1 00:00:03,040 --> 00:00:05,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff to Blow Your Mind, a production of 2 00:00:05,320 --> 00:00:14,400 Speaker 1: My Heart Radio. Hey you welcome to Stuff to Blow 3 00:00:14,440 --> 00:00:17,079 Speaker 1: your Mind. My name is Robert Land, and I'm Seth 4 00:00:17,160 --> 00:00:21,960 Speaker 1: Nicholas Johnson. That's right, Joe is still out on parentally. Uh. 5 00:00:22,239 --> 00:00:25,200 Speaker 1: He and his wife are somewhere in the zombie land 6 00:00:25,280 --> 00:00:29,800 Speaker 1: of of of early parenthood. Uh, they're because they're completely 7 00:00:29,840 --> 00:00:31,400 Speaker 1: in the dark. I haven't heard from him in a 8 00:00:31,480 --> 00:00:33,519 Speaker 1: few days, so I think everything. I think he's in 9 00:00:33,560 --> 00:00:37,440 Speaker 1: the upside down basically right now where where up is 10 00:00:37,520 --> 00:00:41,000 Speaker 1: up is down, down is up. Uh. Sleep takes place 11 00:00:41,080 --> 00:00:45,320 Speaker 1: whenever it can be obtained. Uh. Now how long does 12 00:00:45,360 --> 00:00:47,519 Speaker 1: this period last? Do you know? Rob like like like 13 00:00:47,560 --> 00:00:50,120 Speaker 1: the like baby won't sleep through the night phase. I 14 00:00:50,120 --> 00:00:53,240 Speaker 1: I have no idea. Um, I'm not certain either. I 15 00:00:53,960 --> 00:00:57,200 Speaker 1: think to some extent it varies from child to child. 16 00:00:57,360 --> 00:01:01,000 Speaker 1: And yeah, I'm more knowledgeable what's sort of like general 17 00:01:01,040 --> 00:01:04,960 Speaker 1: trends in in child sleep habits. And I know that 18 00:01:04,959 --> 00:01:06,759 Speaker 1: that that, of course is going to vary a lot 19 00:01:06,800 --> 00:01:10,280 Speaker 1: from kid to kid. Uh. My wife and I are 20 00:01:10,319 --> 00:01:12,759 Speaker 1: fortunate that our our child has always been a very 21 00:01:12,959 --> 00:01:17,720 Speaker 1: very committed sleeper. But but I know that's that's not 22 00:01:17,800 --> 00:01:20,440 Speaker 1: always the case, well, well, best of luck to Joe 23 00:01:20,600 --> 00:01:24,200 Speaker 1: right now in his uh, you know, parental duties right now, 24 00:01:24,520 --> 00:01:27,080 Speaker 1: and I'm sure he is spending his free time listening 25 00:01:27,080 --> 00:01:33,399 Speaker 1: to this podcast. So hello Joe. All right, So if 26 00:01:33,440 --> 00:01:35,960 Speaker 1: you joined us on Tuesday, then you know that we 27 00:01:36,200 --> 00:01:40,440 Speaker 1: began discussing some of this year's winners of the ig 28 00:01:40,480 --> 00:01:43,880 Speaker 1: Nobel Prizes. Uh. This is a series of awards that 29 00:01:43,920 --> 00:01:47,800 Speaker 1: are given out each year by the scientific humor journal, 30 00:01:48,360 --> 00:01:50,960 Speaker 1: the Annals of Improbable Research, that has been edited for 31 00:01:50,960 --> 00:01:54,560 Speaker 1: many years now by Mark Abrams and their stated purposes 32 00:01:54,600 --> 00:01:58,240 Speaker 1: to quote honor achievements that make people laugh and then 33 00:01:58,440 --> 00:02:02,000 Speaker 1: make them think, and so every year on stuff to 34 00:02:02,040 --> 00:02:04,320 Speaker 1: bow your mind. Since I don't know how long I 35 00:02:04,320 --> 00:02:06,720 Speaker 1: don't know how long I've been doing this, we generally 36 00:02:06,880 --> 00:02:09,560 Speaker 1: look at at least some of the winners from from 37 00:02:09,600 --> 00:02:13,080 Speaker 1: that given year and discuss them, talking about, you know, 38 00:02:13,080 --> 00:02:16,080 Speaker 1: why they're funny, what's important about the studies, what's interesting 39 00:02:16,080 --> 00:02:18,440 Speaker 1: about the studies. And it's generally a great exercise because 40 00:02:18,440 --> 00:02:20,800 Speaker 1: a lot of times the stuff that wins it gets 41 00:02:20,800 --> 00:02:23,600 Speaker 1: into an area that we might not otherwise explore, or 42 00:02:23,680 --> 00:02:28,519 Speaker 1: we wouldn't devote an entire episode to certainly, and uh yeah, 43 00:02:28,520 --> 00:02:32,320 Speaker 1: I always learned something new. So this is the second episode. 44 00:02:32,480 --> 00:02:33,920 Speaker 1: But this is one of those situations where if you 45 00:02:33,919 --> 00:02:37,600 Speaker 1: missed Tuesday and you're already listening to today's episode Thursday's episode, 46 00:02:37,880 --> 00:02:40,600 Speaker 1: you're still probably good to go, because we're just looking 47 00:02:40,639 --> 00:02:46,399 Speaker 1: at individual winners that revolve around generally one study. Maybe 48 00:02:46,400 --> 00:02:49,079 Speaker 1: you're a handful of studies, but each one is kind 49 00:02:49,120 --> 00:02:52,160 Speaker 1: of a self contained topic. So go ahead, feel free 50 00:02:52,160 --> 00:02:53,639 Speaker 1: to listen to this one and then go back and 51 00:02:53,680 --> 00:02:56,720 Speaker 1: listen to Tuesday's You'll be just fine. So last time, 52 00:02:56,760 --> 00:02:59,359 Speaker 1: I think we talked about three different studies, and once 53 00:02:59,360 --> 00:03:02,600 Speaker 1: again we're gonna talk about three more today. Uh seth, 54 00:03:02,639 --> 00:03:05,440 Speaker 1: why don't you start us off with your first selection? 55 00:03:06,280 --> 00:03:09,760 Speaker 1: This one is the winner of the Safety Engineering Prize. 56 00:03:10,639 --> 00:03:14,400 Speaker 1: This was a paper written by Magnus Gens and it 57 00:03:14,480 --> 00:03:19,160 Speaker 1: was for developing a moose crash test dummy. And uh 58 00:03:19,200 --> 00:03:21,680 Speaker 1: that this was out of Sweden. This was published by 59 00:03:21,720 --> 00:03:27,240 Speaker 1: the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, and it's 60 00:03:27,360 --> 00:03:30,280 Speaker 1: it's just fun to picture crash test dummies in general. 61 00:03:30,600 --> 00:03:33,440 Speaker 1: Do you remember in like the gosh, late eighties, early nineties, 62 00:03:33,480 --> 00:03:37,480 Speaker 1: there was a crash test dummy trend for some reason. Yeah, 63 00:03:37,640 --> 00:03:39,920 Speaker 1: I I definitely remember this because I remember being a 64 00:03:39,960 --> 00:03:44,000 Speaker 1: bit into it. There were commercials right and had crash 65 00:03:44,080 --> 00:03:47,920 Speaker 1: test dummies, but they also at least made action figures 66 00:03:47,920 --> 00:03:50,760 Speaker 1: and in little crash sets, and I think I might 67 00:03:50,800 --> 00:03:53,400 Speaker 1: have even had one of the action figures. I had 68 00:03:53,440 --> 00:03:56,520 Speaker 1: a couple of myself. I had a car and two 69 00:03:56,560 --> 00:03:59,200 Speaker 1: of the action figures of the dummies, because I believe 70 00:03:59,240 --> 00:04:01,480 Speaker 1: they made an anime series based on it as well. 71 00:04:01,800 --> 00:04:04,680 Speaker 1: My memory is kind of fuzzy about this, but I 72 00:04:04,720 --> 00:04:06,680 Speaker 1: definitely remember the toys, and I definitely remember the live 73 00:04:06,720 --> 00:04:09,720 Speaker 1: action commercials, and yeah, that the toys were interesting because 74 00:04:09,960 --> 00:04:11,960 Speaker 1: they often had some sort of action where if you 75 00:04:12,000 --> 00:04:14,040 Speaker 1: like pressed a button on their chest, you know, their 76 00:04:14,120 --> 00:04:16,360 Speaker 1: arms would fly off or or like the doors would 77 00:04:16,360 --> 00:04:19,919 Speaker 1: come off the cars or something. And yeah, hey, trends 78 00:04:19,960 --> 00:04:22,400 Speaker 1: for children are very strange, but there was definitely a 79 00:04:22,440 --> 00:04:26,640 Speaker 1: crash test dummy trend for children, uh, late eighties, early nineties. 80 00:04:26,920 --> 00:04:28,800 Speaker 1: But but anyway, Oh no, no, I have to keep 81 00:04:28,800 --> 00:04:31,240 Speaker 1: going on this because it raises the question now that 82 00:04:31,279 --> 00:04:32,960 Speaker 1: I think I haven't really thought about this in a 83 00:04:32,960 --> 00:04:35,680 Speaker 1: long time, but do you think that this was a 84 00:04:35,720 --> 00:04:40,200 Speaker 1: situation where our desire as children to have action figures 85 00:04:40,320 --> 00:04:43,240 Speaker 1: of dummies that were used in crash tests like industrial 86 00:04:43,480 --> 00:04:49,000 Speaker 1: crash test. Was this entirely manufactured this desire and marketed 87 00:04:49,040 --> 00:04:52,239 Speaker 1: to us, or did they anticipate the fact that children 88 00:04:52,320 --> 00:04:54,839 Speaker 1: would see these ads and say, hey, I want one 89 00:04:54,839 --> 00:04:57,720 Speaker 1: of those. This looks fun. I'm in I think this 90 00:04:57,800 --> 00:05:02,560 Speaker 1: was a Geico Caveman situation where a company probably paid 91 00:05:02,640 --> 00:05:05,039 Speaker 1: just for some standard like you know, public service announcement 92 00:05:05,040 --> 00:05:09,800 Speaker 1: ads made some very colorful, friendly looking live action p 93 00:05:10,040 --> 00:05:13,600 Speaker 1: s as, and when they aired on television, for some reason, 94 00:05:13,800 --> 00:05:16,279 Speaker 1: children really glommed onto it. Maybe they were aired during 95 00:05:16,400 --> 00:05:20,440 Speaker 1: the Saturday morning cartoon breaks or something, and for some reason, 96 00:05:20,640 --> 00:05:23,480 Speaker 1: maybe the bright colors, maybe the action, the goofy like, 97 00:05:23,880 --> 00:05:26,760 Speaker 1: you know, almost like live action Looney Tunes esqueness of 98 00:05:26,839 --> 00:05:30,600 Speaker 1: like the explosions and whatnot. Maybe that just appealed to 99 00:05:30,680 --> 00:05:36,520 Speaker 1: children so hard that some enterprising, you know, business person went, 100 00:05:36,680 --> 00:05:39,200 Speaker 1: I know, let's sell this to those kids, you know. 101 00:05:39,640 --> 00:05:42,440 Speaker 1: So I I think it was a television commercial they 102 00:05:42,440 --> 00:05:45,599 Speaker 1: got too popular for its own good, and then they 103 00:05:45,640 --> 00:05:48,800 Speaker 1: took advantage of it. That that's my guess. Imagine if 104 00:05:48,839 --> 00:05:52,240 Speaker 1: they had known, they could have introduced a moose trash 105 00:05:52,240 --> 00:05:54,360 Speaker 1: test down me as well, a talking moose that would 106 00:05:54,360 --> 00:05:58,480 Speaker 1: have been amazing, like a funny sidekick Bowwinkle style. Everyone. 107 00:05:58,520 --> 00:06:02,880 Speaker 1: I love that. So, so that is what we're discussing today. 108 00:06:02,920 --> 00:06:06,200 Speaker 1: Just picture a moose crash test dummy and why they 109 00:06:06,200 --> 00:06:09,560 Speaker 1: would need it. And here's a little chunk from the 110 00:06:09,600 --> 00:06:14,240 Speaker 1: abstract from this paper quote. In certain areas of our 111 00:06:14,279 --> 00:06:18,520 Speaker 1: planet there are big wild animals. One big species is 112 00:06:18,520 --> 00:06:22,600 Speaker 1: the moose called elk in certain regions. Scandinavia has a 113 00:06:22,720 --> 00:06:26,160 Speaker 1: very large moose population and car moose collision is a 114 00:06:26,240 --> 00:06:30,240 Speaker 1: huge problem with many fatal outcomes. In order to reduce 115 00:06:30,320 --> 00:06:34,279 Speaker 1: the number of injuries caused by passenger cars colliding with moose, 116 00:06:34,640 --> 00:06:39,280 Speaker 1: a valid and repeatable method to arrange staged accidents is needed. 117 00:06:39,760 --> 00:06:44,159 Speaker 1: A moose dummy was constructed after thorough research work. Yeah, 118 00:06:44,160 --> 00:06:46,680 Speaker 1: so a couple of things, Like, first of all, like 119 00:06:46,720 --> 00:06:49,159 Speaker 1: the moose is very large. The moose is much larger 120 00:06:49,200 --> 00:06:51,040 Speaker 1: than a deer, and and hitting a deer with an 121 00:06:51,040 --> 00:06:54,080 Speaker 1: automobile is already a serious concern. But on top of that, 122 00:06:54,120 --> 00:06:56,599 Speaker 1: you also have behavioral differences with the moose, like a 123 00:06:56,640 --> 00:07:00,360 Speaker 1: moose uh has a different or can have a different 124 00:07:00,600 --> 00:07:05,400 Speaker 1: um attitude toward vehicles and in encounters. I've certainly heard 125 00:07:05,400 --> 00:07:09,360 Speaker 1: tales of vehicles being charged by a moose before. Oh yeah, 126 00:07:09,400 --> 00:07:11,200 Speaker 1: and and they're huge, which we we will get to. 127 00:07:11,280 --> 00:07:15,320 Speaker 1: We'll get into some very specific stats very soon. So, so, 128 00:07:15,400 --> 00:07:20,080 Speaker 1: the two primary goals of this research were accuracy, and 129 00:07:20,280 --> 00:07:22,560 Speaker 1: they wanted the cars that collided with the dummy moose 130 00:07:22,640 --> 00:07:26,040 Speaker 1: to have a comparable damage to real cars that collided 131 00:07:26,080 --> 00:07:29,000 Speaker 1: with real moose. So you know, I think most crash 132 00:07:29,040 --> 00:07:31,760 Speaker 1: test folks have that goal in mind. And the second 133 00:07:31,800 --> 00:07:35,160 Speaker 1: was repeatability. They wanted this moose dummy to be able 134 00:07:35,160 --> 00:07:38,840 Speaker 1: to endure many crash tests before it had to be replaced. Again, 135 00:07:38,960 --> 00:07:41,520 Speaker 1: makes sense. These are very expensive to construct. You know, 136 00:07:41,600 --> 00:07:43,080 Speaker 1: you want to get your money's worth out of them. 137 00:07:43,400 --> 00:07:47,920 Speaker 1: So first and foremost, animal collisions with cars are very common. 138 00:07:48,320 --> 00:07:52,800 Speaker 1: They're dangerous, and they're also very unpredictable. Animals simply don't 139 00:07:52,840 --> 00:07:55,240 Speaker 1: tend to follow the rules of the road. Uh, no 140 00:07:55,280 --> 00:07:57,520 Speaker 1: matter how many signs we put up for them. You know, 141 00:07:57,600 --> 00:08:00,440 Speaker 1: cross here, your dumb dear, this is your cross swak. 142 00:08:00,480 --> 00:08:02,840 Speaker 1: But but they just don't pay attention to that. Yeah, 143 00:08:02,880 --> 00:08:06,320 Speaker 1: add into that, having a disrupted environment which there are 144 00:08:06,400 --> 00:08:10,360 Speaker 1: fewer predators to actually keep the numbers of say, dear down. Yeah, 145 00:08:10,360 --> 00:08:12,440 Speaker 1: it becomes becomes a huge issue. No, No, this is 146 00:08:12,480 --> 00:08:15,320 Speaker 1: their faults. We gave them a side cross here, this 147 00:08:15,400 --> 00:08:18,120 Speaker 1: is your crosswalk, and they just don't they don't do it. 148 00:08:18,760 --> 00:08:22,640 Speaker 1: So not. Now. Moose collisions are particularly dangerous because they 149 00:08:22,640 --> 00:08:28,160 Speaker 1: are very top heavy, very tall, and have relatively spindly 150 00:08:28,280 --> 00:08:31,280 Speaker 1: legs for a creature of their size. So the average 151 00:08:31,320 --> 00:08:34,080 Speaker 1: moose is about six ft tall at the shoulder, and 152 00:08:34,160 --> 00:08:36,800 Speaker 1: it can get obviously much bigger than that, and they 153 00:08:36,840 --> 00:08:41,160 Speaker 1: can weigh as much as fourteen hundred pounds, and like 154 00:08:41,200 --> 00:08:43,920 Speaker 1: I said, most of that weight is you know, pretty 155 00:08:44,000 --> 00:08:46,200 Speaker 1: high up in the air. And if anyone out there 156 00:08:46,240 --> 00:08:49,600 Speaker 1: has ever like seen a moose in real life, it's 157 00:08:49,920 --> 00:08:53,040 Speaker 1: it's actually kind of kind of like, I don't know, 158 00:08:53,120 --> 00:08:57,760 Speaker 1: it's it's it's awesome. It feels shocking to see a 159 00:08:57,800 --> 00:09:00,880 Speaker 1: creature that large in person. Yeah, I have. I have 160 00:09:01,080 --> 00:09:04,680 Speaker 1: very vague memories of my childhood and Canada of seeing 161 00:09:05,280 --> 00:09:08,440 Speaker 1: these seeing a moose and it was quite I mean, 162 00:09:08,440 --> 00:09:10,440 Speaker 1: I wouldn't say it was terrifying, but yeah, it was 163 00:09:10,520 --> 00:09:13,320 Speaker 1: kind of on inspiring. They're just so huge, Yeah, for sure. 164 00:09:14,240 --> 00:09:18,000 Speaker 1: So this study took place in Sweden, where annually thirty 165 00:09:18,200 --> 00:09:23,960 Speaker 1: thousand car accidents involving cloven footed animals occur. That means 166 00:09:24,240 --> 00:09:29,640 Speaker 1: ninety accidents daily, and thirteen of those ninety involved a moose. 167 00:09:30,480 --> 00:09:33,160 Speaker 1: Unrelated to this study, the row deer is actually the 168 00:09:33,160 --> 00:09:35,200 Speaker 1: cause of the majority of these collisions, but they are 169 00:09:35,280 --> 00:09:38,679 Speaker 1: much smaller and lighter, so they cause far less damage. 170 00:09:39,120 --> 00:09:42,640 Speaker 1: Those thirteen out of the ninety daily accidents are the 171 00:09:42,679 --> 00:09:45,640 Speaker 1: ones that are I'm not gonna say almost always fatal, 172 00:09:45,800 --> 00:09:49,920 Speaker 1: but are often fatal because, like I said, fourteen hundred pounds, 173 00:09:49,960 --> 00:09:52,360 Speaker 1: six ft tall, and it's it's they're they're like a 174 00:09:53,200 --> 00:09:57,319 Speaker 1: very heavy anvil on top of a very small spindle 175 00:09:57,400 --> 00:10:00,640 Speaker 1: legged table. Like there, it's it's just not it's not smart, 176 00:10:00,840 --> 00:10:06,080 Speaker 1: you know. So our researcher then has pages and pages 177 00:10:06,679 --> 00:10:09,440 Speaker 1: of research to determine like the physiology of the moose 178 00:10:09,760 --> 00:10:12,800 Speaker 1: to be replicated by the dummy UH formulas to determine 179 00:10:12,840 --> 00:10:15,880 Speaker 1: the velocity during collisions typical car sifty practices that might 180 00:10:15,880 --> 00:10:19,319 Speaker 1: be found in the average vehicle models, etcetera, ETCeteras. Now 181 00:10:19,360 --> 00:10:21,640 Speaker 1: that they're going to start to build up this dummy 182 00:10:21,720 --> 00:10:25,440 Speaker 1: moose one version, they take a bunch of water filled hoses, 183 00:10:25,679 --> 00:10:27,280 Speaker 1: you know, to try and get that weight and that 184 00:10:27,400 --> 00:10:33,240 Speaker 1: kind of like oh um that that animal pu push 185 00:10:33,280 --> 00:10:37,600 Speaker 1: but also solidity didn't quite work. They tried another version 186 00:10:37,640 --> 00:10:41,120 Speaker 1: with wires and would but but once again it was 187 00:10:41,160 --> 00:10:43,600 Speaker 1: a bit too fragile that couldn't get the weight quite 188 00:10:43,679 --> 00:10:46,720 Speaker 1: right with it, but ultimately ended up working. Were these 189 00:10:46,840 --> 00:10:52,439 Speaker 1: big thick slabs of rubber kind of cross cut um. Specifically, 190 00:10:52,480 --> 00:10:56,760 Speaker 1: they were thirty six rubber plates assembled vertically and assembled 191 00:10:56,800 --> 00:11:00,400 Speaker 1: together through through through locking wires. The the way I 192 00:11:00,400 --> 00:11:03,520 Speaker 1: can describe this is um. I remember as a child 193 00:11:03,720 --> 00:11:08,040 Speaker 1: there were these like model kits where where they were um, hundreds, 194 00:11:08,040 --> 00:11:11,439 Speaker 1: if not thousands, of these little flat you know, shapes 195 00:11:11,760 --> 00:11:13,800 Speaker 1: that you would then stack on top of one another, 196 00:11:13,840 --> 00:11:16,079 Speaker 1: and it would build like a three D model of something, 197 00:11:16,160 --> 00:11:18,160 Speaker 1: usually a bust or something like that. You know I'm 198 00:11:18,160 --> 00:11:20,920 Speaker 1: talking about rob Yeah, I had one of these of 199 00:11:21,040 --> 00:11:26,880 Speaker 1: jar Jar Binks before the film came out. I didn't 200 00:11:26,920 --> 00:11:29,720 Speaker 1: I didn't know who this character was. After the film, 201 00:11:29,800 --> 00:11:32,079 Speaker 1: I perhaps would not have cared to build a model 202 00:11:32,160 --> 00:11:35,840 Speaker 1: of this character. Uh So you can see these pretty 203 00:11:35,880 --> 00:11:40,840 Speaker 1: easily online too, if you just search um crash test moose. 204 00:11:41,040 --> 00:11:42,960 Speaker 1: I'm sure you'll be able to find them. You can 205 00:11:43,000 --> 00:11:46,920 Speaker 1: also find actually some pretty good footage on television shows 206 00:11:47,040 --> 00:11:49,960 Speaker 1: or things like that of people using them, and it's 207 00:11:50,120 --> 00:11:53,640 Speaker 1: it's it's pretty beautiful. You'll know we're talking about the 208 00:11:53,640 --> 00:11:55,480 Speaker 1: same one if you see this. There's basically like it 209 00:11:55,520 --> 00:11:58,880 Speaker 1: looks kind of like a swing set hanging above the moose, 210 00:11:59,360 --> 00:12:03,120 Speaker 1: and then there's a releasing mechanism with electrical magnets that 211 00:12:03,200 --> 00:12:06,439 Speaker 1: will hold the moose like the correct height pre collision, 212 00:12:06,840 --> 00:12:09,480 Speaker 1: but then ensuring that the mechanism won't contribute to the 213 00:12:09,520 --> 00:12:12,120 Speaker 1: results of the damage. It will be completely free and 214 00:12:12,160 --> 00:12:16,520 Speaker 1: clear when the collision actually occurs. Because once again, these 215 00:12:16,559 --> 00:12:19,600 Speaker 1: animals are a mystery. So the dummy cannot stand on 216 00:12:19,640 --> 00:12:21,760 Speaker 1: these little spindle legs on its own. It needs a 217 00:12:21,760 --> 00:12:24,600 Speaker 1: little support structure to hold it at the correct height 218 00:12:24,920 --> 00:12:27,960 Speaker 1: before the car actually gets there. Yeah, the sense I 219 00:12:28,000 --> 00:12:29,840 Speaker 1: kind of get from the image here. It's like if 220 00:12:29,880 --> 00:12:33,200 Speaker 1: you if you three D printed the torso of a moose, 221 00:12:33,840 --> 00:12:37,040 Speaker 1: like from from romp to next dump, and then you 222 00:12:37,040 --> 00:12:40,000 Speaker 1: you hung it from like a swing set structure of 223 00:12:40,040 --> 00:12:44,040 Speaker 1: some sorry. Yeah, and and to represent the legs they 224 00:12:44,120 --> 00:12:47,559 Speaker 1: got these uh, big wires hanging down, and they covered 225 00:12:47,600 --> 00:12:50,920 Speaker 1: it with more rubber disks to represent the weight and 226 00:12:50,960 --> 00:12:52,880 Speaker 1: the size of each leg. And there there are subtle 227 00:12:52,960 --> 00:12:56,080 Speaker 1: variations between front legs and back legs. But but but 228 00:12:56,160 --> 00:13:01,040 Speaker 1: you know, uh, the body was the big concern of this, know, uh, 229 00:13:01,360 --> 00:13:04,680 Speaker 1: more or less it's um it's that big weight. It's 230 00:13:04,720 --> 00:13:09,080 Speaker 1: that big high center of gravity weights that just falls 231 00:13:09,080 --> 00:13:11,680 Speaker 1: on the car. Because I mean, if you think about it, 232 00:13:12,000 --> 00:13:15,640 Speaker 1: um here here's more or less what happens to think 233 00:13:15,640 --> 00:13:18,600 Speaker 1: about a typical car's height in relation to a moose 234 00:13:18,640 --> 00:13:21,360 Speaker 1: and its anatomy, especially when you think about like where 235 00:13:21,360 --> 00:13:23,880 Speaker 1: a bumper is on a typical sedan. So so the 236 00:13:23,880 --> 00:13:26,040 Speaker 1: bumper is gonna come in real low, it's just a 237 00:13:26,040 --> 00:13:28,600 Speaker 1: couple of feet from the ground, hits the moose in 238 00:13:28,640 --> 00:13:31,559 Speaker 1: its tall, thin legs, and as a result, the animal 239 00:13:31,600 --> 00:13:34,920 Speaker 1: will then rotate over the engine hood and crashed through 240 00:13:35,000 --> 00:13:39,800 Speaker 1: the windshield pounds, which then releases all that weight directly 241 00:13:39,840 --> 00:13:42,760 Speaker 1: onto the driver and the passenger. That's why it's often 242 00:13:42,800 --> 00:13:45,959 Speaker 1: so deadly. It's it's not because it's heavy. It's not 243 00:13:46,040 --> 00:13:49,680 Speaker 1: because they stand in the road and sometimes charge at you. 244 00:13:50,280 --> 00:13:53,760 Speaker 1: It's because they're heavy and they're tall, so that our 245 00:13:53,800 --> 00:13:57,080 Speaker 1: cars are almost like engineered to get hurt the most 246 00:13:57,320 --> 00:14:01,120 Speaker 1: from this creature. It's it's it's a it's a difficult thing. 247 00:14:01,760 --> 00:14:05,400 Speaker 1: So ultimately this stummy was successful. They were able to 248 00:14:05,559 --> 00:14:08,560 Speaker 1: you know, repeat their crashes multiple times with this giant 249 00:14:08,640 --> 00:14:12,480 Speaker 1: rubber body. And also it was able to accurately duplicate 250 00:14:12,960 --> 00:14:18,080 Speaker 1: the real life damage from these creatures. So. Um, currently, 251 00:14:18,080 --> 00:14:21,400 Speaker 1: if if you see the images of this, I haven't 252 00:14:21,440 --> 00:14:25,600 Speaker 1: seen any with a head yet. They say that eventually 253 00:14:25,640 --> 00:14:27,320 Speaker 1: they do plan to build one with a head and 254 00:14:27,400 --> 00:14:30,720 Speaker 1: antlers because apparently there's a pendulum like effect when the 255 00:14:30,720 --> 00:14:34,640 Speaker 1: body is hit, then the head follows afterwards, etcetera, etcetera. Um, 256 00:14:34,680 --> 00:14:38,000 Speaker 1: but that's secondary damage. Like I said, they're focusing on 257 00:14:38,040 --> 00:14:41,560 Speaker 1: that big, hulking pound body. And this study came out 258 00:14:41,600 --> 00:14:43,440 Speaker 1: in two thousand one, so maybe they have done the 259 00:14:43,480 --> 00:14:47,560 Speaker 1: head since then. Yes, yes, perhaps so. Uh So, So 260 00:14:47,600 --> 00:14:50,480 Speaker 1: why is this funny? Um, it's a it's a most stummy. 261 00:14:50,720 --> 00:14:54,720 Speaker 1: It's it's very specific, it's very silly, and ultimately moose 262 00:14:54,760 --> 00:14:58,680 Speaker 1: are just kind of like an interesting, odd creature. Um. Also, 263 00:14:58,800 --> 00:15:00,760 Speaker 1: I can say that as as a lifelong fan of 264 00:15:00,800 --> 00:15:03,920 Speaker 1: the TV show MythBusters. I have to mention that this 265 00:15:03,960 --> 00:15:07,880 Speaker 1: subject was also tackled in season six, episode one of 266 00:15:07,960 --> 00:15:12,280 Speaker 1: that show. This was in their Alaska special UH. Specifically, 267 00:15:12,360 --> 00:15:15,040 Speaker 1: what they did is they tested the myth that it's 268 00:15:15,080 --> 00:15:19,400 Speaker 1: better to hit a moose going quickly rather than slowing down. 269 00:15:19,960 --> 00:15:22,400 Speaker 1: So so, like I, I I believe in this show they 270 00:15:22,640 --> 00:15:25,600 Speaker 1: may have used the exact same crash test dummy from 271 00:15:25,640 --> 00:15:29,000 Speaker 1: this UM from this UH, from this paper. However, I 272 00:15:29,040 --> 00:15:31,120 Speaker 1: couldn't find the exact footage, so I can't confirm that 273 00:15:31,160 --> 00:15:33,520 Speaker 1: I'm just going based on memory that myth was busted 274 00:15:34,200 --> 00:15:37,440 Speaker 1: going really fast. The The myth was that if you're 275 00:15:37,440 --> 00:15:39,920 Speaker 1: going really fast when you hit the moose, that like 276 00:15:39,920 --> 00:15:42,840 Speaker 1: like the aerodynamic kind of curve of a car will 277 00:15:42,880 --> 00:15:45,520 Speaker 1: just fling the moose directly over your car and you'll 278 00:15:45,560 --> 00:15:48,760 Speaker 1: be perfectly safe. That is not the case. Like I said, 279 00:15:48,800 --> 00:15:53,360 Speaker 1: it's four pounds, Nah, it's it's it's crushing that front 280 00:15:53,400 --> 00:15:55,320 Speaker 1: of your car. Unfortunately, you can, like I said, you 281 00:15:55,320 --> 00:15:57,040 Speaker 1: can see footage. You can look this up on YouTube. 282 00:15:57,480 --> 00:16:01,280 Speaker 1: It's wild to see. UM. So yes was busted. Don't 283 00:16:01,320 --> 00:16:04,360 Speaker 1: think that going extra fast will make you safer when 284 00:16:04,400 --> 00:16:07,200 Speaker 1: when running into a moose and which brings me to 285 00:16:07,240 --> 00:16:10,880 Speaker 1: why this is important. This can genuinely lead to saving lives, 286 00:16:11,000 --> 00:16:15,520 Speaker 1: particularly in areas like Scandinavia or the Pacific Northwest regions 287 00:16:15,600 --> 00:16:18,760 Speaker 1: of of the of North America, basically anywhere that a 288 00:16:18,800 --> 00:16:22,640 Speaker 1: moose can be found easily. This data can you know, 289 00:16:22,760 --> 00:16:27,680 Speaker 1: be duplicated and given to car manufacturers, so they can 290 00:16:27,720 --> 00:16:30,160 Speaker 1: know which parts of their cars, especially cars that are 291 00:16:30,360 --> 00:16:34,240 Speaker 1: sold often in these regions where they need extra you 292 00:16:34,240 --> 00:16:38,000 Speaker 1: know enforcement, you know, Uh, can they make a moose 293 00:16:38,040 --> 00:16:41,840 Speaker 1: proof windshield? Is that even possible? Will will cars have 294 00:16:42,000 --> 00:16:44,000 Speaker 1: like not not not a cow catcher, but a moose 295 00:16:44,040 --> 00:16:47,800 Speaker 1: catcher in the in the near future who knows, who knows? 296 00:16:48,120 --> 00:16:50,400 Speaker 1: But but now they can test it over and over 297 00:16:50,440 --> 00:16:54,840 Speaker 1: again and hopefully make safer cars for these regions that uh, 298 00:16:55,360 --> 00:16:58,480 Speaker 1: you know, are I want to say moose proof, but 299 00:16:58,520 --> 00:17:00,880 Speaker 1: that's probably a bit too ambitious. Well, I mean, the 300 00:17:01,120 --> 00:17:04,200 Speaker 1: moose test is definitely a thing. Um. Just doing a 301 00:17:04,240 --> 00:17:07,360 Speaker 1: little searching around, I found this is a website called 302 00:17:07,400 --> 00:17:10,040 Speaker 1: hot cars dot com and they have an article five 303 00:17:10,119 --> 00:17:14,000 Speaker 1: cars that have passed Sweden's moose test and five that failed. 304 00:17:14,400 --> 00:17:17,040 Speaker 1: And yeah, these are all different vehicles and they just 305 00:17:17,080 --> 00:17:20,000 Speaker 1: look like normal automobiles are just about normal automobiles with 306 00:17:20,119 --> 00:17:24,560 Speaker 1: enough like safety protocol and um like structural integrity I suppose, 307 00:17:24,600 --> 00:17:27,399 Speaker 1: and in some cases larger looking vehicles but sometimes not 308 00:17:27,560 --> 00:17:32,199 Speaker 1: so large um that that have done well. So I 309 00:17:32,240 --> 00:17:35,199 Speaker 1: guess in a way, I'm not disappointed that there are 310 00:17:35,240 --> 00:17:39,359 Speaker 1: no crazy Swedish moose proof vehicles that look like the 311 00:17:39,400 --> 00:17:42,120 Speaker 1: front of a train, but it is great that they've 312 00:17:42,119 --> 00:17:44,439 Speaker 1: been able to take this data and then use it 313 00:17:44,920 --> 00:17:48,520 Speaker 1: to ensure safety in various vehicles. This is a complete tangent. 314 00:17:49,359 --> 00:17:52,240 Speaker 1: But have you ever seen Land of the Dead, the 315 00:17:52,240 --> 00:17:54,840 Speaker 1: George A. Romero film? Is that the one with the 316 00:17:54,840 --> 00:17:58,399 Speaker 1: tower and John Lacosama. Yes, yes, exactly, I have, but 317 00:17:58,440 --> 00:17:59,880 Speaker 1: I haven't seen it since it came out, so I'm 318 00:17:59,880 --> 00:18:03,040 Speaker 1: a little foggy. There's a vehicle there's a vehicle in 319 00:18:03,040 --> 00:18:05,960 Speaker 1: in that film called Dead Reckoning, which is like their 320 00:18:06,080 --> 00:18:09,399 Speaker 1: major like vehicle for like going out into the world, 321 00:18:09,480 --> 00:18:11,960 Speaker 1: and it's basically zombie proof. And in the end of 322 00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:14,399 Speaker 1: that movie they all hop in Dead Reckoning and they 323 00:18:14,480 --> 00:18:17,000 Speaker 1: drive to Canada and that's like they're like, hey, where 324 00:18:17,040 --> 00:18:18,840 Speaker 1: we're okay? And I think you know what, I think 325 00:18:18,880 --> 00:18:22,880 Speaker 1: Dead Reckoning is moose proof. So that would be that'd 326 00:18:22,920 --> 00:18:24,720 Speaker 1: be a real kicker, that'd be a real down or 327 00:18:24,840 --> 00:18:27,400 Speaker 1: ending where they escape in this vehicle, then they hit 328 00:18:27,440 --> 00:18:30,840 Speaker 1: their first moose and they're just done for. They could 329 00:18:30,840 --> 00:18:34,720 Speaker 1: survive the zombie hordes, but they can't survive a zombie moose. 330 00:18:43,480 --> 00:18:46,280 Speaker 1: All Right, For the next one, I'm gonna be talking 331 00:18:46,280 --> 00:18:49,600 Speaker 1: about the Art History Prize. So I suppose the other 332 00:18:49,680 --> 00:18:53,720 Speaker 1: side of covering Ignobile Award winning studies is that sometimes 333 00:18:53,800 --> 00:18:55,560 Speaker 1: it forces us to cover topics that we might not 334 00:18:55,640 --> 00:18:58,840 Speaker 1: otherwise cover um at least these days, and that's certainly 335 00:18:58,840 --> 00:19:03,240 Speaker 1: the case with the r History winner. For two honored 336 00:19:03,480 --> 00:19:06,639 Speaker 1: are this page is This paper from was published in 337 00:19:06,640 --> 00:19:11,520 Speaker 1: the Journal of ethno Pharmacology by Peter de Smett and 338 00:19:11,640 --> 00:19:16,680 Speaker 1: Nicholas Hellmuth, titled a Multidisciplinary Approach to Ritual Enema Scenes 339 00:19:16,720 --> 00:19:19,600 Speaker 1: on Ancient Maya Pottery. So, just to kick things off, 340 00:19:19,640 --> 00:19:21,800 Speaker 1: why is it funny? Well, I guess it's supposed to 341 00:19:21,840 --> 00:19:25,920 Speaker 1: be funny because it features enemas, but I also kind 342 00:19:25,920 --> 00:19:28,040 Speaker 1: of have to I mean, just in general, yes, I 343 00:19:28,119 --> 00:19:31,960 Speaker 1: buy that logic. I didn't particularly find this one to 344 00:19:32,000 --> 00:19:35,040 Speaker 1: be a humorous inclusion, but I mean everyone's sense of 345 00:19:35,119 --> 00:19:36,600 Speaker 1: humor is going to vary on this sort of thing, 346 00:19:36,720 --> 00:19:39,760 Speaker 1: and I suppose it's it's the juxtaposition to that, if 347 00:19:39,760 --> 00:19:42,960 Speaker 1: you are to see depictions of enemas, you don't expect 348 00:19:43,000 --> 00:19:46,680 Speaker 1: it to be on your your pottery, on on your 349 00:19:46,720 --> 00:19:49,399 Speaker 1: on your fine china. Yeah. Yeah, I suppose so like that, 350 00:19:49,480 --> 00:19:51,520 Speaker 1: it's art history and that and and that's the thing 351 00:19:51,560 --> 00:19:54,480 Speaker 1: because because the next question why is it important? Well, 352 00:19:54,880 --> 00:19:57,199 Speaker 1: it's kind of a double whammy here, because first of all, 353 00:19:57,240 --> 00:20:01,080 Speaker 1: the discipline of ethno pharmacology is highly fascinating. It can 354 00:20:01,119 --> 00:20:03,919 Speaker 1: also be illuminate. It can also be rather illuminating and 355 00:20:03,960 --> 00:20:07,840 Speaker 1: potentially illuminating about the use of various substances that Western 356 00:20:07,880 --> 00:20:11,440 Speaker 1: medicine has not quite come around to yet. And then 357 00:20:11,480 --> 00:20:14,480 Speaker 1: also we're talking about Mayan history here, my in history 358 00:20:14,520 --> 00:20:17,160 Speaker 1: and culture, so I feel like it is the sort 359 00:20:17,160 --> 00:20:20,000 Speaker 1: of thing that shouldn't be ignored. So I'm not going 360 00:20:20,080 --> 00:20:22,560 Speaker 1: to lean as much into the humor on this one, 361 00:20:22,880 --> 00:20:25,280 Speaker 1: but it was all very fascinating and I want to 362 00:20:25,280 --> 00:20:28,680 Speaker 1: explain it all a bit, maybe demystify it. So to 363 00:20:28,760 --> 00:20:30,600 Speaker 1: kick things off, though, I feel like what we should 364 00:20:30,600 --> 00:20:34,199 Speaker 1: have a little refresher on Mayan civilization that kind of 365 00:20:34,200 --> 00:20:37,080 Speaker 1: refresher is very much in order. So we're talking about 366 00:20:37,080 --> 00:20:42,520 Speaker 1: the Mesoamerican civilization that occupied southern Mexico, Guatemala, and northern Belize. 367 00:20:43,240 --> 00:20:46,280 Speaker 1: The Mayan pre Classic period is measured back to two 368 00:20:46,280 --> 00:20:49,680 Speaker 1: thousand b C, with the Classic period running to fifty 369 00:20:49,720 --> 00:20:53,359 Speaker 1: c Eed and nine and the post Classic period running 370 00:20:53,400 --> 00:20:57,399 Speaker 1: up until fifteen thirty nine. This was an advanced civilization 371 00:20:57,560 --> 00:21:04,639 Speaker 1: with agriculture, a sophisticated right system, mathematics, calendar and astronomical systems, 372 00:21:05,000 --> 00:21:09,640 Speaker 1: and a highly developed architectural and artistic style, as we've 373 00:21:09,680 --> 00:21:11,800 Speaker 1: discussed on the show before. Of course, the arrival of 374 00:21:11,840 --> 00:21:15,520 Speaker 1: Europeans to to this region constituted a kind of outside 375 00:21:15,560 --> 00:21:20,040 Speaker 1: context event that designated the civilizations and cultures of the Americas. 376 00:21:20,080 --> 00:21:23,720 Speaker 1: But many aspects of Mind culture survived and are cherished. 377 00:21:23,840 --> 00:21:27,400 Speaker 1: I believe something like thirty Mind languages are still spoken today. 378 00:21:27,600 --> 00:21:31,520 Speaker 1: And there has been a pan Maya movement that's an 379 00:21:31,560 --> 00:21:35,560 Speaker 1: ethno political movement in Mexico and Guatemala by often marginalized 380 00:21:35,560 --> 00:21:37,760 Speaker 1: Maya people there. And of course, on top of this, 381 00:21:37,840 --> 00:21:40,800 Speaker 1: there have been many efforts to better understand and celebrate 382 00:21:40,840 --> 00:21:43,520 Speaker 1: the culture and history of the Mayans. Despite all the 383 00:21:43,560 --> 00:21:48,080 Speaker 1: Spanish initially destroyed. Okay, so that's your refresher on the Mayans. 384 00:21:48,640 --> 00:21:53,920 Speaker 1: Now let's get into a refresh on enemies. So strictly speaking, uh, 385 00:21:53,960 --> 00:21:57,080 Speaker 1: an enema is an injection of liquid into the lower 386 00:21:57,119 --> 00:22:00,719 Speaker 1: bowel through the rectum, and the most often reason for 387 00:22:00,760 --> 00:22:03,919 Speaker 1: this procedure is to relieve constipation or to prepare for 388 00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:08,800 Speaker 1: medical procedures. It's it's simply stool evacuation. It's liquid aided 389 00:22:08,840 --> 00:22:13,000 Speaker 1: stool evacuation. Now, the mere act of waste leaving the 390 00:22:13,040 --> 00:22:16,199 Speaker 1: body already kind of has a myriad of real and 391 00:22:16,240 --> 00:22:19,600 Speaker 1: imagine benefits, because obviously waste leaving the body is a 392 00:22:19,600 --> 00:22:22,280 Speaker 1: good thing. We've kind of talked about this in the 393 00:22:22,359 --> 00:22:25,199 Speaker 1: last episode. What happens when a scorpion loses its anus 394 00:22:25,200 --> 00:22:29,880 Speaker 1: and it cannot relieve itself, Well, its stuff builds up 395 00:22:30,440 --> 00:22:33,679 Speaker 1: and uh and it's it's not necessarily great for the scorpion. 396 00:22:34,320 --> 00:22:38,240 Speaker 1: So excess materials do need to leave the body after 397 00:22:38,520 --> 00:22:41,560 Speaker 1: our bodies have extracted as much from the matter as 398 00:22:41,600 --> 00:22:44,640 Speaker 1: can be extracted. But then on top of that, again 399 00:22:44,720 --> 00:22:48,840 Speaker 1: we have this, we have this deep history of humanity's 400 00:22:48,880 --> 00:22:52,560 Speaker 1: attempt to to understand our bodies and also conflating and 401 00:22:52,600 --> 00:22:56,720 Speaker 1: confusing hygiene with purity at times. I'm reminded particularly of 402 00:22:56,720 --> 00:22:57,840 Speaker 1: a book I had to pick this one off the 403 00:22:57,880 --> 00:23:00,560 Speaker 1: shelf for this one A little Bit UH by Virginia 404 00:23:00,640 --> 00:23:04,200 Speaker 1: Smith titled Clean, A History of Personal Hygiene Impurity, which 405 00:23:04,200 --> 00:23:06,560 Speaker 1: is a great read if anyone's interested in like the 406 00:23:06,640 --> 00:23:10,359 Speaker 1: history of things like like just bathing rituals and so forth. 407 00:23:10,440 --> 00:23:15,560 Speaker 1: Sona rituals and how you have these sort of dual 408 00:23:15,600 --> 00:23:18,520 Speaker 1: columns of the ways that these things are actually good 409 00:23:18,520 --> 00:23:20,800 Speaker 1: for us, the way they actually cleanse us. And then 410 00:23:20,800 --> 00:23:25,440 Speaker 1: on the other side are complicated understanding of purity, spiritual purity, 411 00:23:25,480 --> 00:23:29,480 Speaker 1: and also getting into various um, you know, pre medical 412 00:23:29,520 --> 00:23:32,280 Speaker 1: theories of how the body works. So, for instance, Smith 413 00:23:32,320 --> 00:23:37,080 Speaker 1: points out that according to Greek humoral theory UH, a 414 00:23:37,160 --> 00:23:40,320 Speaker 1: strong bowel movement was an indicator of of a healthy 415 00:23:40,359 --> 00:23:44,200 Speaker 1: body ridding itself of dangerous waste. And if this didn't 416 00:23:44,200 --> 00:23:45,680 Speaker 1: seem to be the case with them in a an 417 00:23:45,640 --> 00:23:48,119 Speaker 1: an individual, if you didn't seem to to to be 418 00:23:48,240 --> 00:23:52,000 Speaker 1: having good strong bowel movements, well, then a whole host 419 00:23:52,040 --> 00:23:56,560 Speaker 1: of quote herbal or mineral purges and emetics might ensue. 420 00:23:57,440 --> 00:24:00,280 Speaker 1: Now coming back to those to the detail that the 421 00:24:00,440 --> 00:24:04,679 Speaker 1: entire gut is all about processing organic material and absorbing 422 00:24:04,840 --> 00:24:07,640 Speaker 1: water and nutrients from it, and then displacing whatever can't 423 00:24:07,640 --> 00:24:10,399 Speaker 1: be digested at all or can't be digested in a 424 00:24:10,480 --> 00:24:13,560 Speaker 1: timely matter. UH. It shouldn't come as a surprise that 425 00:24:13,760 --> 00:24:17,199 Speaker 1: even at the very final leg of the journey, the 426 00:24:17,280 --> 00:24:20,840 Speaker 1: system is still capable of absorbing water and due to 427 00:24:21,040 --> 00:24:25,280 Speaker 1: the rectum's blood supply, the rectum can also absorb various 428 00:24:25,280 --> 00:24:30,520 Speaker 1: substances and drugs such as alcohol, tobacco, and UH, and 429 00:24:30,600 --> 00:24:35,560 Speaker 1: also various like hallucinogenic materials as well. Now at this point, 430 00:24:35,600 --> 00:24:38,240 Speaker 1: I know some of you might be thinking of various 431 00:24:38,280 --> 00:24:42,480 Speaker 1: like shocking headlines and scare headlines that have appeared in 432 00:24:42,560 --> 00:24:45,000 Speaker 1: the media over the years, and I do want to 433 00:24:45,040 --> 00:24:47,919 Speaker 1: just drive home. Do that you should not try this 434 00:24:48,160 --> 00:24:52,159 Speaker 1: at home. UH. Do not try to absorb things on 435 00:24:52,240 --> 00:24:56,960 Speaker 1: your own recreationally through your rectum. UH. Two major issues 436 00:24:57,480 --> 00:24:59,520 Speaker 1: to keep in mind here is that, first of all, 437 00:24:59,600 --> 00:25:02,679 Speaker 1: there's usually a lower threshold for the side effects of 438 00:25:02,680 --> 00:25:06,600 Speaker 1: a given substance if it's taken rectally. And also if 439 00:25:06,640 --> 00:25:09,679 Speaker 1: you take it rectly, it bypasses your body's natural defense 440 00:25:09,720 --> 00:25:14,959 Speaker 1: of vomiting. UH. So the the level entering your system 441 00:25:15,160 --> 00:25:18,760 Speaker 1: might be too high and you can't just vomit as 442 00:25:18,800 --> 00:25:20,720 Speaker 1: a means of your body trying to rid yourself of 443 00:25:20,800 --> 00:25:23,440 Speaker 1: that substance. This makes me wonder if there has ever 444 00:25:23,560 --> 00:25:27,320 Speaker 1: been a headline where someone, let's say, did get alcohol 445 00:25:27,359 --> 00:25:32,400 Speaker 1: poisoning through a ingesting alcohol the wrong way and basically 446 00:25:32,440 --> 00:25:36,639 Speaker 1: the headline just said rectum damn never killed him. Maybe 447 00:25:36,680 --> 00:25:39,639 Speaker 1: so and some of you more scandalous newspapers and the 448 00:25:39,880 --> 00:25:41,879 Speaker 1: kind of newspaper you find in a barber shop that 449 00:25:41,960 --> 00:25:46,040 Speaker 1: kind or if you get your news from like a 450 00:25:46,040 --> 00:25:49,199 Speaker 1: mad magazine that sort of thing, you know, or the 451 00:25:49,240 --> 00:25:54,600 Speaker 1: crip keeper, I guess. But but at any rate, this 452 00:25:54,640 --> 00:25:56,840 Speaker 1: is the same issue though. This is why it is 453 00:25:56,960 --> 00:26:01,959 Speaker 1: sometimes an advantageous route for medication and by medical professionals, 454 00:26:02,000 --> 00:26:04,960 Speaker 1: because it's a way of bypassing nausea and vomiting. So 455 00:26:05,000 --> 00:26:07,840 Speaker 1: if some sort of condition is keeping the individual from 456 00:26:08,440 --> 00:26:10,480 Speaker 1: you know, being able to really keep anything down, well, 457 00:26:10,520 --> 00:26:14,679 Speaker 1: then the the rectal application of the medication might be 458 00:26:14,720 --> 00:26:17,679 Speaker 1: the best way to go via suppository. So this is 459 00:26:17,720 --> 00:26:20,439 Speaker 1: nothing that the humans figured all of this out quite 460 00:26:20,480 --> 00:26:23,800 Speaker 1: a long time ago. I was reading about this a 461 00:26:23,840 --> 00:26:29,639 Speaker 1: little bit the ancient Egyptian uh Ebber's Papyrus from fifteen 462 00:26:29,840 --> 00:26:33,920 Speaker 1: fifty b c. E makes mention of of medical enemas, 463 00:26:34,160 --> 00:26:37,119 Speaker 1: and other evidence indicates that it was an important tool 464 00:26:37,520 --> 00:26:40,879 Speaker 1: of ancient Egyptian medical practice, and it was said to 465 00:26:40,920 --> 00:26:44,359 Speaker 1: have been invented by the god thought, the divine physician, 466 00:26:44,680 --> 00:26:47,040 Speaker 1: and the God of secret knowledge. Now I'm not going 467 00:26:47,080 --> 00:26:49,840 Speaker 1: to go through the entire global history of enema usage, 468 00:26:49,840 --> 00:26:52,399 Speaker 1: but I think if one had the appetite for it, 469 00:26:52,440 --> 00:26:54,560 Speaker 1: one could probably do an entire episode of stuff to 470 00:26:54,560 --> 00:26:56,600 Speaker 1: blow your mind on it. There's a lot of stuff 471 00:26:56,600 --> 00:27:01,000 Speaker 1: out there. They are numerous notable examples from historic writings 472 00:27:01,440 --> 00:27:05,280 Speaker 1: from Greece, from Babylon, from China, and of course Western 473 00:27:05,280 --> 00:27:10,080 Speaker 1: European cultures across the centuries. And the reasons for these 474 00:27:10,160 --> 00:27:15,879 Speaker 1: practices breakdown into basic traditions of of either cleansing or 475 00:27:16,080 --> 00:27:19,879 Speaker 1: drug and alcohol absorption, or in some cases mere sensation. 476 00:27:20,240 --> 00:27:21,800 Speaker 1: So I'm not gonna I'm not gonna listen through all these, 477 00:27:21,840 --> 00:27:23,560 Speaker 1: but I did have two that I wanted to bring 478 00:27:23,640 --> 00:27:27,080 Speaker 1: up because I was cross checking some stuff in a 479 00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:30,400 Speaker 1: book titled The Mystery of the Exploding Teeth and Other 480 00:27:30,440 --> 00:27:34,159 Speaker 1: Curiosities from the History of Medicine by Thomas Morris. This 481 00:27:34,240 --> 00:27:37,160 Speaker 1: is a really fun book and it contains multiple mentions 482 00:27:37,160 --> 00:27:40,680 Speaker 1: of enemas. Uh some Sometimes you'll you'll have a even 483 00:27:40,720 --> 00:27:42,879 Speaker 1: a very serious history book and you go to the 484 00:27:42,880 --> 00:27:45,840 Speaker 1: index and they don't have anything about enemas. Uh clean. 485 00:27:46,040 --> 00:27:49,040 Speaker 1: The book I referenced earlier really only has one mention 486 00:27:49,680 --> 00:27:52,600 Speaker 1: of enemas in it, and it's not listed in the index. 487 00:27:53,080 --> 00:27:57,480 Speaker 1: But Morris has your back on enema mentions multiple mentions 488 00:27:57,720 --> 00:28:00,520 Speaker 1: in this in this tone, and want to I want 489 00:28:00,520 --> 00:28:03,440 Speaker 1: to highlight a couple of them. First of all, this 490 00:28:03,560 --> 00:28:08,200 Speaker 1: is a headline from an eighteen fifty eight study published 491 00:28:08,240 --> 00:28:13,560 Speaker 1: in the British Medical Journal eight quote port wine in 492 00:28:13,680 --> 00:28:17,720 Speaker 1: amata as a substitute for transfusion of blood in cases 493 00:28:17,760 --> 00:28:25,560 Speaker 1: of postpartum hemorrhage. Needless to say this, uh this, This 494 00:28:25,680 --> 00:28:29,399 Speaker 1: may have seemed like a possible sensible alternative at the time, 495 00:28:30,000 --> 00:28:32,480 Speaker 1: but it turns out this would this would not be 496 00:28:32,520 --> 00:28:36,440 Speaker 1: the best practice. Yikes. I mean, I'm not going to 497 00:28:36,560 --> 00:28:38,680 Speaker 1: jump into conclusions. But what they like, their their their 498 00:28:38,800 --> 00:28:41,240 Speaker 1: their structure of thought was back then, But was the 499 00:28:41,280 --> 00:28:43,840 Speaker 1: idea like, oh it's red wine, so you know, it 500 00:28:43,880 --> 00:28:48,320 Speaker 1: looks like blood. What I didn't get into this one's 501 00:28:48,320 --> 00:28:50,720 Speaker 1: super deep. But it does seem a little late for 502 00:28:50,720 --> 00:28:54,720 Speaker 1: for that kind of logic, but uh, it was. It 503 00:28:54,760 --> 00:28:59,040 Speaker 1: was presented as a possibility. Morris also discusses a seventeen 504 00:28:59,080 --> 00:29:04,520 Speaker 1: sixty nine version of the Swiss physician Samuel Tissot's medical writings, 505 00:29:04,960 --> 00:29:07,920 Speaker 1: but and and so this was like a Swiss physicians 506 00:29:07,960 --> 00:29:12,360 Speaker 1: writings that then were then also published. And to some 507 00:29:12,440 --> 00:29:14,600 Speaker 1: extent it was a little foggy on what exactly has 508 00:29:14,640 --> 00:29:18,760 Speaker 1: meant here. But essentially this comes out again. It's from 509 00:29:19,640 --> 00:29:21,840 Speaker 1: years earlier, but then it comes out again in seventeen 510 00:29:21,920 --> 00:29:27,840 Speaker 1: sixty nine, with amateur physician and founder of Methodism John 511 00:29:27,840 --> 00:29:31,520 Speaker 1: Wesley also credited on it. I think basically Wesley was 512 00:29:31,560 --> 00:29:35,560 Speaker 1: a fan of Samuel Tissett's writings, and one of the 513 00:29:35,600 --> 00:29:40,240 Speaker 1: recommendations in the book is to revive near drowned individuals 514 00:29:40,440 --> 00:29:43,360 Speaker 1: by not only blowing tobacco smoke into their lungs through 515 00:29:43,360 --> 00:29:47,240 Speaker 1: their mouths, but also pumping it into quote the fundament. 516 00:29:48,200 --> 00:29:51,800 Speaker 1: Tissa advised using pipe and bladder system to do this, 517 00:29:52,280 --> 00:29:55,360 Speaker 1: which was not a new method, as European doctors were 518 00:29:55,400 --> 00:29:58,760 Speaker 1: already using this treatment as an attempt to revive the sick. 519 00:29:59,400 --> 00:30:01,680 Speaker 1: Elsewhere in Europe, I think it was like there there 520 00:30:01,760 --> 00:30:05,760 Speaker 1: was a Dutch method in particular that used this technology. 521 00:30:05,840 --> 00:30:08,480 Speaker 1: So this was not new. This was not an invention 522 00:30:08,520 --> 00:30:11,360 Speaker 1: of Samuel Tessed, but he was very much advocating, Yes, 523 00:30:11,400 --> 00:30:14,360 Speaker 1: if you have somebody that may have been underwater too long, 524 00:30:14,760 --> 00:30:17,920 Speaker 1: then you might want to pump smoke into any orifice 525 00:30:17,960 --> 00:30:21,920 Speaker 1: available to you. Wow, and we all have a new 526 00:30:22,040 --> 00:30:26,400 Speaker 1: uh euphemism, the fundament, The fundament. Yes, I've never heard 527 00:30:26,400 --> 00:30:30,400 Speaker 1: that one before. Yeah. This, Uh, that's another thing. Some 528 00:30:30,440 --> 00:30:33,520 Speaker 1: of these writings will you'll find. I mean it varies, 529 00:30:33,560 --> 00:30:35,840 Speaker 1: I guess from source to source. But some don't really 530 00:30:35,840 --> 00:30:38,800 Speaker 1: want to get into this particular part of the human 531 00:30:38,840 --> 00:30:42,680 Speaker 1: anatomy or into various animate treatments. But I mean, I 532 00:30:42,680 --> 00:30:45,960 Speaker 1: guess one of the things is, first of all, clearly 533 00:30:46,040 --> 00:30:49,040 Speaker 1: humans have been using this technology for a very long time. 534 00:30:49,800 --> 00:30:52,040 Speaker 1: And I guess if you're getting into situations of life 535 00:30:52,040 --> 00:30:53,680 Speaker 1: and death, yeah, I mean, people were like, well, what 536 00:30:53,720 --> 00:30:56,000 Speaker 1: can we try? What have we not tried? Have we 537 00:30:56,080 --> 00:31:00,240 Speaker 1: tried pumping tobacco smoke uh into their body by any 538 00:31:00,280 --> 00:31:04,680 Speaker 1: means necessary? Yeah? Wild? I mean, hey, trial and error, 539 00:31:04,720 --> 00:31:08,600 Speaker 1: you know, over the years, it has benefited us that 540 00:31:08,720 --> 00:31:12,880 Speaker 1: someone tried putting tobacco smoke in someone's fundaments. Again, listening 541 00:31:12,880 --> 00:31:16,080 Speaker 1: at home, do not attempt any of this at home. Meanwhile, 542 00:31:16,240 --> 00:31:18,680 Speaker 1: in the Americas, however, where of course we're ultimately going 543 00:31:18,680 --> 00:31:21,320 Speaker 1: with all of this, there's evidence that the oldmes used 544 00:31:21,320 --> 00:31:26,120 Speaker 1: inema technology to administer psychoactive substances and smoke inemas were 545 00:31:26,160 --> 00:31:28,840 Speaker 1: definitely used by various North American tribes, and this is 546 00:31:28,880 --> 00:31:32,480 Speaker 1: also mentioned in Morris's book. But finally coming back around 547 00:31:32,560 --> 00:31:37,840 Speaker 1: to the Mayans. So the Mayans certainly engaged in ritual intoxication. 548 00:31:38,120 --> 00:31:43,400 Speaker 1: For example, they drank this substance called bal cha, which 549 00:31:43,760 --> 00:31:47,120 Speaker 1: was made from the bark of the evergreen tree Luncho 550 00:31:47,280 --> 00:31:52,560 Speaker 1: Carpus violachias. It was soaked in water and honey and 551 00:31:52,600 --> 00:31:55,480 Speaker 1: then it was fermented. So they had this this drink, 552 00:31:55,560 --> 00:32:00,000 Speaker 1: this balcha. Also, the honey apparently would have been from 553 00:32:00,040 --> 00:32:04,040 Speaker 1: ease who fed on a high ergine morning glory. This, 554 00:32:04,120 --> 00:32:08,560 Speaker 1: according to F. J. Kared artall in hallucinogenic drugs in 555 00:32:08,640 --> 00:32:12,600 Speaker 1: pre Columbian Mesoamerican cultures from So this is where it 556 00:32:12,600 --> 00:32:14,760 Speaker 1: gets interesting with the ball cha though, And this is 557 00:32:14,800 --> 00:32:18,680 Speaker 1: this is the way Kara Artel explains it. So ball 558 00:32:18,800 --> 00:32:22,320 Speaker 1: cha is alcoholic at the end of this process, but 559 00:32:23,080 --> 00:32:26,000 Speaker 1: it's it's kind of low in its alcohol level, so 560 00:32:26,040 --> 00:32:27,520 Speaker 1: you have to drink a lot of it to reach 561 00:32:27,600 --> 00:32:31,680 Speaker 1: the desired level of intoxication to the point. It sounds 562 00:32:31,720 --> 00:32:35,400 Speaker 1: like that you'd become sick well before you reach that point. 563 00:32:35,840 --> 00:32:37,840 Speaker 1: So there are a lot of images in the Mayan 564 00:32:38,040 --> 00:32:41,280 Speaker 1: art of individuals vomiting from the drink. And it also 565 00:32:41,360 --> 00:32:44,680 Speaker 1: sounds like you would actually wear some manner of of 566 00:32:44,840 --> 00:32:47,400 Speaker 1: bag around your neck, like essentially you'd have a barf 567 00:32:47,440 --> 00:32:52,040 Speaker 1: bag on hand um to use while consuming it. Now, 568 00:32:52,080 --> 00:32:54,360 Speaker 1: of course, this this wouldn't be the only right of 569 00:32:54,480 --> 00:32:57,320 Speaker 1: using some sort of a substance that involved vomiting. I 570 00:32:57,320 --> 00:33:00,239 Speaker 1: mean this is also common to things like you hear 571 00:33:00,280 --> 00:33:04,600 Speaker 1: about this in ayahuasca uh ceremonies and so forth. So 572 00:33:04,880 --> 00:33:07,160 Speaker 1: at any rate, very hard to reach this desired level 573 00:33:07,240 --> 00:33:10,400 Speaker 1: of intoxication with this stuff, you're gonna be vomiting. Also, 574 00:33:10,520 --> 00:33:14,480 Speaker 1: other substances were also taken, including tobacco laced with datura 575 00:33:15,080 --> 00:33:18,920 Speaker 1: and in addition to ball chay, psycho stimulants and hallucinogens 576 00:33:18,920 --> 00:33:23,920 Speaker 1: were also consumed and ritual animals were also taken, and 577 00:33:24,080 --> 00:33:27,600 Speaker 1: we see that on various surviving examples of Mayan pottery, 578 00:33:28,000 --> 00:33:31,480 Speaker 1: including I included a picture of this for you. Seth Uh. 579 00:33:31,640 --> 00:33:35,080 Speaker 1: There is a ritual jar from the met collection and 580 00:33:35,160 --> 00:33:37,680 Speaker 1: it's from the eighth to ninth century, and it seems 581 00:33:37,720 --> 00:33:42,040 Speaker 1: to display wise women aiding or instructing men in the 582 00:33:42,160 --> 00:33:45,280 Speaker 1: use of the enemas with the liquid for the enemies 583 00:33:45,280 --> 00:33:49,160 Speaker 1: originating from a large jar like the artifact itself here 584 00:33:49,520 --> 00:33:52,560 Speaker 1: with some sort of foaming liquid in it. And this 585 00:33:52,880 --> 00:33:55,360 Speaker 1: is I think widely thought to be a fermented drink, 586 00:33:55,480 --> 00:34:00,000 Speaker 1: likely ball chay. It's quite beautiful to this piece of pottery. Um, 587 00:34:00,320 --> 00:34:02,160 Speaker 1: if you were just walking through a museum and you 588 00:34:02,200 --> 00:34:04,840 Speaker 1: glanced at it, you wouldn't think twice about it. But 589 00:34:04,880 --> 00:34:07,960 Speaker 1: then you you take that second look, and uh, yeah, 590 00:34:08,120 --> 00:34:11,400 Speaker 1: it's it's even more interesting. Yeah. I don't remember this 591 00:34:11,600 --> 00:34:14,279 Speaker 1: from any visit I've I've had to the mat. It 592 00:34:14,320 --> 00:34:16,480 Speaker 1: may not be something that is of course on regularly 593 00:34:16,520 --> 00:34:19,759 Speaker 1: on display, uh, but it does seem like the kind 594 00:34:19,800 --> 00:34:21,680 Speaker 1: of thing that one could easily walk by and you 595 00:34:21,800 --> 00:34:23,640 Speaker 1: not realize that this is the subject of it, and 596 00:34:23,680 --> 00:34:26,279 Speaker 1: this was perhaps the purpose for the artifact. I think 597 00:34:26,320 --> 00:34:28,200 Speaker 1: this is an important lesson to all of us that 598 00:34:28,239 --> 00:34:31,440 Speaker 1: we need to pay more attention when we're in the museums. Yes, 599 00:34:32,760 --> 00:34:34,799 Speaker 1: I mean especially in the matt there's so much to see. 600 00:34:34,840 --> 00:34:37,600 Speaker 1: But at any rate, this would all make sense given 601 00:34:37,640 --> 00:34:40,880 Speaker 1: the fact that again balja had a lower alcohol content 602 00:34:40,960 --> 00:34:44,400 Speaker 1: to it, and if you were to take it via enema, 603 00:34:44,480 --> 00:34:48,239 Speaker 1: this would enhance absorption of set alcohol and also it 604 00:34:48,280 --> 00:34:51,680 Speaker 1: would bypass the whole barfing thing. Now what where it 605 00:34:51,680 --> 00:34:53,960 Speaker 1: gets also interesting here is that you might hear all 606 00:34:54,000 --> 00:34:57,360 Speaker 1: this and it sounds um hedonic, you know, it sounds 607 00:34:57,400 --> 00:35:01,359 Speaker 1: like some sort of you know, crazy rich will um. 608 00:35:01,400 --> 00:35:04,520 Speaker 1: But according to smit at All, this is the This 609 00:35:04,600 --> 00:35:07,440 Speaker 1: is the the the authors of the ignoble winning paper, 610 00:35:08,480 --> 00:35:11,680 Speaker 1: the Mayans were largely understood to have been a contemplative people. 611 00:35:12,080 --> 00:35:14,239 Speaker 1: So on one hand, this seems to have sort of 612 00:35:14,239 --> 00:35:16,879 Speaker 1: presented a conundrum to some people studying the Mayans, because 613 00:35:16,880 --> 00:35:19,360 Speaker 1: it seemed maybe out of character that they would that 614 00:35:19,719 --> 00:35:21,919 Speaker 1: they would, you know, do all these other serious minded things, 615 00:35:21,920 --> 00:35:26,080 Speaker 1: but then engage in this sort of ritual. Well uh, 616 00:35:26,120 --> 00:35:28,240 Speaker 1: And I should also add that smit at All also 617 00:35:28,280 --> 00:35:32,360 Speaker 1: suggests that while the substance used may well have been alcohol. 618 00:35:32,719 --> 00:35:35,600 Speaker 1: Some scenes also might suggest the use of tobacco and 619 00:35:35,719 --> 00:35:40,280 Speaker 1: quote water lily or some other flowering plant as key ingredients. 620 00:35:41,040 --> 00:35:43,320 Speaker 1: At any rate, the argument, sort of the counter argument, 621 00:35:43,320 --> 00:35:46,960 Speaker 1: I guess made by a caret artal is that this 622 00:35:47,200 --> 00:35:50,520 Speaker 1: wasn't a hedonic practice. This was a spiritual practice, and 623 00:35:50,560 --> 00:35:54,759 Speaker 1: it was typically conducted in caves uh and these would 624 00:35:54,760 --> 00:35:58,560 Speaker 1: have been considered places that were closer to the spirit realm. 625 00:35:58,600 --> 00:36:01,560 Speaker 1: And that the consumption of the these various substances I 626 00:36:01,600 --> 00:36:05,240 Speaker 1: mean basically like a whole cocktail of mind and body 627 00:36:05,280 --> 00:36:09,480 Speaker 1: alternating substances that would have included apparently psychoactive mushrooms as 628 00:36:09,480 --> 00:36:13,360 Speaker 1: well potentially, and these were widely used among Mesoamerican cultures. 629 00:36:13,360 --> 00:36:16,600 Speaker 1: That all of this the location the ritual, like the 630 00:36:16,719 --> 00:36:20,440 Speaker 1: non psychoactive aspects of the ritual, just the performative aspects 631 00:36:20,440 --> 00:36:23,560 Speaker 1: of it, and then of course the psychoactive aspects of it. 632 00:36:23,760 --> 00:36:26,759 Speaker 1: That this would all serve to bring you closer in 633 00:36:26,840 --> 00:36:29,520 Speaker 1: line with the spirit world. And again this would have 634 00:36:29,520 --> 00:36:31,879 Speaker 1: been a spiritual ritual that everyone was engaging in here. 635 00:36:32,239 --> 00:36:35,000 Speaker 1: Needless to say, the Spanish disapproved of all of this, 636 00:36:35,680 --> 00:36:38,600 Speaker 1: even the production of ball Chay itself, So I find 637 00:36:38,640 --> 00:36:41,040 Speaker 1: I found all this rather interesting. Um again, not a 638 00:36:41,080 --> 00:36:42,520 Speaker 1: topic I would think I would I would have I 639 00:36:42,520 --> 00:36:45,640 Speaker 1: would have normally researched on my own. But once you 640 00:36:45,640 --> 00:36:48,120 Speaker 1: start getting into it and uh and taking it apart. 641 00:36:48,560 --> 00:36:52,400 Speaker 1: Uh yeah, very fascinating. Yeah yeah, the the the twists 642 00:36:52,400 --> 00:36:55,839 Speaker 1: and turns of this, it goes deeper than I would 643 00:36:55,840 --> 00:36:58,840 Speaker 1: have would have thought. It's it's not not just the 644 00:36:58,880 --> 00:37:02,560 Speaker 1: punch line, right, but if that punchline forces people to 645 00:37:02,560 --> 00:37:04,600 Speaker 1: look a little closer at it than than Yes, the 646 00:37:04,640 --> 00:37:08,160 Speaker 1: Ignal Bells have done their purpose here sneaker at the 647 00:37:08,200 --> 00:37:11,000 Speaker 1: study or the or the paper, but then look closer 648 00:37:11,360 --> 00:37:14,399 Speaker 1: and and learn a few things. So I applaud them 649 00:37:14,440 --> 00:37:22,440 Speaker 1: for this selection. Thank you, thank you. All Right, We've 650 00:37:22,480 --> 00:37:28,640 Speaker 1: got one last study today from the Igno Bell Award winners. 651 00:37:29,360 --> 00:37:34,680 Speaker 1: This was the Applied Cardiology Prize, so this had multiple contributors. 652 00:37:35,239 --> 00:37:41,719 Speaker 1: We had pro Jakova, Saksi, Baron's, Lynde, and Kretz. And 653 00:37:41,840 --> 00:37:45,239 Speaker 1: this was for seeking and finding evidence that when new 654 00:37:45,360 --> 00:37:48,600 Speaker 1: romantic partners meet for the first time and feel attracted 655 00:37:48,640 --> 00:37:53,280 Speaker 1: to each other, their heart rates synchronize. It's a bold 656 00:37:53,440 --> 00:37:56,360 Speaker 1: claim and I was fascinated by this just from the beginning, 657 00:37:57,040 --> 00:37:58,800 Speaker 1: and I will say that's that's a bit of a 658 00:37:58,880 --> 00:38:01,239 Speaker 1: sensationalist headline, and I think it's actually a bit deeper 659 00:38:01,320 --> 00:38:04,120 Speaker 1: than that, but but still it's it's it's pretty accurate, yeah, 660 00:38:04,160 --> 00:38:06,640 Speaker 1: because if you're just taking it faith value, it sounds 661 00:38:06,680 --> 00:38:10,719 Speaker 1: sort of like a scientific attempt to understand something you 662 00:38:10,800 --> 00:38:13,440 Speaker 1: saw on a Looney Tunes cartoon. It's like when a 663 00:38:13,480 --> 00:38:16,760 Speaker 1: wolf sees of a pretty lady, does do his eyeballs 664 00:38:16,840 --> 00:38:19,000 Speaker 1: really stick out like that and his heart fall on 665 00:38:19,040 --> 00:38:21,920 Speaker 1: the table and crawl around and his tongue grows twelve 666 00:38:22,040 --> 00:38:25,520 Speaker 1: sizes and and unrolls like a carpets. Yeah. Yeah, these 667 00:38:25,520 --> 00:38:30,719 Speaker 1: are all facts. So to determine what drives attraction, the 668 00:38:30,800 --> 00:38:35,520 Speaker 1: researchers measured the physiological dynamics between real people on real dates. 669 00:38:35,880 --> 00:38:37,880 Speaker 1: And this was outside of the lab environments. It was 670 00:38:37,880 --> 00:38:41,080 Speaker 1: still controlled environments, but it was not happening inside a lab. 671 00:38:41,840 --> 00:38:44,560 Speaker 1: They gathered the data in multiple ways. Um they had 672 00:38:44,600 --> 00:38:47,799 Speaker 1: eye tracking glasses with embedded cameras. They had a heart 673 00:38:47,880 --> 00:38:51,960 Speaker 1: rate monitors and skin conductivity sensors all happening at the 674 00:38:52,000 --> 00:38:55,200 Speaker 1: same time while they did their multiple prodding and testing, 675 00:38:55,239 --> 00:38:58,360 Speaker 1: which I'll get into. So so there were multiple findings. 676 00:38:58,480 --> 00:39:04,919 Speaker 1: Three specifically, one, women were typically more expressive than males. Two, 677 00:39:05,920 --> 00:39:08,879 Speaker 1: men stared at women more than women stared at men. 678 00:39:09,640 --> 00:39:12,520 Speaker 1: And most importantly the point of this paper from from 679 00:39:12,560 --> 00:39:17,440 Speaker 1: the ignoble point of view, three visible signals that can 680 00:39:17,480 --> 00:39:21,160 Speaker 1: be controlled, such as facial expression or gaze did not 681 00:39:21,360 --> 00:39:26,759 Speaker 1: predict attraction. Instead, attraction was predicted by synchrony and heart 682 00:39:26,840 --> 00:39:32,560 Speaker 1: rate and skin conductance between partners, which is involuntary, unconscious, 683 00:39:32,920 --> 00:39:36,759 Speaker 1: and very difficult to regulate. So with a modern dating 684 00:39:36,800 --> 00:39:38,520 Speaker 1: culture the way it is right now, you know, you'll 685 00:39:38,600 --> 00:39:41,560 Speaker 1: just go into your mind of either things you experience 686 00:39:41,640 --> 00:39:44,840 Speaker 1: or your friends experience. Uh, you know, we're all utilizing 687 00:39:45,000 --> 00:39:48,319 Speaker 1: dating apps and dating websites, which has become far more 688 00:39:48,400 --> 00:39:51,359 Speaker 1: common than it ever has been before. The three big 689 00:39:51,480 --> 00:39:54,000 Speaker 1: consequences that this paper pointed out from that are that 690 00:39:54,160 --> 00:39:57,600 Speaker 1: people are dating strangers far more often. It's not just 691 00:39:57,719 --> 00:39:59,880 Speaker 1: like your friend's friend or a co worker or whatever, 692 00:40:00,440 --> 00:40:04,040 Speaker 1: it's just someone you met online. Um, so ergo, less 693 00:40:04,080 --> 00:40:06,920 Speaker 1: time is spent with a potential partner before you decide 694 00:40:06,960 --> 00:40:10,320 Speaker 1: on having subsequent dates, and that like the potential dating 695 00:40:10,440 --> 00:40:13,720 Speaker 1: pool and the candidates for dating is much much larger. 696 00:40:13,880 --> 00:40:17,719 Speaker 1: But also kind of much more anonymous. So, you know, 697 00:40:18,040 --> 00:40:22,680 Speaker 1: with all these potential limiting factors with relationships that's happening 698 00:40:22,680 --> 00:40:26,400 Speaker 1: in today's world, people still, you know, get attracted to 699 00:40:26,440 --> 00:40:28,920 Speaker 1: each other, People still date, people still get married. So 700 00:40:29,320 --> 00:40:33,040 Speaker 1: they really wanted to research what was the root predictor 701 00:40:33,600 --> 00:40:36,160 Speaker 1: for attraction and that was the goal of this research. 702 00:40:36,680 --> 00:40:38,560 Speaker 1: So they set up a series of tests and they 703 00:40:38,600 --> 00:40:43,880 Speaker 1: were fascinating and really wild. But um, I'm going to 704 00:40:43,960 --> 00:40:46,200 Speaker 1: try and describe it, but they they had actual graphs 705 00:40:46,239 --> 00:40:47,759 Speaker 1: in the paper, So look up the paper if you 706 00:40:47,760 --> 00:40:51,000 Speaker 1: want to see some artists renderings of how this all looked. 707 00:40:51,520 --> 00:40:54,600 Speaker 1: But basically, they set up a blind date for the participants. 708 00:40:54,920 --> 00:40:57,279 Speaker 1: They set them up in this nice little cabin where 709 00:40:57,280 --> 00:40:59,359 Speaker 1: they set them down at a table and then there's 710 00:40:59,360 --> 00:41:02,279 Speaker 1: a partition and in between them, okay, and it can 711 00:41:02,400 --> 00:41:05,560 Speaker 1: raise and lower on a timer or as the researchers needed. 712 00:41:06,040 --> 00:41:10,720 Speaker 1: So with the the there was a wide variety of circumstances. 713 00:41:10,800 --> 00:41:13,560 Speaker 1: You know, the partition is up, the partition is closed. 714 00:41:13,840 --> 00:41:15,920 Speaker 1: Now I want you to talk freely for two minutes. 715 00:41:15,960 --> 00:41:17,279 Speaker 1: I want you to look at each other for two 716 00:41:17,320 --> 00:41:20,640 Speaker 1: minutes but not talk, etcetera, etcetera. Etcetera. All kinds of 717 00:41:20,760 --> 00:41:25,759 Speaker 1: different tests and variables and controls. They they all were 718 00:41:25,840 --> 00:41:27,920 Speaker 1: there and they were all pointed out in this paper. 719 00:41:28,520 --> 00:41:32,120 Speaker 1: After gathering their data from this you know, blind date 720 00:41:32,200 --> 00:41:36,839 Speaker 1: into cabin with robots, uh, the researchers would then ask 721 00:41:36,920 --> 00:41:40,680 Speaker 1: the participants a series of questions about their date. Number one, 722 00:41:41,280 --> 00:41:43,760 Speaker 1: do you think your partner would want to date you again? 723 00:41:44,400 --> 00:41:47,640 Speaker 1: Number two? How attractive do you think your partner is? 724 00:41:48,040 --> 00:41:51,160 Speaker 1: And number three how attractive do you think your partner 725 00:41:51,320 --> 00:41:55,400 Speaker 1: finds you? So here here are the findings with the 726 00:41:55,520 --> 00:41:57,480 Speaker 1: question do you think your partner would want to date 727 00:41:57,520 --> 00:42:02,160 Speaker 1: you again? Only about fifty were correct. Females were slightly 728 00:42:02,239 --> 00:42:06,840 Speaker 1: more accurate than males. Females got correct while males got fifty, 729 00:42:07,680 --> 00:42:10,840 Speaker 1: but all pretty close to overall pretty much just you know, 730 00:42:11,200 --> 00:42:14,720 Speaker 1: flip of a coin. With the questions involved in attractiveness, 731 00:42:14,880 --> 00:42:19,480 Speaker 1: their findings were pretty fascinating. The more attractive the subject 732 00:42:19,560 --> 00:42:24,040 Speaker 1: found their partner, the more likely they were to think 733 00:42:24,239 --> 00:42:28,560 Speaker 1: that their partner was attracted to them. I'm gonna say 734 00:42:28,600 --> 00:42:31,720 Speaker 1: that again, just kind of be as clear as possible. 735 00:42:32,120 --> 00:42:35,279 Speaker 1: The more attractive the subject found their partner, the more 736 00:42:35,400 --> 00:42:39,080 Speaker 1: likely they were to think that their partner was attracted 737 00:42:39,160 --> 00:42:41,960 Speaker 1: to them. Okay, So so to sort of translate, like, 738 00:42:42,040 --> 00:42:46,560 Speaker 1: the more out of your league you find the other person, statistically, 739 00:42:47,120 --> 00:42:50,560 Speaker 1: the more likely you think that that person is actually 740 00:42:50,560 --> 00:42:55,320 Speaker 1: attracted Yes, yes, which which is fascinating I I I 741 00:42:55,719 --> 00:42:57,920 Speaker 1: would think that that that the opposite was true. But 742 00:42:58,120 --> 00:43:01,000 Speaker 1: but here we are now. May maybe it's got something 743 00:43:01,040 --> 00:43:02,960 Speaker 1: to do with like flood Like maybe it's like part 744 00:43:03,000 --> 00:43:06,799 Speaker 1: of our evolution of like flooding our body with endorphins 745 00:43:06,880 --> 00:43:08,520 Speaker 1: when you are attracted to someone just to give you 746 00:43:08,600 --> 00:43:11,400 Speaker 1: the confidence to ask them out on a date or whatever. 747 00:43:11,600 --> 00:43:16,040 Speaker 1: So huh but uh, there was no correlation found in 748 00:43:16,120 --> 00:43:21,520 Speaker 1: that at all, and it was actually found to be counterintuitive. Uh. 749 00:43:22,200 --> 00:43:25,080 Speaker 1: If you look at the graphs, it's not exactly a 750 00:43:26,000 --> 00:43:28,680 Speaker 1: wrong to right, but it's close to it. The graphs 751 00:43:28,680 --> 00:43:31,040 Speaker 1: are moving in opposite directions, so so that is a 752 00:43:31,200 --> 00:43:35,239 Speaker 1: wrong estimation. And in general, it was just proven that 753 00:43:35,480 --> 00:43:39,560 Speaker 1: people are not very accurate when reading a partner's romantic 754 00:43:39,600 --> 00:43:42,880 Speaker 1: intentions full stop. Like that's just one of the biggest 755 00:43:42,960 --> 00:43:47,239 Speaker 1: things they found. Um, so, ultimately, our biology is a 756 00:43:47,320 --> 00:43:50,160 Speaker 1: much better judge of what's happening than our than our 757 00:43:50,200 --> 00:43:53,240 Speaker 1: thoughts that are than our brains. More or less, here's 758 00:43:53,239 --> 00:43:55,759 Speaker 1: a chunk that's going to kind of explain that this 759 00:43:55,800 --> 00:43:59,560 Speaker 1: is directly from the paper quote. Intriguingly, people are often 760 00:43:59,680 --> 00:44:03,840 Speaker 1: una were of being influenced by others effective displays. This 761 00:44:04,000 --> 00:44:07,799 Speaker 1: is evident from studies showing that friends and lovers implicitly 762 00:44:08,160 --> 00:44:13,680 Speaker 1: mimic each other's nonverbal behavior, such as gaze and facial expressions. Remarkably, 763 00:44:13,800 --> 00:44:17,840 Speaker 1: a series of recent studies demonstrated that committed romantic partners 764 00:44:18,040 --> 00:44:21,360 Speaker 1: synchronize their heart rate and skin conductance, and that the 765 00:44:21,560 --> 00:44:25,160 Speaker 1: level of synchrony was positively associated with the quality of 766 00:44:25,239 --> 00:44:29,399 Speaker 1: relationship emotional ties, such as the amount of time spent 767 00:44:29,480 --> 00:44:33,120 Speaker 1: together and the ability to identify the emotions of one's partner. 768 00:44:33,960 --> 00:44:39,120 Speaker 1: Contemporary theories proposed that behavioral and psychological synchrony results from 769 00:44:39,120 --> 00:44:45,200 Speaker 1: the biologically mediated tendency to adapt to incoming social information. Specifically, 770 00:44:45,320 --> 00:44:50,719 Speaker 1: during an interaction, individuals continuously exchange information via verbal and 771 00:44:50,920 --> 00:44:56,160 Speaker 1: non verbal routes like a date, for example. Continuing during 772 00:44:56,239 --> 00:45:00,759 Speaker 1: this process, the sensory receptors convert vibrational energy from the 773 00:45:00,880 --> 00:45:04,680 Speaker 1: partner's face and body to electrical impulses that the brain 774 00:45:04,800 --> 00:45:08,840 Speaker 1: then uses to acquire social and emotional information. A recent 775 00:45:09,080 --> 00:45:13,239 Speaker 1: fmr I study showed that the human brain possesses a 776 00:45:13,480 --> 00:45:19,160 Speaker 1: neural mechanism which attracts individuals to partners who effective nonverbal behavior. 777 00:45:19,480 --> 00:45:23,960 Speaker 1: They can easily understand. From this point of view, emotional 778 00:45:24,160 --> 00:45:28,000 Speaker 1: expressions that people display do not only communicate emotions, they 779 00:45:28,080 --> 00:45:32,399 Speaker 1: embody human feelings, build social bonds, and promote attraction. It's 780 00:45:32,440 --> 00:45:37,400 Speaker 1: a pretty big thing to find. I mean that that 781 00:45:37,560 --> 00:45:40,759 Speaker 1: that really does I. I know you and I are 782 00:45:40,840 --> 00:45:44,160 Speaker 1: both both married men, but it makes me think that 783 00:45:44,360 --> 00:45:48,480 Speaker 1: I would approach dating differently knowing that, you know, like 784 00:45:48,600 --> 00:45:50,840 Speaker 1: like just just kind of thinking about like how I 785 00:45:51,000 --> 00:45:54,799 Speaker 1: feel and and just kind of like duplicating the intentions 786 00:45:54,920 --> 00:45:58,040 Speaker 1: and the subtle signals of of my potential dating partner. 787 00:45:58,160 --> 00:46:01,040 Speaker 1: Like it's just I don't I think, thankfully I haven't 788 00:46:01,040 --> 00:46:03,160 Speaker 1: had had to date someone in like twenty years, but 789 00:46:03,640 --> 00:46:06,920 Speaker 1: it's still it's a fascinating idea. Yeah, I mean, especially 790 00:46:06,960 --> 00:46:09,560 Speaker 1: when you think about the things that prepare one to 791 00:46:09,800 --> 00:46:13,200 Speaker 1: enter the dating world are it's it's stuff you're you're hearing, 792 00:46:13,320 --> 00:46:16,239 Speaker 1: maybe parentally, just to varying degrees depending on what the 793 00:46:16,280 --> 00:46:19,719 Speaker 1: parental presence is, like also socially, Also things that are 794 00:46:19,760 --> 00:46:22,440 Speaker 1: presented to you in media, but and in music, you know, 795 00:46:22,520 --> 00:46:26,240 Speaker 1: obviously in movies and so forth. But uh, but there's 796 00:46:26,520 --> 00:46:29,000 Speaker 1: there's never I don't think there's ever like a time 797 00:46:29,040 --> 00:46:30,840 Speaker 1: when someone says, all right, here's the science of what 798 00:46:30,920 --> 00:46:32,920 Speaker 1: you're about to go out and do. I mean, certainly 799 00:46:32,960 --> 00:46:36,840 Speaker 1: when you get down to uh, physical sexuality, yes, hopefully 800 00:46:36,880 --> 00:46:38,239 Speaker 1: there is going to be that in place, but in 801 00:46:38,360 --> 00:46:41,279 Speaker 1: terms of like, this is actually what's going on when 802 00:46:41,320 --> 00:46:45,560 Speaker 1: you're just even anticipating how another person feels about you. Yeah, 803 00:46:45,920 --> 00:46:47,759 Speaker 1: this is so going back to the data, this is 804 00:46:47,800 --> 00:46:51,480 Speaker 1: what they found to be true, Um, when these attractions 805 00:46:51,560 --> 00:46:55,240 Speaker 1: were genuine, not based on what people thoughts, but actually 806 00:46:55,360 --> 00:46:57,960 Speaker 1: like you know, is this person attractive yes? Is this 807 00:46:58,040 --> 00:47:02,480 Speaker 1: person attractive yes? Completely separates isolated answers. They found that 808 00:47:02,560 --> 00:47:06,239 Speaker 1: analyzing the heart rates during the dates, it was far 809 00:47:06,400 --> 00:47:09,800 Speaker 1: more accurate, I mean, like absurdly more accurate than just 810 00:47:10,040 --> 00:47:12,680 Speaker 1: asking you know, do you think they liked you? Like 811 00:47:12,840 --> 00:47:17,160 Speaker 1: it was it's just off the charts different. This also 812 00:47:17,239 --> 00:47:20,560 Speaker 1: went with uh, skin conductivity, but the heart rate was 813 00:47:20,640 --> 00:47:23,800 Speaker 1: the part that they really focused on on this paper. Um, so, 814 00:47:24,000 --> 00:47:26,880 Speaker 1: I mean they even did some things. Once again, you 815 00:47:26,920 --> 00:47:29,560 Speaker 1: should read the paper, it's fascinating where they just just 816 00:47:29,640 --> 00:47:33,760 Speaker 1: to test their theory, they started matching the heart rates 817 00:47:34,200 --> 00:47:37,640 Speaker 1: from randomly selected other dates to see if perhaps this 818 00:47:37,760 --> 00:47:39,719 Speaker 1: was just something that happened to anyone on a date 819 00:47:39,840 --> 00:47:42,560 Speaker 1: with anyone. But no, no, they didn't match up at all, 820 00:47:42,680 --> 00:47:45,520 Speaker 1: Like like, it wasn't something that happened. That there is 821 00:47:45,600 --> 00:47:52,880 Speaker 1: a subtle, unconscious, non verbal pairing that's happening, and and 822 00:47:53,160 --> 00:47:58,120 Speaker 1: the closer that pairing occurs biologically, the more you are 823 00:47:58,160 --> 00:48:02,320 Speaker 1: attracted to each other. And it's fascinating that that this 824 00:48:02,560 --> 00:48:05,680 Speaker 1: might have much deeper implications that are provided just here 825 00:48:05,719 --> 00:48:09,280 Speaker 1: in this paper. But it's it's it's a really interesting, 826 00:48:09,520 --> 00:48:12,759 Speaker 1: uh piece of information. Uh So, So basically keep in 827 00:48:12,840 --> 00:48:16,840 Speaker 1: mind that facial cues, movements, and words would sometimes attempt 828 00:48:16,880 --> 00:48:19,960 Speaker 1: a similar mimicry in these dates, but the heart was 829 00:48:20,040 --> 00:48:23,320 Speaker 1: the best indicator for sure. So why is this funny? 830 00:48:24,360 --> 00:48:26,520 Speaker 1: It's it's kind of proving like an old adage, you know, 831 00:48:26,560 --> 00:48:28,520 Speaker 1: you should listen to your heart, you know, if you're 832 00:48:28,560 --> 00:48:31,319 Speaker 1: out on a date with someone, you know. It's it's 833 00:48:31,360 --> 00:48:35,719 Speaker 1: funny because in so many um instances of like you know, 834 00:48:36,000 --> 00:48:39,680 Speaker 1: romantic love, the heart really is like the center point. 835 00:48:39,800 --> 00:48:42,759 Speaker 1: It's saying like this is you know where love comes from? 836 00:48:42,920 --> 00:48:46,480 Speaker 1: Valentine's etcetera, etcetera. Hearts, hearts, hearts, and then like you know, 837 00:48:46,880 --> 00:48:49,160 Speaker 1: maybe being a bit cynical, we go, oh, it's actually 838 00:48:49,200 --> 00:48:52,920 Speaker 1: from the brain, it's from personality, etcetera, etcetera. No, No, no, actually, 839 00:48:53,880 --> 00:48:56,960 Speaker 1: you know Valentine's are kind of right that that your 840 00:48:56,960 --> 00:49:00,800 Speaker 1: heart really does factor in in a pretty substantial at 841 00:49:00,880 --> 00:49:05,279 Speaker 1: least in terms of accurately predicting attraction. And why this 842 00:49:05,440 --> 00:49:08,000 Speaker 1: is important is that self awareness and self analysis is 843 00:49:08,040 --> 00:49:10,719 Speaker 1: always a good thing. It's it's important first of all 844 00:49:10,800 --> 00:49:15,360 Speaker 1: to know that perhaps your um perception of whether or 845 00:49:15,400 --> 00:49:17,520 Speaker 1: not someone is attracted to you, you could be way 846 00:49:17,680 --> 00:49:21,360 Speaker 1: off on that, substantially way off. And perhaps if you 847 00:49:21,719 --> 00:49:25,040 Speaker 1: use heart monitors on yourself and your date, then you'll 848 00:49:25,040 --> 00:49:28,400 Speaker 1: have a more accurate representation. Uh. If this is actually 849 00:49:28,480 --> 00:49:32,640 Speaker 1: going somewhere, so that rock Set was right, listen to 850 00:49:32,719 --> 00:49:35,960 Speaker 1: your heart. There's nothing else to Rocks that were right. 851 00:49:36,239 --> 00:49:38,840 Speaker 1: Rock Set was a duo now I'm remembering, Yes, the 852 00:49:39,239 --> 00:49:41,880 Speaker 1: Rocks that was not was not an individual but to 853 00:49:42,640 --> 00:49:46,400 Speaker 1: Swedish pop stars, I believe, and I think that wraps 854 00:49:46,480 --> 00:49:49,799 Speaker 1: up our Ignobles for two. I believe it does now. 855 00:49:49,880 --> 00:49:53,080 Speaker 1: There there were some other winning studies from this year 856 00:49:53,080 --> 00:49:54,360 Speaker 1: we're not going to cover here. If you want the 857 00:49:54,440 --> 00:49:57,719 Speaker 1: full list, you're gonna have to go to Improbable dot 858 00:49:57,800 --> 00:50:01,399 Speaker 1: com slash i g. That's their website and just look 859 00:50:01,680 --> 00:50:05,360 Speaker 1: look up Improbable Research on any search engine and it 860 00:50:05,360 --> 00:50:07,120 Speaker 1: will be one of the first two things that come 861 00:50:07,200 --> 00:50:09,239 Speaker 1: up for you. They always do a great job of 862 00:50:09,400 --> 00:50:12,160 Speaker 1: just on one page you can see all the winner 863 00:50:12,280 --> 00:50:16,960 Speaker 1: since they have links to the various studies. Now, sometimes 864 00:50:17,000 --> 00:50:20,040 Speaker 1: those studies are gonna be hidden behind pay walls or 865 00:50:20,120 --> 00:50:22,200 Speaker 1: in one case, for one of the award winners this 866 00:50:22,280 --> 00:50:26,080 Speaker 1: year entirely in Japanese. There's one about like how do 867 00:50:26,200 --> 00:50:29,320 Speaker 1: people turn a door knob? That I wanted to know 868 00:50:29,480 --> 00:50:32,640 Speaker 1: more about, but I could not find an English translation 869 00:50:32,719 --> 00:50:34,040 Speaker 1: of the study, so I'm just had to be like, 870 00:50:34,080 --> 00:50:35,840 Speaker 1: all right, I just I'm gonna have to leave this 871 00:50:35,880 --> 00:50:39,839 Speaker 1: whe it phays value. So anyway, check that out. There 872 00:50:39,960 --> 00:50:41,800 Speaker 1: always a lot of fun, and of course we have 873 00:50:41,880 --> 00:50:44,239 Speaker 1: past episodes of stuff to blow your mind that have 874 00:50:44,360 --> 00:50:47,279 Speaker 1: looked at winners from years past. So that's gonna be 875 00:50:47,360 --> 00:50:49,759 Speaker 1: it for this episode. But let's see just to run 876 00:50:49,840 --> 00:50:53,160 Speaker 1: through a few things here. Um. First of all, yes, 877 00:50:53,239 --> 00:50:55,360 Speaker 1: core episodes of Stuff to Blow Your Mind come to 878 00:50:55,400 --> 00:50:57,239 Speaker 1: you on two days and Thursdays. And the Stuff to 879 00:50:57,280 --> 00:50:59,399 Speaker 1: Blow your Mind podcast feed, where you can find wherever 880 00:50:59,440 --> 00:51:02,040 Speaker 1: you get your pot gusts. On Monday's we do listener mail, 881 00:51:02,080 --> 00:51:04,600 Speaker 1: on Wednesday's we do a short form monster fact or 882 00:51:04,920 --> 00:51:07,600 Speaker 1: artifact episode, and on Fridays we do Weird How Cinema. 883 00:51:07,640 --> 00:51:10,160 Speaker 1: That's their time to set aside most serious concerns and 884 00:51:10,360 --> 00:51:14,239 Speaker 1: just talk about a weird film. Thanks as always to 885 00:51:14,360 --> 00:51:16,880 Speaker 1: Set for producing the show and of course on this 886 00:51:17,000 --> 00:51:20,399 Speaker 1: episode co hosting while Joe was out on for rental leave. 887 00:51:20,680 --> 00:51:21,920 Speaker 1: And if you want to get in touch with us 888 00:51:21,960 --> 00:51:24,960 Speaker 1: about anything we discussed here about other ig Nobel Prize 889 00:51:25,000 --> 00:51:28,040 Speaker 1: winning studies, about past episodes of Stuff to Blow Your Mind, 890 00:51:28,239 --> 00:51:30,800 Speaker 1: present episodes and Stuff to Blow Your Mind or future episodes, 891 00:51:31,360 --> 00:51:33,719 Speaker 1: just drop us a line at contact at Stuff to 892 00:51:33,719 --> 00:51:43,520 Speaker 1: Blow your Mind dot com. Stuff to Blow Your Mind 893 00:51:43,680 --> 00:51:46,440 Speaker 1: is production of iHeart Radio. For more podcasts for My 894 00:51:46,480 --> 00:51:49,560 Speaker 1: Heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or 895 00:51:49,560 --> 00:52:03,439 Speaker 1: wherever you're listening to your favorite shows. Times to three 896 00:52:03,560 --> 00:52:03,719 Speaker 1: po