920 --> 00:49:43,879
Speaker 1: they discovered this ring about ten years ago, and they've

989
00:49:43,880 --> 00:49:45,879
Speaker 1: done a bunch of calculations and they think it all

990
00:49:45,920 --> 00:49:49,040
Speaker 1: clicks together that there's enough dust that comes from Phoebe

991
00:49:49,280 --> 00:49:51,960
Speaker 1: to cover this moon to change the temperature to create

992
00:49:51,960 --> 00:49:55,160
Speaker 1: this runaway effect. So it's a pretty solid explanation. They're

993
00:49:55,160 --> 00:49:58,280
Speaker 1: pretty sure it's not boba. They're pretty sure it's not boba,

994
00:49:58,440 --> 00:50:00,759
Speaker 1: but you never know until you do of the experiment.

995
00:50:00,840 --> 00:50:03,680
Speaker 1: So we've got to send a mission out there to

996
00:50:03,760 --> 00:50:06,960
Speaker 1: take a taste of Yeapodus that's right, the bo emission

997
00:50:07,040 --> 00:50:10,880
Speaker 1: bo bo bo one to find out conclusively if the

998
00:50:10,920 --> 00:50:15,840
Speaker 1: answer is Yeapidus or Nupidus that's right, or Yapides speaking

999
00:50:15,880 --> 00:50:23,040
Speaker 1: of dirty snow. Not my PTIs your putis right? Al right? Well,

1000
00:50:23,080 --> 00:50:26,040
Speaker 1: another sign that there are still big mysteries here in

1001
00:50:26,080 --> 00:50:28,720
Speaker 1: our own backyard, in our Solar system. There are things

1002
00:50:28,760 --> 00:50:31,279
Speaker 1: that are the way they are, but nobody quite knows

1003
00:50:31,600 --> 00:50:34,000
Speaker 1: how they got to be their way, And everything around

1004
00:50:34,080 --> 00:50:37,000
Speaker 1: us is a clue about the incredible story of the

1005
00:50:37,040 --> 00:50:40,239
Speaker 1: Solar System and the wider universe. Everything is the way

1006
00:50:40,239 --> 00:50:43,400
Speaker 1: it is for a reason and has a fascinating backstory,

1007
00:50:43,480 --> 00:50:46,600
Speaker 1: and if you watch enough episodes, eventually all those backstory

1008
00:50:46,640 --> 00:50:49,480
Speaker 1: details get revealed, right, Or maybe it was the Solar

1009
00:50:49,520 --> 00:50:51,640
Speaker 1: System was just making it up as win alone, as

1010
00:50:51,680 --> 00:50:54,520
Speaker 1: most TV shows happen, because you never know. You didn't

1011
00:50:54,520 --> 00:50:56,240
Speaker 1: know if it was going to get renewed for another season.

1012
00:50:56,360 --> 00:50:59,240
Speaker 1: So you can't redcon physics, not without a time machine.

1013
00:51:00,239 --> 00:51:05,120
Speaker 1: I thought that's what physicists were, professional red connors, Like

1014
00:51:05,200 --> 00:51:07,320
Speaker 1: this is what happened. No, wait, this is what happened.

1015
00:51:09,080 --> 00:51:12,000
Speaker 1: We argue about what happens, but we can't actually change it.

1016
00:51:12,560 --> 00:51:16,360
Speaker 1: Mm hmm, but he can make up different stories about

1017
00:51:16,360 --> 00:51:20,120
Speaker 1: it kind of. Yeah, that's true. All right. Well, we

1018
00:51:20,160 --> 00:51:23,480
Speaker 1: hope you enjoyed that. Thanks for joining us, see you

1019
00:51:23,520 --> 00:51:33,960
Speaker 1: next time. Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and

1020
00:51:34,040 --> 00:51:37,360
Speaker 1: Jorge explained. The Universe is a production of I Heart Radio.

1021
00:51:37,640 --> 00:51:40,360
Speaker 1: For more podcast For my heart Radio, visit the i

1022
00:51:40,520 --> 00:51:44,200
Speaker 1: heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to

1023
00:51:44,280 --> 00:51:51,000
Speaker 1: your favorite shows. Yeah,