1 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:07,800 Speaker 1: Welcome to tech Stuff, a production from I Heart Radio. 2 00:00:12,119 --> 00:00:14,920 Speaker 1: Hey there, and welcome to tech Stuff. I'm your host, 3 00:00:15,080 --> 00:00:18,200 Speaker 1: Jovian Strickland. I'm an executive producer with I Heart Radio 4 00:00:18,280 --> 00:00:20,560 Speaker 1: and I love all things tech. It is time for 5 00:00:20,600 --> 00:00:24,280 Speaker 1: a tech Stuff classic episode. This episode originally published February 6 00:00:23,960 --> 00:00:27,560 Speaker 1: twenty three, two thousand and fifteen. It is titled The 7 00:00:27,680 --> 00:00:33,120 Speaker 1: Six Simple Machines Enjoy. Have you all ever done a 8 00:00:33,159 --> 00:00:36,280 Speaker 1: podcast on the six classical simple Machines? If not, that 9 00:00:36,400 --> 00:00:39,360 Speaker 1: might make for an interesting topic. Oh I remember these 10 00:00:39,400 --> 00:00:43,720 Speaker 1: from school? I do too, is except I don't remember them. 11 00:00:43,800 --> 00:00:46,640 Speaker 1: What were they? There was the toaster, There was the 12 00:00:47,840 --> 00:00:51,760 Speaker 1: what the electric camera? Yeah? I think I'm pretty sure 13 00:00:51,800 --> 00:00:54,520 Speaker 1: the A T M was on their nail gun, right, 14 00:00:54,640 --> 00:00:57,760 Speaker 1: that's way up there? Yeah, and uh I think, uh, 15 00:00:57,800 --> 00:01:00,640 Speaker 1: I think perpetual motion. That was one was really simple. 16 00:01:00,640 --> 00:01:04,679 Speaker 1: It just kept going. The machine simple and it also 17 00:01:04,720 --> 00:01:07,800 Speaker 1: know as the clock. Yes, yeah, yeah, no, of course 18 00:01:07,959 --> 00:01:12,560 Speaker 1: the six Simple Machines are far simpler than that, but 19 00:01:12,720 --> 00:01:16,560 Speaker 1: they are really important. They form the basis of a 20 00:01:16,640 --> 00:01:20,360 Speaker 1: lot of the machines that we use today, and ultimately, 21 00:01:20,720 --> 00:01:27,120 Speaker 1: most importantly, they make work easier. Work is hard work 22 00:01:27,240 --> 00:01:30,319 Speaker 1: is hard, work is hard to explain unless you're a 23 00:01:30,319 --> 00:01:32,880 Speaker 1: physics teacher and you do it all the time. But 24 00:01:33,000 --> 00:01:35,200 Speaker 1: it has been many, many years since I took a 25 00:01:35,200 --> 00:01:38,600 Speaker 1: course in physics, and while I still understand and appreciate 26 00:01:38,680 --> 00:01:41,720 Speaker 1: simple machines and the concepts of work and force and 27 00:01:41,920 --> 00:01:45,080 Speaker 1: this sort of thing, it behooved me to do a 28 00:01:45,120 --> 00:01:48,320 Speaker 1: quick refresher course before doing this podcast. We'll share your 29 00:01:48,320 --> 00:01:51,920 Speaker 1: knowledge with this, Jonathan. All right, So work is force 30 00:01:52,080 --> 00:01:56,000 Speaker 1: acting on an object in the direction of motion. Uh. 31 00:01:56,000 --> 00:01:58,840 Speaker 1: And so you could think of it in the equation 32 00:01:59,000 --> 00:02:04,360 Speaker 1: of force times distance equals work. All right. Uh. So 33 00:02:04,400 --> 00:02:08,200 Speaker 1: this is why we we express work in units of 34 00:02:08,200 --> 00:02:11,360 Speaker 1: force and time, such as a Newton meter and a newton. 35 00:02:12,000 --> 00:02:15,040 Speaker 1: Since this raises the next question, a newton is the 36 00:02:15,080 --> 00:02:18,320 Speaker 1: amount of force required to accelerate one m of mass 37 00:02:18,360 --> 00:02:23,080 Speaker 1: at one per second squared. So these are the basic 38 00:02:23,160 --> 00:02:26,040 Speaker 1: units we're talking about, although we'll also be talking about 39 00:02:26,680 --> 00:02:31,960 Speaker 1: uh pound foot as a means of a unit of measurement. 40 00:02:32,000 --> 00:02:37,280 Speaker 1: Because we're in America and we use antiquated systems of 41 00:02:37,400 --> 00:02:40,239 Speaker 1: units in our measurements. Then we can't understand how to 42 00:02:40,360 --> 00:02:44,480 Speaker 1: use this funky you know, metric system approach or or 43 00:02:44,560 --> 00:02:48,520 Speaker 1: the standard unit approach. Okay, but wait a second, how 44 00:02:48,600 --> 00:02:52,720 Speaker 1: is work different from force? So force is an agent 45 00:02:52,840 --> 00:02:58,560 Speaker 1: that results in accelerating or deforming an object. So if 46 00:02:58,639 --> 00:03:01,640 Speaker 1: you want to get an object to start moving, you 47 00:03:01,680 --> 00:03:05,280 Speaker 1: have to apply force to it. If you want to 48 00:03:05,320 --> 00:03:07,720 Speaker 1: punch a hole in a wall, you have to apply 49 00:03:07,880 --> 00:03:11,520 Speaker 1: force to it. But work is the force acting on 50 00:03:11,560 --> 00:03:13,959 Speaker 1: that object in the direction of motion. So it's it's 51 00:03:14,000 --> 00:03:18,280 Speaker 1: it's a it's it encompasses more than just the force. Okay. 52 00:03:18,280 --> 00:03:21,519 Speaker 1: So if I pushed a wheelbarrow twenty feet over a 53 00:03:21,600 --> 00:03:24,240 Speaker 1: certain period of time, that would be work, right, But 54 00:03:24,280 --> 00:03:28,840 Speaker 1: your actual pushing against the wheelbarrow itself is force, So 55 00:03:29,000 --> 00:03:31,440 Speaker 1: you know, it's it's kind of a perspective thing in 56 00:03:31,480 --> 00:03:33,880 Speaker 1: a way. But it's very important when you start talking 57 00:03:33,919 --> 00:03:37,920 Speaker 1: about how much how much work and actual task is 58 00:03:38,440 --> 00:03:40,400 Speaker 1: versus the amount of force that you have to do 59 00:03:40,920 --> 00:03:44,960 Speaker 1: to accomplish that task. Okay, And so machines in the 60 00:03:45,040 --> 00:03:49,360 Speaker 1: simplest way, are something that helps us do work easier, right, Yeah, 61 00:03:49,440 --> 00:03:52,280 Speaker 1: so that we either have to do the work with 62 00:03:52,520 --> 00:03:57,760 Speaker 1: less force or uh. Really, machines can change the dynamics 63 00:03:57,800 --> 00:04:01,240 Speaker 1: of force and distance an interesting way, and sometimes it's 64 00:04:01,320 --> 00:04:05,640 Speaker 1: ways that might seem counterintuitive to you will definitely talk 65 00:04:05,720 --> 00:04:09,120 Speaker 1: about something that seems counterintuitive, at least the fort when 66 00:04:09,120 --> 00:04:10,880 Speaker 1: I first thought of it, it was counterintuitive when we 67 00:04:10,920 --> 00:04:14,840 Speaker 1: get to h levers, which spoiler alert are actually one 68 00:04:14,880 --> 00:04:19,159 Speaker 1: of the six. But at any rate, yeah, it means 69 00:04:19,200 --> 00:04:21,240 Speaker 1: that we don't have to exert as much energy when 70 00:04:21,279 --> 00:04:25,480 Speaker 1: we are trying to accomplish this task, the specific type 71 00:04:25,480 --> 00:04:29,200 Speaker 1: of work, whatever that might be. And that was really important. 72 00:04:29,200 --> 00:04:34,280 Speaker 1: I mean, obviously in early the early days of humanity, 73 00:04:34,360 --> 00:04:36,760 Speaker 1: you know, we spent most of our effort just trying 74 00:04:36,760 --> 00:04:40,280 Speaker 1: to make sure we weren't dying, and anything that would 75 00:04:40,480 --> 00:04:43,320 Speaker 1: save us that kind of effort meant that we could 76 00:04:43,800 --> 00:04:47,080 Speaker 1: we could reserve more energy for very important things like 77 00:04:47,240 --> 00:04:53,120 Speaker 1: running away. It's a big one, yeah, But at any rate, 78 00:04:53,560 --> 00:04:57,400 Speaker 1: so there are four main ways that machines make work easier, 79 00:04:58,000 --> 00:05:01,360 Speaker 1: and the first is that he can increase the magnitude 80 00:05:01,520 --> 00:05:04,719 Speaker 1: of a force. So they essentially amplify the amount of 81 00:05:04,720 --> 00:05:07,440 Speaker 1: force being applied to an object or system. So you 82 00:05:07,480 --> 00:05:11,080 Speaker 1: are are exerting a certain force upon a machine, the 83 00:05:11,120 --> 00:05:15,240 Speaker 1: machine amplifies that force applied to whatever the load is. 84 00:05:15,480 --> 00:05:18,080 Speaker 1: That's usually what we call the the thing that you're 85 00:05:18,120 --> 00:05:21,719 Speaker 1: having the machine act upon and it amplifies that force 86 00:05:21,880 --> 00:05:24,600 Speaker 1: so that the load is is experiencing more force being 87 00:05:24,600 --> 00:05:27,200 Speaker 1: exerted upon it than you are putting into the machine. Okay, 88 00:05:27,240 --> 00:05:30,080 Speaker 1: so in early humanity terms, you might think of this 89 00:05:30,160 --> 00:05:33,320 Speaker 1: as something like an AX, right, yeah, that would be one, 90 00:05:33,520 --> 00:05:36,240 Speaker 1: uh you know, any or a ramp, just a simple ramp, 91 00:05:36,279 --> 00:05:38,919 Speaker 1: because you would you would be exerting less force to 92 00:05:38,960 --> 00:05:41,080 Speaker 1: move the object as if you wanted. Let's say you 93 00:05:41,080 --> 00:05:45,040 Speaker 1: wanted to move an object, huh to a allege that's 94 00:05:45,080 --> 00:05:48,200 Speaker 1: ten ft above ground level, and if you were to 95 00:05:48,240 --> 00:05:52,240 Speaker 1: actually just lift that object physically, it would require a 96 00:05:52,279 --> 00:05:54,360 Speaker 1: certain amount of force on your side. But if you 97 00:05:54,440 --> 00:05:57,720 Speaker 1: used a ramp, it would decrease, especially a very long, 98 00:05:58,040 --> 00:06:01,279 Speaker 1: gradually sloped ramp, It would decrease the amount of force 99 00:06:01,279 --> 00:06:03,359 Speaker 1: you needed to get the thing moving. It would just 100 00:06:03,440 --> 00:06:05,760 Speaker 1: increase the amount of distance you would have to travel 101 00:06:05,800 --> 00:06:07,640 Speaker 1: to get it to where it needs to go. We'll 102 00:06:07,640 --> 00:06:09,760 Speaker 1: talk more about that in a bit. Oh yeah, well, 103 00:06:09,760 --> 00:06:12,040 Speaker 1: I guess an AX would actually involve more than one 104 00:06:12,120 --> 00:06:15,120 Speaker 1: kind of simple machine because it has an inclined plane 105 00:06:15,200 --> 00:06:18,200 Speaker 1: or a wedge on it. Yeah, I thought so, maybe 106 00:06:18,240 --> 00:06:20,440 Speaker 1: what I should have said would be a club, Yeah, 107 00:06:20,560 --> 00:06:24,360 Speaker 1: a club that would magnify force, right, yeah. Yeah. There's 108 00:06:24,400 --> 00:06:27,240 Speaker 1: also the the idea of transferring a force from one 109 00:06:27,240 --> 00:06:29,640 Speaker 1: place to another, which machines that allow us to apply 110 00:06:29,640 --> 00:06:33,360 Speaker 1: a force in one place the forces transferred to another place. 111 00:06:33,520 --> 00:06:36,960 Speaker 1: So uh, this can be uh we'll get into some 112 00:06:37,000 --> 00:06:39,440 Speaker 1: examples a little bit later. There's also changing the direction 113 00:06:39,600 --> 00:06:43,000 Speaker 1: of the force, where you may have to apply a 114 00:06:43,000 --> 00:06:45,480 Speaker 1: force in one direction and it's being exerted in Another 115 00:06:45,680 --> 00:06:48,560 Speaker 1: classic example of this would be a lever or a 116 00:06:48,600 --> 00:06:52,280 Speaker 1: pulley where you know the classic lever where I might 117 00:06:52,360 --> 00:06:54,440 Speaker 1: like it. With a classic leaver, I pushed down on 118 00:06:54,440 --> 00:06:57,239 Speaker 1: one side, the other side goes up, so I'm actually 119 00:06:57,960 --> 00:07:01,960 Speaker 1: pushing the opposite direction of where the force is being applied. Okay, 120 00:07:02,040 --> 00:07:05,239 Speaker 1: so like a seesaw. Yeah. Then there's also the increasing 121 00:07:05,279 --> 00:07:08,200 Speaker 1: the distance or speed of a force, which is a 122 00:07:08,240 --> 00:07:10,840 Speaker 1: pretty simple concept. Uh. And this is the one that 123 00:07:10,920 --> 00:07:13,800 Speaker 1: to me was the most counterintuitive when we get to levers, 124 00:07:13,800 --> 00:07:15,920 Speaker 1: but I want to save that for when we get there. 125 00:07:16,560 --> 00:07:18,960 Speaker 1: And of course, a combination of machines can create a 126 00:07:18,960 --> 00:07:22,480 Speaker 1: wide array of effects, and we'll talk about some compound 127 00:07:22,640 --> 00:07:25,760 Speaker 1: machines which are uh, you know it's obviously two or 128 00:07:25,840 --> 00:07:30,000 Speaker 1: more simple machines put together to make something more complex. Okay, 129 00:07:30,040 --> 00:07:32,120 Speaker 1: well one of these simple machines has got to be 130 00:07:32,160 --> 00:07:35,280 Speaker 1: the wheel, right, well, wheel and axle to be to 131 00:07:35,400 --> 00:07:38,360 Speaker 1: be specific. But yes, yeah, I guess without an axle, 132 00:07:38,520 --> 00:07:43,240 Speaker 1: wheel isn't not as useful, no it you know, they're 133 00:07:43,280 --> 00:07:47,360 Speaker 1: essentially POGs. Yeah, you could push it a little bit 134 00:07:47,400 --> 00:07:49,320 Speaker 1: and then you'd have to keep putting it back under 135 00:07:49,360 --> 00:07:53,679 Speaker 1: the thing. Yeah. In fact, that's exactly how early humans 136 00:07:53,720 --> 00:07:56,960 Speaker 1: were moving large weights. They would have a collection of 137 00:07:57,040 --> 00:07:59,600 Speaker 1: logs and they would lay those out on the ground, 138 00:08:00,360 --> 00:08:02,280 Speaker 1: place a heavy weight on top of the logs. They 139 00:08:02,320 --> 00:08:04,960 Speaker 1: pushed the heavy weight. The heavy weight would roll across 140 00:08:05,000 --> 00:08:07,080 Speaker 1: the tops of those logs. But that would mean that 141 00:08:07,400 --> 00:08:09,520 Speaker 1: you get closer to the edge, right, you're the the 142 00:08:09,600 --> 00:08:11,480 Speaker 1: end of the object. We get closer to the last 143 00:08:11,960 --> 00:08:14,400 Speaker 1: remaining log in the front. You would have to pick 144 00:08:14,480 --> 00:08:16,520 Speaker 1: up the logs in the back, run around, put them 145 00:08:16,520 --> 00:08:19,400 Speaker 1: down in front of everything. Was not the most efficient 146 00:08:19,400 --> 00:08:21,160 Speaker 1: means of getting a heavy weight from point A to 147 00:08:21,240 --> 00:08:23,360 Speaker 1: point B. I bet that was a fun job. Yeah, 148 00:08:23,360 --> 00:08:25,880 Speaker 1: I mean, now, granted, when all you're trying to do 149 00:08:26,040 --> 00:08:29,440 Speaker 1: is build a megalithic structure to sacrifice humans on. Well, 150 00:08:29,480 --> 00:08:31,920 Speaker 1: and here's the thing, the people who were building said 151 00:08:31,960 --> 00:08:36,679 Speaker 1: megalithic structures often time was not something they were really 152 00:08:36,840 --> 00:08:42,160 Speaker 1: that concerned about. Yeah, but at any rate, Um, if 153 00:08:42,160 --> 00:08:44,200 Speaker 1: you're looking at the wheel and axel, we believe that 154 00:08:44,240 --> 00:08:49,600 Speaker 1: was invented sometime around thirty five hundred b c E. Yeah, 155 00:08:49,640 --> 00:08:53,080 Speaker 1: the earliest evidence actually comes from thirty two hundred from 156 00:08:53,120 --> 00:08:57,840 Speaker 1: Sumerian artifacts. And also it appears to have been independently 157 00:08:58,440 --> 00:09:04,640 Speaker 1: invented in China around Okay, so not shared from the Sumerians, 158 00:09:04,720 --> 00:09:07,400 Speaker 1: but different people came up with the same idea. Yes, 159 00:09:07,440 --> 00:09:09,840 Speaker 1: that that seems to be the case. There are some 160 00:09:09,840 --> 00:09:14,400 Speaker 1: people who suggest that no, there was one common ancestor 161 00:09:14,520 --> 00:09:17,600 Speaker 1: for all wheel and axles, and that that then proliferated 162 00:09:17,600 --> 00:09:21,040 Speaker 1: across the rest of the world. But the research I 163 00:09:21,120 --> 00:09:24,600 Speaker 1: read suggested that in fact it did appear independently, which 164 00:09:24,640 --> 00:09:28,040 Speaker 1: is kind of cool. Yeah, So this allows for obviously 165 00:09:28,200 --> 00:09:32,680 Speaker 1: much easier travel and transportation. Right, it reduces the friction 166 00:09:32,760 --> 00:09:36,160 Speaker 1: that you would experience when you're pushing something against the ground. 167 00:09:36,480 --> 00:09:38,600 Speaker 1: That makes a lot of sense because I can imagine 168 00:09:38,679 --> 00:09:42,720 Speaker 1: one of the most common work problems in the ancient 169 00:09:42,760 --> 00:09:45,280 Speaker 1: world was just getting stuff from one place to another, 170 00:09:45,440 --> 00:09:49,760 Speaker 1: and it probably wasn't always megalithic structure, materials, you know, 171 00:09:50,040 --> 00:09:53,079 Speaker 1: moving a giant stone, just moving your supplies. You've got 172 00:09:53,600 --> 00:09:57,520 Speaker 1: foods you've collected or foraged, You've got you know, tools 173 00:09:57,760 --> 00:10:00,600 Speaker 1: or building materials you want to take with you. How 174 00:10:00,600 --> 00:10:02,439 Speaker 1: do you get them from one place to another? I mean, 175 00:10:02,520 --> 00:10:04,440 Speaker 1: if all you've got is you can carry them on 176 00:10:04,480 --> 00:10:07,560 Speaker 1: your back, right, you might build a sledge or something 177 00:10:07,640 --> 00:10:10,160 Speaker 1: so that now you have some sort of animal that's 178 00:10:10,200 --> 00:10:13,040 Speaker 1: pulling it, but that's not very efficient. It's very slow going, 179 00:10:13,080 --> 00:10:15,240 Speaker 1: and of course if you hit any terrain that's not 180 00:10:16,120 --> 00:10:19,760 Speaker 1: conducive to such you know, vehicles, then you're really stuck 181 00:10:20,120 --> 00:10:25,120 Speaker 1: literally in some cases. So yeah, the wheel reduces friction, right, 182 00:10:25,160 --> 00:10:28,040 Speaker 1: that's the big thing it does in this in this use. 183 00:10:28,120 --> 00:10:29,840 Speaker 1: There's another use for the wheel and axle that we'll 184 00:10:29,840 --> 00:10:31,920 Speaker 1: talk about in a second, But when you attach it 185 00:10:31,960 --> 00:10:34,520 Speaker 1: to something like a cart and you have an axle 186 00:10:34,559 --> 00:10:38,120 Speaker 1: and wheel set up there, then the wheels turning reduces 187 00:10:38,160 --> 00:10:41,920 Speaker 1: the friction that you experience when you're pushing this against 188 00:10:42,000 --> 00:10:43,920 Speaker 1: the ground, and it reduces the amount of force you 189 00:10:43,920 --> 00:10:47,800 Speaker 1: need to use to get this thing moving. Um. It's 190 00:10:48,040 --> 00:10:50,640 Speaker 1: you know, pretty simple concept. And there are two different, 191 00:10:50,720 --> 00:10:52,800 Speaker 1: really you know types of wheel and axles. There's the 192 00:10:52,840 --> 00:10:55,200 Speaker 1: type of wheel and axle where the wheel can move 193 00:10:55,240 --> 00:11:00,160 Speaker 1: freely around the axles, the axle remains stationary in act 194 00:11:00,160 --> 00:11:02,800 Speaker 1: to the wheel. The wheel just rotates around the axle. 195 00:11:03,360 --> 00:11:06,320 Speaker 1: And then there's the fixed that that one would be 196 00:11:06,320 --> 00:11:09,240 Speaker 1: fixed to the frame of the cart, so the axle 197 00:11:09,360 --> 00:11:11,720 Speaker 1: is fixed and the wheel moved right. And then they're 198 00:11:11,760 --> 00:11:16,080 Speaker 1: also the type where the axle turns along with the wheel. Uh, 199 00:11:16,120 --> 00:11:18,000 Speaker 1: and it has to be in some sort of bearing 200 00:11:18,360 --> 00:11:21,720 Speaker 1: that will hold on and allow it this turning motion. 201 00:11:22,200 --> 00:11:24,160 Speaker 1: I'm trying to think what would be the advantages and 202 00:11:24,240 --> 00:11:27,920 Speaker 1: disadvantages of each. So if you have free moving wheels, 203 00:11:27,960 --> 00:11:31,880 Speaker 1: each wheel can move independently. Um. But if you have 204 00:11:31,960 --> 00:11:37,280 Speaker 1: wheels attached directly to the axles, then the wheels on 205 00:11:37,360 --> 00:11:39,640 Speaker 1: each end of one axle will have to move together, 206 00:11:40,360 --> 00:11:42,680 Speaker 1: which you know, you look at cars, Yeah, you know, 207 00:11:42,960 --> 00:11:46,840 Speaker 1: if if all of our cars had each wheel moving independently, 208 00:11:46,880 --> 00:11:51,040 Speaker 1: and some actually do have some four wheel independent drive, uh, 209 00:11:51,120 --> 00:11:54,600 Speaker 1: then that's different than if they're all working together in concert. 210 00:11:54,800 --> 00:11:58,000 Speaker 1: If you will and so yeah, I mean they're they're 211 00:11:58,000 --> 00:12:02,160 Speaker 1: different use cases, and there are different advantages and disadvantages. Uh. 212 00:12:02,200 --> 00:12:05,280 Speaker 1: The important thing to remember is that this simple machine 213 00:12:05,320 --> 00:12:08,560 Speaker 1: is one of the things that helped revolutionize humanity and 214 00:12:08,640 --> 00:12:13,480 Speaker 1: keep humanity alive and allowing it to thrive. Um. Obviously, 215 00:12:13,520 --> 00:12:15,720 Speaker 1: otherwise we just went and get our stuff to where 216 00:12:15,720 --> 00:12:18,880 Speaker 1: it needs to be. It would be tough. Uh. So 217 00:12:19,679 --> 00:12:23,440 Speaker 1: another thing you can do with the wheel and axle besides, 218 00:12:23,520 --> 00:12:25,200 Speaker 1: you know, attach it to a vehicle and have it 219 00:12:25,320 --> 00:12:29,480 Speaker 1: moved through. Uh. The the wheel and axel has a 220 00:12:30,160 --> 00:12:36,000 Speaker 1: multiplying force aspect to it, so the force around the axle. 221 00:12:36,280 --> 00:12:38,600 Speaker 1: Think of the axle. It's kind of like a small 222 00:12:38,640 --> 00:12:43,160 Speaker 1: cylinder in the center of a larger cylinder, the larger 223 00:12:43,160 --> 00:12:45,080 Speaker 1: one being the wheel and the small one being the axle. 224 00:12:46,040 --> 00:12:51,320 Speaker 1: The rotational force around that small cylinder is greater than 225 00:12:51,360 --> 00:12:54,880 Speaker 1: the rotational force on the outer cylinder, but the distance 226 00:12:54,920 --> 00:12:57,679 Speaker 1: traveled on the outer cylinder is greater than the distance 227 00:12:57,720 --> 00:13:02,559 Speaker 1: traveled in the inner cylinder. Yeah. Okay, Now what that 228 00:13:02,600 --> 00:13:05,000 Speaker 1: means for us is that you can use a wheel 229 00:13:05,200 --> 00:13:08,760 Speaker 1: as a means of like a crank or uh, you know, 230 00:13:08,840 --> 00:13:12,880 Speaker 1: a valve, something along those lines, and you can apply 231 00:13:13,320 --> 00:13:16,360 Speaker 1: a small amount of force to the outside of that wheel, 232 00:13:16,880 --> 00:13:20,400 Speaker 1: the force being experienced on the axle part is much greater. 233 00:13:20,800 --> 00:13:24,000 Speaker 1: So if you have something that normally would be fairly 234 00:13:24,080 --> 00:13:26,560 Speaker 1: tough to turn, if you have a large enough wheel, 235 00:13:26,600 --> 00:13:28,640 Speaker 1: it starts to become easier and easier to turn it, 236 00:13:28,679 --> 00:13:31,360 Speaker 1: which is why you start seeing things like those giant 237 00:13:32,040 --> 00:13:36,880 Speaker 1: wheel like um uh handles for things like the heavy 238 00:13:36,960 --> 00:13:40,840 Speaker 1: doors and submarines things like that. So, yeah, that it 239 00:13:41,040 --> 00:13:44,760 Speaker 1: allows you to move much heavier machinery or gears or 240 00:13:44,800 --> 00:13:48,800 Speaker 1: whatever using a small amount, relatively small amount of rotational 241 00:13:48,840 --> 00:13:52,400 Speaker 1: force on a larger surface, and the multiplication of that 242 00:13:52,440 --> 00:13:54,960 Speaker 1: force is what gives you the ability to do a 243 00:13:55,000 --> 00:13:58,320 Speaker 1: lot of work. Yeah, I can see that. In like, say, 244 00:13:58,360 --> 00:14:00,800 Speaker 1: the at the helm of an old ship, you would 245 00:14:00,840 --> 00:14:03,000 Speaker 1: have a very large wheel, and I'm sure it took 246 00:14:03,040 --> 00:14:05,960 Speaker 1: a lot of force to move the rudder of the ships. 247 00:14:06,360 --> 00:14:09,360 Speaker 1: Having a larger wheel probably made it easier. I'm glad 248 00:14:09,400 --> 00:14:11,440 Speaker 1: you brought that up. I'm glad you brought up the 249 00:14:11,440 --> 00:14:16,839 Speaker 1: wheel because or the helm obviously, because that that will 250 00:14:16,880 --> 00:14:20,440 Speaker 1: allow us to talk about some interesting different types of machines, 251 00:14:21,040 --> 00:14:23,720 Speaker 1: not just the wheel, but our next machine, the lever, 252 00:14:23,960 --> 00:14:28,480 Speaker 1: because before the helm, before the wheel of a ship, 253 00:14:29,120 --> 00:14:32,600 Speaker 1: which really didn't come about until the really the late 254 00:14:32,600 --> 00:14:37,640 Speaker 1: eighteenth century. Yeah, yeah, you see those wheels on ships. 255 00:14:37,680 --> 00:14:41,720 Speaker 1: Those are all modern inventions. In the long run, the 256 00:14:41,760 --> 00:14:44,600 Speaker 1: classic way of controlling a ship was with a tiller, 257 00:14:45,200 --> 00:14:48,040 Speaker 1: which was more like a lever. So a tiller is 258 00:14:48,160 --> 00:14:50,360 Speaker 1: essentially it's a it's a lever that comes out, you 259 00:14:50,400 --> 00:14:53,680 Speaker 1: hold onto the end. You make small adjustments on one side, 260 00:14:53,720 --> 00:14:57,000 Speaker 1: but because the way the lever is adjusted, it makes 261 00:14:57,080 --> 00:15:00,960 Speaker 1: larger changes with the rudder of the ship. The helm 262 00:15:01,000 --> 00:15:03,440 Speaker 1: of a ship involves a lot of other parts. It's 263 00:15:03,480 --> 00:15:08,320 Speaker 1: really a compound um machine ultimately, because you've got the wheel, 264 00:15:08,440 --> 00:15:10,760 Speaker 1: you've got some pulley systems that connect the wheel to 265 00:15:10,800 --> 00:15:13,360 Speaker 1: the rudder. It's pretty cool. So I'm glad you brought 266 00:15:13,400 --> 00:15:15,120 Speaker 1: it up. Well, you know, if you look at a 267 00:15:15,120 --> 00:15:18,440 Speaker 1: wheel like that as uh, something that allows you to 268 00:15:18,800 --> 00:15:22,680 Speaker 1: apply force over a greater distance to create more force 269 00:15:22,760 --> 00:15:25,920 Speaker 1: on a shorter distance in the middle, it's kind of 270 00:15:25,960 --> 00:15:30,120 Speaker 1: like some types of levers, like, for example, a torque wringe. Right, 271 00:15:30,800 --> 00:15:33,920 Speaker 1: So if you if you have a wrench and you 272 00:15:33,960 --> 00:15:36,120 Speaker 1: have a bolt that you know it's really it's really 273 00:15:36,240 --> 00:15:38,640 Speaker 1: or sorry, it would be a nut. I guess a nut. 274 00:15:38,680 --> 00:15:41,600 Speaker 1: And it is really hard to loosen. It takes a 275 00:15:41,640 --> 00:15:43,480 Speaker 1: lot of force to do it. You can do it 276 00:15:43,560 --> 00:15:47,080 Speaker 1: by having a longer handle on your wrench. The longer 277 00:15:47,120 --> 00:15:50,880 Speaker 1: the handle, the easier it is to get that thing loosened. Right, 278 00:15:50,960 --> 00:15:53,760 Speaker 1: And you have to travel a greater distance, uh in 279 00:15:53,800 --> 00:15:56,560 Speaker 1: a circle a circle right for you to get that 280 00:15:56,560 --> 00:15:59,800 Speaker 1: that nut to go one complete rotation. But it's far 281 00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:02,160 Speaker 1: easier as far as the amount of force applied. I 282 00:16:02,240 --> 00:16:04,280 Speaker 1: like that you pronounce it lever and I pronounce it lever. 283 00:16:05,040 --> 00:16:07,280 Speaker 1: It's gonna get really interesting when we're talking about leverage. 284 00:16:07,520 --> 00:16:10,520 Speaker 1: So the data data, Yeah, this is the device that 285 00:16:10,600 --> 00:16:13,680 Speaker 1: gives us a leverage, and which is really how I 286 00:16:13,720 --> 00:16:15,400 Speaker 1: would say it. I don't know why I say lever 287 00:16:15,560 --> 00:16:17,480 Speaker 1: but then I say leverage. I just don't. I guess 288 00:16:17,480 --> 00:16:20,080 Speaker 1: it's you know, it's just because that song you know, 289 00:16:20,160 --> 00:16:23,880 Speaker 1: fifty ways to love your lever. Okay, never mind, you 290 00:16:23,920 --> 00:16:28,920 Speaker 1: love them and then you love them. So remember that. 291 00:16:29,120 --> 00:16:31,480 Speaker 1: Like we were saying, work equals force times distance, and 292 00:16:31,600 --> 00:16:34,800 Speaker 1: like Joe was just pointing out, if you increase the distance, 293 00:16:34,880 --> 00:16:37,440 Speaker 1: that means you you can decrease the amount of force 294 00:16:37,480 --> 00:16:40,680 Speaker 1: to do the same amount of work, right, or you 295 00:16:40,760 --> 00:16:43,480 Speaker 1: could increase the amount of force and decrease the amount 296 00:16:43,520 --> 00:16:46,320 Speaker 1: of distance and get the same amount of work. It's 297 00:16:46,320 --> 00:16:49,800 Speaker 1: those two factors that determine the amount of work that's done. 298 00:16:50,640 --> 00:16:53,120 Speaker 1: So using a lever, we can change that amount of 299 00:16:53,120 --> 00:16:57,360 Speaker 1: force applied. Uh. And the law of the lever proposed 300 00:16:57,400 --> 00:17:00,520 Speaker 1: by Archimedes you may have heard of him, is that 301 00:17:00,600 --> 00:17:05,040 Speaker 1: quote magnitudes are an equilibrium at distances reciprocally proportional to 302 00:17:05,160 --> 00:17:10,199 Speaker 1: their weights. End quote. That clears everything up, but it's 303 00:17:10,280 --> 00:17:12,719 Speaker 1: essentially what we're talking about. So what are the basic 304 00:17:12,800 --> 00:17:16,320 Speaker 1: parts of a lever. You've got, uh, your the lever 305 00:17:16,359 --> 00:17:19,160 Speaker 1: itself is the side that you apply the force to. Yeah, yeah, 306 00:17:19,200 --> 00:17:23,240 Speaker 1: and then you've got something that it typically has to 307 00:17:23,320 --> 00:17:27,800 Speaker 1: rest against at some point along the beam. You think 308 00:17:27,800 --> 00:17:29,840 Speaker 1: of the beam as the full length of whatever the 309 00:17:29,920 --> 00:17:33,520 Speaker 1: liver is. The fulcrum is the pivot point that it 310 00:17:33,640 --> 00:17:38,400 Speaker 1: rests against that you you use to help uh apply 311 00:17:38,560 --> 00:17:45,280 Speaker 1: force to whatever the output side is typically speaking. And uh, 312 00:17:45,400 --> 00:17:48,840 Speaker 1: the way this works is depending on what side is longer, 313 00:17:49,440 --> 00:17:53,879 Speaker 1: that's going to travel more distance and and apply less force. 314 00:17:54,119 --> 00:17:56,639 Speaker 1: So if you have a weight, and you put the 315 00:17:56,720 --> 00:17:59,840 Speaker 1: short side of a beam under that weight, and then 316 00:17:59,840 --> 00:18:02,080 Speaker 1: you got a fulcrum there, and then the long side 317 00:18:02,119 --> 00:18:03,800 Speaker 1: of the beam is the one that you pushed down on. 318 00:18:04,160 --> 00:18:07,160 Speaker 1: You have to push further to make the weight go 319 00:18:07,320 --> 00:18:09,560 Speaker 1: up the distance you wanted to go, but you're using 320 00:18:09,680 --> 00:18:11,400 Speaker 1: less force than you would if you were to just 321 00:18:11,640 --> 00:18:16,720 Speaker 1: lift the weight up bodily, straight up. So we thought 322 00:18:16,720 --> 00:18:19,960 Speaker 1: this would be easier to understand with an example. So 323 00:18:20,560 --> 00:18:23,879 Speaker 1: imagine that you've got a fifty pound weight. I'm just 324 00:18:23,920 --> 00:18:26,959 Speaker 1: gonna do a little bit of metrics here just at 325 00:18:27,000 --> 00:18:29,639 Speaker 1: the beginning, and then I apologize. You're just gonna have 326 00:18:29,680 --> 00:18:32,280 Speaker 1: to use conversions to convert everything over because I didn't 327 00:18:32,320 --> 00:18:34,680 Speaker 1: do it for everything. But if you're talking about fifty pounds, 328 00:18:34,720 --> 00:18:37,160 Speaker 1: that's about twenty two point seven trams and you want 329 00:18:37,160 --> 00:18:40,320 Speaker 1: to lift it up two feet, which is about point 330 00:18:40,400 --> 00:18:42,280 Speaker 1: six meters. To do this, you have to do a 331 00:18:42,320 --> 00:18:45,200 Speaker 1: hundred pound feet of work or one thirty five point 332 00:18:45,280 --> 00:18:47,920 Speaker 1: six newt meters of work, because again it's force times distance. 333 00:18:48,400 --> 00:18:51,200 Speaker 1: So you'd have the uh fifty pounds of weight times 334 00:18:51,240 --> 00:18:55,040 Speaker 1: the two feet, and that gets the hundred pound foot work. Now, 335 00:18:55,040 --> 00:18:57,560 Speaker 1: if you used a lever that was twenty ft long 336 00:18:57,600 --> 00:18:59,840 Speaker 1: on one side and then ten feet on the other side. 337 00:18:59,840 --> 00:19:02,120 Speaker 1: So so the side that you're going to apply force too, 338 00:19:02,160 --> 00:19:04,960 Speaker 1: it's twice as long. And you've got a fulcrum that's 339 00:19:05,000 --> 00:19:07,920 Speaker 1: just uh that's one ft tall. It would be half 340 00:19:07,960 --> 00:19:11,400 Speaker 1: the amount of force you would need to lift that 341 00:19:11,520 --> 00:19:16,240 Speaker 1: load than before um, so it you know, it's it's 342 00:19:16,359 --> 00:19:18,320 Speaker 1: much easier. And of course if you were to extend 343 00:19:18,359 --> 00:19:22,320 Speaker 1: the lever longer, it would be less and less force, 344 00:19:22,359 --> 00:19:24,359 Speaker 1: but you have to travel greater distances to get it 345 00:19:24,440 --> 00:19:26,960 Speaker 1: up the two feet that you want. This is why 346 00:19:27,080 --> 00:19:31,399 Speaker 1: you have the famous possibly apocryphal quote, uh that our 347 00:19:31,440 --> 00:19:33,280 Speaker 1: committees said that he said if he had a lever 348 00:19:33,359 --> 00:19:36,040 Speaker 1: long enough, he could move the world. I guess that's 349 00:19:36,080 --> 00:19:39,560 Speaker 1: probably true. Yeah, I guess, well, no, I don't probably 350 00:19:39,640 --> 00:19:43,960 Speaker 1: using it would depend It would depend on what the 351 00:19:43,960 --> 00:19:46,760 Speaker 1: the lever or lever was made of, wouldn't it. Because 352 00:19:47,119 --> 00:19:49,080 Speaker 1: at a certain point, when you're trying to move things 353 00:19:49,080 --> 00:19:52,560 Speaker 1: of great enough mass are taking enough force to move, 354 00:19:53,280 --> 00:19:56,080 Speaker 1: you'd reach the breaking point of your lever, wouldn't you. Well, yeah, 355 00:19:56,119 --> 00:19:59,440 Speaker 1: I mean, if you had something that was that long, 356 00:19:59,560 --> 00:20:04,120 Speaker 1: unless it had incredible strength, it would uh, it would 357 00:20:04,119 --> 00:20:07,120 Speaker 1: break under its own weight. We'll be back with more 358 00:20:07,320 --> 00:20:18,520 Speaker 1: of the six simple machines after these brief messages. So 359 00:20:19,080 --> 00:20:22,080 Speaker 1: leavers change the direction or they can change the direction 360 00:20:22,080 --> 00:20:24,560 Speaker 1: of an applied force, but depends upon the input and 361 00:20:24,640 --> 00:20:28,160 Speaker 1: output output forces relative to the fulcrum. And there are 362 00:20:28,200 --> 00:20:30,560 Speaker 1: three classes of levers. So the one we just talked 363 00:20:30,560 --> 00:20:33,080 Speaker 1: about that example, the you got the it's it's like 364 00:20:33,119 --> 00:20:38,439 Speaker 1: the seesaw looking type of lever. That's a the first 365 00:20:38,520 --> 00:20:43,000 Speaker 1: class style of lever. Okay, So one side of the 366 00:20:43,000 --> 00:20:45,480 Speaker 1: seesaw is longer than the other side. You can use 367 00:20:45,520 --> 00:20:49,080 Speaker 1: the longer side to lift heavier loads. And it also 368 00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:51,520 Speaker 1: changes the direction of the applied force. That's one of 369 00:20:51,520 --> 00:20:54,600 Speaker 1: the one of the elements of it. The second class 370 00:20:55,480 --> 00:21:00,440 Speaker 1: is more like a wheelbarrow, which involves too simple machines. 371 00:21:00,480 --> 00:21:02,800 Speaker 1: You have the wheel and axle, but you also have levers. 372 00:21:02,840 --> 00:21:06,960 Speaker 1: The handles act as levers. Now in that case, the 373 00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:12,040 Speaker 1: fulcrumb is on one end of the entire beam. Think 374 00:21:12,119 --> 00:21:14,960 Speaker 1: of the handles as a beam. So the fulcrumb in 375 00:21:14,960 --> 00:21:17,760 Speaker 1: this case the wheel is weigh on one end. Then 376 00:21:17,840 --> 00:21:20,440 Speaker 1: you have the load, which is the actually little load 377 00:21:20,480 --> 00:21:23,679 Speaker 1: that's inside the wheelbarrow. Then you have the handles the 378 00:21:23,720 --> 00:21:27,360 Speaker 1: input that you create. So it's different from the seesaw right, 379 00:21:27,400 --> 00:21:29,120 Speaker 1: where you would have the fulcrum in the center. Now 380 00:21:29,119 --> 00:21:31,000 Speaker 1: you have the fulcrum on the end, then the load 381 00:21:31,119 --> 00:21:34,400 Speaker 1: and then you lifting it this one. Instead of reversing 382 00:21:34,440 --> 00:21:36,800 Speaker 1: the direction of the force, it's the same direction right 383 00:21:36,800 --> 00:21:39,520 Speaker 1: because you're lifting up on a wheelbarrow, handles and it 384 00:21:39,560 --> 00:21:42,280 Speaker 1: and it lifts the load up as well. So it's 385 00:21:42,280 --> 00:21:47,560 Speaker 1: different from uh, the first class of leavers. The third 386 00:21:47,600 --> 00:21:51,200 Speaker 1: class is the one that seems the most counterintuitive if 387 00:21:51,240 --> 00:21:56,240 Speaker 1: you first think about it. So would the flat end 388 00:21:56,480 --> 00:21:59,920 Speaker 1: of a crowbar be a second class lever because they're 389 00:22:00,040 --> 00:22:02,720 Speaker 1: what you're doing is you don't have the full crumb 390 00:22:02,720 --> 00:22:05,679 Speaker 1: in the middle. You're you're pressing the end against the 391 00:22:05,720 --> 00:22:08,920 Speaker 1: inside of the door frame, say, and then a little 392 00:22:08,920 --> 00:22:12,360 Speaker 1: bit further towards the end you're holding is what's mashing 393 00:22:12,359 --> 00:22:15,080 Speaker 1: against the door and you're using it to pry like 394 00:22:15,160 --> 00:22:18,720 Speaker 1: a prying action. Seems like second class levers. It is, 395 00:22:18,800 --> 00:22:20,359 Speaker 1: And of course, if you were to turn the crowbar 396 00:22:20,400 --> 00:22:23,520 Speaker 1: around to use the curved end be a first class 397 00:22:23,560 --> 00:22:26,720 Speaker 1: just like a Claude hammer would be as well. Here's 398 00:22:26,760 --> 00:22:29,679 Speaker 1: a Claude hammer to remove nails. Uh, so that's a 399 00:22:29,680 --> 00:22:32,159 Speaker 1: great example. Third class levers are the ones to me 400 00:22:32,280 --> 00:22:35,320 Speaker 1: that are the most counterintuitive. Um they have the fulcrum 401 00:22:35,440 --> 00:22:39,400 Speaker 1: at one end, then you have the input force, then 402 00:22:39,440 --> 00:22:42,240 Speaker 1: you have the output force. So you know when the 403 00:22:42,280 --> 00:22:45,800 Speaker 1: wheelbarrow example, we've got input force on one end, then 404 00:22:45,840 --> 00:22:48,639 Speaker 1: output in the middle, then the fulcrum in this case 405 00:22:48,960 --> 00:22:53,000 Speaker 1: fulcrum input output. And you might think, wait a minute, 406 00:22:53,119 --> 00:22:55,880 Speaker 1: what the how does that even work? It doesn't sound 407 00:22:55,960 --> 00:22:57,800 Speaker 1: like and why would you want to use that? Because 408 00:22:58,400 --> 00:23:01,160 Speaker 1: if you use if you use the sort of lever, 409 00:23:01,240 --> 00:23:04,560 Speaker 1: it has what we call an ideal mechanical advantage of 410 00:23:04,680 --> 00:23:08,560 Speaker 1: less than one ideal mechanical advantage. This is what's telling 411 00:23:08,600 --> 00:23:13,560 Speaker 1: you how how how much it's helping you in the 412 00:23:13,600 --> 00:23:15,840 Speaker 1: sense of how much force you have to apply versus 413 00:23:16,560 --> 00:23:19,199 Speaker 1: the force that you're getting out of this too for 414 00:23:19,320 --> 00:23:22,920 Speaker 1: the issue of making work right, So here you're you're 415 00:23:22,920 --> 00:23:25,639 Speaker 1: actually at a loss. Yeah, and you might wonder, well, 416 00:23:25,640 --> 00:23:27,560 Speaker 1: why would you want to do that? And the reason 417 00:23:28,320 --> 00:23:32,000 Speaker 1: is that you are that output force has actually applied 418 00:23:32,000 --> 00:23:34,199 Speaker 1: over a greater distance. So it's kind of the reverse 419 00:23:34,200 --> 00:23:36,720 Speaker 1: of what we were talking about. Earlier about how with 420 00:23:36,800 --> 00:23:39,359 Speaker 1: the wheel, when you have the greater distance, you have 421 00:23:39,400 --> 00:23:42,879 Speaker 1: to apply less force, but you get more distance. In 422 00:23:42,880 --> 00:23:45,280 Speaker 1: this case, you have to apply more forced down at 423 00:23:45,280 --> 00:23:47,600 Speaker 1: the input, but you're getting greater distance at the output, 424 00:23:47,920 --> 00:23:51,240 Speaker 1: which is really useful if you're up to bat. A 425 00:23:51,640 --> 00:23:54,640 Speaker 1: baseball bat is a third class leaver. So this would 426 00:23:54,640 --> 00:23:58,760 Speaker 1: be like my club example earlier exactly, that's essentially a 427 00:23:58,880 --> 00:24:02,240 Speaker 1: third class lever or a first class bunk in the head. 428 00:24:03,359 --> 00:24:07,080 Speaker 1: Uh So anyway, yeah, very interesting. Some of the some 429 00:24:07,160 --> 00:24:09,760 Speaker 1: of this to me is counterintuitive. I'm sure to some 430 00:24:09,800 --> 00:24:11,639 Speaker 1: people that are like, this all makes perfect sense. I 431 00:24:11,640 --> 00:24:14,320 Speaker 1: don't know what you're talking about with counterintuitive, but I 432 00:24:14,320 --> 00:24:16,240 Speaker 1: remember the first time I read about they were using 433 00:24:16,280 --> 00:24:19,280 Speaker 1: a hockey stick as a an example of a third 434 00:24:19,280 --> 00:24:21,760 Speaker 1: class lever from one of the sources. I was looking 435 00:24:21,760 --> 00:24:25,959 Speaker 1: over and I thought, I'm from Georgia. That example means 436 00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:30,240 Speaker 1: nothing to me. And then they said baseball band, Like, Okay, 437 00:24:30,440 --> 00:24:33,760 Speaker 1: now I understand what you're saying. We're gonna wrap up 438 00:24:33,840 --> 00:24:36,520 Speaker 1: the six simple machines in just a moment, but before 439 00:24:36,560 --> 00:24:47,320 Speaker 1: we do that, let's take another quick break. Next, we 440 00:24:47,400 --> 00:24:51,320 Speaker 1: have another simple machine, the inclined plane, and it is 441 00:24:51,359 --> 00:24:55,440 Speaker 1: so inclined. It's the simplest of all simple machines. Perhaps 442 00:24:55,680 --> 00:24:58,760 Speaker 1: it's it's definitely, I mean it's it's essentially a ramp, 443 00:24:59,440 --> 00:25:01,920 Speaker 1: you know, that's really what is So when you want 444 00:25:01,960 --> 00:25:04,240 Speaker 1: to move, when you want to move a load from 445 00:25:04,320 --> 00:25:07,800 Speaker 1: one elevation to a different elevation and it's too heavy 446 00:25:07,880 --> 00:25:11,960 Speaker 1: to just lift, a ramp can often help out. It 447 00:25:12,080 --> 00:25:14,679 Speaker 1: decreases the amount of force you need to get the 448 00:25:14,760 --> 00:25:17,920 Speaker 1: load to that height, but it increases the distance you 449 00:25:18,000 --> 00:25:21,960 Speaker 1: must travel in order to do so. So when we 450 00:25:21,960 --> 00:25:24,920 Speaker 1: were talking earlier about the wheels and the logs and 451 00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:27,879 Speaker 1: you know, this this concept of how much time is 452 00:25:27,880 --> 00:25:30,920 Speaker 1: it going to take to do this? Uh, the pyramids 453 00:25:31,320 --> 00:25:35,920 Speaker 1: were built by moving these enormous blocks of stone up 454 00:25:36,119 --> 00:25:39,800 Speaker 1: very long ramps to get to their their various elevations 455 00:25:39,800 --> 00:25:42,440 Speaker 1: because the blocks of stone are far too heavy to 456 00:25:42,640 --> 00:25:45,640 Speaker 1: just lift and put them in place. Wow. I think 457 00:25:45,640 --> 00:25:48,359 Speaker 1: for a long time we didn't know how they were built, right, Yeah, No, 458 00:25:48,560 --> 00:25:51,200 Speaker 1: there was a lot of speculation about how it actually happened. 459 00:25:51,240 --> 00:25:54,320 Speaker 1: But as it turns out, the ramp method is the 460 00:25:54,359 --> 00:25:57,000 Speaker 1: one that was used to You know, if you build 461 00:25:57,000 --> 00:25:59,920 Speaker 1: the ramp out long enough, then you decrease that force 462 00:26:00,040 --> 00:26:02,040 Speaker 1: to make it more manageable, but you do have to 463 00:26:02,080 --> 00:26:06,240 Speaker 1: make the ramp longer and longer to increase that mechanical advantage. Right, 464 00:26:07,160 --> 00:26:08,960 Speaker 1: That does mean you have to travel further and further, 465 00:26:09,080 --> 00:26:11,920 Speaker 1: and makes sense because you know, you just intuitively understand 466 00:26:11,920 --> 00:26:14,280 Speaker 1: that a short ramp is going to be much more steep, 467 00:26:14,960 --> 00:26:17,800 Speaker 1: and that steepness is going to make make it so 468 00:26:17,840 --> 00:26:20,359 Speaker 1: that you have to apply more force to get whatever 469 00:26:20,400 --> 00:26:23,560 Speaker 1: the load is up that ramp. That you're familiar with. 470 00:26:23,600 --> 00:26:27,600 Speaker 1: This in simple walking terms, I mean you take fewer 471 00:26:27,680 --> 00:26:33,480 Speaker 1: steps going up a short steep incline to the same 472 00:26:33,520 --> 00:26:39,120 Speaker 1: altitude versus a very long, slow, gradual slope to an 473 00:26:39,160 --> 00:26:44,359 Speaker 1: equal altitude, but you but it's still you know, easier 474 00:26:44,720 --> 00:26:47,120 Speaker 1: taking the long, slow way. You're still doing the same 475 00:26:47,119 --> 00:26:50,199 Speaker 1: amount of work overall, because again it's four times distance, 476 00:26:50,280 --> 00:26:54,080 Speaker 1: but you're doing less force per unit of walking, so 477 00:26:54,440 --> 00:26:58,120 Speaker 1: it doesn't feel like it's as exhausting unless the ramp 478 00:26:58,200 --> 00:27:02,040 Speaker 1: is so long as to make the journey intolerably long, 479 00:27:02,920 --> 00:27:05,439 Speaker 1: which could be a possibility if you have enough space. 480 00:27:05,960 --> 00:27:09,440 Speaker 1: But infinite ramp that's a good band name. Yeah, Yeah, 481 00:27:09,880 --> 00:27:13,000 Speaker 1: I have a feeling that just just be a jam band, 482 00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:17,919 Speaker 1: play those like incredibly long jam sessions that don't ever 483 00:27:17,960 --> 00:27:21,240 Speaker 1: go anywhere. But yeah, if you were to take that 484 00:27:21,320 --> 00:27:23,280 Speaker 1: same weight we were talking about that fifty pound weight 485 00:27:23,320 --> 00:27:25,760 Speaker 1: we were mentioning earlier, we have a ramp that's two 486 00:27:25,760 --> 00:27:27,920 Speaker 1: ft tall and four ft long. It'll take half the 487 00:27:27,960 --> 00:27:31,240 Speaker 1: amount of force needed to get it moving over twice 488 00:27:31,359 --> 00:27:34,520 Speaker 1: the distance of just lifting it up those two feet, 489 00:27:35,119 --> 00:27:40,640 Speaker 1: So again saves you the force needed to move this thing. Uh. 490 00:27:40,680 --> 00:27:43,439 Speaker 1: Then making that ramp longer would decrease the steepness and 491 00:27:43,480 --> 00:27:45,840 Speaker 1: the force needed to move the weight even further, but 492 00:27:45,880 --> 00:27:48,960 Speaker 1: it would increase the distance at the same time. And 493 00:27:49,000 --> 00:27:52,200 Speaker 1: now we start getting into some of the the advanced 494 00:27:52,359 --> 00:27:55,600 Speaker 1: simple machines. The ones we've named so far are really 495 00:27:56,400 --> 00:27:59,840 Speaker 1: you know, most people argue this is the the furthest 496 00:28:00,040 --> 00:28:03,800 Speaker 1: can break down a simple machine. The other ones have 497 00:28:04,000 --> 00:28:07,760 Speaker 1: some elements to them that are similar to the previous ones, 498 00:28:07,800 --> 00:28:10,520 Speaker 1: like the pulley, which is kind of similar to levers 499 00:28:10,560 --> 00:28:14,080 Speaker 1: and also to wheel and axle. I feel like, maybe, 500 00:28:14,080 --> 00:28:17,240 Speaker 1: of all the simple machines, I encounter a pulley the 501 00:28:17,320 --> 00:28:21,640 Speaker 1: least often in my life, at least at least visibly, right, 502 00:28:22,080 --> 00:28:24,800 Speaker 1: So pully maybe if I were a sailor. Yeah, we 503 00:28:24,800 --> 00:28:28,600 Speaker 1: we You probably know what a pulley looks like. Um, 504 00:28:28,640 --> 00:28:31,720 Speaker 1: generally speaking, you've got like a grooved wheel that's suspended 505 00:28:31,760 --> 00:28:35,320 Speaker 1: within a frame, can spin freely within that frame. You 506 00:28:35,480 --> 00:28:37,600 Speaker 1: feed a rope through it, or line through it if 507 00:28:37,600 --> 00:28:42,080 Speaker 1: you're a sailor. Uh. And this allows you to change 508 00:28:42,120 --> 00:28:45,240 Speaker 1: the direction of force, but it doesn't change the amount 509 00:28:45,240 --> 00:28:47,400 Speaker 1: of force you need to move a weight all by itself. 510 00:28:47,920 --> 00:28:51,600 Speaker 1: So so, changing the direction of force, even if you're 511 00:28:51,600 --> 00:28:54,600 Speaker 1: not adding force, can be very useful because, as everyone knows, 512 00:28:54,680 --> 00:28:58,440 Speaker 1: it's much easier to pull down on something using your 513 00:28:58,440 --> 00:29:01,080 Speaker 1: body weight and gravity tare advantage than it is to 514 00:29:01,240 --> 00:29:04,120 Speaker 1: push up with the same force. Right. So, and I 515 00:29:04,400 --> 00:29:07,360 Speaker 1: should clarify when I say this, I'm really talking about 516 00:29:07,400 --> 00:29:10,760 Speaker 1: a suspended pulley from like a beam or some other 517 00:29:10,880 --> 00:29:14,240 Speaker 1: stationary object. And the weight you want doesn't have a 518 00:29:14,240 --> 00:29:16,840 Speaker 1: pulley attached to it, because you could attach a pully 519 00:29:16,880 --> 00:29:20,160 Speaker 1: to the weight and then tie one end off to 520 00:29:20,680 --> 00:29:23,360 Speaker 1: something like a beam and you could hold the other end, 521 00:29:23,560 --> 00:29:25,800 Speaker 1: in which case it doesn't reverse the direction of the force. 522 00:29:25,880 --> 00:29:29,000 Speaker 1: Right you are pulling up, but it reduces the amount 523 00:29:29,040 --> 00:29:31,760 Speaker 1: of force you need to lift the weight. So if 524 00:29:31,800 --> 00:29:34,080 Speaker 1: you if you do it that way, where the beam 525 00:29:34,200 --> 00:29:36,480 Speaker 1: is holding one end of the rope and you're holding 526 00:29:36,520 --> 00:29:38,720 Speaker 1: the other end of the rope, you're reducing the amount 527 00:29:38,760 --> 00:29:41,440 Speaker 1: of force, but you're not changing the direction. If, on 528 00:29:41,520 --> 00:29:44,560 Speaker 1: the other hand, the beam is holding the pulley and 529 00:29:44,680 --> 00:29:47,240 Speaker 1: the rope is just attached to a weight, you're reversing 530 00:29:47,240 --> 00:29:50,680 Speaker 1: the direction, but you're not reducing the amount of force. Um, 531 00:29:50,720 --> 00:29:52,480 Speaker 1: but I bet there is a way to reduce the 532 00:29:52,520 --> 00:29:54,520 Speaker 1: amount of force. Yeah, you just gotta add more police. 533 00:29:55,400 --> 00:29:59,680 Speaker 1: So let's say we put how many how many you got? 534 00:30:00,680 --> 00:30:02,960 Speaker 1: Have you heard of block and tackle? All right? First, 535 00:30:03,360 --> 00:30:05,240 Speaker 1: let's let's go with the simplest approach, where we have 536 00:30:05,240 --> 00:30:08,240 Speaker 1: two pulleys. Let's say you have one pulley attached to 537 00:30:08,360 --> 00:30:11,880 Speaker 1: a stationary thing like a beam hanging from the roof, right, 538 00:30:12,080 --> 00:30:14,040 Speaker 1: and then you have a second pulley that's attached to 539 00:30:14,080 --> 00:30:17,280 Speaker 1: the weight that you plan on moving. You tie one 540 00:30:17,400 --> 00:30:20,840 Speaker 1: end of your line off onto the beam or even 541 00:30:20,880 --> 00:30:24,120 Speaker 1: onto that that first pulley that we're talking about. Feed 542 00:30:24,160 --> 00:30:27,040 Speaker 1: the line down through the pulley that's attached to the weight. 543 00:30:27,720 --> 00:30:30,280 Speaker 1: Feed that line up through the pulley that's attached to 544 00:30:30,320 --> 00:30:32,440 Speaker 1: the beam, and then you finally hold the other end. 545 00:30:33,000 --> 00:30:36,560 Speaker 1: You pull down, and now the weight has been reduced 546 00:30:36,960 --> 00:30:39,040 Speaker 1: the amount of force you need, or at least the 547 00:30:39,080 --> 00:30:41,440 Speaker 1: perceivable weight you feel. The amount of force you need 548 00:30:41,520 --> 00:30:47,360 Speaker 1: to move that weight has been reduced a half. But 549 00:30:47,520 --> 00:30:49,960 Speaker 1: you have to move twice as you have to pull 550 00:30:50,040 --> 00:30:52,479 Speaker 1: twice as far, twice as much rope to move it 551 00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:55,520 Speaker 1: the distance that you wanted to go. So, in other words, 552 00:30:55,520 --> 00:30:57,840 Speaker 1: if you want the symmetry of physics is beautiful. Yeah, 553 00:30:58,080 --> 00:30:59,680 Speaker 1: so if you want to have lifted that two feet, 554 00:30:59,760 --> 00:31:02,080 Speaker 1: you have to pull four feet of rope, all right, 555 00:31:02,280 --> 00:31:05,680 Speaker 1: But you could add more pulleys and this would decrease 556 00:31:05,720 --> 00:31:07,920 Speaker 1: the amount of force further while increasing the amount of 557 00:31:07,920 --> 00:31:11,000 Speaker 1: distance more. You would actually have to have longer rope obviously, 558 00:31:11,040 --> 00:31:13,880 Speaker 1: if you started to add lots and lots of of 559 00:31:13,920 --> 00:31:16,600 Speaker 1: pulleys and you had a full block and tackle system. 560 00:31:16,640 --> 00:31:19,760 Speaker 1: But this would allow you to move incredible weights using 561 00:31:19,880 --> 00:31:22,160 Speaker 1: a relatively small amount of force. You would just have 562 00:31:22,240 --> 00:31:25,200 Speaker 1: to be willing to pull lots of rope in order 563 00:31:25,160 --> 00:31:28,520 Speaker 1: to do it. Or line all, all of the sailors 564 00:31:28,520 --> 00:31:32,719 Speaker 1: who listen are just singing, there's such a Rube saying rope. 565 00:31:33,080 --> 00:31:35,680 Speaker 1: I guess maybe they don't like the word rope. It's 566 00:31:35,720 --> 00:31:40,400 Speaker 1: it's line. It's not rope, it's line on a ship. Yeah, 567 00:31:40,680 --> 00:31:43,880 Speaker 1: I spent a little, tiny, tiny amount of time on 568 00:31:43,920 --> 00:31:48,200 Speaker 1: a ship and I got I got corrected so many times. Well, 569 00:31:48,240 --> 00:31:53,000 Speaker 1: we should have a face off between geometris and geometrs, 570 00:31:54,360 --> 00:32:01,520 Speaker 1: geometricians and geometris, geomet geometrists or I think, Yeah, I 571 00:32:01,520 --> 00:32:04,600 Speaker 1: think of geometry as trickery, so I I my vote 572 00:32:04,600 --> 00:32:08,880 Speaker 1: goes to the geometric stars, geometry teachers, and sailors, and 573 00:32:08,960 --> 00:32:11,360 Speaker 1: they can argue about lines. I knew some geometry teachers 574 00:32:11,360 --> 00:32:13,880 Speaker 1: who could definitely take on some sailors in their time. Okay, 575 00:32:13,920 --> 00:32:16,640 Speaker 1: let's let's do another one. All right, sure, what what 576 00:32:16,680 --> 00:32:20,320 Speaker 1: do you want to do? The screw? The simple machine? Right, Yes, 577 00:32:20,600 --> 00:32:24,760 Speaker 1: I am so, if I'm not mistaken. The screw is 578 00:32:24,880 --> 00:32:30,520 Speaker 1: basically just an inclined plane in a particular configuration. Yeah, 579 00:32:30,560 --> 00:32:33,760 Speaker 1: it's an inclined plane that is wrapped around the core 580 00:32:34,040 --> 00:32:36,560 Speaker 1: of something like a like a shaft. So you take 581 00:32:36,600 --> 00:32:39,200 Speaker 1: a shaft, you put an inclined plane, and you spiral 582 00:32:39,200 --> 00:32:43,480 Speaker 1: it around the shaft and you get a screw and uh, screws. 583 00:32:43,560 --> 00:32:47,840 Speaker 1: Can it's a tiny circular ramp. Yeah, And that circular 584 00:32:48,000 --> 00:32:50,520 Speaker 1: part is what's really important, because it means that if 585 00:32:50,560 --> 00:32:54,040 Speaker 1: you apply a rotational force to the screw, it provides 586 00:32:54,080 --> 00:32:57,400 Speaker 1: a linear force along the length of the shaft that 587 00:32:57,640 --> 00:33:00,440 Speaker 1: is greater than the force you used to turn the 588 00:33:00,440 --> 00:33:03,880 Speaker 1: screw in the first place. Uh. This, of course is 589 00:33:03,920 --> 00:33:08,080 Speaker 1: dependent upon the pitch. The pitch. The pitch the pitch 590 00:33:08,120 --> 00:33:11,960 Speaker 1: and screws is The description is that it's the distance 591 00:33:12,040 --> 00:33:16,320 Speaker 1: between the treads. So the the sections of the ramp, 592 00:33:16,720 --> 00:33:20,680 Speaker 1: the closer together they are, the greater the ideal mechanical advantage. 593 00:33:20,720 --> 00:33:23,800 Speaker 1: And the reason is the mechanical advantages dependent upon the 594 00:33:23,880 --> 00:33:28,200 Speaker 1: length of the inclined plane the ramp to the length 595 00:33:28,280 --> 00:33:32,280 Speaker 1: of the shaft. So if the treads are closer together, 596 00:33:32,720 --> 00:33:36,360 Speaker 1: that means if you were to untwirl this, the ramp 597 00:33:36,400 --> 00:33:38,960 Speaker 1: would be much much, much longer because the cram more 598 00:33:39,000 --> 00:33:41,400 Speaker 1: of it along the length of the screw. Yeah, that 599 00:33:41,440 --> 00:33:44,480 Speaker 1: makes sense. So yeah, that's like having that longer, slower 600 00:33:44,520 --> 00:33:47,960 Speaker 1: gradient of ramp up to the summit, right exactly. Yeah, 601 00:33:48,160 --> 00:33:50,720 Speaker 1: So it's interesting to think of it that way. But yeah, 602 00:33:50,760 --> 00:33:52,680 Speaker 1: the treads are closer together, it's going to exert a 603 00:33:52,720 --> 00:33:55,840 Speaker 1: greater force when you turn this this. These of course, 604 00:33:55,840 --> 00:33:59,640 Speaker 1: have been really useful in lots of different uh applications, 605 00:33:59,720 --> 00:34:02,760 Speaker 1: every thing from you know, just securing something to the wall, 606 00:34:03,160 --> 00:34:06,479 Speaker 1: for example, because it has a great holding force that 607 00:34:06,520 --> 00:34:10,520 Speaker 1: way to lifting things. Our comedies, screw was a way 608 00:34:10,520 --> 00:34:13,920 Speaker 1: of drawing water out, which was kind of cool. Um. 609 00:34:14,160 --> 00:34:18,680 Speaker 1: You know, it's it's an interesting simple machine, and it's 610 00:34:18,719 --> 00:34:20,200 Speaker 1: something that if you were to look at, like you 611 00:34:20,239 --> 00:34:21,400 Speaker 1: go to a hardware store and you look at a 612 00:34:21,440 --> 00:34:24,319 Speaker 1: bunch of screws, you wouldn't necessarily think this is a machine, right. 613 00:34:25,560 --> 00:34:27,840 Speaker 1: You think of it as a tool or or you know, 614 00:34:27,920 --> 00:34:30,480 Speaker 1: just something that you need. But it actually is one 615 00:34:30,520 --> 00:34:32,200 Speaker 1: of the simple machines. And only is it one of 616 00:34:32,200 --> 00:34:34,200 Speaker 1: the simple machines, but like we're pointing out, it's a 617 00:34:34,239 --> 00:34:37,800 Speaker 1: simple machine that's made up of an even simpler machine, 618 00:34:38,120 --> 00:34:42,239 Speaker 1: which is kind of cool. Um. Yeah, it's an interesting, 619 00:34:42,520 --> 00:34:45,279 Speaker 1: uh piece of machinery, if you if you will. And 620 00:34:45,320 --> 00:34:49,120 Speaker 1: the earliest evidence of screws come from Greece, uh so 621 00:34:49,400 --> 00:34:52,080 Speaker 1: they were actually one of the later simple machines to 622 00:34:52,239 --> 00:34:55,399 Speaker 1: arrive on the scene. And the grand scheme of things 623 00:34:56,120 --> 00:34:58,200 Speaker 1: had had a screwed. Yeah. Yeah, that was the one 624 00:34:58,200 --> 00:35:01,359 Speaker 1: that drew water up. Yeah, the water the water screwe. Yep, 625 00:35:01,480 --> 00:35:04,719 Speaker 1: it's really cool. If you've never seen any illustrations of that, 626 00:35:04,760 --> 00:35:06,879 Speaker 1: you should look it up. Our commedie screw is pretty cool. 627 00:35:06,920 --> 00:35:09,040 Speaker 1: I think we talked about it, and we did a 628 00:35:09,040 --> 00:35:12,560 Speaker 1: tech Stuff podcast ages ago about our comedes, and I'm 629 00:35:12,600 --> 00:35:14,440 Speaker 1: pretty sure we talked about our commedity screw. We we 630 00:35:14,480 --> 00:35:16,160 Speaker 1: spent a lot of that time. That was a Cris 631 00:35:16,160 --> 00:35:18,000 Speaker 1: Pallette episode, and we've been a lot of that time 632 00:35:18,400 --> 00:35:23,960 Speaker 1: talking about some of the crazy inventions attributed to our commedes, 633 00:35:24,040 --> 00:35:27,719 Speaker 1: perhaps apocryphal e Like the claw that reaches out of 634 00:35:27,760 --> 00:35:31,840 Speaker 1: the city walls and grab ships. That was one of them. Yeah. Alright, 635 00:35:31,880 --> 00:35:35,160 Speaker 1: so let's talk about the last of the simple machines. 636 00:35:35,400 --> 00:35:38,960 Speaker 1: Yet another application of the ramp, right, Yeah, this is 637 00:35:39,000 --> 00:35:42,760 Speaker 1: the wedge. So a wedge is essentially two inclined ramps 638 00:35:42,840 --> 00:35:46,799 Speaker 1: that are against each other to create this wedge shape. 639 00:35:47,239 --> 00:35:50,239 Speaker 1: And uh, they can be used to do a couple 640 00:35:50,239 --> 00:35:52,640 Speaker 1: of different things. They can be driven beneath a weight 641 00:35:52,760 --> 00:35:55,799 Speaker 1: to lift it up. So this would be you know 642 00:35:55,840 --> 00:35:58,560 Speaker 1: a wedge that you would you would put the end 643 00:35:58,560 --> 00:36:00,520 Speaker 1: of it under the weight, and you would apply force 644 00:36:00,719 --> 00:36:04,080 Speaker 1: to the the flat end of the wedge, the back end, 645 00:36:04,120 --> 00:36:06,680 Speaker 1: the butt end of it, and that would end up 646 00:36:06,719 --> 00:36:11,480 Speaker 1: pushing the weight upward because of the the design of 647 00:36:11,480 --> 00:36:14,239 Speaker 1: the wedge, or you could use it to be destructive. 648 00:36:14,560 --> 00:36:17,439 Speaker 1: So Jonathan, I have a question for you. Ask away, Joe, 649 00:36:17,640 --> 00:36:21,239 Speaker 1: have you ever split wood with a mall? I want 650 00:36:21,280 --> 00:36:24,759 Speaker 1: split wood with Darth mall? No, I'm serious now, no 651 00:36:24,960 --> 00:36:27,480 Speaker 1: lightsaber jokes. Have you ever split wood with a mall? 652 00:36:28,560 --> 00:36:31,400 Speaker 1: I have not. I've only split wood with axes, which 653 00:36:31,560 --> 00:36:35,080 Speaker 1: are not necessarily easy tools to use for that purpose. Well, 654 00:36:35,120 --> 00:36:41,360 Speaker 1: a splitting mall is. It's hard work, but man, it 655 00:36:41,520 --> 00:36:44,719 Speaker 1: is a really satisfying feeling. So imagine it's sort of 656 00:36:44,760 --> 00:36:47,640 Speaker 1: like an ax. Uh. It is a sort of a 657 00:36:47,680 --> 00:36:50,719 Speaker 1: combination of an ax and a sledge hammer. If you 658 00:36:50,760 --> 00:36:53,440 Speaker 1: can imagine that it's a long handle and then at 659 00:36:53,440 --> 00:36:56,600 Speaker 1: the end of the handle you have this bulky heavy 660 00:36:56,800 --> 00:37:00,120 Speaker 1: head that is basically a wedge on one end and 661 00:37:00,160 --> 00:37:02,839 Speaker 1: then a sledge hammer on the other. Just I think 662 00:37:02,880 --> 00:37:06,879 Speaker 1: to increase the weight basically, and the wedge doesn't even 663 00:37:06,880 --> 00:37:09,480 Speaker 1: necessarily have to be that sharp. I think it usually 664 00:37:09,520 --> 00:37:13,240 Speaker 1: isn't the one I used wasn't very sharp, but because 665 00:37:13,280 --> 00:37:15,719 Speaker 1: of the weight, it was a one hit splitter. So 666 00:37:15,760 --> 00:37:17,880 Speaker 1: you'd put a log segment out and you'd hit it 667 00:37:17,920 --> 00:37:21,720 Speaker 1: once and it would just cleave apart, which is pretty impressive. Yeah. 668 00:37:21,719 --> 00:37:24,080 Speaker 1: Oh man, it it felt good to do, but it 669 00:37:24,280 --> 00:37:27,000 Speaker 1: got tiring after a while. Yeah. And see you can 670 00:37:27,000 --> 00:37:29,840 Speaker 1: see that there's some like within the mall. There are 671 00:37:29,840 --> 00:37:32,120 Speaker 1: two machines here at work. Right, You've got the lever 672 00:37:32,640 --> 00:37:34,440 Speaker 1: as far as the handle, that's what's allowing you to 673 00:37:34,680 --> 00:37:38,120 Speaker 1: apply leverage when you're doing your swing, and then you 674 00:37:38,200 --> 00:37:41,319 Speaker 1: have the wedge, which is doing the actual splitting. So 675 00:37:41,480 --> 00:37:44,400 Speaker 1: the wedge, what it's doing is it's applying that downward 676 00:37:44,440 --> 00:37:49,080 Speaker 1: force and changing the direction of that forced to outward. Yeah, 677 00:37:49,160 --> 00:37:51,400 Speaker 1: so that's why you when you hit the log, that 678 00:37:51,520 --> 00:37:55,040 Speaker 1: outward force splits the log apart. And it's really cool. 679 00:37:55,480 --> 00:37:57,799 Speaker 1: I tried doing the same thing with access, which you 680 00:37:57,880 --> 00:38:00,920 Speaker 1: can do, but it takes more effort, yeah, because the 681 00:38:00,960 --> 00:38:04,239 Speaker 1: axe head probably just doesn't heavy enough that. Yeah, it's 682 00:38:04,320 --> 00:38:07,239 Speaker 1: you know, you're using, so you have to take up 683 00:38:07,280 --> 00:38:11,200 Speaker 1: some of the force that normally would have been taken 684 00:38:11,239 --> 00:38:15,600 Speaker 1: care of by the the tool itself. It's pretty cool. 685 00:38:15,719 --> 00:38:19,759 Speaker 1: I've never done that now. Uh, it's yeah, give it 686 00:38:19,800 --> 00:38:22,400 Speaker 1: a shot sometimes. All right, next time I'm out in 687 00:38:22,440 --> 00:38:23,880 Speaker 1: the woods and I'm just thinking, you know what I 688 00:38:23,920 --> 00:38:27,200 Speaker 1: need to do, It's just split get your hands on 689 00:38:27,200 --> 00:38:30,880 Speaker 1: the mall. You know, my family actually called it a maddic. 690 00:38:31,080 --> 00:38:33,040 Speaker 1: I had to look it up and figure out that 691 00:38:33,080 --> 00:38:35,520 Speaker 1: I was wrong about what a mattock was. A matic 692 00:38:35,640 --> 00:38:38,719 Speaker 1: is a thing with a differently oriented head. It's kind 693 00:38:38,719 --> 00:38:41,040 Speaker 1: of like a pick axe got you. But that was 694 00:38:41,080 --> 00:38:43,600 Speaker 1: just how your family referred to it. It was a mall. 695 00:38:43,719 --> 00:38:47,919 Speaker 1: I have determined now. So yeah, these are um, that's 696 00:38:47,960 --> 00:38:50,440 Speaker 1: the that's the last of the six simple ones. But 697 00:38:50,480 --> 00:38:52,920 Speaker 1: then there are also other machines that we can talk about, 698 00:38:52,960 --> 00:38:55,680 Speaker 1: compound machines. I mentioned those earlier. These are the machines 699 00:38:55,719 --> 00:38:58,920 Speaker 1: that combined two or more simple ones. Ship's Home is 700 00:38:59,120 --> 00:39:01,440 Speaker 1: one of the examples we already talked about. Wheelbarrow was 701 00:39:01,480 --> 00:39:03,520 Speaker 1: another one we talked about. Scissors would be a great 702 00:39:03,680 --> 00:39:07,920 Speaker 1: example because with scissors, you've got a pair of wedges. Uh, 703 00:39:07,960 --> 00:39:10,000 Speaker 1: those would be the blades of the scissors, and you 704 00:39:10,040 --> 00:39:12,560 Speaker 1: have a lever. The handle that you hold would be 705 00:39:12,560 --> 00:39:15,240 Speaker 1: a lever. The fulcrum would be the center that that 706 00:39:15,360 --> 00:39:19,080 Speaker 1: binds them together. Uh, and so that's what allows you 707 00:39:19,120 --> 00:39:22,520 Speaker 1: to use scissors. Compound machines have more moving parts than 708 00:39:22,560 --> 00:39:27,520 Speaker 1: simple machines, but that's not necessarily a good thing overall, 709 00:39:27,600 --> 00:39:29,640 Speaker 1: because the more parts you have, the more you have 710 00:39:29,719 --> 00:39:32,759 Speaker 1: to overcome friction. If you add lots and lots of 711 00:39:32,760 --> 00:39:36,840 Speaker 1: different parts, that friction could be very difficult to overcome 712 00:39:36,880 --> 00:39:38,560 Speaker 1: and it could end up generating a lot of heat, 713 00:39:38,600 --> 00:39:42,120 Speaker 1: which is why very complex machines like a car engine 714 00:39:42,600 --> 00:39:46,200 Speaker 1: require coolens and lubricants in order for them to continue 715 00:39:46,200 --> 00:39:49,520 Speaker 1: to work properly. Um. That means there's also a loss 716 00:39:49,520 --> 00:39:54,879 Speaker 1: and efficiency. However, the compound machines have greater mechanical advantage. 717 00:39:55,200 --> 00:39:58,920 Speaker 1: You actually multiply the problem. You multiply the mechanical advantage 718 00:39:58,960 --> 00:40:02,800 Speaker 1: of each of the individ dual um simple machines within 719 00:40:02,880 --> 00:40:07,200 Speaker 1: the compound machine to determine what its mechanical advantages. So 720 00:40:08,280 --> 00:40:12,360 Speaker 1: as long as every single simple machine in your compound 721 00:40:12,360 --> 00:40:16,279 Speaker 1: machine has that ideal mechanical advantage of greater than one, 722 00:40:17,280 --> 00:40:21,320 Speaker 1: the more you add, the greater mechanical advantage the compound 723 00:40:21,320 --> 00:40:27,880 Speaker 1: machine has. And thus we get to the room Goldberg device. Yeah, 724 00:40:27,920 --> 00:40:30,600 Speaker 1: what what's it? Has like a goldfish that operates a 725 00:40:30,640 --> 00:40:33,960 Speaker 1: magnifying glass that burns a rope and yeah, exactly, and 726 00:40:34,000 --> 00:40:35,600 Speaker 1: then you get an okay go video out of it. 727 00:40:36,000 --> 00:40:38,960 Speaker 1: Not all those would be simple machines, I don't think 728 00:40:38,960 --> 00:40:40,960 Speaker 1: the magnifying glass, but even some of those would be 729 00:40:41,040 --> 00:40:43,920 Speaker 1: compound machines. That would be a collection of simple machines. 730 00:40:43,920 --> 00:40:46,440 Speaker 1: But there you go. That's the collection of simple machines 731 00:40:46,480 --> 00:40:49,680 Speaker 1: and what they do and why they're important. Um, it's 732 00:40:50,160 --> 00:40:52,120 Speaker 1: it was fun to look back at this, even though, 733 00:40:52,320 --> 00:40:55,000 Speaker 1: like again, this is something that any of our listeners 734 00:40:55,000 --> 00:40:56,759 Speaker 1: who are still in school, they may be rolling their 735 00:40:56,760 --> 00:40:58,760 Speaker 1: eyes for the whole thing because they're thinking they've already 736 00:40:58,800 --> 00:41:01,400 Speaker 1: learned all this stuff and that is repetitive. But for 737 00:41:01,480 --> 00:41:03,799 Speaker 1: those of us who graduated a long time ago, and 738 00:41:03,840 --> 00:41:06,520 Speaker 1: perhaps I have not kept up with physics the way 739 00:41:06,520 --> 00:41:10,080 Speaker 1: we might have, you know, wanted to. I loved physics 740 00:41:10,120 --> 00:41:11,560 Speaker 1: when I was a kid. It was one of my 741 00:41:11,640 --> 00:41:15,960 Speaker 1: favorite favorite subjects in school. I wish I had appreciated 742 00:41:16,000 --> 00:41:18,520 Speaker 1: science more when I was in school. I didn't. I 743 00:41:18,560 --> 00:41:20,960 Speaker 1: didn't really come to love science until after I was 744 00:41:21,000 --> 00:41:23,279 Speaker 1: out of school, and then I wished I could go 745 00:41:23,320 --> 00:41:26,320 Speaker 1: back and and treat it with the respect it deserves. 746 00:41:26,360 --> 00:41:30,440 Speaker 1: Out of all the sciences, uh, classical physics was the 747 00:41:30,480 --> 00:41:32,400 Speaker 1: one that appealed to me most because it was the 748 00:41:32,400 --> 00:41:34,640 Speaker 1: one that made sense to me, because it was it 749 00:41:34,719 --> 00:41:36,520 Speaker 1: was the physics of the world that I could observe 750 00:41:36,560 --> 00:41:39,520 Speaker 1: around me, and I loved it. I just I understood 751 00:41:39,520 --> 00:41:41,840 Speaker 1: it and I took to it. Not so much with 752 00:41:41,920 --> 00:41:43,920 Speaker 1: the biology and chemistry as it turns out. I mean, 753 00:41:43,960 --> 00:41:47,200 Speaker 1: I did well, but they were harder. They were harder 754 00:41:47,200 --> 00:41:50,440 Speaker 1: to learn for me. That wraps up the classic episode 755 00:41:50,480 --> 00:41:54,200 Speaker 1: on the six Simple machines. I've seen so many cartoons 756 00:41:54,239 --> 00:41:57,360 Speaker 1: that explained those and I love them so much. Uh, 757 00:41:57,560 --> 00:42:01,520 Speaker 1: really fascinating stuff to me, like to think back on 758 00:42:01,719 --> 00:42:06,359 Speaker 1: how these underlies so many machines today. I mean, at 759 00:42:06,400 --> 00:42:08,960 Speaker 1: least the mechanical ones. Once you start getting into digital, 760 00:42:09,160 --> 00:42:11,759 Speaker 1: it's a whole different ball game. But I hope you 761 00:42:11,840 --> 00:42:14,960 Speaker 1: found that interesting. If you have suggestions for topics I 762 00:42:14,960 --> 00:42:18,120 Speaker 1: should cover for future episodes of tech Stuff, please reach 763 00:42:18,160 --> 00:42:19,680 Speaker 1: out to me. The best way to do that is 764 00:42:19,719 --> 00:42:22,480 Speaker 1: on Twitter. To handle for the show is text stuff 765 00:42:22,800 --> 00:42:26,560 Speaker 1: H s W and I'll talk to you again really soon. 766 00:42:31,600 --> 00:42:34,640 Speaker 1: Text Stuff is an I heart radio production. For more 767 00:42:34,719 --> 00:42:38,120 Speaker 1: podcasts from my heart Radio, visit the i heart Radio app, 768 00:42:38,239 --> 00:42:41,400 Speaker 1: Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.