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Speaker 1: Hey Org, have you ever been in a hurricane? Technically no, really,

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Speaker 1: Panama doesn't get hurricanes.

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Speaker 5: I think we felt the effects of them, but none

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Speaker 5: of them have technically touched us, except maybe like one

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Speaker 5: a long time ago.

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Speaker 1: Well, then maybe you'll get your chance here in.

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Speaker 5: La Really, Los Angeles gets hurricanes.

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Speaker 1: Not very often, but the occasional Mexican hurricane is strong

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Speaker 1: enough to make it all the way up here.

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Speaker 5: Ooh, I like my hurakanes a little spicy.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, there's nothing worse than like a bland hurricane. It's

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Speaker 1: just boring one hundred miles an hour winds.

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Speaker 5: Hi, I'm hoorhandmade cartoonists and the creator of PhD comics.

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Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist. And I've also

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Speaker 1: never been in a hurricane.

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Speaker 5: You've never lived to tell the tale.

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Speaker 1: That's right. Never been like one of those reporters standing

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Speaker 1: in knee deep water with winds blowing all around them.

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Speaker 1: I would have been out of there much sooner.

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Speaker 5: Have you never been in a science hurricane, like a

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Speaker 5: flurry of scientific discovery and activity, like wind of knowledge

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Speaker 5: blowing over everything.

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Speaker 1: It's definitely felt like a thunderstorm, how and then with

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Speaker 1: some of the conflicts and the egos, But no, never

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Speaker 1: officially a science hurricane.

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Speaker 5: You've never upgraded that brainstorm to like a brain hurricane.

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Speaker 1: Maybe I'm just trapped in the eye.

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Speaker 5: But welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

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Speaker 5: a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: In which we explore these swirling mysteries of the universe.

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Speaker 1: We rain knowledge down upon you and try to blow

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Speaker 1: confusion away with one hundred mile an hour winds of

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Speaker 1: silly jokes. In our podcast, we tackle the biggest, deepest,

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Speaker 1: most dramatic questions of the universe. We don't shy away

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Speaker 1: from any and every topic, and we find some nugget

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Speaker 1: of mystery or knowledge and we break it open for

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Speaker 1: you and try to explain it with a few dad jokes.

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Speaker 5: That's right. We try to sweep you off your feet

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Speaker 5: with giant winds of corny jokes and serious knowledge about

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Speaker 5: the universe and everything in.

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Speaker 1: It, because it really does make us spend I mean,

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Speaker 1: this universe we live in is fantastic. It's beautiful, it's wet,

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Speaker 1: it's wild, it's crazy. There are so many things we

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Speaker 1: need to understand, and not just at the most fundamental level.

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Speaker 1: As a particle physicist, my job is to break the

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Speaker 1: universe down to the very very smallest bits and understand

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Speaker 1: the deepest, most fundamental nature of the universe. But even

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Speaker 1: if we did that, it doesn't mean necessarily it would

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Speaker 1: help us understand the world around us. You can't go

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Speaker 1: from string theory to predicting weather. So sometimes there are

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Speaker 1: deep mysteries worth tackling that are right around us, at

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Speaker 1: the same scale as our lives.

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Speaker 5: Yeah, because I guess the universe does seem a little

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Speaker 5: unpredictable sometimes. I mean, it's pretty chaotic out there. Even

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Speaker 5: though it sort of seems nice and calm here, there

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Speaker 5: are parts of the universe that are pretty crazy and

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Speaker 5: there's a lot going on in there.

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Speaker 2: Yeah.

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Speaker 1: We talk a lot on the podcast about how complex

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Speaker 1: phenomena arise from really simple rules and simple objects. From

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Speaker 1: just a few particles, you can make everything that anybody

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Speaker 1: has ever touched, tasted, or eaten, and that includes really

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Speaker 1: weird stuff like people and hurricanes. It's amazing what this

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Speaker 1: universe has cooked up for us out of a few

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Speaker 1: basic elements, and some of it is really quite complex

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Speaker 1: and very very difficult to predict. Some of it we

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Speaker 1: just have to look at in wonder.

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Speaker 5: Yeah. And so here on Earth we have weather, which

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Speaker 5: is pretty chaotic. Although I feel like we have done

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Speaker 5: a pretty good job in miterology of predicting the weather

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Speaker 5: a little bit, or at least forecasting the weather and

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Speaker 5: knowing when and where hurricanes are going.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I feel like comedy hasn't really caught up with

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Speaker 1: the progress in weather science. It used to be a

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Speaker 1: standing joke that nobody could predict the weather, but these

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Speaker 1: days they're actually pretty good at it. I find myself

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Speaker 1: relying on my little weather app to tell me if

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Speaker 1: it's going to rain today or tomorrow. And maybe that's

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Speaker 1: just easy see in southern California because it says it

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Speaker 1: never rains.

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Speaker 5: Yeah, you just need comedians to predict the weather, you know,

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Speaker 5: and just give them a sharpion. They'll know exactly where

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Speaker 5: the hurricanes go.

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Speaker 1: Maybe there's wisdom in the crowd, right, Get one hundred

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Speaker 1: comedians in a room and ask them where the hurricane

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Speaker 1: is going to go, and we'll see if on average

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Speaker 1: they're right.

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Speaker 5: Yeah, and if they bomb, maybe that will I don't know,

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Speaker 5: dissipate the hurricane or something.

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Speaker 1: Or maybe all the arguing will create a hurricane of

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Speaker 1: shouting or a hurricane of egos.

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Speaker 5: Or all the groaning from the bad jokes will I

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Speaker 5: don't know, blow a lot of hot air and blow

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Speaker 5: away the storm.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, but meteorologists are still the butt of jokes about

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Speaker 1: how they can't predict the weather, even though I think

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Speaker 1: they are doing a pretty good job these days.

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Speaker 2: Yeah.

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Speaker 5: So weather here on Earth, which is kind of a

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Speaker 5: little bit crazy, sometimes chaotic, a little bit unpredictable still sometimes.

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Speaker 5: So the question is does that happen in other parts

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Speaker 5: of the universe? Is there an equivalent of weather out

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Speaker 5: there in space, maybe in other planets or in between planets,

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Speaker 5: or out there in the galaxies or between galaxies.

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Speaker 1: And as usual, we're wondering if the patterns we see

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Speaker 1: here on Earth are particular to Earth or if they

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Speaker 1: are universal. This little parochial tribe of humans trying to

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Speaker 1: crack big questions about the universe, having only looked at

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Speaker 1: the way things work on Earth, we're always faced with

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Speaker 1: this question of whether we can take the things we've

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Speaker 1: learned here and generalized to the rest of the universe,

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Speaker 1: or if we live in a really weird, unusual corner

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Speaker 1: and the things that happened here only happen here, like

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Speaker 1: people and ice cream Sundays and all that kind of stuff.

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Speaker 1: So are hurricanes a universal phenomena? Experienced on every planet

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Speaker 1: around the universe, or are they something that space tourists

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Speaker 1: will come to Earth just to experience.

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Speaker 5: So today on the podcast, we'll be asking the question

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Speaker 5: what is a space hurricane? So I feel like we're

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Speaker 5: asking like, are there hurricanes in space? Or can you

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Speaker 5: make a hurricane in space? Or what's the equivalent of

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Speaker 5: a hurricane in space? Or all of the above.

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Speaker 1: It sounds like a pitch for a movie on the

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Speaker 1: Discovery Channel, you know. It sounds like in the category

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Speaker 1: of shark tornado. You know, take two cool words and

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Speaker 1: put them together, right.

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Speaker 5: Yeah, it's like if the Weather Channel and the Discovery

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Speaker 5: Channel teamed up and made a special movie space hurricane

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Speaker 5: with sharks, space shark Nado Hurricane with dinosaurs in it.

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Speaker 1: I'm sure somebody in a writer's room has already thought

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Speaker 1: that idea up and discarded it, thank god.

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Speaker 5: And then you throw like a bachelor in there, and

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Speaker 5: also a home remodeling project, and you've got Emmy Award

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Speaker 5: winning television right there.

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Speaker 1: Flip your house and get married using a space hurricane

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Speaker 1: filled with sharks. That sounds like.

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Speaker 5: A great show and dinosaurs. Also, everything can happen here

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Speaker 5: on this show. But yeah, that's an interesting question. What

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Speaker 5: is a space hurricane? And do this sort of relates

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Speaker 5: to that question? We were asking about space weather, like,

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Speaker 5: is there the equivalent of weather out there in space

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Speaker 5: and with all that gas and dust maybe out there floating.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And we're interested in whether these patterns we see

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Speaker 1: in hurricanes here on Earth are replicated maybe in other forms,

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Speaker 1: maybe not in water, maybe not in air, maybe in

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Speaker 1: other objects out there in space and other parts of

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Speaker 1: the universe, so that when the aliens come we will

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Speaker 1: have something to talk to them about.

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Speaker 5: Well, as usual, we were wondering how many people out

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Speaker 5: there had heard of a space hurricane or had any

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Speaker 5: idea of what it is. So Daniel went out there

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Speaker 5: into the wilds of the Internet to ask people what

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Speaker 5: is a space hurricane?

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Speaker 1: So if you live in the wilds of the Internet

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Speaker 1: and you would like to answer random questions I sent

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Speaker 1: you with no opportunity to prepare, please write to me

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Speaker 1: to questions at Danielandjorge dot com.

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Speaker 5: I personally live in the planes of the Internet. It's

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Speaker 5: a lot calm of there. There's no Twitter or Facebook,

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Speaker 5: just a gentle wind of Wikipedia information.

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Speaker 1: Every time you say the wilds of the Internet It

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Speaker 1: makes me feel like a rugged explorer, risking my life

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Speaker 1: to go out there and gather information in the.

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Speaker 5: Name of science. You mean reaching out to strangers on

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Speaker 5: the internet is to say these.

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Speaker 1: Are our listeners. Man, they are nice people, you see.

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Speaker 5: That's all it takes to be your friend, Daniel. Just

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Speaker 5: be willing to listen to talk about physics.

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Speaker 1: Absolutely, anybody willing to listen to this podcast is definitely

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Speaker 1: my friend.

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Speaker 5: All right, Well, think about it for a second. If

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Speaker 5: someone asks you, what is a space hurricane, what would

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Speaker 5: you answer. Here's what people had to say.

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Speaker 6: I assume it has something to do with well, space

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Speaker 6: weather and possibly solar wind or stellar wind.

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Speaker 7: I'm not entirely sure. Maybe there's hurricanes. I don't think

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Speaker 7: it would count as a hurricane on the Sun or

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Speaker 7: a hurricane on say Jupiter, because they're not quite space hurricanes.

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Speaker 7: Maybe it's some sort of hurricane to do with the

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Speaker 7: curvature of space, maybe approaching a black hole, something along

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Speaker 7: those lines.

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Speaker 5: I have no idea what a space hurricane is, but

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Speaker 5: I would have to guess that it has something to

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Speaker 5: do with solar winds.

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Speaker 8: It sounds like a swirling mass of well, if it's

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Speaker 8: in space, it's probably something like stars or something else

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Speaker 8: with a lot of mass.

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Speaker 1: When you look at a hurricane and Earth, it sure

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Speaker 1: looks like a galaxy, So maybe a spiral galaxy is

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Speaker 1: a space hurricane.

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Speaker 9: I can imagine a space hurricane is created by the

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Speaker 9: solar wind, so like there's a big outburst from the

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Speaker 9: Sun that creates space weather, and if it's a really

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Speaker 9: extreme outburst, then it might create a space hurricane. But

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Speaker 9: I can also imagine.

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Speaker 1: Movement of.

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Speaker 9: Stuff in space itself might create vortexis or space hurricanes.

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Speaker 5: Hope you will, all right. I guess it's some pretty

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Speaker 5: interesting answers here. I feel like people sort of thought

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Speaker 5: about a hurricane and what it looks like in pictures

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Speaker 5: that is this swirling massive stuff, and then they try to,

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Speaker 5: I don't know, project them into space, like what would

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Speaker 5: that look like in space or in other planets.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's some great examples of generalization, like this is

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Speaker 1: real physics in action here. I love seeing people take

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Speaker 1: this idea and wonder whether or not it could exist

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Speaker 1: in other forms. Awesome, especially the one about a galaxy

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Speaker 1: being a space hurricane.

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Speaker 5: Very cool, right, Yeah, is a galaxy technically a space hurricane?

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Speaker 5: Like they look kind of the same as a big

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Speaker 5: flushing toilet or swirling disc. Right, that's kind of what

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Speaker 5: a hurricane is, and that's kind of what a galaxy is.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, we'll get into it. But a hurricane actually is

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Speaker 1: a low pressure center, right where things flow out from

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Speaker 1: the center, and a galaxy, of course, is very high

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Speaker 1: pressure center. It's really the densest spot with all the

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Speaker 1: forces pulling towards the center of the galaxy. So the

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Speaker 1: mechanisms are something different, but you're right, they do look

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Speaker 1: kind of similar.

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Speaker 5: It's an anti hurricane.

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Speaker 1: Maybe it'd be awesome though, to have a hurricane where

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Speaker 1: it's raining stars instead of water droplets.

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Speaker 5: That's pretty meta, that would be That sounds really dangerous.

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Speaker 5: You would definitely not be a weather man standing there

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Speaker 5: for very long.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, what kind of hurricane proofing do you need when

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Speaker 1: it's raining stars?

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Speaker 5: That sounds like another great show on the Discovery slash Weather.

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Speaker 1: Channel Surviving Extreme Space.

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Speaker 5: Weather raining stars. But let's get into it then, I

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Speaker 5: guess step us through here, Daniel. First of all, let's

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Speaker 5: tackle one word at a time. So a hurricane, what

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Speaker 5: is that technically here on Earth? Like, how do we

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Speaker 5: get hurricanes and what technically counts as a hurricane, and

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Speaker 5: is that the right name for the weather phenomenon that

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Speaker 5: most people think of when they think of hurricanes.

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Speaker 1: I was really surprised to learn that you give the

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Speaker 1: name hurricane to this particular type of storm that appears

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Speaker 1: all around the world, but you only call it a

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Speaker 1: hurricane if it appears in particular places in the Atlantic

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Speaker 1: or in the northeastern Pacific. So the most general phrase

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Speaker 1: is a cyclone. It's this kind of storm you get

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Speaker 1: over the water, but you only call it a hurricane

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Speaker 1: in various parts of the world. It's like the naming

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Speaker 1: committee couldn't agree on what to call these things, and

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Speaker 1: so they broke up without like a global agreement for

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Speaker 1: what to call them.

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Speaker 5: I see now, is this like a convenient naming you know,

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Speaker 5: scheme or is this just like out of the history

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Speaker 5: of how like you know, people who lived here called

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Speaker 5: it a hurricane and people who lived over there call

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Speaker 5: it a time typhoon? You know? Is it like pop

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Speaker 5: and soda and coke? Or is it like you know

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Speaker 5: a scientists where like, okay, we'll call these the ones

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Speaker 5: over here this and the ones that we're there, and

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Speaker 5: we'll call them that.

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Speaker 1: Now, there's really no difference between a hurricane in the Atlantic,

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Speaker 1: or a typhoon in the Northwest Pacific or a tropical

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Speaker 1: cyclone in the South Pacific. They're fundamentally the same thing.

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Speaker 1: The only thing that differentiates them is where they happen.

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Speaker 1: So the naming convention is just historic. That's what we

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Speaker 1: call those storms. And then I think later people understood

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Speaker 1: in more detail. Oh, these are really all sort of

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Speaker 1: examples of the same thing I see.

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Speaker 5: But the technical term, the scientific term is actually cyclone.

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Speaker 1: Yeah exactly, which sounds like a killer robot from the

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Speaker 1: future or something, but it really just describes this sort

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Speaker 1: of spinning storm that you get, which is very typical

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Speaker 1: the kind of storm I think about when I think

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Speaker 1: about a hurricane.

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Speaker 5: I see, So all hurricanes are cyclones, but not all cyclones.

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Speaker 1: Are hurricanes, that's right, exactly.

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Speaker 5: So they're called typhoons in Northwest Pacific and propical cyclones

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Speaker 5: in the South Pacific or Indian Ocean. So what are

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Speaker 5: the basics of this cyclone storm?

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Speaker 1: So it's the same all around the world, and it's

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Speaker 1: this phenomenon where you have a bunch of really warm

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Speaker 1: water and so the water heats up the air that's

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Speaker 1: above it and moistens it because the water is evaporating

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Speaker 1: from the surface, and then hot air rises, right, and

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Speaker 1: so the hot air rises over this warm spot in

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Speaker 1: the ocean. And because the air is rising, it causes

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Speaker 1: this low pressure center because the air is leaving, so

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Speaker 1: other air sort of has to get sucked in. So

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Speaker 1: it sucks in air from around it, which then rises up.

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Speaker 1: It has to go somewhere and then spreads out. So

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Speaker 1: you get this pattern where air is getting pulled in

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Speaker 1: over the water, rising up and then spreading out. And

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Speaker 1: that's the basics of it. And if the Earth wasn't spinning,

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Speaker 1: the cyclones wouldn't spin either. The way these storms start

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Speaker 1: to spin is just because of the spin of the.

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Speaker 5: Earth, right, It's due to the cooreol this effect.

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Speaker 1: Right, that's right. As these winds blow outwards from the

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Speaker 1: center of the storm, they start to curve. And the

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Speaker 1: reason is really cool is because, as you say, it's

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Speaker 1: because of the Coriolis effect. If you are standing on

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Speaker 1: the equator, then you are spinning around the Earth really fast, right,

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Speaker 1: you are going one thousand miles per hour. The surface

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Speaker 1: of the Earth at the equator is moving one thousand

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Speaker 1: miles per hour. The surface of the Earth at the

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Speaker 1: North pole isn't moving at all, right, I mean, you're

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Speaker 1: spinning in place, but you're not actually moving. So what

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Speaker 1: that means is that the closer you are to the equator,

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Speaker 1: the faster you're moving, and the closer you are to

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Speaker 1: the north or South pole, the slower you're moving. That's

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Speaker 1: very cool as sort of to know, but it has

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Speaker 1: an actual effect because if you have air that moves

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Speaker 1: from the equator up towards the poles, then it's moving

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Speaker 1: faster than the air it's encountering, and so it actually

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Speaker 1: sort of drifts. So, for example, if you're in the

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Speaker 1: northern part of the Earth, in the northern hemisphere, air

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Speaker 1: that moves up from the equator towards the north is

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Speaker 1: going faster than the other, so it actually sort of

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Speaker 1: curves to the east. So air that flows north from

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Speaker 1: the equator curves to the east, and air that flows

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Speaker 1: south from the North pole is going too slow to

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Speaker 1: catch up with the air it's encountering, so it sort

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Speaker 1: of flows a little bit to the west. So you

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Speaker 1: get this curving effect just due to the spinning of

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Speaker 1: the Earth.

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Speaker 5: Right, So then the idea is that the warm air

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Speaker 5: heats up the air above it. That air gets kind

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Speaker 5: of sucked up into the upper atmosphere, and that draws

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Speaker 5: in cold air which comes in with some sort of

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Speaker 5: spin or some sort of kind of skew to it,

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Speaker 5: which then starts kind of the swirl of it. Right,

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Speaker 5: m hm.

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Speaker 1: And so you can make this mental picture in your

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Speaker 1: mind of air getting pulled towards the hurricane from the

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Speaker 1: south curves to the right, and air coming down from

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Speaker 1: the north also curves to its right. And so everywhere

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Speaker 1: as the air is getting pulled towards the center of

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Speaker 1: this thing is curving towards the right. So then becomes

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Speaker 1: self reinforcing and this whole thing starts to spin. But

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Speaker 1: to me, it's just sort of awesome that you could

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Speaker 1: like prove that the Earth is spinning just by looking

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Speaker 1: at hurricanes.

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Speaker 5: Right. Or how toilets flush technically? Right, Like you don't

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Speaker 5: need to leave your house, you can just flush the toilet.

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Speaker 1: I think that's an urban legend, man. I think toilets

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Speaker 1: flush the same way in Australia.

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Speaker 5: Well, may it depends on how you design the toilet.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, you're right. If you have a toilet that's like

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Speaker 1: a thousand miles wide, then maybe you're right.

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Speaker 5: Yeah, that's what I mean, is in your toilet a

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Speaker 5: thousand miles wide.

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Speaker 1: I don't know what you had for lunch, dude, but

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Speaker 1: just particular needs. That's a spicy hurricane, my friend. But

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Speaker 1: the amazing thing is that in the Southern hemisphere storms

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Speaker 1: really do spin the other way because the same effect

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Speaker 1: works the opposite way in the southern hemisphere. So if

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Speaker 1: the air is flowing from the equator towards the south,

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Speaker 1: then it's going faster than the air it's encountering. But

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Speaker 1: now it's going to spin the other direction. Right, it's

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Speaker 1: going to spin sort of two. It's left. The same deal.

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Speaker 1: If air is coming from the south pull up towards

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Speaker 1: the equator, right, then it's going slower than the air

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Speaker 1: that's spinning. It's going to curve to the left, and

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Speaker 1: so you get storms spinning the other way in the

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Speaker 1: southern hemisphere. I think this is super awesome.

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Speaker 5: Yeah, that's pretty cool, And so I guess maybe a

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Speaker 5: quick question is like what happens to all that air

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Speaker 5: getting sucked up. Does it just go up to the

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Speaker 5: upper atmosphere and then dissipates or does it recycle? Kind

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Speaker 5: of down and then helps to feed that hurricane.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, so you're right, the cold air gets sucked in

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Speaker 1: and then it rises and then it flows out in

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Speaker 1: this sort of big shield. And that's what you see

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Speaker 1: sort of from the space if you're looking at this hurricane,

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Speaker 1: that you get this like big spinning shield that sort

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Speaker 1: of spins out away from the hurricane. And so that's

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Speaker 1: what these sort of these arms are. Like there's these

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Speaker 1: clouds and condensation formed from the air flowing away from

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Speaker 1: the center of the hurricane and the upper atmosphere.

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Speaker 5: So a hurricane is actually like a three D thing.

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Speaker 5: It's not just a swirl like the air and the

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Speaker 5: bottom is swirling inwards, but the air and the upper

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Speaker 5: atmosphere is swirling outwards.

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Speaker 1: Mm hmm, yeah exactly. And so it's this machine and

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Speaker 1: it's all by the energy from the ocean. And so

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Speaker 1: that's why as the Earth warms up and we get

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Speaker 1: more hot spots and hotter spots in the ocean, we

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Speaker 1: get more and more dramatic hurricanes.

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Speaker 5: And I guess it's due to these currents too, because

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Speaker 5: I guess you need warm water under cold air, right,

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Speaker 5: So like as the warm water, you know, moves under

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Speaker 5: cold air. Then it creates these low pressure points.

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Speaker 1: Mm hmm exactly. It warms up the air and the

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Speaker 1: air rises, and then you get this low pressure center.

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Speaker 1: So you know, in general, the idea of hurricane is

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Speaker 1: this flow, this cyclic flow of the air and this

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Speaker 1: low pressure center.

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Speaker 5: All right, well, let's get into whether or not something

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Speaker 5: like that can happen out in outer space, maybe in

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Speaker 5: other planets or in our galaxy. But first let's take

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Speaker 5: a quick break.

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486
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488
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489
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490
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492
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Speaker 5: Right, we're talking about space hurricanes and whether or not

504
00:24:32,520 --> 00:24:34,680
Speaker 5: those are actually a thing. I guess they are a thing.

505
00:24:34,760 --> 00:24:37,440
Speaker 5: Daniel if we're asking the question what is a space hurricane?

506
00:24:37,440 --> 00:24:38,760
Speaker 5: So it must be a thing, right.

507
00:24:38,920 --> 00:24:41,159
Speaker 1: It'd be a short podcast if we were just saying.

508
00:24:40,920 --> 00:24:42,920
Speaker 5: No, you can tell it, because otherwise we would have

509
00:24:42,960 --> 00:24:47,200
Speaker 5: titled this episode do space hurricanes exist? Right? But here

510
00:24:47,240 --> 00:24:49,000
Speaker 5: we are asking what is a space hurgan? So I

511
00:24:49,000 --> 00:24:52,199
Speaker 5: think we spoil a little bit. They do exist, there

512
00:24:52,240 --> 00:24:53,879
Speaker 5: are a thing. But I guess the question is how

513
00:24:53,880 --> 00:24:56,000
Speaker 5: does that happen? How do you get a hurricane in space?

514
00:24:56,119 --> 00:24:58,920
Speaker 1: Yes, so this basic mechanism that we're talking about can

515
00:24:59,040 --> 00:25:02,280
Speaker 1: exist in other places, other places where you have something

516
00:25:02,400 --> 00:25:04,520
Speaker 1: like air that can flow, and then you have some

517
00:25:04,560 --> 00:25:07,840
Speaker 1: sources of energy to like pump into that to create

518
00:25:07,880 --> 00:25:10,760
Speaker 1: this low pressure center. And so you have lots of

519
00:25:10,800 --> 00:25:13,480
Speaker 1: places actually in the Solar System we know about it,

520
00:25:13,480 --> 00:25:15,840
Speaker 1: and then probably in the rest of the universe where

521
00:25:15,840 --> 00:25:19,080
Speaker 1: you get similar structures that are forming not necessarily out

522
00:25:19,119 --> 00:25:22,119
Speaker 1: of air and water droplets. But the structure of a

523
00:25:22,200 --> 00:25:24,680
Speaker 1: hurricane turns out to be something we see all.

524
00:25:24,520 --> 00:25:27,639
Speaker 5: Over the place, really not necessarily with water, but maybe

525
00:25:27,640 --> 00:25:29,000
Speaker 5: with other kinds of storms.

526
00:25:29,080 --> 00:25:31,679
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, with other kinds of storms. You know, around

527
00:25:31,720 --> 00:25:35,000
Speaker 1: the Solar system, we have atmospheres with methane and all

528
00:25:35,040 --> 00:25:37,760
Speaker 1: sorts of other crazy stuff in them. And so we

529
00:25:37,840 --> 00:25:40,600
Speaker 1: can take the same idea of a hurricane and use

530
00:25:40,640 --> 00:25:43,760
Speaker 1: it to understand storms on other planets or moons.

531
00:25:43,960 --> 00:25:46,800
Speaker 5: I guess the other planets are spinning and they have

532
00:25:46,920 --> 00:25:49,920
Speaker 5: some kind of atmosphere, so why not, right, they could have.

533
00:25:49,920 --> 00:25:52,080
Speaker 1: Hurricanes too, Yeah, exactly, But wait.

534
00:25:51,960 --> 00:25:54,639
Speaker 5: Don't you need the oceans too, like the moving oceans

535
00:25:54,640 --> 00:25:55,920
Speaker 5: and currents and things like that.

536
00:25:55,960 --> 00:25:58,080
Speaker 1: Well, you really just need sort of like bands, right.

537
00:25:58,119 --> 00:26:00,280
Speaker 1: You don't necessarily need an ocean. You just need something

538
00:26:00,480 --> 00:26:04,080
Speaker 1: underneath it to provide the energy, something to power this thing.

539
00:26:04,680 --> 00:26:06,879
Speaker 1: And so you know, you could have like hot rocks

540
00:26:07,000 --> 00:26:11,000
Speaker 1: or other bands of denser gases. You don't necessarily need

541
00:26:11,040 --> 00:26:12,320
Speaker 1: a liquid ocean of water.

542
00:26:12,480 --> 00:26:15,360
Speaker 5: You don't need like the moving currents of water, right,

543
00:26:15,400 --> 00:26:18,280
Speaker 5: Because that's kind of why hurricanes move, isn't it, or

544
00:26:18,359 --> 00:26:19,440
Speaker 5: is it just due to the weather?

545
00:26:19,560 --> 00:26:22,280
Speaker 1: Well, motion of the hurricanes on other planets will see

546
00:26:22,400 --> 00:26:24,200
Speaker 1: is a little bit different than it is on Earth.

547
00:26:24,240 --> 00:26:27,040
Speaker 1: That they don't necessarily crash into shores the way they

548
00:26:27,040 --> 00:26:29,479
Speaker 1: do on Earth. But they're definitely formed and they can

549
00:26:29,560 --> 00:26:32,399
Speaker 1: be a lot more stable. Sometimes, these storms on other

550
00:26:32,440 --> 00:26:34,640
Speaker 1: planets can last for hundreds of years.

551
00:26:34,760 --> 00:26:36,800
Speaker 5: All right, Well, step us through here. What are some

552
00:26:36,840 --> 00:26:39,800
Speaker 5: of the interesting hurricane type of storms that we see

553
00:26:39,880 --> 00:26:40,680
Speaker 5: in other planets?

554
00:26:40,760 --> 00:26:42,800
Speaker 1: Well, sort of the most boring are the ones on

555
00:26:42,840 --> 00:26:46,880
Speaker 1: our neighbor planet Mars. Mars does have big storms on it,

556
00:26:47,119 --> 00:26:49,639
Speaker 1: and we don't understand them exactly how they work, But

557
00:26:49,720 --> 00:26:53,600
Speaker 1: we have seen cyclones on Mars. Mostly these things are

558
00:26:53,720 --> 00:26:57,240
Speaker 1: dust storms, and they're not as dramatic as the hurricanes

559
00:26:57,280 --> 00:27:00,439
Speaker 1: on Earth, mostly because the atmosphere on Mars is just

560
00:27:00,520 --> 00:27:03,240
Speaker 1: a lot lower pressure. You know, there's just not that

561
00:27:03,440 --> 00:27:06,720
Speaker 1: much atmosphere, so you don't get as many dramatic events.

562
00:27:07,119 --> 00:27:10,240
Speaker 1: Like the winds in storms on Mars blow up to

563
00:27:10,440 --> 00:27:13,640
Speaker 1: maybe one hundred kilometers per hour, which is not nearly

564
00:27:13,680 --> 00:27:15,480
Speaker 1: as dramatic as hurricanes here on Earth.

565
00:27:15,560 --> 00:27:18,680
Speaker 5: It's sort of like a slow motion, mild kind of hurricane.

566
00:27:18,760 --> 00:27:21,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. But we are watching the atmosphere of Mars

567
00:27:21,480 --> 00:27:23,960
Speaker 1: pretty carefully. We have a lot of satellites in orbit

568
00:27:24,040 --> 00:27:28,800
Speaker 1: around it. And in April of nineteen ninety nine, scientists

569
00:27:28,840 --> 00:27:32,480
Speaker 1: saw this huge cyclone near the north pole of Mars.

570
00:27:32,600 --> 00:27:35,520
Speaker 1: It was eleven hundred miles wide, It had these big

571
00:27:35,560 --> 00:27:38,280
Speaker 1: cloud bands and it spun around and it dissipated after

572
00:27:38,400 --> 00:27:39,160
Speaker 1: several hours.

573
00:27:39,359 --> 00:27:42,800
Speaker 5: It was the Mars Santa Claus who was like, no, no, no, no, no, no,

574
00:27:42,960 --> 00:27:44,199
Speaker 5: hurricane here in Mars.

575
00:27:44,520 --> 00:27:46,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, and it's not something that we have seen since.

576
00:27:46,680 --> 00:27:49,240
Speaker 1: And we are watching the Martian atmosphere, so it's something

577
00:27:49,280 --> 00:27:51,560
Speaker 1: we're looking to understand because we're always wanting to get

578
00:27:51,560 --> 00:27:54,560
Speaker 1: a better understanding of what's in the atmosphere of Mars

579
00:27:54,600 --> 00:27:56,359
Speaker 1: and what the dynamics of it are. But you know,

580
00:27:56,440 --> 00:27:59,520
Speaker 1: the same basic idea. You know, something must have heated

581
00:27:59,560 --> 00:28:01,639
Speaker 1: up the sete center of this thing to create the

582
00:28:01,720 --> 00:28:05,040
Speaker 1: rising air from the center, which flew outwards and then

583
00:28:05,119 --> 00:28:07,119
Speaker 1: spun because of the spinning of Mars.

584
00:28:07,280 --> 00:28:10,760
Speaker 5: What about other planets have we seen cyclones in like Saturn?

585
00:28:11,000 --> 00:28:14,440
Speaker 1: We have Saturn, of course has an amazing storm. There's

586
00:28:14,480 --> 00:28:17,320
Speaker 1: this storm on its north pole which is in the

587
00:28:17,400 --> 00:28:20,480
Speaker 1: shape of a hexagon. We did a whole fun podcast

588
00:28:20,520 --> 00:28:23,119
Speaker 1: episode about like what is going on there? How do

589
00:28:23,160 --> 00:28:25,960
Speaker 1: you get a hexagon shaped storm on the north pole

590
00:28:26,280 --> 00:28:28,480
Speaker 1: of Saturn that's been there for a long time and

591
00:28:28,520 --> 00:28:33,200
Speaker 1: it's like twenty five thousand kilometers wide, So like this

592
00:28:33,240 --> 00:28:36,480
Speaker 1: thing is a monster, but not just its north Pole.

593
00:28:36,640 --> 00:28:39,040
Speaker 1: It has these spots on it that are these like

594
00:28:39,280 --> 00:28:44,160
Speaker 1: massive planets circling storms. They don't last that long, but

595
00:28:44,280 --> 00:28:46,640
Speaker 1: they can impact the atmosphere and the temperature of the

596
00:28:46,680 --> 00:28:49,520
Speaker 1: planet for quite a while. So there are these great

597
00:28:49,560 --> 00:28:52,720
Speaker 1: white spots on Saturn the scientists think have the same

598
00:28:52,840 --> 00:28:55,600
Speaker 1: fundamental mechanisms as hurricanes here on Earth.

599
00:28:55,920 --> 00:28:59,640
Speaker 5: Interesting now, because I guess Saturn is sort of a

600
00:28:59,680 --> 00:29:02,080
Speaker 5: gas planet, right, It's mostly gas, and so it must

601
00:29:02,080 --> 00:29:05,360
Speaker 5: have all kinds of currents and layers of gas swirling

602
00:29:05,440 --> 00:29:07,320
Speaker 5: and bands and things like that exactly.

603
00:29:07,320 --> 00:29:09,280
Speaker 1: And so you have these layers, and so when a

604
00:29:09,280 --> 00:29:11,840
Speaker 1: deeper layer has a hot spot in it, it can

605
00:29:11,880 --> 00:29:15,280
Speaker 1: create a low pressure center in the band above it, right,

606
00:29:15,320 --> 00:29:17,760
Speaker 1: which creates exactly the same effect as we see here

607
00:29:17,800 --> 00:29:20,360
Speaker 1: on Earth. And so we don't understand a lot of

608
00:29:20,400 --> 00:29:23,240
Speaker 1: the mechanisms of the internals of Saturn, mostly because we

609
00:29:23,280 --> 00:29:25,440
Speaker 1: haven't had a chance to probe it. Remember Cassini did

610
00:29:25,440 --> 00:29:28,280
Speaker 1: its like death dive into Saturn and give us some

611
00:29:28,320 --> 00:29:30,440
Speaker 1: measurements about what was going on inside of it. But

612
00:29:30,520 --> 00:29:33,480
Speaker 1: mostly Saturn has been unexplored, so we have to just

613
00:29:33,520 --> 00:29:36,160
Speaker 1: observe it from the outside. And that's why asking these

614
00:29:36,240 --> 00:29:39,880
Speaker 1: questions like do we understand how the storms form? Do

615
00:29:39,920 --> 00:29:42,680
Speaker 1: we understand the mechanisms of it? Can we extrapolate from

616
00:29:42,680 --> 00:29:44,720
Speaker 1: the things we have learned on Earth. Is a really

617
00:29:44,720 --> 00:29:46,840
Speaker 1: good way to try to build a model of what's

618
00:29:46,880 --> 00:29:49,800
Speaker 1: going on in Saturn, so we can ask if it

619
00:29:49,880 --> 00:29:52,760
Speaker 1: makes sense or if there are surprises inside.

620
00:29:52,920 --> 00:29:56,640
Speaker 5: Hmmm. Interesting, Now I hear that Saturn has a record

621
00:29:56,720 --> 00:29:59,920
Speaker 5: for the longest continuous storm in the Solar SYSTEMA.

622
00:30:00,120 --> 00:30:02,640
Speaker 1: That's right, not necessarily just a hurricane, but there was

623
00:30:02,680 --> 00:30:06,960
Speaker 1: a thunderstorm on Saturn that lasted for over eight months.

624
00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:09,840
Speaker 1: Cassini observed it back in two thousand and nine, and

625
00:30:09,880 --> 00:30:12,720
Speaker 1: we measured the strength of this thunderstorm by measuring the

626
00:30:12,920 --> 00:30:16,200
Speaker 1: radio emissions from its lightning. Right, every time you have

627
00:30:16,200 --> 00:30:18,840
Speaker 1: a thunderstorm, you have lightning, and lightning, of course, is

628
00:30:18,880 --> 00:30:22,520
Speaker 1: an electromagnetic phenomena, which means it creates radiation. I mean,

629
00:30:22,520 --> 00:30:25,960
Speaker 1: what you're seeing is radiation from the lightning. So there's

630
00:30:25,960 --> 00:30:29,680
Speaker 1: also radiation in other frequencies of light, including the radio,

631
00:30:29,800 --> 00:30:32,400
Speaker 1: so you can detect thunderstorms in radio waves. That's why

632
00:30:32,400 --> 00:30:35,480
Speaker 1: it interferes with radio, of course, and this one was

633
00:30:35,600 --> 00:30:39,240
Speaker 1: ten thousand times stronger than storms we see here on

634
00:30:39,320 --> 00:30:43,240
Speaker 1: Earth and lasted for eight months, so it's pretty dramatic.

635
00:30:43,320 --> 00:30:45,520
Speaker 1: So really hunker down if you're in a storm on Saturn.

636
00:30:45,720 --> 00:30:47,959
Speaker 5: I guess technically that wasn't a cyclone. It was just

637
00:30:48,080 --> 00:30:50,880
Speaker 5: a big thunderstorm, like clouds crashing into each other.

638
00:30:51,000 --> 00:30:53,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, that was not a cyclone.

639
00:30:53,120 --> 00:30:55,920
Speaker 5: All right. What about the big guy in our Solar system, Jupiter?

640
00:30:56,160 --> 00:30:58,360
Speaker 5: That must have a lot of cyclones because it's a

641
00:30:58,440 --> 00:30:59,160
Speaker 5: big gas.

642
00:30:58,960 --> 00:31:01,760
Speaker 1: Giant exactly for the same reason, and it has the

643
00:31:01,800 --> 00:31:05,240
Speaker 1: biggest cyclones humanity has ever discovered. And the Great Red

644
00:31:05,240 --> 00:31:08,120
Speaker 1: Spot is basically a hurricane. This thing. We did a

645
00:31:08,120 --> 00:31:11,600
Speaker 1: whole episode about it. Remember, it's been seen by astronomers

646
00:31:11,640 --> 00:31:13,760
Speaker 1: for hundreds of years, and so we know that this

647
00:31:13,920 --> 00:31:17,480
Speaker 1: storm is at least a three hundred and fifty years old.

648
00:31:18,120 --> 00:31:21,840
Speaker 1: It also boasts the fastest winds in the Solar System,

649
00:31:22,320 --> 00:31:25,640
Speaker 1: and so this is essentially a huge hurricane on another planet.

650
00:31:25,640 --> 00:31:27,280
Speaker 1: It's visible from.

651
00:31:27,120 --> 00:31:30,240
Speaker 5: Earth, right, and it's read for some reason. Right, We

652
00:31:30,320 --> 00:31:31,920
Speaker 5: talked about it in a podcast episode.

653
00:31:32,080 --> 00:31:34,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, although it's a really fun mystery, and so dig

654
00:31:34,560 --> 00:31:36,920
Speaker 1: into that whole episode if you're curious about why the

655
00:31:36,960 --> 00:31:40,400
Speaker 1: Great Red Spot is red and also why the Great

656
00:31:40,440 --> 00:31:41,920
Speaker 1: Red Spot is shrinking.

657
00:31:42,120 --> 00:31:44,880
Speaker 5: Yeah, check that out please. And something else interesting about

658
00:31:44,960 --> 00:31:47,040
Speaker 5: Jupiter is that it has a lot of cyclones, but

659
00:31:47,080 --> 00:31:48,720
Speaker 5: they're not regular cyclones.

660
00:31:48,800 --> 00:31:52,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, Jupiter turns out has cyclones, but mostly it has

661
00:31:52,440 --> 00:31:56,600
Speaker 1: anti cyclones. Anti cyclones are not like anti matter. It's

662
00:31:56,640 --> 00:31:59,400
Speaker 1: not like if a cyclone meets an anti cyclone, they annihilate.

663
00:32:00,040 --> 00:32:03,560
Speaker 1: Cyclone that has the opposite sort of structure because it

664
00:32:03,600 --> 00:32:07,120
Speaker 1: has a high pressure center instead of a low pressure center,

665
00:32:07,480 --> 00:32:10,440
Speaker 1: and so the winds actually go the opposite direction. Like

666
00:32:10,480 --> 00:32:13,880
Speaker 1: on Earth, if you have a cyclone in the northern hemisphere,

667
00:32:14,000 --> 00:32:17,680
Speaker 1: it spins counterclockwise. If you had an anti cyclone in

668
00:32:17,680 --> 00:32:22,240
Speaker 1: the northern hemisphere, it would spin clockwise, and so on Jupiter,

669
00:32:22,480 --> 00:32:25,240
Speaker 1: most of these things are actually anti cyclones.

670
00:32:25,440 --> 00:32:28,880
Speaker 5: Interesting meaning like it's a high pressure center somehow, like

671
00:32:28,920 --> 00:32:32,720
Speaker 5: maybe the bottom layer is colder and then that pushes

672
00:32:32,800 --> 00:32:33,680
Speaker 5: air away somehow.

673
00:32:33,760 --> 00:32:36,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, it would have to have like the air sinking

674
00:32:36,160 --> 00:32:39,280
Speaker 1: in the center exactly, like if you have a cold spot,

675
00:32:39,480 --> 00:32:41,920
Speaker 1: then it's pulling the air in and sinking it down

676
00:32:41,960 --> 00:32:45,240
Speaker 1: towards the center, and so that creates a pawner of

677
00:32:45,280 --> 00:32:48,480
Speaker 1: winds and it also spins again because of the spinning

678
00:32:48,520 --> 00:32:51,000
Speaker 1: of Jupiter. So again, this is something that's like on

679
00:32:51,040 --> 00:32:55,600
Speaker 1: the forefront of our knowledge. Space meteorologists and planetary scientists

680
00:32:55,680 --> 00:32:59,680
Speaker 1: are trying to understand the dynamics of Jupiter's atmosphere. And

681
00:32:59,800 --> 00:33:01,840
Speaker 1: that's a tough thing to do from so far away

682
00:33:01,880 --> 00:33:05,280
Speaker 1: with very limited instruments. So it's a tough science. Yeah.

683
00:33:05,400 --> 00:33:09,800
Speaker 5: I can't imagine. It's hard enough here to monitor the weather.

684
00:33:10,400 --> 00:33:13,400
Speaker 5: Imagine doing it millions of miles away. All right, Well,

685
00:33:13,400 --> 00:33:15,600
Speaker 5: what about other planets in the Solar System? What other

686
00:33:15,920 --> 00:33:17,520
Speaker 5: interesting cyclones can we find?

687
00:33:17,800 --> 00:33:21,479
Speaker 1: Yeah, Neptune has a great dark spot. It seems like

688
00:33:21,480 --> 00:33:24,320
Speaker 1: on other planets we call these things spots, right, I guess,

689
00:33:24,360 --> 00:33:26,440
Speaker 1: just because that's what they look like from space. But

690
00:33:26,520 --> 00:33:28,440
Speaker 1: I feel like it under sells them. It makes it

691
00:33:28,440 --> 00:33:31,080
Speaker 1: feel like a stain in your laundry instead of this

692
00:33:31,280 --> 00:33:36,920
Speaker 1: like mammoth atmospheric event with incredible power and destructiveness. But

693
00:33:37,120 --> 00:33:39,360
Speaker 1: Neptune has a great dark spot. It must have spilled

694
00:33:39,360 --> 00:33:41,760
Speaker 1: coffee on itself or something. And it features winds of

695
00:33:41,840 --> 00:33:45,320
Speaker 1: fifteen hundred miles per hour and it rotates around the

696
00:33:45,360 --> 00:33:48,680
Speaker 1: planet every eighteen hours or so. This thing in the

697
00:33:48,680 --> 00:33:52,280
Speaker 1: southern hemisphere of Neptune is the same size as the Earth.

698
00:33:52,520 --> 00:33:54,840
Speaker 5: Wow, that's crazy, Like you could fit the Earth inside

699
00:33:54,880 --> 00:33:55,840
Speaker 5: of the storm.

700
00:33:55,760 --> 00:33:56,040
Speaker 4: I know.

701
00:33:56,240 --> 00:33:58,840
Speaker 1: And it's sort of like the unloved cousin of the

702
00:33:58,880 --> 00:34:01,560
Speaker 1: Great Red Spot, because the Great Red Spot's pretty big,

703
00:34:01,600 --> 00:34:04,240
Speaker 1: but it's not that much bigger than the Great Dark Spot.

704
00:34:04,360 --> 00:34:06,719
Speaker 1: The Great Red Spot's like one hundred and thirty percent

705
00:34:07,040 --> 00:34:09,040
Speaker 1: the size of the Earth, so it's only a little

706
00:34:09,080 --> 00:34:11,720
Speaker 1: bit bigger. But nobody talks about the Great Dark Spot

707
00:34:11,760 --> 00:34:13,440
Speaker 1: and all the destruction it's achieved.

708
00:34:13,560 --> 00:34:15,640
Speaker 5: Do you feel like the Earth maybe this feeling left out?

709
00:34:15,680 --> 00:34:18,120
Speaker 5: Like maybe the Earth wish it had a tattoo, just

710
00:34:18,160 --> 00:34:19,280
Speaker 5: like Jupiter and Neptune.

711
00:34:19,680 --> 00:34:21,600
Speaker 1: I don't think we wish the Earth had any big

712
00:34:21,640 --> 00:34:23,960
Speaker 1: spots like that who plowed throughout civilization.

713
00:34:24,400 --> 00:34:25,839
Speaker 5: Well, I guess there it does have a big stain

714
00:34:25,920 --> 00:34:27,320
Speaker 5: on it. It's called humans.

715
00:34:29,120 --> 00:34:31,759
Speaker 1: Just kidding, looking forward to that movie a Human Hurricane.

716
00:34:31,920 --> 00:34:34,120
Speaker 5: All right, Well, what about some of the other planets,

717
00:34:34,280 --> 00:34:36,120
Speaker 5: anything in our inner Solar System?

718
00:34:36,360 --> 00:34:39,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, So Mercury actually has a really really thin atmosphere,

719
00:34:39,719 --> 00:34:42,760
Speaker 1: so there aren't really storms to speak of in terms

720
00:34:42,800 --> 00:34:45,960
Speaker 1: of winds, but it has a crazy magnetic field and

721
00:34:46,239 --> 00:34:48,520
Speaker 1: Also it's very close to the Sun, it interacts with

722
00:34:48,560 --> 00:34:51,239
Speaker 1: its magnetic field, and so it has these things called

723
00:34:51,600 --> 00:34:55,000
Speaker 1: magnetic tornadoes, which are so sort of related.

724
00:34:55,239 --> 00:34:55,319
Speaker 3: What.

725
00:34:56,120 --> 00:34:59,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, you get these bundles of magnetic fields and magnetic

726
00:34:59,480 --> 00:35:02,319
Speaker 1: field line can twist and eventually, when there's too much

727
00:35:02,360 --> 00:35:05,000
Speaker 1: strain on them, they can snap and then like realign.

728
00:35:05,680 --> 00:35:09,239
Speaker 1: And so this sort of causes something similar because these

729
00:35:09,280 --> 00:35:13,720
Speaker 1: magnetic fields push charged particles, and when they spin and twist,

730
00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:16,920
Speaker 1: they can push particles sort of in a circular pattern,

731
00:35:17,200 --> 00:35:20,160
Speaker 1: and so you get these magnetic tornadoes where it's sort

732
00:35:20,200 --> 00:35:22,680
Speaker 1: of like you know the Northern lights, which are just

733
00:35:23,080 --> 00:35:26,239
Speaker 1: charged particles moving around magnetic fields, except you get these

734
00:35:26,280 --> 00:35:29,560
Speaker 1: sort of spinning patterns of the charge particles on mercury.

735
00:35:29,840 --> 00:35:33,080
Speaker 5: WHOA, but you called that one a tornado. That's different

736
00:35:33,080 --> 00:35:34,920
Speaker 5: than a maybe a cyclone or a hurricane.

737
00:35:35,000 --> 00:35:37,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. It doesn't have like the same sort of

738
00:35:37,280 --> 00:35:40,040
Speaker 1: low pressure center. It's just this sort of like sheer

739
00:35:40,080 --> 00:35:43,920
Speaker 1: effect that's creating this spinning due to the magnetic fields,

740
00:35:43,920 --> 00:35:46,040
Speaker 1: I guess. And you have the same sort of thing

741
00:35:46,120 --> 00:35:49,000
Speaker 1: happening actually on the Sun. On the Sun, you have

742
00:35:49,080 --> 00:35:52,960
Speaker 1: these like really huge towers of plasma being ejected from

743
00:35:53,000 --> 00:35:55,840
Speaker 1: the center and all these tangled magnetic fields because you

744
00:35:55,880 --> 00:35:58,880
Speaker 1: have these charged particles moving really fast, which gives you

745
00:35:58,920 --> 00:36:02,160
Speaker 1: magnetic fields, and so you get these huge towers with

746
00:36:02,239 --> 00:36:06,040
Speaker 1: tangled magnetic fields, and sometimes those magnetic fields get strained

747
00:36:06,080 --> 00:36:08,440
Speaker 1: and then they snap and realign and you get the

748
00:36:08,440 --> 00:36:11,920
Speaker 1: same sort of effect. These are called solar tornadoes, but

749
00:36:11,960 --> 00:36:14,520
Speaker 1: they don't actually spin. People thought for a long time

750
00:36:14,680 --> 00:36:18,160
Speaker 1: these things also spun and give you these like weird patterns.

751
00:36:18,320 --> 00:36:20,920
Speaker 1: But they're just these sort of like long towers of

752
00:36:21,000 --> 00:36:23,920
Speaker 1: plasma that are like several times the size of the Earth.

753
00:36:24,040 --> 00:36:26,400
Speaker 5: So they're not spinning, but they are maybe swirling, right,

754
00:36:26,440 --> 00:36:28,360
Speaker 5: that's what makes us call them tornadoes.

755
00:36:28,480 --> 00:36:30,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, I don't think they're even swirling. I think people

756
00:36:30,680 --> 00:36:33,480
Speaker 1: thought for a while they might be swirling, and they

757
00:36:33,520 --> 00:36:37,480
Speaker 1: applied this phrase solar tornadoes to them before they understood

758
00:36:37,719 --> 00:36:40,520
Speaker 1: that they're not spinning. And then later measurements show that

759
00:36:40,600 --> 00:36:44,279
Speaker 1: they don't actually rotate. So probably they should be downgraded

760
00:36:44,320 --> 00:36:48,960
Speaker 1: from solar tornado to just like solar massive tower of plasma,

761
00:36:49,440 --> 00:36:50,839
Speaker 1: but they still have the name.

762
00:36:50,960 --> 00:36:52,920
Speaker 5: I don't know which one has a better movie like

763
00:36:53,080 --> 00:36:59,600
Speaker 5: a name power giant tower of doom or solar tornado.

764
00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:02,080
Speaker 5: All right, well that's on the planets and in our

765
00:37:02,120 --> 00:37:06,840
Speaker 5: solar system. Now let's talk about possible hurricanes in actual space,

766
00:37:06,880 --> 00:37:09,560
Speaker 5: because I feel like these are hurricanes, but they're in

767
00:37:09,600 --> 00:37:12,920
Speaker 5: other planets, so they're technically not in space. I mean

768
00:37:12,960 --> 00:37:15,680
Speaker 5: there's space relative to us, but not too like Saturn

769
00:37:15,760 --> 00:37:16,160
Speaker 5: in Jupiter.

770
00:37:16,320 --> 00:37:16,560
Speaker 3: M M.

771
00:37:16,680 --> 00:37:19,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, they're sort of extraterrestrial hurricanes.

772
00:37:19,160 --> 00:37:21,680
Speaker 5: All right, Well let's get into actual hurricanes in space.

773
00:37:22,040 --> 00:37:23,880
Speaker 5: But first let's take another quick break.

774
00:37:28,400 --> 00:37:30,200
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

775
00:37:30,320 --> 00:37:33,440
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

776
00:37:33,520 --> 00:37:37,560
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

777
00:37:37,600 --> 00:37:40,200
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are US. Dairy

778
00:37:40,239 --> 00:37:44,520
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

779
00:37:44,560 --> 00:37:47,160
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

780
00:37:47,160 --> 00:37:49,479
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

781
00:37:49,560 --> 00:37:53,799
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

782
00:37:53,840 --> 00:37:57,440
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four times.

783
00:37:57,480 --> 00:38:00,839
Speaker 1: The same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn,

784
00:38:00,960 --> 00:38:04,640
Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases.

785
00:38:04,719 --> 00:38:07,719
Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from

786
00:38:07,719 --> 00:38:11,120
Speaker 1: maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and

787
00:38:11,160 --> 00:38:13,399
Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice

788
00:38:13,400 --> 00:38:15,319
Speaker 1: of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know that

789
00:38:15,400 --> 00:38:18,040
Speaker 1: dairy farmers and processors around the country are using the

790
00:38:18,120 --> 00:38:21,880
Speaker 1: latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient intents dairy

791
00:38:21,880 --> 00:38:24,560
Speaker 1: products we love with less of an impact. Visit US

792
00:38:24,640 --> 00:38:27,160
Speaker 1: dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

793
00:38:27,239 --> 00:38:29,919
Speaker 2: When it comes to business, the people who succeed tend

794
00:38:29,920 --> 00:38:32,200
Speaker 2: to be the people who seek out partners with skills

795
00:38:32,360 --> 00:38:35,000
Speaker 2: or knowledge that they don't have, and that's what Lenovo's

796
00:38:35,000 --> 00:38:38,799
Speaker 2: free online membership program Lenovo Pro can do for small businesses.

797
00:38:38,840 --> 00:38:41,640
Speaker 2: If you're not a tech expert, that's where Lenovo can help.

798
00:38:41,719 --> 00:38:44,080
Speaker 2: So you can add Lenovo's team to yours and then

799
00:38:44,160 --> 00:38:46,640
Speaker 2: lean on them for all your tech questions for free.

800
00:38:46,840 --> 00:38:49,640
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801
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Speaker 2: for free. That's Lenovo dot com slash Lenovo Pro Lenovo.

802
00:38:57,480 --> 00:39:01,040
Speaker 10: There are chiltern friends and families walking on passing the

803
00:39:01,120 --> 00:39:03,560
Speaker 10: roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved ones

804
00:39:03,600 --> 00:39:06,120
Speaker 10: who need them to get home safely. Protect our cyclists

805
00:39:06,120 --> 00:39:09,359
Speaker 10: and pedestrians because they're people too. Go Safely California from

806
00:39:09,360 --> 00:39:11,480
Speaker 10: the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

807
00:39:11,520 --> 00:39:14,600
Speaker 11: Hey, there, it's Ryan Seacrests for Safeway. After a summer

808
00:39:14,640 --> 00:39:17,120
Speaker 11: is spent enjoying the outdoors, follows the perfect time to

809
00:39:17,160 --> 00:39:19,480
Speaker 11: stock up on all your self care favorites for you

810
00:39:19,520 --> 00:39:22,400
Speaker 11: and your entire family. Now through October first, shop in

811
00:39:22,520 --> 00:39:25,480
Speaker 11: store or online and safe when you purchase items like

812
00:39:25,960 --> 00:39:31,200
Speaker 11: flow Nase allergy relief, Colgate toothpaste, addvil Kaplitz or Colgate toothbrushes,

813
00:39:31,600 --> 00:39:35,000
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814
00:39:35,000 --> 00:39:39,319
Speaker 11: Promotions may vary. Restrictions apply. Visit safeway dot com for

815
00:39:39,400 --> 00:39:40,160
Speaker 11: more details.

816
00:39:48,440 --> 00:39:50,120
Speaker 5: All right, we're trying to come up with the next

817
00:39:50,160 --> 00:39:53,760
Speaker 5: great movie for the Discovery Channel and the Weather Channel. Daniel,

818
00:39:54,040 --> 00:39:57,040
Speaker 5: any interesting names that we come up with. In the

819
00:39:57,040 --> 00:40:00,120
Speaker 5: break dark Matter typhoon.

820
00:40:00,080 --> 00:40:02,440
Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge get eaten by dark matter.

821
00:40:02,280 --> 00:40:07,239
Speaker 5: Sharks, but then it gets saved by regular matter dinosaurs.

822
00:40:07,280 --> 00:40:09,600
Speaker 1: Why would regular matter dinosaurs come and save us? They're

823
00:40:09,640 --> 00:40:11,319
Speaker 1: still mad that we took over the planet when the

824
00:40:11,320 --> 00:40:12,960
Speaker 1: asteroid hit. They left it to us.

825
00:40:12,960 --> 00:40:17,960
Speaker 5: Come on, it could just be the you know, vegetarian dinosaurs.

826
00:40:18,120 --> 00:40:21,440
Speaker 1: I think those died out pretty quick. Yep, you got

827
00:40:21,480 --> 00:40:23,080
Speaker 1: to eat a lot of salad if you're a dinosaur.

828
00:40:23,160 --> 00:40:23,640
Speaker 1: Let me tell you.

829
00:40:23,800 --> 00:40:26,360
Speaker 5: All right, Well, let's get into weather or not we

830
00:40:26,440 --> 00:40:28,680
Speaker 5: can have weather in space. I think we had an

831
00:40:28,680 --> 00:40:31,359
Speaker 5: episode about weather in space, but this one today we're

832
00:40:31,360 --> 00:40:33,320
Speaker 5: talking specifically about hurricanes in space.

833
00:40:33,960 --> 00:40:37,120
Speaker 1: Space weather in general mostly refers to what the Sun

834
00:40:37,280 --> 00:40:40,520
Speaker 1: is doing, because the Sun generates a solar wind, which

835
00:40:40,600 --> 00:40:43,200
Speaker 1: is a stream of particles. Right, the Sun is not

836
00:40:43,400 --> 00:40:46,440
Speaker 1: just a ball of plasma that generates heat and photon.

837
00:40:46,520 --> 00:40:49,959
Speaker 1: It also shoots out protons and electrons and all sorts

838
00:40:50,000 --> 00:40:53,440
Speaker 1: of other stuff, neutrinos, all sorts of stuff, the products

839
00:40:53,440 --> 00:40:55,799
Speaker 1: of the fusion going on at its center. And that

840
00:40:55,920 --> 00:40:58,560
Speaker 1: solar wind is important. And if you're out there in space,

841
00:40:58,680 --> 00:41:00,840
Speaker 1: like you're a satellite, you have to be careful because

842
00:41:00,840 --> 00:41:03,120
Speaker 1: these things are like tiny bullets and they can shred

843
00:41:03,160 --> 00:41:07,160
Speaker 1: your electronics. And because the Sun is unpredictable, solar weather

844
00:41:07,239 --> 00:41:09,680
Speaker 1: is unpredictable, and like a solar storm leading to a

845
00:41:09,719 --> 00:41:13,680
Speaker 1: solar flare can really inundate our delicate electronics with all

846
00:41:13,719 --> 00:41:16,200
Speaker 1: sorts of particles. But what we're talking about today is

847
00:41:16,239 --> 00:41:19,399
Speaker 1: actually something quite different. It's a space hurricane, you're right,

848
00:41:19,520 --> 00:41:22,920
Speaker 1: is not the product of solar weather, but actually something

849
00:41:22,920 --> 00:41:26,200
Speaker 1: that's happening in the very very upper atmosphere of Earth.

850
00:41:26,239 --> 00:41:30,000
Speaker 5: So it's actually more like near space weather, almost space weather.

851
00:41:30,239 --> 00:41:33,120
Speaker 5: It's like right on the border between Earth and space.

852
00:41:33,360 --> 00:41:36,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, it's like near Earth space. But you see

853
00:41:36,160 --> 00:41:38,759
Speaker 1: this sort of same structure that we're familiar with now

854
00:41:38,800 --> 00:41:41,600
Speaker 1: of a hurricane, where we have this like low pressure

855
00:41:41,640 --> 00:41:44,520
Speaker 1: center and things rising and then of course the spinning effect.

856
00:41:44,719 --> 00:41:48,280
Speaker 1: And this is a fascinating study from a university in China.

857
00:41:48,400 --> 00:41:51,120
Speaker 1: This is done by Shengdong University in China, and they

858
00:41:51,280 --> 00:41:55,520
Speaker 1: actually observed a hurricane over the Earth's magnetic north pole.

859
00:41:55,680 --> 00:41:57,799
Speaker 1: We're talking about really really far up in the very

860
00:41:57,920 --> 00:42:00,920
Speaker 1: upper atmosphere of Earth where we have mostly just like

861
00:42:01,080 --> 00:42:05,719
Speaker 1: charged particles whizzing around, So basically where the atmosphere becomes plasma,

862
00:42:05,800 --> 00:42:08,400
Speaker 1: you know, where it's like protons and electrons whizzing around

863
00:42:08,480 --> 00:42:09,000
Speaker 1: in space.

864
00:42:09,200 --> 00:42:11,960
Speaker 5: Oh wow, there's not a lot of air there, or

865
00:42:12,120 --> 00:42:13,759
Speaker 5: is this plasma made from air.

866
00:42:13,920 --> 00:42:15,799
Speaker 1: This plasma is made from air, but also you know,

867
00:42:15,880 --> 00:42:18,480
Speaker 1: like this is where the solar wind hits the outer atmosphere,

868
00:42:18,520 --> 00:42:21,239
Speaker 1: and so a lot of the air molecules get ionized

869
00:42:21,480 --> 00:42:24,120
Speaker 1: when the solar wind hits them, and so what you

870
00:42:24,200 --> 00:42:26,640
Speaker 1: have up there's a lot more charged particles than you

871
00:42:26,719 --> 00:42:29,200
Speaker 1: have down here on Earth. What they saw was this

872
00:42:29,200 --> 00:42:33,120
Speaker 1: thing they call a space hurricane because you have this circulation,

873
00:42:33,400 --> 00:42:37,759
Speaker 1: but instead of in air with water droplets, it's in plasma,

874
00:42:37,840 --> 00:42:41,520
Speaker 1: and the precipitation are electrons. So this is a space

875
00:42:41,600 --> 00:42:44,760
Speaker 1: hurricane in plasma raining electrons.

876
00:42:45,160 --> 00:42:47,520
Speaker 5: What raining electricity?

877
00:42:47,560 --> 00:42:50,520
Speaker 1: Basically, yeah, exactly, not like lightning.

878
00:42:50,600 --> 00:42:50,719
Speaker 10: Right.

879
00:42:50,760 --> 00:42:55,160
Speaker 1: Electricity is like the motion of energy through electrons. Right

880
00:42:55,360 --> 00:42:58,560
Speaker 1: as energy gets passed along a chain of electrons. Here,

881
00:42:58,560 --> 00:43:02,800
Speaker 1: the electrons themselves are actually shooting going really really fast

882
00:43:03,160 --> 00:43:06,239
Speaker 1: up to like ten thousand kila electron bolts, which is

883
00:43:06,280 --> 00:43:08,479
Speaker 1: like not nearly as fast as we have the large

884
00:43:08,480 --> 00:43:12,000
Speaker 1: hadron collider, but it's a huge, massive number of electrons.

885
00:43:12,440 --> 00:43:15,440
Speaker 1: So these things get pulled up and then rain back down.

886
00:43:15,800 --> 00:43:19,000
Speaker 5: Now this is like different than the Northern lights, right,

887
00:43:19,040 --> 00:43:21,520
Speaker 5: Like this is different than what's going on with the

888
00:43:21,600 --> 00:43:24,160
Speaker 5: solar wind. Hitting the atmosphere. This is like stuff that's

889
00:43:24,160 --> 00:43:27,320
Speaker 5: happening with the ions and the electrons that are already

890
00:43:27,400 --> 00:43:28,560
Speaker 5: floating above the Earth.

891
00:43:28,719 --> 00:43:32,239
Speaker 1: Yeah, this is a complex interaction of the plasma at

892
00:43:32,280 --> 00:43:35,680
Speaker 1: the edge of the Earth's atmosphere and the magnetic fields

893
00:43:35,920 --> 00:43:39,080
Speaker 1: and how the earth magnetic fields interact with the other

894
00:43:39,160 --> 00:43:41,440
Speaker 1: magnetic fields around us. Right, Like, we have our own

895
00:43:41,480 --> 00:43:44,680
Speaker 1: magnetic field, and then there's the Sun's magnetic field and

896
00:43:44,719 --> 00:43:47,080
Speaker 1: the magnetic fields of all the other objects that we're

897
00:43:47,120 --> 00:43:50,919
Speaker 1: sort of flying through, and our magnetic field lines sort

898
00:43:50,960 --> 00:43:53,480
Speaker 1: of like add up with those magnetic field lines to

899
00:43:53,560 --> 00:43:56,760
Speaker 1: make a total magnetic field. But because we're moving through

900
00:43:56,760 --> 00:44:00,200
Speaker 1: that magnetic field, it gets complicated and these magnetic field

901
00:44:00,200 --> 00:44:03,960
Speaker 1: lines sort of snap and rearrange sometimes, and that creates

902
00:44:04,000 --> 00:44:08,320
Speaker 1: this central vortex. It's like spinning magnetic fields, very similar

903
00:44:08,400 --> 00:44:11,239
Speaker 1: to these magnetic tornadoes we talked about on mercury. And

904
00:44:11,280 --> 00:44:14,680
Speaker 1: the net effect is that it accelerates electrons upwards. It

905
00:44:14,800 --> 00:44:17,400
Speaker 1: pulls them up so effectively it makes a low pressure

906
00:44:17,480 --> 00:44:20,000
Speaker 1: region at the center where it's low pressure in terms

907
00:44:20,040 --> 00:44:22,440
Speaker 1: of like fewer electrons are there.

908
00:44:22,360 --> 00:44:25,960
Speaker 5: And so then the other electrons around rush in and

909
00:44:26,000 --> 00:44:27,520
Speaker 5: then that creates a swirl.

910
00:44:27,680 --> 00:44:30,440
Speaker 1: That's exactly it. So the other electrons rush in and

911
00:44:30,480 --> 00:44:33,839
Speaker 1: then everything rises up. In this case, it's powered by

912
00:44:33,880 --> 00:44:37,320
Speaker 1: this magnetic field vortex instead of like you know, warm

913
00:44:37,360 --> 00:44:40,399
Speaker 1: ocean waters, but the structure is the same. And that's

914
00:44:40,440 --> 00:44:43,600
Speaker 1: the thing I find really fascinating that this basic mechanism

915
00:44:43,640 --> 00:44:46,520
Speaker 1: of a hurricane, you see it in lots of different places.

916
00:44:46,640 --> 00:44:48,840
Speaker 1: As long as you have these basic ingredients, you know,

917
00:44:48,920 --> 00:44:51,960
Speaker 1: something to power it, create a low pressure center, and

918
00:44:52,000 --> 00:44:54,799
Speaker 1: then on a spinning planet, you'll end up with this

919
00:44:55,000 --> 00:44:58,040
Speaker 1: spinning effect. And that's exactly what they see. But these

920
00:44:58,040 --> 00:45:00,600
Speaker 1: are not that common. And so this one, this particular

921
00:45:00,640 --> 00:45:05,359
Speaker 1: storm was seen in twenty fourteen with satellite observations. There

922
00:45:05,520 --> 00:45:10,760
Speaker 1: this awesome device called the Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager

923
00:45:11,080 --> 00:45:15,160
Speaker 1: or SUSI to its friends, Sassy or SUSI. I'll let

924
00:45:15,160 --> 00:45:17,000
Speaker 1: you decide how to pronounce it. I'm not sure how

925
00:45:17,040 --> 00:45:18,600
Speaker 1: the scientists who work on it pronounce it.

926
00:45:18,680 --> 00:45:21,320
Speaker 5: So this was somebody took a picture of this space

927
00:45:21,480 --> 00:45:24,960
Speaker 5: hurricane with plasma and raining electrons. They took a picture

928
00:45:24,960 --> 00:45:25,920
Speaker 5: of it with a satellite.

929
00:45:26,000 --> 00:45:29,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, because it radiates right anytime you have charged

930
00:45:29,440 --> 00:45:33,560
Speaker 1: particles accelerating, they radiate photons, and so we can see this.

931
00:45:33,760 --> 00:45:37,160
Speaker 1: Anywhere in the universe electrons are being bent or accelerated,

932
00:45:37,320 --> 00:45:39,319
Speaker 1: they will give off photons, and this is a great

933
00:45:39,320 --> 00:45:42,280
Speaker 1: way to see like how particles are moving through space

934
00:45:42,320 --> 00:45:44,920
Speaker 1: and what's going on. So this satellite detects in the

935
00:45:45,000 --> 00:45:49,360
Speaker 1: ultraviolet the radiation of these electrons trapped in this space hurricane,

936
00:45:49,760 --> 00:45:51,759
Speaker 1: and so they were able to see it. And so

937
00:45:51,880 --> 00:45:54,320
Speaker 1: if you google Space Hurricane, you can see this awesome

938
00:45:54,360 --> 00:45:57,080
Speaker 1: picture of really this spinning vortex and it's got these

939
00:45:57,160 --> 00:45:59,799
Speaker 1: lines and everything. But it's sort of similar to the

940
00:46:00,040 --> 00:46:03,080
Speaker 1: Northern lights right in that these are charge particles that

941
00:46:03,160 --> 00:46:05,800
Speaker 1: are moving along magnetic field lines and they are giving

942
00:46:05,800 --> 00:46:08,520
Speaker 1: off radiation. But instead of just being these long bands,

943
00:46:08,520 --> 00:46:11,360
Speaker 1: it really is this spiral with various arms.

944
00:46:11,600 --> 00:46:13,520
Speaker 5: WHOA, did you see it with the naked eye or

945
00:46:13,560 --> 00:46:15,200
Speaker 5: is it that you could only see it with this satellite.

946
00:46:15,280 --> 00:46:17,439
Speaker 1: You definitely couldn't see it from the surface. I don't

947
00:46:17,480 --> 00:46:19,919
Speaker 1: know if it gave off radiation in the visible light,

948
00:46:20,160 --> 00:46:22,400
Speaker 1: but it was definitely strongest in the UV. And I

949
00:46:22,440 --> 00:46:25,680
Speaker 1: think that's because these very high energy electrons. It's a

950
00:46:25,760 --> 00:46:27,520
Speaker 1: very high frequency radiation.

951
00:46:27,719 --> 00:46:30,120
Speaker 5: I guess The question is why did they call it

952
00:46:30,160 --> 00:46:36,400
Speaker 5: a space hurricane and not a space typhoon or space cyclone?

953
00:46:37,000 --> 00:46:39,680
Speaker 5: Is it because it's technically in the northern hemisphere.

954
00:46:39,840 --> 00:46:42,719
Speaker 1: I think space hurricane just has the right ring to it, right.

955
00:46:42,840 --> 00:46:47,040
Speaker 1: Hurricane just sounds more dramatic than typhoon or cyclone.

956
00:46:46,760 --> 00:46:51,080
Speaker 5: Space cyclone, cosmic cyclone. You see that extra oop.

957
00:46:51,360 --> 00:46:53,240
Speaker 1: You should have been in the room pitching these ideas.

958
00:46:53,320 --> 00:46:56,960
Speaker 1: So this thing is pretty awesome. It's one thousand kilometers wide.

959
00:46:57,400 --> 00:47:00,520
Speaker 1: It's not something that happens very often. This one about

960
00:47:00,520 --> 00:47:03,520
Speaker 1: eight hours before it dissipated, and we haven't seen another one,

961
00:47:03,880 --> 00:47:06,360
Speaker 1: and so it's something scientists are on the lookout for

962
00:47:06,520 --> 00:47:09,759
Speaker 1: because we're looking to understand, like are these hurricanes really

963
00:47:09,920 --> 00:47:13,239
Speaker 1: universal phenomena? Do they exist all over the universe in

964
00:47:13,400 --> 00:47:17,800
Speaker 1: various kinds of forms, in water, in methane, in electrons.

965
00:47:18,000 --> 00:47:20,399
Speaker 1: That's really fascinating to know that we could like take

966
00:47:20,480 --> 00:47:22,920
Speaker 1: our knowledge of what's happening here on Earth and use

967
00:47:22,960 --> 00:47:26,760
Speaker 1: it to understand the weather on other planets around other stars.

968
00:47:27,080 --> 00:47:30,360
Speaker 5: Interesting, like if it can happen here, it can happen

969
00:47:30,440 --> 00:47:33,360
Speaker 5: in other places, and you know the way it happens,

970
00:47:33,400 --> 00:47:35,160
Speaker 5: it can maybe tell us about what's going on in

971
00:47:35,200 --> 00:47:37,960
Speaker 5: those layers of clouds and gases and other planets.

972
00:47:38,480 --> 00:47:40,760
Speaker 1: Because we spend a lot of energy right now trying

973
00:47:40,800 --> 00:47:43,520
Speaker 1: to understand hurricanes, not just because we want to predict

974
00:47:43,560 --> 00:47:45,719
Speaker 1: them so that we can keep people safe because we

975
00:47:45,760 --> 00:47:47,799
Speaker 1: know where they're going to land, but because they're an

976
00:47:47,840 --> 00:47:50,759
Speaker 1: example of something that's really difficult to talk about, really

977
00:47:50,800 --> 00:47:53,719
Speaker 1: difficult to calculate. You talked earlier in the podcast at

978
00:47:53,719 --> 00:47:56,680
Speaker 1: the very beginning about chaos, and they're a great example

979
00:47:56,719 --> 00:48:00,400
Speaker 1: of chaos. Like we understand the basic rules of everything

980
00:48:00,400 --> 00:48:03,279
Speaker 1: that goes on inside a hurricane. There's no mystery there,

981
00:48:03,360 --> 00:48:07,040
Speaker 1: there's no like magic happening. It's all just water droplets

982
00:48:07,040 --> 00:48:10,240
Speaker 1: and air moving. But it's still very difficult to predict

983
00:48:10,280 --> 00:48:12,520
Speaker 1: when a hurricane will form and what it will do

984
00:48:12,680 --> 00:48:16,200
Speaker 1: because it's very very sensitive to tiny little details. A

985
00:48:16,280 --> 00:48:19,040
Speaker 1: small change and how it started can mean a big

986
00:48:19,160 --> 00:48:21,640
Speaker 1: change and where it landed, and that makes it difficult

987
00:48:21,680 --> 00:48:24,200
Speaker 1: to handle for our computers. So some of the most

988
00:48:24,239 --> 00:48:27,160
Speaker 1: powerful computers in the world right now are spending their

989
00:48:27,200 --> 00:48:30,160
Speaker 1: cycles trying to understand what's going on inside a hurricane.

990
00:48:30,160 --> 00:48:32,960
Speaker 1: It's a great example of a chaos problem. You know,

991
00:48:33,040 --> 00:48:36,439
Speaker 1: even if particle physicists solve string theory, it doesn't mean

992
00:48:36,480 --> 00:48:39,040
Speaker 1: we could predict where hurricanes will land. It's sort of

993
00:48:39,120 --> 00:48:41,640
Speaker 1: like a problem at a different scale. So if we

994
00:48:41,680 --> 00:48:43,480
Speaker 1: can figure this kind of stuff out, if we spend

995
00:48:43,480 --> 00:48:46,480
Speaker 1: our energy understanding hurricanes here on Earth, it might very

996
00:48:46,480 --> 00:48:49,560
Speaker 1: well help us understand weather on alien planets.

997
00:48:49,719 --> 00:48:52,200
Speaker 5: You mean, like if you get good at modeling how

998
00:48:52,400 --> 00:48:56,279
Speaker 5: gases and liquids and fluids basically work, right, and what

999
00:48:56,320 --> 00:48:58,040
Speaker 5: they can do, and we can predict how they're going

1000
00:48:58,080 --> 00:48:58,640
Speaker 5: to move together.

1001
00:48:58,760 --> 00:49:02,040
Speaker 1: That's right. We need a string theory of hurricanes.

1002
00:49:01,719 --> 00:49:05,239
Speaker 5: Or you can string together a theory of hurricanes.

1003
00:49:05,320 --> 00:49:07,480
Speaker 1: As long as we don't get a string of hurricanes

1004
00:49:07,560 --> 00:49:08,680
Speaker 1: that would be pretty dangerous.

1005
00:49:08,760 --> 00:49:10,839
Speaker 5: Just take that sharpie and move them out of the way.

1006
00:49:11,320 --> 00:49:14,439
Speaker 5: All right, Well, that's pretty cool. Space hurricanes, they do

1007
00:49:14,520 --> 00:49:19,720
Speaker 5: happen in other planets and also in the upper atmosphere. Now, Daniel,

1008
00:49:19,760 --> 00:49:21,120
Speaker 5: I guess a question we sort of asked at the

1009
00:49:21,160 --> 00:49:24,879
Speaker 5: beginning was, you know, can this same phenomenon happen out

1010
00:49:24,960 --> 00:49:29,839
Speaker 5: there in like outer space, like between stars, between galaxies.

1011
00:49:30,000 --> 00:49:31,760
Speaker 5: You know, if you have like a cloud of gas

1012
00:49:31,800 --> 00:49:33,320
Speaker 5: and dust, can it form a hurricane?

1013
00:49:33,320 --> 00:49:33,560
Speaker 1: Maybe?

1014
00:49:33,560 --> 00:49:34,280
Speaker 5: Out there in space.

1015
00:49:34,440 --> 00:49:36,960
Speaker 1: I suppose it's possible. You know, you need some sort

1016
00:49:37,000 --> 00:49:40,360
Speaker 1: of energy source that can create like a low pressure region.

1017
00:49:40,600 --> 00:49:43,239
Speaker 1: But we do have big clouds of gas and dust

1018
00:49:43,239 --> 00:49:46,480
Speaker 1: out there, and they're heated by supernova and all sorts

1019
00:49:46,480 --> 00:49:49,359
Speaker 1: of other stuff, and so in the dynamics of those

1020
00:49:49,440 --> 00:49:53,000
Speaker 1: turbulent clouds there potentially could be hurricanes forming.

1021
00:49:52,960 --> 00:49:55,319
Speaker 5: Right, or cyclones, space cyclones.

1022
00:49:54,920 --> 00:49:57,120
Speaker 1: Whatever you want to call them. They're awesome in their

1023
00:49:57,160 --> 00:49:58,080
Speaker 1: destructive power.

1024
00:49:58,600 --> 00:50:01,040
Speaker 5: All right, Well as O keep an eye on the

1025
00:50:01,080 --> 00:50:03,960
Speaker 5: weather because it can tell us a lot about Earth,

1026
00:50:04,360 --> 00:50:10,920
Speaker 5: about physics, about gases and ions, and just help us

1027
00:50:10,960 --> 00:50:13,880
Speaker 5: a little bit more understand how things work in the universe.

1028
00:50:14,000 --> 00:50:16,080
Speaker 1: And I find it heartening to know that the things

1029
00:50:16,080 --> 00:50:18,919
Speaker 1: we learn here on Earth can be translated to other

1030
00:50:18,920 --> 00:50:21,880
Speaker 1: places in the Solar System and other places in the universe.

1031
00:50:22,040 --> 00:50:25,080
Speaker 1: That human science, all of our knowledge, might help us

1032
00:50:25,080 --> 00:50:27,160
Speaker 1: crack problems on other planets.

1033
00:50:27,280 --> 00:50:29,120
Speaker 5: Then we'll know whether to bring an umbrella or not

1034
00:50:29,200 --> 00:50:30,640
Speaker 5: to Saturn. Earn Neptune.

1035
00:50:30,800 --> 00:50:32,520
Speaker 1: Definitely bring an umbrella.

1036
00:50:33,920 --> 00:50:37,399
Speaker 5: And a spacesuit made out of diamonds, hopefully. All right, Well,

1037
00:50:37,400 --> 00:50:40,560
Speaker 5: we hope you enjoyed that. Thanks for joining us. See

1038
00:50:40,560 --> 00:50:41,120
Speaker 5: you next time.

1039
00:50:49,160 --> 00:50:51,960
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain

1040
00:50:52,000 --> 00:50:56,000
Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts

1041
00:50:56,000 --> 00:51:00,640
Speaker 1: from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever

1042
00:51:00,760 --> 00:51:02,480
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1061
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Speaker 10: and roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

1062
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1063
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1064
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Speaker 10: from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans