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Speaker 1: Welcome to steph you missed in history class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Tracy B. Wilson Fry. Today we are picking up

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Speaker 1: the second part of a two parter, so if you

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Speaker 1: have not heard our previous episode, I strongly recommend getting

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Speaker 1: into that one before you get into this one. President

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Speaker 1: Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed Executive Order ninety six on February nine,

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Speaker 1: and this paved the way for Japanese Americans to be

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Speaker 1: removed from the Pacific coast on mass and incarcerated in

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Speaker 1: camps for the duration of World War Two. Last time,

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Speaker 1: we talked about the history of Japanese immigration into the

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Speaker 1: United States and how the US arrived at deciding that

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Speaker 1: needed to plan a mass removal. This time we will

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Speaker 1: talk about the executive order, what happened in the camps,

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Speaker 1: and then what happened after the war was over. Following

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Speaker 1: the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the U. S. War Department

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Speaker 1: in particular began to advocate for aggressive action to eliminate

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Speaker 1: the potential for espionage, sabotage, and anti americannectivity on the

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Speaker 1: part of the Japanese population. Its recommendation was a wide

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Speaker 1: scale effort of removal and incarceration. Just to recap the

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Speaker 1: thing that we said at the top of part one,

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Speaker 1: Japanese nationals were not the only people targeted by this.

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Speaker 1: They're also Germans and Italians who were incarcerated as well.

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Speaker 1: There were millions and millions of people in the United

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Speaker 1: States of German or Italian ancestry. There's no possible way

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Speaker 1: to in turn them all, and no effort for any

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Speaker 1: kind of wide scale in tournament of Germans and Italians. Uh.

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Speaker 1: And occasionally we will get notes and people suggesting that

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Speaker 1: there was there was really not. A key architect of

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Speaker 1: the removal UH of Japanese Americans from the West Coast

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Speaker 1: was Carl Benditson. His background was kind of deceptive. Uh.

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Speaker 1: He was the He was the son of Jewish immigrants

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Speaker 1: who basically changed his name and made up that he

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Speaker 1: was a immigrant from Denmark so that he could get

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Speaker 1: into an exclusive fraternity when he was in school. Like,

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Speaker 1: there was a lot of shadiness in his background, and

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Speaker 1: he was in this case working as a strategist. He

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Speaker 1: formulated the basic concept of how an executive order could

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Speaker 1: get around the many many unconstitutional aspects of incarcerating American

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Speaker 1: citizens without due process based on their nationality. There are

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Speaker 1: a lot of ways in which that entire idea is flatly,

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Speaker 1: unquestionably unconstitutional. So instead of conceiving this as an order

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Speaker 1: targeting Japanese Americans, he instead framed it as a need

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Speaker 1: to set up zones to be placed under military jurisdiction

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Speaker 1: from which any and all persons could be evacuated. He

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Speaker 1: also recommended a three step process to setting this up.

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Speaker 1: There would be an executive order that would give the

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Speaker 1: Secretary of War authority to do it, there would be

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Speaker 1: establishment of the military zones themselves, and there would be

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Speaker 1: a provision for removing persons from within these zones. The

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Speaker 1: only persons really being targeted here, even though it never

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Speaker 1: said specifically, we're Japanese Americans. At first, the recommended military

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Speaker 1: zones were imagined as small, specific areas around vulnerable targets

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Speaker 1: like bridges, power plants, and military pieces, but during discussions

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Speaker 1: leading up to the actual drafting of the executive order,

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Speaker 1: they grew. Whole cities were named as potential zones, then

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Speaker 1: whole regions. Soon it's the entire length of the West Coast,

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Speaker 1: which was also where nearly all Japanese Americans were living

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Speaker 1: apart from Hawaii. Yeah, there were only a very few

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Speaker 1: Japanese Americans living anywhere in the United States other than

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Speaker 1: the West Coast in Hawaii. On February seventeenth of ninety two,

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Speaker 1: President Franklin Roosevelt told Harry L. Stimpson, the Secretary of War,

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Speaker 1: and John McCloy, the Assistant Secretary of War, to draft

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Speaker 1: an executive order to get all this accomplished, and he

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Speaker 1: specifically directed them not to involve Attorney General Francis Biddle, who,

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Speaker 1: as we noted in Part one, regarded a mass incarceration

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Speaker 1: as unconstitutional from several angles. Biddle would wind up finding

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Speaker 1: out about this only upon seeing the final approved draft,

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Speaker 1: after which point he sent one more memo to the President.

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Speaker 1: He's stressed that distrust of the Japanese and a desire

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Speaker 1: to take over their now successful farmland, not national security,

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Speaker 1: was really what was driving this push for a removal.

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Speaker 1: The end result of all this was Executive Order six,

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Speaker 1: which was titled Authorizing the Secretary of War to Prescribe

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Speaker 1: Military Areas. It's superseded previous proclamations made by the Attorney General,

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Speaker 1: who had raised so many objections to the plan, and

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Speaker 1: instead granted authority to the Secretary of War. The order

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Speaker 1: are authorized the Secretary of War and military commanders that

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Speaker 1: he designated, quote, to prescribe military areas in such places

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Speaker 1: and of such extent as he or the appropriate military

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Speaker 1: commander may determine, from which any or all persons may

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Speaker 1: be excluded, and with respect to which the right of

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Speaker 1: any person who enter, remain in, or leave shall be

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Speaker 1: subject to whatever restrictions the Secretary of War or the

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Speaker 1: appropriate military commander may impose in his discretion. The Secretary

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Speaker 1: of War and the military commanders were also authorized to

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Speaker 1: take whatever steps they thought were appropriate to ensure compliance

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Speaker 1: with these exclusion zones. The order specified that the government

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Speaker 1: would quote provide for residents of any such area who

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Speaker 1: are excluded therefrom such transportation, food, shelter, and other accommodations

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Speaker 1: as maybe necessary. It authorized all executive departments of the

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Speaker 1: government to assist the Secretary of War and military commanders

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Speaker 1: with this effort. The executive Order did not have its

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Speaker 1: own enforcement provisions. These came in the form of Public

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Speaker 1: Law five oh three, which was also drafted by the

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Speaker 1: War Department and introduced to the Senate on March nine.

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Speaker 1: It was introduced to the House of Representative on March tenth,

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Speaker 1: and it was signed into law on March twenty one.

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Speaker 1: Public Law five oh three was quote to provide a

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Speaker 1: penalty for violation of restrictions or orders with respect to

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Speaker 1: persons entering, remaining, in, leaving, or committing any act in

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Speaker 1: military areas or zones. It's set a fine of up

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Speaker 1: to five thousand dollars and imprisonment of up to a

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Speaker 1: year for each offensive, entering, leaving, or committing any act

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Speaker 1: in a military zone established under the executive Order. Roosevelt

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Speaker 1: signed another Executive Order number O two, quote, establishing the

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Speaker 1: War Relocation Authority in the Executive Office of the President

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Speaker 1: and defining its functions and duties on March eighteenth. The

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Speaker 1: War Relocation Authority was the civilian agency that was responsible

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Speaker 1: for creating and maintaining the camps that would house the

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Speaker 1: people who were removed. Under the terms of Executive Order

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Speaker 1: ninety six, the War Relocation Authority was part of the

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Speaker 1: Office for Emergency Management. Executive Order n O two would

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Speaker 1: also quote provide insofar as feasible and desirable, for the

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Speaker 1: employment of such persons at useful work in industry, commerce, agriculture,

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Speaker 1: or public projects, prescribe the terms and conditions of such

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Speaker 1: public employment, and safeguard the public interest in the private

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Speaker 1: employment of such persons. There were also other acts and

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Speaker 1: laws that were connected to all of this as well,

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Speaker 1: but these two executive orders and public Law five oh

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Speaker 1: three were the primary ones involved with establishing the authority

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Speaker 1: to remove people, enforcing that removal order, and relocating and

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Speaker 1: housing the people who were removed, in some cases also

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Speaker 1: giving them work to do. If you begin with the

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Speaker 1: point of view that the government can be trusted to

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Speaker 1: see to the best interests of its citizens and residents,

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Speaker 1: and to be clear, that is not what was going

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Speaker 1: on here, this might sound somewhat innocuous. It was basically

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Speaker 1: saying that the Secretary of War and his designated military

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Speaker 1: commanders could set up evacuation zones for the sake of

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Speaker 1: national safety and security. The Pacific Coast, for example, was

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Speaker 1: considered high risk given how easily Japan could reach it,

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Speaker 1: and if your home was deemed to be in an

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Speaker 1: exclusion zone and you had to leave, the government would

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Speaker 1: have to provide you with food and shelter. It was

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Speaker 1: all framed out as being a military necessity, and most

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Speaker 1: government communications on the mattern used euphemistic terms like assembly

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Speaker 1: point and relocation center and evacuation as though this entire

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Speaker 1: removal plan was for people's own protection. It's deceptively normal

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Speaker 1: seeming when you read it, and during peacetime it certainly

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Speaker 1: would have raised a huge outcry. It clearly gave the

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Speaker 1: government a very, very broad authority to deprive people of

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Speaker 1: their rights to privacy and property and to process and

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Speaker 1: the constitutional protection against unreasonable search and seizure under the

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Speaker 1: Fourth Amendment, just as a few examples. But in a

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Speaker 1: time of war, especially given that the attack on Pearl

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Speaker 1: Harbor had been such a devastating shock only a couple

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Speaker 1: of months before, it was deceptively easy, especially for people

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Speaker 1: not actually affected by this order, to read it as

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Speaker 1: common sense. For the sake of national security, certain parts

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Speaker 1: of the nation needed to be evacuated, and for anyone evacuated,

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Speaker 1: the government would see to their care in housing. This

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Speaker 1: sounds so reasonable in theory. Yeah, And of course there

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Speaker 1: were also people who were in favor of it, who

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Speaker 1: were motivated not by a sense of national security or safety,

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Speaker 1: but by greed for the farmland and the property that

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Speaker 1: we're going to have to be abandoned. Another factor was

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Speaker 1: definitely prejudice, and there were all manner of other issues

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Speaker 1: involved that had zero to do with national security. And also,

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Speaker 1: in spite of all the very rational sounding language in this,

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Speaker 1: it was not an evacuation to a relocation center. It

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Speaker 1: was a forced removal to a concentration camp. And we

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Speaker 1: are going to talk about that actual removal after we

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Speaker 1: first pause and take a little break in here from

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Speaker 1: one of the sponsors that keeps this show going. The

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Speaker 1: first step to executing Executive Order NINETI sixty six was

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Speaker 1: a recommendation that anyone of Japanese descent leave the established

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Speaker 1: military areas voluntarily. And these military areas has banned the

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Speaker 1: whole West coast. But since enemy aliens, again, that's just

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Speaker 1: people who were citizens of a country at war with

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Speaker 1: the place that they were living. Since enemy aliens assets

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Speaker 1: had all been frozen, that meant most people just did

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Speaker 1: not have the means to do it, even if they

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Speaker 1: wanted to. Their assets were frozen, they had no way

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Speaker 1: to fund a trip anywhere. Some who did try to

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Speaker 1: leave voluntarily also encountered violent resistance on the part of

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Speaker 1: white residents in the places they tried to go, so

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Speaker 1: they were forced to turn back and return to their homes.

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Speaker 1: A forced removal followed. Thanks to the ninety census, which

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Speaker 1: had been handed over to the Army and the FBI

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Speaker 1: for this purpose, officials knew where nearly all Japanese residents

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Speaker 1: were living. The first mass removal was from Terminal Island

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Speaker 1: in the Port of Los Angeles, which was owned by

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Speaker 1: the military, beginning on February. The first mass removal from

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Speaker 1: a civilian location was from Bainbridge Island, Washington, in March.

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Speaker 1: Throughout the duration of the removal, which would span about

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Speaker 1: six months from when it started until everyone being out

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Speaker 1: of the Pacific Coast, Japanese Americans on the West Coast

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Speaker 1: were placed under a curfew as well as movement restrictions.

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Speaker 1: Eventually there would be a hundred and eight individual exclusion orders,

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Speaker 1: each of them targeting about a thousand people. For the

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Speaker 1: most part, both first and second generation Japanese Americans cooperated

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Speaker 1: with the removal. Some of this was an attempt to

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Speaker 1: demonstrate their loyalty to the United States. Many in the

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Speaker 1: Japanese community had vocally denounced the Japanese bombing of Pearl

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Speaker 1: Harbor and invase of other nations in Asia and the Pacific,

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Speaker 1: and they had expressed their support to the United States too.

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Speaker 1: Many doing as the government asked in this removal would

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Speaker 1: be another way to show that they were true Americans,

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Speaker 1: regardless of whether they were citizens and regardless of their

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Speaker 1: Japanese ancestry. Some of this was also cultural. Japanese concepts

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Speaker 1: of bearing difficult circumstances with dignity UH and a concept

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Speaker 1: known as shakeda guy night or it can't be helped

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Speaker 1: come up repeatedly in accounts of how people on an

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Speaker 1: individual basis and within their communities dealt with this removal.

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Speaker 1: Once the removal order came, people had an average of

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Speaker 1: six days to prepare, although sometimes it was as little

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Speaker 1: as one. They were told to bring only what they

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Speaker 1: could carry, but they were also required to bring their

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Speaker 1: own linens, clothing, toiletries, in the like. Before leaving, many

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Speaker 1: Japanese Americans tried to liquidate their property. Some were able

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Speaker 1: to sell their homes and their property if they had

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Speaker 1: stores they had closed out sales for their stock, but

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Speaker 1: because they had so little time, many had to sell

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Speaker 1: their property for much much less than it was worth.

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Speaker 1: Those who owned farms often tried to negotiate with their

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Speaker 1: neighbors to see their crops while they were gone, which

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Speaker 1: in some cases this worked out and in others did not.

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Speaker 1: The only actual sabotage conviction of a Japanese American stemming

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Speaker 1: from all of this time was a farmer who plowed

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Speaker 1: under his strawberry crop because he had not been allowed

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Speaker 1: to harvest it before being sent to a camp. As

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Speaker 1: people were leaving, salvage companies used furniture salesmen and others

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Speaker 1: made the rounds, offering to buy people's possessions and generally

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Speaker 1: offering just pitifully small amounts of money for them. Some

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Speaker 1: who didn't sell, hoping to return home, eventually had their

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Speaker 1: homes looted after they were gone. Others destroyed their possessions,

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Speaker 1: sometimes in front of the people offering them insulting lye

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Speaker 1: small amounts of money a rather than sell them. The

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Speaker 1: Coast Guard also requisition boats left in the docks after

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Speaker 1: their owners were removed so that they could use them

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Speaker 1: in the war effort. As people were removed, they were

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Speaker 1: first sent to temporary assembly points that served as basically

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Speaker 1: a place to gather large numbers of people from different places,

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Speaker 1: before then moving them on to a more permanent camp.

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Speaker 1: A lot of these were places like race tracks and

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Speaker 1: horse stables and other facilities that were not really meant

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Speaker 1: for housing people. For example, over the course of the removal,

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Speaker 1: eighteen thousand, five hundred people were housed at the Santa

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Speaker 1: Anita race Track, including in the horse stalls, is actually

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Speaker 1: where George Decay and his family were housed. Immediately after

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Speaker 1: their removal from the assembly point, people were transported by

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Speaker 1: train with the curtains closed so they could not see

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Speaker 1: where they were going to one of ten relocation centers,

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Speaker 1: better known as internment camps and more accurately known as

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Speaker 1: centration camps. These were scattered in remote areas in Wyoming, California, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, Idaho,

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Speaker 1: and Arkansas. For the most part, these camps themselves were

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Speaker 1: built on land that the government already owned, which was

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Speaker 1: often less than ideal for human habitation. It included things

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Speaker 1: like dry lake beds, lava fields, deserts, and swamps. Native

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Speaker 1: American reservation land was also used. The camps were hastily

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Speaker 1: built military style housing with communal mess halls and blocks

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Speaker 1: of tar paper barracks. They were surrounded by barbed wire

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Speaker 1: with armed guards and searchlights. Even though the plan was

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Speaker 1: to put people in these camps for a long term stay,

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Speaker 1: there had not really been a lot of thought put

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Speaker 1: into maintaining the needs of communities with things like schools

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Speaker 1: or houses of worship. People who were incarcerated there basically

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Speaker 1: had to take care of those things themselves. No one

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Speaker 1: of Japanese ancestry was exempt from the removal Included in

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Speaker 1: the order sick people in hospitals who were kept under

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Speaker 1: guard until they were either well enough to be removed

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Speaker 1: or until they died. Children including children living in orphanages

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Speaker 1: who quote looked at Japanese Japanese children that had been

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Speaker 1: adopted by white parents, Persons with severe disabilities. Seventeen thousand

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Speaker 1: of those removed were children under ten years old, two

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Speaker 1: thousand were over sixty five years old, and one thousand

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Speaker 1: were disabled or very ill. One exception to the removal

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Speaker 1: order was Hawaii. It was not yet a state. At

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Speaker 1: about a hundred and seventy five thousand people, Hawaii's Japanese

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Speaker 1: population was too large to just incarcerat, and many were

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Speaker 1: working in industries that were critical to the war effort,

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Speaker 1: including carpenters, who were needed to help rebuild the base

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Speaker 1: at Pearl Harbor. While some Japanese Americans in Hawaii were

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Speaker 1: deemed i risk and incarcerated, most were instead subject to

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Speaker 1: curfews and movement restrictions, and were banned from deep sea fishing.

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Speaker 1: And all of this was done without due process and

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Speaker 1: with no opportunity for appeal. The camps were fenced and guarded,

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Speaker 1: and the people incarcerated there could not leave, unable to

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Speaker 1: work or pay their bills. Many of those incarcerated lost

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Speaker 1: their jobs, homes, and possessions. Additionally, many of the states

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Speaker 1: that were home to these camps were fiercely opposed to

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Speaker 1: Japanese prisoners being sent there. Wyoming Senator Nel Smith insisted

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Speaker 1: that the state would not be California's quote dumping ground,

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Speaker 1: and said, quote, if you bring Japanese into my state,

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Speaker 1: I promise you they will be hanging from every tree.

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Speaker 1: Governor Herbert maw of Utah argued that the constitution should

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Speaker 1: be changed because, quote, if these people are dangerous on

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Speaker 1: the Pacific Coast, they will be dangerous here. Even in

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Speaker 1: the face of in my backyard style opposition to the

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Speaker 1: camps themselves, the general public was overwhelmingly in favor of

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Speaker 1: the removal, and continued to see the Japanese community as

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Speaker 1: a real threat even after they had been removed. In

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Speaker 1: December of nineteen forty two, a year after the bombing

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Speaker 1: of Pearl Harbor and about ten months after the signing

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Speaker 1: of Executive Order ninety sixty six, a Gallop Pole found

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Speaker 1: that forty eight percent of Americans believed the Japanese detainees

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Speaker 1: should not be allowed to return home after the war.

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Speaker 1: Half believed they should be sent back to Japan, while

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Speaker 1: thirteen percent responded put them out of this country. Ten

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Speaker 1: percent said leave them where they are under control, presumably

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Speaker 1: advocating a permanent imprisonment of citizens who had done absolutely

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Speaker 1: nothing wrong. At about the same time, in a Los

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Speaker 1: Angeles Times poll, a number of questions were asked about

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Speaker 1: people's support of the the incarcerations, and and what was

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Speaker 1: going on in the war. Ten thousand, five hundred people

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Speaker 1: answered yes to quote, do you favor a constitutional amendment

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Speaker 1: after the war for the deportation of all Japanese from

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Speaker 1: this country and forbidding further immigration, with an overwhelming no

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Speaker 1: vote for allowing an exception for American born Japanese people, who,

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Speaker 1: to be clear again, were already citizens and coming up,

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Speaker 1: we're going to talk about the resistance to the removal

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Speaker 1: and how it all came to an end. But first

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Speaker 1: we will once again take a quick break and have

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Speaker 1: a word from one of our sponsors. While on the

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Speaker 1: whole Japanese Americans had cooperated with the initial removal out

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Speaker 1: of the Pacific coast, over time divisions started to develop

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Speaker 1: within the camps. Some of this was generational, with younger

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Speaker 1: niss who were citizens of the United States increasingly rebelling

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Speaker 1: against being denied the rights of citizenship. NISSA began pushing

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Speaker 1: back against people who had been in the Japanese American

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Speaker 1: Citizens League, insisting that this organization should have been pushing

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Speaker 1: for a guarantee of their constitutional rights rather than working

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Speaker 1: to a pc the American government. And these divisions between

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Speaker 1: the first generation immigrants from Japan and their second generation

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Speaker 1: citizen children were exacerbated by overcrowding, poor living conditions, insufficient resources,

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Speaker 1: and a generally degrading to humanizing experience. And there certainly

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Speaker 1: were people incarcerated who really were loyal to Japan, many

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Speaker 1: of them the ones who had been educated there. And

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Speaker 1: over time these groups banded together and in some cases

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Speaker 1: turn on the rest of the camp, bullying and harassing

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Speaker 1: those who remained loyal to the United States as time

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Speaker 1: went on. This was particularly true at Tool Lake, where

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Speaker 1: people deemed disloyal or otherwise problematic dick were transferred. The

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Speaker 1: conditions in these camps were in general poor, and they

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Speaker 1: were often insufficient to withstand the climates where they were located.

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Speaker 1: As an example, desert camps were often just sweltering in

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Speaker 1: the summer and filled with dust from dust storms, and

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Speaker 1: there were also real incidents of violence, including at the

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Speaker 1: hands of guards. For example, two men were shot to

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Speaker 1: death in Lordsburg, New Mexico, at the camp there on

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Speaker 1: July seven, nineteen forty two, purportedly while they were trying

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Speaker 1: to escape, although both men were described as too ill

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Speaker 1: to walk at the time. Nineteen forty three saw a

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Speaker 1: number of huge changes in the war and in the camps.

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Speaker 1: On January ninety three, a little less than a year

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Speaker 1: after the Executive Order ninety six was signed, the Secretary

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Speaker 1: of War issued a press release describing the right to

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Speaker 1: bear arms in the nation's military as the right of

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Speaker 1: every citizen, no matter their national origin, after swearing their

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Speaker 1: un qualified allegiance and for swearing any form of allegiance

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Speaker 1: to Japan, Nissa would be allowed to voluntarily enlist in

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Speaker 1: the army. The response to this from within the camps

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Speaker 1: was mixed. There were people who were eligible to serve

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Speaker 1: and were elated at the chance to be released from

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Speaker 1: the camp, and many also had genuinely patriotic motives for

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Speaker 1: wanting to join the service, but others saw this as

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Speaker 1: deeply hypocritical, since it made no sense for a population

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Speaker 1: deemed so dangerous that they had to be incarcerated on

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Speaker 1: mass to be invited to join the war effort. There

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Speaker 1: was also the hypocrisy of the war in Europe, especially

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Speaker 1: being like against a nation that was putting people in

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Speaker 1: concentration camps, and the invitation was for people being held

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Speaker 1: in concentration camps in the United States to join the

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Speaker 1: effort to fight that force. It's a lot to wrap

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Speaker 1: your head around. Well, it's one of those things where

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Speaker 1: when you when you really can sider that, Uh, I

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Speaker 1: don't know if it's so much a lot to wrap

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Speaker 1: your head around in terms of like the details, but

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Speaker 1: it's like a head scratcher of like who could look

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Speaker 1: at all of this and be like, yeah, that that

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Speaker 1: makes sense. That seems there's some mental gymnastics involved. And

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Speaker 1: I mean a lot of times when we have talked

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Speaker 1: about wartime service and now it has related to civil rights,

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Speaker 1: it has been involving black soldiers who joined the service

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Speaker 1: to fight for freedom and then return home to find

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Speaker 1: that they were still subject to the same discrimination and

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Speaker 1: prejudice that had been true before the war. And this

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Speaker 1: is a little bit different because it was literally like,

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Speaker 1: please leave this concentration camp where we have been keeping

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Speaker 1: you to join the service and fight Hitler. Like, yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's a stretch, It's very weird. I'm sure people reconciled

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Speaker 1: it in their heads, but I cannot understand the math involved.

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Speaker 1: I'm sure we will get emails from people who insist

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Speaker 1: that it was the right thing to do. Uh. And

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Speaker 1: there have already been Japanese Americans in the Armed Forces

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Speaker 1: before Pearl Harbor, and along with new recruits, most wound

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Speaker 1: up in segregated units. These included the one hundred Infantry

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Speaker 1: Battalion and the four hundred twenty second Regimental Combat Team,

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00:25:18,160 --> 00:25:22,040
Speaker 1: which were eventually combined. These could definitely be an episode

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Speaker 1: on their own. People have certainly asked for us to

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Speaker 1: do that, but overall, the short version is that they

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Speaker 1: served with extreme valor. My original plan was actually to

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Speaker 1: include a lot more on them in this episode, but

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Speaker 1: the whole rest of this episode there was too much

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Speaker 1: of it. Uh So maybe someday in the future we

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Speaker 1: will have a show on them. In ninety three, a

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Speaker 1: number of policies also allowed some people to be released

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Speaker 1: from the camps. One was a quote mixed marriage non

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00:25:53,800 --> 00:25:57,480
Speaker 1: exclusive policy, which allowed young people who were parked Japanese

401
00:25:57,520 --> 00:26:00,679
Speaker 1: to be released under the argument that being kept in

402
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Speaker 1: a Japanese only camp might turn them against the United States. However,

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00:26:06,320 --> 00:26:09,000
Speaker 1: many of those who were released had nowhere to go.

404
00:26:09,560 --> 00:26:12,280
Speaker 1: They had no funds because their assets had been frozen,

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Speaker 1: and their families have lost everything, and they faced huge

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Speaker 1: hostility out in the rest of the world. That same year,

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00:26:20,160 --> 00:26:23,480
Speaker 1: the War Department and the War Relocation Authority also tried

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Speaker 1: to put together a way to figure out if the

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Speaker 1: people being held in the camps were loyal those who

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00:26:28,920 --> 00:26:32,520
Speaker 1: were not could not be released under the newly announced policies.

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Speaker 1: They did this through a questionnaire that became known as

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Speaker 1: the Loyalty Questionnaire, and two of its questions, in particular

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Speaker 1: numbers twenty seven and eight, We're problematic. Question twenty seven

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Speaker 1: asked eligible men if they were willing to serve in

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Speaker 1: combat duty, and asked everyone else if they were willing

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Speaker 1: to serve in some non combat way, and people were

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Speaker 1: afraid that answering yes to question would basically volunteer them

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Speaker 1: for active duty in the military. Question asked whether they

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Speaker 1: would swear loyalty to the United States and forswear loyalty

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Speaker 1: to the Emperor of Japan. Being American citizens born in

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Speaker 1: the US, most of whom had never even been to Japan,

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00:27:13,680 --> 00:27:17,880
Speaker 1: many had no loyalty to forswear, and people were reluctant

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Speaker 1: to swear loyalty to a government that had been imprisoning

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Speaker 1: them without due process in defiance of numerous aspects of

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Speaker 1: the Constitution. Because of their national origin, people who answered

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Speaker 1: no to both questions were branded as the no No Boys,

427
00:27:33,359 --> 00:27:37,440
Speaker 1: branded as disloyal, and in many cases transferred to tool Lake.

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Speaker 1: Those who were released from the camps in nineteen three

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00:27:41,280 --> 00:27:45,800
Speaker 1: and beyond continued to face prejudice, discrimination, hostility, and even violence,

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Speaker 1: and this became more of an issue as incidents that

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Speaker 1: had actually happened earlier in the war involving the nation

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Speaker 1: of Japan became more public knowledge. He's included the Batan

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Speaker 1: Death March and the deaths of the participants in the

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Speaker 1: Doolittle Raid who were captured by the Japanese. We have

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00:28:03,000 --> 00:28:05,119
Speaker 1: podcasts on the Doolittle Raid if you would like to

436
00:28:05,200 --> 00:28:11,600
Speaker 1: learn more about that story. Uh learning about these events

437
00:28:12,080 --> 00:28:16,600
Speaker 1: caused an even greater increase in anti Japanese sentiment. People

438
00:28:17,119 --> 00:28:20,919
Speaker 1: became increasingly angry that the camps were too soft on

439
00:28:20,960 --> 00:28:26,080
Speaker 1: the people who were incarcerated there, especially in cases when

440
00:28:26,200 --> 00:28:30,600
Speaker 1: the camps had facilities like hospitals that the nearby non

441
00:28:30,640 --> 00:28:35,719
Speaker 1: incarcerated community did not have easy access to. Through these policies,

442
00:28:35,800 --> 00:28:40,960
Speaker 1: in overall camp population dropped from about one d and

443
00:28:41,000 --> 00:28:45,080
Speaker 1: seven thousand to nine thousand, but many who were able

444
00:28:45,080 --> 00:28:47,960
Speaker 1: to leave were among the best educated, meaning that many

445
00:28:48,040 --> 00:28:52,560
Speaker 1: camps lost an important source of internal leadership. Unrest and

446
00:28:52,640 --> 00:28:56,680
Speaker 1: violent incidents within the camps increased, including more transfers to

447
00:28:56,680 --> 00:29:00,640
Speaker 1: tool Lake, whose non disloyal population shin had to be

448
00:29:00,680 --> 00:29:05,040
Speaker 1: transferred elsewhere to make room. In the spring of nineteen

449
00:29:05,080 --> 00:29:10,040
Speaker 1: forty four, Nissa once again, that is, the citizen children

450
00:29:10,080 --> 00:29:14,600
Speaker 1: of Japanese immigrants, were made eligible for the draft. This

451
00:29:14,800 --> 00:29:17,320
Speaker 1: led to the Fair Play Committee at the Heart and

452
00:29:17,360 --> 00:29:21,000
Speaker 1: Mountain Camp being organized and forming a draft resistance, with

453
00:29:21,080 --> 00:29:23,920
Speaker 1: many of them pointing out that they were being imprisoned

454
00:29:23,960 --> 00:29:27,160
Speaker 1: by a government that was now expecting them to serve

455
00:29:27,240 --> 00:29:32,720
Speaker 1: in the military involuntarily. The draft resistance at Heart and

456
00:29:32,760 --> 00:29:36,760
Speaker 1: Mountain led to indictments and convictions for violating the Selective

457
00:29:36,840 --> 00:29:41,880
Speaker 1: Service Act. Resistance to both the loyalty questionnaire and the

458
00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:45,760
Speaker 1: draft of Japanese American citizens eventually led to public Law

459
00:29:45,880 --> 00:29:49,520
Speaker 1: seventy eight DASH four oh five D Naturalization Act of

460
00:29:49,600 --> 00:29:55,640
Speaker 1: nineteen forty four, allowing citizens to voluntarily renounce citizenship during wartime.

461
00:29:56,600 --> 00:29:59,520
Speaker 1: The one hundred seventeen who first signed up had all

462
00:29:59,520 --> 00:30:02,920
Speaker 1: been edging caated in Japan, and we're all incarcerated at

463
00:30:02,960 --> 00:30:06,520
Speaker 1: Tool Lake and may have genuinely wanted to renounce American

464
00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:11,400
Speaker 1: citizenship and return to Japan. But then the administration at

465
00:30:11,440 --> 00:30:16,000
Speaker 1: Tool Lake started wilfully ignoring problems there, including bullying and

466
00:30:16,080 --> 00:30:18,960
Speaker 1: coercion at the hands of the people who really were

467
00:30:19,040 --> 00:30:24,200
Speaker 1: loyal to Japan. Eventually, five thousand, five hundred eighty nine

468
00:30:24,240 --> 00:30:28,760
Speaker 1: people at the camp renounced their citizenship, many under duress.

469
00:30:29,560 --> 00:30:32,200
Speaker 1: Most of these had their citizenship restored thanks to the

470
00:30:32,240 --> 00:30:35,920
Speaker 1: work of Wayne Collins from the A c l U. Yeah,

471
00:30:35,920 --> 00:30:39,600
Speaker 1: this space basically became an attempt to, like, let's see

472
00:30:39,600 --> 00:30:43,600
Speaker 1: how miserable we can make this situation to force people

473
00:30:43,640 --> 00:30:46,920
Speaker 1: to renounce their citizenship so that we can deport them

474
00:30:46,960 --> 00:30:52,240
Speaker 1: to Japan. Like that. They were not very uh covert

475
00:30:53,480 --> 00:30:58,800
Speaker 1: that that was the underlying purpose. Aside from the increasing

476
00:30:59,160 --> 00:31:04,040
Speaker 1: unrest and in some cases violence at the camps, especially

477
00:31:04,080 --> 00:31:08,240
Speaker 1: as the war dragged on, there were also legal challenges

478
00:31:08,280 --> 00:31:10,640
Speaker 1: to the internment that played out over the course of

479
00:31:10,680 --> 00:31:14,360
Speaker 1: several years. Four different cases went all the way to

480
00:31:14,400 --> 00:31:18,400
Speaker 1: the Supreme Court. Minorro Yusui was in the reserves and

481
00:31:18,480 --> 00:31:21,800
Speaker 1: after being turned away from enlisting in the regular army

482
00:31:22,120 --> 00:31:26,440
Speaker 1: nine times after Pearl Harbor, he broke curfew on purpose

483
00:31:26,560 --> 00:31:30,640
Speaker 1: and was arrested. Newspapers then described him as a spy

484
00:31:30,880 --> 00:31:34,200
Speaker 1: because his children had drawn pictures of the Panama Canal.

485
00:31:35,560 --> 00:31:39,720
Speaker 1: Gordon Hirabayashi, who was a Quaker, also broke curfew and

486
00:31:39,760 --> 00:31:44,200
Speaker 1: got arrested on purpose. Fred Korematsu had plastic surgery on

487
00:31:44,280 --> 00:31:46,960
Speaker 1: his eyes and tried to go into hiding before being

488
00:31:47,000 --> 00:31:52,320
Speaker 1: convicted of violating the executive order, and Mitsui Endo was

489
00:31:52,400 --> 00:31:54,800
Speaker 1: chosen by the a c l U as a test

490
00:31:54,880 --> 00:31:58,920
Speaker 1: case to try to have the removal and incarceration ruled unconstitutional.

491
00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:03,880
Speaker 1: The Supreme Court unanimously agreed in nineteen forty three that

492
00:32:04,000 --> 00:32:08,720
Speaker 1: Hirabayashi and Yasui's convictions were constitutional, and it held off

493
00:32:08,760 --> 00:32:11,520
Speaker 1: on hearing the other cases until after the nineteen forty

494
00:32:11,520 --> 00:32:16,160
Speaker 1: four presidential election. On December eighteenth, nineteen forty four, it

495
00:32:16,240 --> 00:32:19,440
Speaker 1: was unanimously ruled that the United States could not continue

496
00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:24,200
Speaker 1: to detain loyal citizens of the United States. Following this decision,

497
00:32:24,560 --> 00:32:27,000
Speaker 1: more and more people were allowed to leave the camps

498
00:32:27,080 --> 00:32:29,680
Speaker 1: if they were able to demonstrate that they were loyal,

499
00:32:30,280 --> 00:32:32,760
Speaker 1: and after the end of the war they were gradually

500
00:32:32,760 --> 00:32:35,760
Speaker 1: shut down. Tool Lake was the last to close, on

501
00:32:35,920 --> 00:32:40,480
Speaker 1: March twentieth, nineteen forty six. However, many of the cities

502
00:32:40,520 --> 00:32:43,600
Speaker 1: and towns that had been home to Japanese communities before

503
00:32:43,640 --> 00:32:46,840
Speaker 1: the war no longer welcomed them, including some going so

504
00:32:46,880 --> 00:32:50,240
Speaker 1: far as basically posting signs saying don't come back here.

505
00:32:51,560 --> 00:32:56,160
Speaker 1: In the end, fifty four thousands Japanese people UH and

506
00:32:56,360 --> 00:33:00,240
Speaker 1: citizens of Japanese ancestry returned to the Pacific coast. Fifty

507
00:33:00,280 --> 00:33:02,640
Speaker 1: two thousand went to other parts of the United States.

508
00:33:02,640 --> 00:33:06,959
Speaker 1: In Hawaii, nearly five thousand went back to Japan, although

509
00:33:06,960 --> 00:33:09,760
Speaker 1: many were allowed to return to the United States following

510
00:33:09,880 --> 00:33:14,280
Speaker 1: Wayne Collins legal advocacy on their behalf, basically having the

511
00:33:14,320 --> 00:33:19,440
Speaker 1: citizenship that they had relinquished under duress restored to them.

512
00:33:19,480 --> 00:33:22,120
Speaker 1: Many of these people were trying to start over with

513
00:33:22,280 --> 00:33:27,080
Speaker 1: virtually nothing. The total property loss from the people who

514
00:33:27,120 --> 00:33:30,000
Speaker 1: either had to sell or lost their homes and businesses

515
00:33:30,120 --> 00:33:33,640
Speaker 1: is estimated at one point three billion dollars and the

516
00:33:33,760 --> 00:33:37,880
Speaker 1: net income loss of two point seven billion dollars, although

517
00:33:37,920 --> 00:33:41,840
Speaker 1: that is a N three estimate, would be more dollars

518
00:33:41,840 --> 00:33:45,440
Speaker 1: than that now. One thousand, eight hundred sixty two people

519
00:33:45,560 --> 00:33:49,960
Speaker 1: died in the camps, including an incidence of violence, including

520
00:33:49,960 --> 00:33:53,960
Speaker 1: at the hands of guards. There were no serious convictions

521
00:33:54,040 --> 00:33:58,640
Speaker 1: of any Japanese American during the war for espionage, sabotage,

522
00:33:58,840 --> 00:34:00,960
Speaker 1: or any of the other at ativities that had led

523
00:34:01,000 --> 00:34:04,800
Speaker 1: to the incarceration in the first place. However, there were

524
00:34:04,840 --> 00:34:08,279
Speaker 1: at least ten convictions of white Americans for spying for

525
00:34:08,320 --> 00:34:13,160
Speaker 1: the Japanese. In nineteen forty eight, President Harry S. Truman

526
00:34:13,239 --> 00:34:17,759
Speaker 1: signed the Japanese American Evacuation Claims Act, which granted a

527
00:34:17,800 --> 00:34:20,799
Speaker 1: total of thirty eight million dollars and restitutions of people

528
00:34:20,840 --> 00:34:24,799
Speaker 1: who had been incarcerated. However, this amounted to a fraction

529
00:34:25,040 --> 00:34:28,720
Speaker 1: of just the lost income from people's time in the camps.

530
00:34:29,600 --> 00:34:33,400
Speaker 1: The Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians was

531
00:34:33,560 --> 00:34:37,160
Speaker 1: established in nineteen eighty after a lengthy campaign for an

532
00:34:37,200 --> 00:34:41,880
Speaker 1: investigation and justice. After holding extensive hearings, it recommended an

533
00:34:41,880 --> 00:34:45,360
Speaker 1: apology and a twenty thousand dollar payment to each person

534
00:34:45,400 --> 00:34:48,520
Speaker 1: who had survived the internment and was then still living.

535
00:34:49,280 --> 00:34:52,839
Speaker 1: President Ronald Reagan signed Hr. Four forty two, also known

536
00:34:52,840 --> 00:34:55,600
Speaker 1: as the Civil Liberties Act of nineteen eighty seven, into

537
00:34:55,680 --> 00:35:00,120
Speaker 1: law on August tenth, which offered the recommended apolog g

538
00:35:00,280 --> 00:35:05,680
Speaker 1: and reparation. It quote declares that one A grave injustice

539
00:35:05,800 --> 00:35:09,920
Speaker 1: was done to citizens and permanent resident aliens of Japanese

540
00:35:09,960 --> 00:35:15,400
Speaker 1: ancestry by the evacuation, relocation an internment of civilians during

541
00:35:15,400 --> 00:35:20,200
Speaker 1: World War two two. These actions were without security reasons

542
00:35:20,280 --> 00:35:24,839
Speaker 1: and without any acts of espionage or sabotage documented by

543
00:35:24,880 --> 00:35:28,799
Speaker 1: the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, and

544
00:35:28,840 --> 00:35:34,040
Speaker 1: were motivated by racial prejudice, wartime hysteria, and a failure

545
00:35:34,239 --> 00:35:39,840
Speaker 1: of political leadership. Three that the excluded individuals suffered enormous

546
00:35:39,960 --> 00:35:44,040
Speaker 1: damages for which appropriate compensation has not been made, and

547
00:35:44,120 --> 00:35:48,440
Speaker 1: four the Congress apologizes on behalf of the nation. The

548
00:35:48,560 --> 00:35:51,680
Speaker 1: same act also establishes a fund for the Aluts who

549
00:35:51,680 --> 00:35:54,560
Speaker 1: were evacuated from their home in Alaska, which was in

550
00:35:54,600 --> 00:35:57,880
Speaker 1: a war zone, and interned for far longer than was needed,

551
00:35:58,320 --> 00:36:05,360
Speaker 1: mainly in old fish cannery without sufficient care. Yeah, that's unlike, uh,

552
00:36:05,440 --> 00:36:11,799
Speaker 1: the incarceration of Japanese and Italian and German nationals and citizens,

553
00:36:12,840 --> 00:36:16,360
Speaker 1: which were like for reasons of suspicion and their the

554
00:36:16,400 --> 00:36:18,440
Speaker 1: idea that they were enemy aliens and all of that

555
00:36:18,520 --> 00:36:22,719
Speaker 1: kind of stuff. This evacuation was because, um, the islands

556
00:36:22,719 --> 00:36:25,120
Speaker 1: and peninsula peninsula that they were living on was in

557
00:36:25,160 --> 00:36:28,840
Speaker 1: a war zoom and lack could be a whole subject

558
00:36:28,840 --> 00:36:30,320
Speaker 1: of its own I think, I don't think there's a

559
00:36:30,360 --> 00:36:33,680
Speaker 1: thing on it in the archive. Um, but that boiled

560
00:36:33,680 --> 00:36:39,280
Speaker 1: down to you basically being moved for probably the right reasons,

561
00:36:39,320 --> 00:36:44,480
Speaker 1: but in appalling conditions for just way longer than was

562
00:36:44,480 --> 00:36:49,360
Speaker 1: actually necessary for anybody's safety or national security. As a

563
00:36:49,480 --> 00:36:53,520
Speaker 1: last note, Japanese immigrants became eligible to become United States

564
00:36:53,520 --> 00:36:57,440
Speaker 1: citizens in nineteen fifty two. I feel like we should

565
00:36:57,440 --> 00:37:00,200
Speaker 1: also point out, in case any of our listeners had

566
00:37:00,239 --> 00:37:03,000
Speaker 1: wanted to go see Allegiance when it was in movie

567
00:37:03,040 --> 00:37:05,920
Speaker 1: theaters and missed the first round, it will be back

568
00:37:05,960 --> 00:37:09,520
Speaker 1: in theaters this weekend. If you're listening to this the

569
00:37:09,520 --> 00:37:14,960
Speaker 1: week that it publishes on correct tickets are sold out

570
00:37:14,960 --> 00:37:17,960
Speaker 1: where I live. I have my tickets, so since I

571
00:37:18,000 --> 00:37:19,760
Speaker 1: missed it the first time because I was on a plane,

572
00:37:19,840 --> 00:37:22,840
Speaker 1: this time I'll get to see it. How about listener

573
00:37:22,880 --> 00:37:25,520
Speaker 1: mail on this one, I do have listener mail and

574
00:37:25,560 --> 00:37:29,239
Speaker 1: it is from Sandy, and Sandy says, hi, ladies. I

575
00:37:29,280 --> 00:37:31,719
Speaker 1: just want to say I'm a longtime listener and enjoy

576
00:37:31,760 --> 00:37:35,560
Speaker 1: your informative broadcasts. I have been a pediatric intensive care

577
00:37:35,680 --> 00:37:38,440
Speaker 1: nurse for many years. When I was a young nurse

578
00:37:38,560 --> 00:37:41,760
Speaker 1: in the eighties, we used iron lungs. They were good

579
00:37:41,760 --> 00:37:45,000
Speaker 1: for the patient who needed respiratory support due to muscle

580
00:37:45,040 --> 00:37:49,400
Speaker 1: weakness like polio, infant paralysis, and Gail and Barret syndrome.

581
00:37:50,520 --> 00:37:52,840
Speaker 1: As you said in your podcast, there are very few left.

582
00:37:53,239 --> 00:37:55,040
Speaker 1: I think not so much it was because it was

583
00:37:55,080 --> 00:37:58,080
Speaker 1: not good technology, but more the fact that they were

584
00:37:58,120 --> 00:38:01,600
Speaker 1: expensive to maintain. They were very big and heavy. They

585
00:38:01,640 --> 00:38:05,160
Speaker 1: became harder and harder to find a suppliers stopped making them,

586
00:38:05,239 --> 00:38:08,760
Speaker 1: and existing tank respirators eventually wear out and better positive

587
00:38:08,760 --> 00:38:12,759
Speaker 1: pressure ventilators were developed. I actually liked them as a

588
00:38:12,840 --> 00:38:16,480
Speaker 1: child could talk while in it, while a conventional ventilator

589
00:38:16,520 --> 00:38:19,000
Speaker 1: and a breathing tube is down their throat and into

590
00:38:19,000 --> 00:38:22,840
Speaker 1: their lungs and is uncomfortable, require sedation, and is always

591
00:38:22,880 --> 00:38:27,880
Speaker 1: at risk for being dislodged. There are less invasive ventilator machines,

592
00:38:27,960 --> 00:38:30,520
Speaker 1: but they require strapping a mask to the face, also

593
00:38:30,680 --> 00:38:34,400
Speaker 1: not comfortable, and they have their own pros and cons. Anyway,

594
00:38:34,440 --> 00:38:37,719
Speaker 1: I was recently home visiting my mom n years old,

595
00:38:37,800 --> 00:38:41,120
Speaker 1: also a nurse, and we stopped. I'm gonna leave out

596
00:38:41,160 --> 00:38:45,160
Speaker 1: the place where they stopped because privacy they have the

597
00:38:45,160 --> 00:38:47,840
Speaker 1: most fascinating warehouse. And right in the front door was

598
00:38:47,920 --> 00:38:50,719
Speaker 1: an old iron lung had a soul sign on it.

599
00:38:50,960 --> 00:38:53,160
Speaker 1: Not sure what the buyer was going to do with it,

600
00:38:53,239 --> 00:38:56,920
Speaker 1: but uh, it was interesting to see. I'm attaching a photo.

601
00:38:57,040 --> 00:38:59,239
Speaker 1: My mom said that when she was yet a young nurse,

602
00:38:59,280 --> 00:39:02,719
Speaker 1: they had Polly Awards with these iron lungs. Hospitals now

603
00:39:02,760 --> 00:39:05,879
Speaker 1: have backup generators for when there's a power outage. As

604
00:39:05,880 --> 00:39:08,600
Speaker 1: you can imagine, almost everything at a bedside now has

605
00:39:08,640 --> 00:39:12,000
Speaker 1: an electrical component, not so much. When my mom was

606
00:39:12,040 --> 00:39:15,320
Speaker 1: a young nurse, all i vs were regulated by hand,

607
00:39:15,480 --> 00:39:18,520
Speaker 1: no bedside monitors, et cetera. She did say that they

608
00:39:18,520 --> 00:39:21,720
Speaker 1: would if they would lose electricity with storms and such.

609
00:39:22,760 --> 00:39:25,440
Speaker 1: They had to pump the iron lungs with a foot

610
00:39:25,520 --> 00:39:28,000
Speaker 1: pedal to keep the bellows pumping. I did a search

611
00:39:28,040 --> 00:39:31,439
Speaker 1: on photos and came across a bunch. These were older

612
00:39:31,480 --> 00:39:33,720
Speaker 1: than the kind I worked with, but maybe not my mom.

613
00:39:34,160 --> 00:39:37,000
Speaker 1: There's a picture of a nurse holding a cigarette for

614
00:39:37,080 --> 00:39:40,560
Speaker 1: a patient in the iron lung sigh, and then she

615
00:39:40,560 --> 00:39:43,000
Speaker 1: gives a link to the photos. I'm always amazed to

616
00:39:43,000 --> 00:39:45,640
Speaker 1: see how far medicine has come in a relatively short time.

617
00:39:46,000 --> 00:39:49,800
Speaker 1: Early ventilators had very little that could be adjusted compared

618
00:39:50,280 --> 00:39:52,839
Speaker 1: to the ones we have now, sort of like two

619
00:39:52,840 --> 00:39:55,520
Speaker 1: tin cans in a string compared to an iPhone seven.

620
00:39:55,719 --> 00:39:57,480
Speaker 1: All I can think is that in another fifty years

621
00:39:57,520 --> 00:39:59,040
Speaker 1: we will look back on our state of the art

622
00:39:59,080 --> 00:40:02,200
Speaker 1: technology and think al barbaric. Sorry this is a bit wordy.

623
00:40:02,280 --> 00:40:05,560
Speaker 1: Don't apologize. It's great I love the wide variety of

624
00:40:05,600 --> 00:40:11,360
Speaker 1: interesting topics, your thoroughness, uh without overwhelming your listeners, your Sandy,

625
00:40:11,400 --> 00:40:14,839
Speaker 1: Thank you so much, Sandy. I'm gonna be honest, I

626
00:40:15,000 --> 00:40:18,919
Speaker 1: had not thought about the fact that, uh a pro

627
00:40:19,200 --> 00:40:22,040
Speaker 1: of the iron lung would be that it allowed patients

628
00:40:22,160 --> 00:40:25,200
Speaker 1: to speak and not have a tube down their throat. Yeah. Either.

629
00:40:25,320 --> 00:40:27,719
Speaker 1: But then when I first read that email, my thought

630
00:40:27,840 --> 00:40:30,680
Speaker 1: was like, if I were in a position to need

631
00:40:30,760 --> 00:40:33,360
Speaker 1: such a thing and have any level of say in

632
00:40:33,400 --> 00:40:36,520
Speaker 1: the matter, I would be like, iron lung, please, I

633
00:40:36,640 --> 00:40:40,239
Speaker 1: like to talk more. Uh. Yeah, I had not thought

634
00:40:40,239 --> 00:40:44,600
Speaker 1: about that at all. Um. And I can completely see

635
00:40:44,640 --> 00:40:47,640
Speaker 1: how that would be, especially with children who don't necessarily

636
00:40:47,640 --> 00:40:51,840
Speaker 1: have other means of communicating uh their own needs, that

637
00:40:52,000 --> 00:40:54,160
Speaker 1: being able to speak well in an iron lung could

638
00:40:54,200 --> 00:40:57,120
Speaker 1: be really really beneficial. Um And Yeah, there are lots

639
00:40:57,160 --> 00:40:59,640
Speaker 1: of pictures of polio awards that were basically rose and

640
00:40:59,719 --> 00:41:02,120
Speaker 1: rose of iron lungs with patients in them during the

641
00:41:02,200 --> 00:41:06,120
Speaker 1: hype of polio. So thank you so much for writing

642
00:41:06,320 --> 00:41:08,200
Speaker 1: to us. If you would like to write to us

643
00:41:08,239 --> 00:41:10,960
Speaker 1: about this or any other podcast or a history podcast

644
00:41:11,000 --> 00:41:13,640
Speaker 1: at how Stuff Works dot com. We're also on Facebook

645
00:41:13,640 --> 00:41:15,840
Speaker 1: at Facebook dot com slash miss in history and on

646
00:41:15,880 --> 00:41:18,759
Speaker 1: Twitter at miss in History. Our tumbler is missing history

647
00:41:18,800 --> 00:41:21,359
Speaker 1: dot tumbler dot com. We're on Pinterest at pinterest dot

648
00:41:21,400 --> 00:41:23,960
Speaker 1: com slash miss in history, and that's also where our

649
00:41:24,000 --> 00:41:27,200
Speaker 1: instagram is at missing history. You can come to our

650
00:41:27,239 --> 00:41:29,760
Speaker 1: parent company's website, which is how stuff works dot com

651
00:41:29,800 --> 00:41:33,279
Speaker 1: to find uh all kinds of information about just about

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Speaker 1: anything your heart desires. And you can come to our website,

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00:41:36,040 --> 00:41:38,919
Speaker 1: which is missing history dot com to find show notes

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00:41:38,960 --> 00:41:40,880
Speaker 1: on all the episodes Holly and I have ever worked

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00:41:40,920 --> 00:41:45,560
Speaker 1: on an archive every episode ever, lots of other cool stuff,

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00:41:45,560 --> 00:41:46,879
Speaker 1: so you can do all that and a whole lot

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00:41:46,920 --> 00:41:49,160
Speaker 1: more at how stuff works dot com or miss in

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00:41:49,239 --> 00:41:57,640
Speaker 1: history dot com for more on this and thousands of

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Speaker 1: other topics. Is it how stuff works dot com dot

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Speaker 1: do