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Speaker 1: Hey there, it's Jonathan Strickland, and I'm here to introduce

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Speaker 1: a playlist of ten episodes of my podcast tech Stuff

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Speaker 1: that are all about entertainment and entertainment related fields, from

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Speaker 1: video games to television series, two films to internet videos

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Speaker 1: from yesteryear. So I hope you guys enjoy these episodes.

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Speaker 1: You can go to the tech Stuff podcast page and

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Speaker 1: subscribe to listen to all sorts of episodes about tech

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Speaker 1: from all realms, and hopefully this will provide a little

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Speaker 1: bit of entertainment, a little bit of education, and probably

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Speaker 1: more than a few puns, because that's kind of how

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Speaker 1: I roll. Enjoy this playlist. Welcome to text Stuff, a

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Speaker 1: production from my Heart Radio. Hey there, and welcome to

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Speaker 1: tech Stuff. I'm your host, Jonathan Strickland. I'm an executive

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Speaker 1: producer with I Heart Radio, and I love all things tech.

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Speaker 1: And we're gonna listen to another classic episode in our

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Speaker 1: entertainment playlist. This one's on the history of podcasting, a

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Speaker 1: very interesting topic, a topic in which I play a

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Speaker 1: very very small part. Although honestly, by the time Tech

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Speaker 1: Stuff came around, podcasting was already established, it just wasn't mainstream.

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Speaker 1: But yeah, I was a listener of podcasts even into

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Speaker 1: the early days. Not quite as early as the earliest days.

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Speaker 1: I came around, probably in the second wave, but um,

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Speaker 1: it was interesting to go back and look into how

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Speaker 1: they all got started. So enjoy. I realized that while

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Speaker 1: I've talked about podcasting in an episode or two, I've

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Speaker 1: never done a full episode about the history of podcasting itself.

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Speaker 1: And so that's what we're going to talk about today.

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Speaker 1: We're going to look at the history of podcasting, how

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Speaker 1: it evolved, how it got its name, the earliest examples

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Speaker 1: of podcasts, and then we're gonna talk a little bit

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Speaker 1: about the how stuff works history with podcasts, at least

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Speaker 1: based upon what information I could glean from my Taciturn coworkers.

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Speaker 1: So sit back, relax, and let's learn about some history, y'all.

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Speaker 1: It's the stuff you missed in history of podcasting. I'm

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Speaker 1: Jonathan Strickland. So this particular story is a complicated one.

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Speaker 1: It's filled with a lot of different people, a lot

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Speaker 1: of different things have happened over the course of the

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Speaker 1: evolution of podcasting. There are incidents and accidents, their hints

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Speaker 1: and allegations. As Paul Simon would say, so let's dive

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Speaker 1: in now. If you look at the story for like

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Speaker 1: Go Anywhere and you look for the history of podcasting,

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Speaker 1: you just type that into Google and you pull up

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Speaker 1: some stuff you including an article that we have on

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Speaker 1: house top works dot com. You will frequently see that

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Speaker 1: podcasting dates back to two thousand four with Adam Curry,

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Speaker 1: who I remember from my childhood. He was a VJ

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Speaker 1: on MTV, which used to show music videos, and that's

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Speaker 1: where a lot of the histories start. They say two

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Speaker 1: thousand four, Adam Curry made the first podcast, but uh,

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Speaker 1: it's not entirely accurate. Actually, the story dates back before

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Speaker 1: two thousand four, and it's the first podcast was not

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Speaker 1: from Adam Curry, not really. So I thought we could

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Speaker 1: probably dispel some myths and learn about the truth here. Uh.

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Speaker 1: And there are also a few different threads to this story,

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Speaker 1: as it turns out, and one of those threads I've

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Speaker 1: already covered in an episode of tech Stuff from about

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Speaker 1: a year ago. I thought it was more recent than that,

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Speaker 1: but as I was looking through the archives to pull

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Speaker 1: up my notes, I realized that I my notes dated

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Speaker 1: from two thousand and sixteen about the history of the

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Speaker 1: MP three standard and This just shows how bad I

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Speaker 1: am at being able to keep track of time. I

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Speaker 1: was convinced that I had done the MP three episode

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Speaker 1: maybe a month or two ago, and it is August

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Speaker 1: as I record this now. I'm not gonna go over

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Speaker 1: all of the history of the MP three standard again,

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Speaker 1: because it's all there in that episode. But I'm going

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Speaker 1: to give you the cliffs Notes version. Our cliffs Notes

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Speaker 1: still thing. Someone tell me if cliffs notes still exist.

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Speaker 1: I'm pretty sure I've asked that in a previous episode,

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Speaker 1: but i've I've clearly forgotten again. Anyway, I'm gonna give

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Speaker 1: you a summary of what I talked about that previous episode.

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Speaker 1: A research institution in Germany formed a group that dedicated

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Speaker 1: itself to developing compressions strategies for digital audio files. So

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Speaker 1: a raw audio file, if you didn't compress it at all,

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Speaker 1: it represents a pretty decent amount of digital information. It

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Speaker 1: obviously depends upon how long the audio track is. Right,

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Speaker 1: the more the more information is there, the longer the file,

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Speaker 1: the larger the file size will be. So a three

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Speaker 1: minute song is going to have more information packed into

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Speaker 1: it than say a minute of quiet room tone. So

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Speaker 1: you've got this fairly large amount of data, especially for

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Speaker 1: the time that we're talking about, which was late nineteen

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Speaker 1: seventies early nineties, there was a need to find a

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Speaker 1: way to compress that data down so it didn't take

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Speaker 1: up as much space, and that then you could transmit

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Speaker 1: it over various media like telephone lines. And that's what

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Speaker 1: this group in Germany was trying to do. They wanted

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Speaker 1: to be able to transmit digital audio over telephone lines,

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Speaker 1: but in order to make it efficient, they needed to

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Speaker 1: find a compression strategy or else the files were just

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Speaker 1: gonna be too large. Now these days, while the file

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Speaker 1: side haven't really changed, I mean, the raw audio is

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Speaker 1: still what it is, we definitely have much faster throughput,

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Speaker 1: Like we're able to send a lot more information in

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Speaker 1: a shorter amount of time than what we used to

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Speaker 1: be able to do. So it's not as big a

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Speaker 1: deal today unless you're talking about just trying to store

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Speaker 1: a ton of audio on a relatively small storage device.

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Speaker 1: But back in the nineteen seventies and eighties, this was

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Speaker 1: a pretty tough challenge. Now, whether they were successful or

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Speaker 1: not in creating a compression strategy that makes the file

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Speaker 1: sizes smaller without affecting the audio quality depends upon a

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Speaker 1: couple of things. For one, it depends upon your sense

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Speaker 1: of hearing, because some people are more sensitive to it

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Speaker 1: than others, and for one person it may sound perfectly fine,

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Speaker 1: and another person may say, no, I can hear all

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Speaker 1: sorts of problems from the compression in that audio. For another,

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Speaker 1: it depends on the settings of the compression itself. You

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Speaker 1: can compress it at different rate, and that will determine

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Speaker 1: how how much it affects the audio file itself. Broadly speaking,

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Speaker 1: their compression strategy was to create what was essentially a

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Speaker 1: virtual ear approach, in which a computer program would analyze

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Speaker 1: audio an attempt to remove extraneous data. In other words,

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Speaker 1: it was looking for any sounds that would lay outside

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Speaker 1: the typical range of human hearing and then chuck those

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Speaker 1: sounds out because people wouldn't be able to hear them anyway.

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Speaker 1: So any sound that was at a frequency above or

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Speaker 1: below what your typical human can hear, that would be

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Speaker 1: removed because you wouldn't be able to hear it anyway.

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Speaker 1: Sometimes it would be sounds that might be a soft

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Speaker 1: sound that follows a very loud sound, because that loud

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Speaker 1: sound would mask the softer sound, and if we can't

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Speaker 1: hear the softer sound, then there's no reason to include it,

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Speaker 1: at least according to this compression strategy. And that was

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Speaker 1: a way of getting rid of information in so that

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Speaker 1: you could compress everything together and make smaller file sizes.

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Speaker 1: So really the goal was just to keep only the

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Speaker 1: data that humans would really be able to perceive. And

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Speaker 1: it took some time for them to tweak this and

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Speaker 1: make sure that they could come up with an algorithm

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Speaker 1: that worked and didn't result in a really choppy, unpleasant

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Speaker 1: audio experience. So, depending upon how you set your compression rates,

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Speaker 1: you might manage to reduce a file size and not

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Speaker 1: notice a huge difference in quality, or you might end

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Speaker 1: up with something that is truly unlistenable. If you remember,

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Speaker 1: the people working on the MP three standard back in

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Speaker 1: the day would use Tom's Diner as a way of

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Speaker 1: measuring their success, and they said that the first few

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Speaker 1: times they tried to make a compression formula, it turned

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Speaker 1: Tom's Diner into an unlistenable mess. Some of the uncharitable

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Speaker 1: among us might claim that the completely uncomp rest version

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Speaker 1: of Tom's Diner is an unlistenable mess, but that's that's

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Speaker 1: just being mean. Spirited. I would say the MP three

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Speaker 1: would later make podcasting practical, but it was not a

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Speaker 1: quick leap from m P three's too podcasts. There was

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Speaker 1: a good amount of time between the development of the

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Speaker 1: MP three and the rise of the podcast But the

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Speaker 1: MP three development sort of leads us into other things

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Speaker 1: that will eventually allow podcast to become a reality. Now

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Speaker 1: let's skip ahead to the early nineties. The development of

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Speaker 1: the MP three largely happened in the eighties, but didn't

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Speaker 1: really start making a debut until the nineties. Anyway, the

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Speaker 1: mainstream world was scratching its head over something called the

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Speaker 1: Internet in those early nineties. Before then, the only people

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Speaker 1: who really had access to the Internet were academics, government officials,

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Speaker 1: and scientists who had been using it for quite some time.

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Speaker 1: But the rest of us really didn't have any exposure

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Speaker 1: to it. It was not something thing that your average

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Speaker 1: person had any access to. Your average Joe hadn't really

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Speaker 1: had any contact with it at all. Computer hobbyists had

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Speaker 1: been cutting their teeth on bulletin board systems or bbs is.

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Speaker 1: Now these were message boards and file repositories that typically

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Speaker 1: sat on someone's spare computer. So with your very basic

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Speaker 1: bulletin board system. The way it would work is you

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Speaker 1: would have a phone number and that phone number would

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Speaker 1: go to the modem connected to this other computer, the

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Speaker 1: computer that houses the BBS. You would use your computer

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Speaker 1: to dial into that number that would connect you to

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Speaker 1: this other BBS, and you would then be able to

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Speaker 1: browse the files that have been uploaded to that particular

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Speaker 1: directory for the BBS, play games, leave messages, that kind

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Speaker 1: of thing because you're dialing in. Typically a lot of

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Speaker 1: those smaller BBS has had maybe one phone line, sometimes

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Speaker 1: up to three, where that's how many people could connect

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Speaker 1: to anyone time. So there were various ways to discourage

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Speaker 1: people from spending too much time on the BBS and

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Speaker 1: thus keeping it busy for everybody else. For example, UH,

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Speaker 1: some of them would charge for a certain amount of time,

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Speaker 1: like after a certain number of minutes had passed, you

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Speaker 1: would have to pay to keep access to the BBS. UH.

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Speaker 1: Some would just have a time limit and after that

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Speaker 1: the when you hit your time limit, it would just

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Speaker 1: kick you off and you would have to wait another

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Speaker 1: day to be able to log back into your BBS. Eventually,

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Speaker 1: you had some BBS is on what was called Fido Net.

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Speaker 1: This was a network that allowed bbs is to exchange

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Speaker 1: information with each other. So it's almost like post offices.

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Speaker 1: Think about going to a post office and you would

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Speaker 1: drop a letter off, and that letter would then be

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Speaker 1: sent to another post office, someone else's BBS and they

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Speaker 1: can receive it. That was kind of the world before

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Speaker 1: the Internet had really taken off, and the Internet really

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Speaker 1: is a different beast altogether. Instead of dialing into a

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Speaker 1: single machine and browsing what was on that machine, you

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Speaker 1: could suddenly connect to a network of networked machines. In

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Speaker 1: something very important happened in the United States, the Federal

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Speaker 1: Communications Commission the f c C made an important decision

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Speaker 1: that encouraged explosive growth on the Internet. That that decision was,

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Speaker 1: they're going to lift some restrictions. Up until there was

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Speaker 1: a restriction on commercial uses for the Internet. You you

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Speaker 1: weren't allowed to use it for commercial purposes. It was

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Speaker 1: meant for research, it was meant for government use, and

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Speaker 1: that was it. But in ninety one, the f c

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Speaker 1: C said we're lifting those restrictions, and it became the

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Speaker 1: Wild West for a while where lots of companies said,

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Speaker 1: I'm not sure how we can use this to our advantage,

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Speaker 1: but I'm sure it's huge and we have to use

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Speaker 1: it to our advantage. So there were a lot of

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Speaker 1: different parties rushing into the space because now it was

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Speaker 1: possible to make a commercial use of it, but no

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Speaker 1: one had really figured out how to actually do that yet.

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Speaker 1: There was a lot of competition to try and figure

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Speaker 1: out how can we dominate this space, and no one

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Speaker 1: really had the answer yet. So how did this affect

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Speaker 1: Internet use? Well, before the FCC lifted restrictions, there were

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Speaker 1: around one thousand Internet hosts connected to this network of networks.

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Speaker 1: There were more than a million Internet hosts. But for

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Speaker 1: our story, the important bit is that people and companies

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Speaker 1: could launch commercial interests in the Internet, including radio stations. Now,

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Speaker 1: Carl Malamud gets the credit for being the first person

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Speaker 1: to launch an Internet radio site, and this was called

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Speaker 1: Internet Talk Radio. Malamud launched this show in and he

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Speaker 1: launched it with a program called Geek of the Week.

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Speaker 1: You can actually find recordings of some of those old

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Speaker 1: episodes online and they tiply feature various important people in

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Speaker 1: the computer and text spheres, and Malamouda would just interview

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Speaker 1: them about whatever subject they wanted to talk about, and

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Speaker 1: those were the programs that went out live on the Internet.

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Speaker 1: On June, the band Severe Tire Damage became the first

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Speaker 1: musical act to perform a concert on Internet radio. Their

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Speaker 1: show went out over mbone. It's the letter M as

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Speaker 1: in merry and bone, B, O and E. That stands

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Speaker 1: for multicast backbone, or it's actually a protocol that sat

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Speaker 1: on top of the multicast backbone, which made it feasible

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Speaker 1: to send data to multiple viewers around the world simultaneously.

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Speaker 1: So I thought it would be helpful to understand how

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Speaker 1: this works. Generally speaking, I p multicasting involves setting up

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Speaker 1: a great big convoy, and more specifically, it has to

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Speaker 1: do with packets. So the Internet sends information in packets.

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Speaker 1: Anytime there's data passing between computers on the Internet, you're

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Speaker 1: generally talking about packets that are going back and forth.

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Speaker 1: And a packet is a unit of data and it

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Speaker 1: includes a few types of information within that packet. So

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Speaker 1: the first type of that information is the data that's

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Speaker 1: necessary to deliver it to the right destination. So you've

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Speaker 1: got these sort of headers and footers inside of a packet,

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Speaker 1: of the packet, that helps tell the Internet system at

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Speaker 1: large where that packet needs to go. It's essentially like

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Speaker 1: the address you would find on an envelope in the

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Speaker 1: post office. So the packets have that part of the information.

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Speaker 1: They also have the payload, the actual data that they're

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Speaker 1: carrying to the destination. Let's say it's a web page.

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Speaker 1: It would be a little part of that web page,

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Speaker 1: would be a small portion of the web page. And

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Speaker 1: then you have a third part, which is uh the

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Speaker 1: way that that packet fits in with other packets to

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Speaker 1: complete whatever that payload is. So again, in the case

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Speaker 1: of a web page, let's say you're going to how

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Speaker 1: stuff works dot com, and just for the sake of

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Speaker 1: this example, we're just gonna use a nice round, simple

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Speaker 1: number of one hundred packets. It takes one packets to

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Speaker 1: load up the home page of how stuff works dot com.

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Speaker 1: Those headers and footers will tell the packets where they

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Speaker 1: need to go, which would be your browser because you're

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Speaker 1: the one who typed in www dot how stuff works

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Speaker 1: dot com. And they also tell your browser how they

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Speaker 1: all fit together so that it can construct the website

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Speaker 1: and you can see it on your side. On the

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Speaker 1: client side of this exchange, Uh, packets tend to be

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Speaker 1: relatively small, so you typically need a lot of them

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Speaker 1: to deliver any information of significant size. This brings us

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Speaker 1: to that third type, that that bit of information that says, hey,

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Speaker 1: I'm the puzzle piece that goes in the top right corner.

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Speaker 1: It's not exactly how it works, but it's a decent

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Speaker 1: enough analogy to kind of understand what's going on. Now,

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Speaker 1: why would you send data and packets. Why wouldn't you

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Speaker 1: just send the entire piece all at once. It's meant

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Speaker 1: to be a way to ensure the delivery of information,

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Speaker 1: and by dividing it up into packets, you can actually

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Speaker 1: make a better case for that information, making it to

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Speaker 1: where you wanted to go. If you're sending it all

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Speaker 1: out as one big file, one thing that can happen

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Speaker 1: is it can slow everything down because depending on the

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Speaker 1: size of the file, it might start to tax certain

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Speaker 1: parts of the system, and if it fails, you're you've

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Speaker 1: got to send it all over again. It just becomes

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Speaker 1: a big nightmare. So the founders of the Internet, who

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Speaker 1: as we all know, put the Internet on top of

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Speaker 1: Big ben because that's where it gets the best reception,

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Speaker 1: figured that by breaking information up into packets and sending

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Speaker 1: them along the network, you had a better chance of

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Speaker 1: actually receiving the information you wanted. And the reason for

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Speaker 1: that is twofold. It's redundancy, and packet switching. Redundancy means

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Speaker 1: that a server is sending out multiple copies of the

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Speaker 1: same packet to make sure that one of them gets

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Speaker 1: to their destination. So this is kind of like if

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Speaker 1: you had critical message and you've got you make three

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Speaker 1: copies of it and you send a copy each with

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Speaker 1: a different messenger and they all rush out. Well, that

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Speaker 1: means that you're more likely to get your message to

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Speaker 1: where it needs to go, because even if one of

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Speaker 1: them fails along the way, you have three others going.

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Speaker 1: Remember us at three copies, so you have one original,

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Speaker 1: that's four total, so one of them is likely to

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Speaker 1: get there. So that way you can send those writers

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Speaker 1: off to gone door to let them know the row

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Speaker 1: end is coming out to help them or something. Packet

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Speaker 1: switching is the method of sending the packets themselves, and

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Speaker 1: this involves each packet taking its own path. Typically it's

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Speaker 1: whichever path is the most efficient for that packet at

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Speaker 1: that time for it to get to its destination and

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Speaker 1: packets that all belong to the same document or file

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Speaker 1: can travel very different pathways. So if you go and

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Speaker 1: you're trying to pull up how supports dot com, the

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Speaker 1: packets that represent that web page could be taking very

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Speaker 1: different paths in order to get to your computer. Remember,

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Speaker 1: the network is this network of networks. It can be

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Speaker 1: bouncing from all sorts of different machines before it finally

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Speaker 1: gets to you. The destination computer then assembles all those

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Speaker 1: packets back into the document or file or whatever it

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Speaker 1: may be. And this is really cool because it means

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Speaker 1: that the Internet is really robust. If nodes on the

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Speaker 1: Internet go offline for whatever reason, if if certain computers

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Speaker 1: between you and the computer you're trying to get information

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Speaker 1: from go down, well the packets can route around that.

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Speaker 1: They don't come up to like a sinkhole in the

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Speaker 1: middle of the road and say well, we wanted to

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Speaker 1: get there, but we can't. No, they can take a

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Speaker 1: different pathway, and you just have to make sure that

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Speaker 1: you are, you know, having that redundancy there, which, by

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Speaker 1: the way, you don't have to do t C P

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Speaker 1: I P does it for you. But as long as

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Speaker 1: that's in place with the redundancy, you don't even have

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Speaker 1: to worry if some of those packets somehow lose their

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Speaker 1: way for whatever reason, whatever it may be, you'll likely

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Speaker 1: end up getting the information you asked for, may not

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Speaker 1: be as fast as you wanted, depending upon the problems,

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Speaker 1: but you'll get it. So back to Inbone, it's a

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Speaker 1: little different from the approach I just mentioned. The basic

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Speaker 1: packet switching strategy works great for static files and pages.

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Speaker 1: So if I have a photograph and I want to

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Speaker 1: send that information across to some other computer, it works

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Speaker 1: great for that. Photographs don't change. It's gonna be the

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Speaker 1: same photograph no matter what, so it's very easy to

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Speaker 1: send that. And now I'm not talking about photo editing

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Speaker 1: software here, obviously, I'm just talking about sending an image.

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Speaker 1: But if you want to send something like a video

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Speaker 1: where you have stuff constantly changing both the image and

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Speaker 1: the audio, or even more so live video which is

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Speaker 1: persistently changing and you're not sure when it's going to end,

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Speaker 1: another approach was pretty important. So broadcast represents this ongoing

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Speaker 1: creation of information, and how do you disseminate that across

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Speaker 1: the network? Inbone would keep all the packets together, like

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Speaker 1: packed together like a like a convoy, as I said earlier,

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Speaker 1: until the last possible moment before they would split up

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Speaker 1: and move through different routers and go through the rest

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Speaker 1: of its journey. So it's more like a fire hose

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Speaker 1: approach in the first half until you get to a

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Speaker 1: point where you absolutely have to split things up because

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Speaker 1: they will not get to their destination otherwise. This allows

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Speaker 1: for a more efficient transmission of live content, and it

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Speaker 1: helped make sure that those packets would arrive at their

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Speaker 1: destinations at more or less the same time, because you

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Speaker 1: want it to be like a broadcast. You want the

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Speaker 1: people who are watching it to all have the same

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Speaker 1: experience that around the same time. Otherwise you could end

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Speaker 1: up in a situation where one person is watching the

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Speaker 1: concert on a slight delay and someone else might be

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Speaker 1: more than a minute or two behind. And this does

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Speaker 1: still happen, by the way, I can't tell you how

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Speaker 1: many times I've watched the w w E network and

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Speaker 1: have been in a Facebook chat about what was going

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Speaker 1: on with a pay per view, only to have someone's

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Speaker 1: boil something for me because I was lagging a bit

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Speaker 1: behind the rest of the live feed for everybody else.

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Speaker 1: But that's the price we pay for this amazing technology.

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Speaker 1: Xerox Park was the group that created the inbone extension

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Speaker 1: and the Internet Engineering Task Force adopted it in nineteen two,

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Speaker 1: so it was all well in place for the Internet

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Speaker 1: Radio Days of nine and Severe Tire Damage performed at

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Speaker 1: Xerox Park. You remember, Xerox Park is also the research

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Speaker 1: and development area where we got things like the graphic

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Speaker 1: user interface and the computer mouse, as well as a

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Speaker 1: ton of other stuff. A lot of interesting research and

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Speaker 1: development came out of Xerox. So their audience Severe Tire

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Speaker 1: Damage for this initial concert pretty much consisted of a

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Speaker 1: dude in Australia, which is really true. There was a

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Speaker 1: researcher in Australia who was helping along with this project

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Speaker 1: and he was the intended audience for the Severe Tire

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Speaker 1: Damage concert of In slightly more famous band called the

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Speaker 1: Rolling Stones performed their first live concert on the Internet,

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Speaker 1: and cheekily, Severe tire Damage performed a set just before

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Speaker 1: The Rolling Stones were scheduled to go on and then

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Speaker 1: they put their set out over the Internet, this time

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Speaker 1: broadcast to the Internet at large. So Severe Tire Damage said,

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Speaker 1: we were happy to open for the Rolling Stones, even

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Speaker 1: though we're not in the same city as the Rolling Stones,

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Speaker 1: and that was kind of making a point saying you

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Speaker 1: could now have this sort of experience where people from

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Speaker 1: different parts of the world could address an audience in

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Speaker 1: a sequence and they didn't have to be in the

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Speaker 1: same place at the same time. The Rolling Stones, for

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Speaker 1: their part, were pretty good natured about it. I think

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Speaker 1: at first they called him weird furry guys from from

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Speaker 1: uh Palo Alto, California. But they also said to The

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Speaker 1: New York Times that it was a good reminder of

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Speaker 1: the democratic nature of the Internet. There was a college

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Speaker 1: radio station called w x y C still Is that

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Speaker 1: became the first terrestrial radio station to start broadcasting on

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Speaker 1: the Internet. They began their simulcast in the fall of

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Speaker 1: n now They first started off with their off air

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Speaker 1: signals using a Cornell University utility called see You See Me.

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Speaker 1: On November seven, the radio station became the first to

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Speaker 1: simulcast it's broadcast live over the air and on the Internet.

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Speaker 1: A few months later, w R. E. K reck Over

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Speaker 1: at Georgia Tech went live with its simulcast technology. And

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Speaker 1: it's kind of interesting because they had actually hooked up

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Speaker 1: their Internet client on November seven, which was the same

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Speaker 1: day w x y C went live, but it would

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Speaker 1: take a few more months before Georgia Tech Broadcast hit

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Speaker 1: the Internet, and since then tons of different university and

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Speaker 1: then commercial radio stations as well as public radio have

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Speaker 1: joined on and used the Internet for broadcast. Now we're

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Speaker 1: gonna take a quick break, but when we come back,

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Speaker 1: we're going to talk about how this technology of streaming

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Speaker 1: radio gradually gave people the idea of creating sort of

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Speaker 1: an episodic content that would be digestible in a downloadable

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Speaker 1: format and thus eventually evolve into podcast But first, let's

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Speaker 1: take a quick break to thank our sponsor. Okay, So

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Speaker 1: streaming radio was now available online, and to listen to

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Speaker 1: any streaming radio station you needed to use an audio player,

434
00:25:46,960 --> 00:25:49,720
Speaker 1: Real Audio and other companies were making software that would

435
00:25:49,720 --> 00:25:51,960
Speaker 1: allow you to listen to audio over the Internet. But

436
00:25:52,040 --> 00:25:56,679
Speaker 1: what about podcasts? Well, jumping back to that's when a

437
00:25:56,720 --> 00:26:01,840
Speaker 1: Canadian science news program called Quirks and Works hit the Internet.

438
00:26:01,880 --> 00:26:04,760
Speaker 1: The radio show had been airing on terrestrial radio since

439
00:26:04,880 --> 00:26:09,399
Speaker 1: nineteen Each show lasts about an hour and consists of

440
00:26:09,480 --> 00:26:14,199
Speaker 1: segments about science, news and interesting facts. The Internet versions

441
00:26:14,240 --> 00:26:19,159
Speaker 1: were recorded episodes stored in MP three format available for download,

442
00:26:19,520 --> 00:26:24,399
Speaker 1: and this would become really important later on. Similarly, in

443
00:26:25,960 --> 00:26:29,359
Speaker 1: CNN launched its Internet newsroom, and the company began to

444
00:26:29,359 --> 00:26:33,560
Speaker 1: make shows available for download and included an updated compilation file.

445
00:26:34,160 --> 00:26:39,480
Speaker 1: This too would become really important later on. Meanwhile, a

446
00:26:39,480 --> 00:26:42,760
Speaker 1: guy named Jim Logan had founded a company called Personal Audio.

447
00:26:43,280 --> 00:26:47,000
Speaker 1: According to Alan Martin of a l phr dot com,

448
00:26:47,040 --> 00:26:50,440
Speaker 1: so we're gonna call it Alpha. Personal Audio's original goal

449
00:26:50,520 --> 00:26:52,960
Speaker 1: was to create a digital audio playing device, but that

450
00:26:53,000 --> 00:26:55,560
Speaker 1: didn't work out. However, in the process of trying to

451
00:26:55,600 --> 00:26:58,360
Speaker 1: make this happen, the company had filed four and been

452
00:26:58,400 --> 00:27:03,359
Speaker 1: awarded several pat dealing with digital audio distribution on the Internet.

453
00:27:03,800 --> 00:27:07,520
Speaker 1: And this would be around the mid nineties, nine six

454
00:27:07,560 --> 00:27:11,560
Speaker 1: and later, and this also becomes incredibly important. That's a

455
00:27:11,560 --> 00:27:14,200
Speaker 1: lot of foreshadowing right there. Some of you are way

456
00:27:14,200 --> 00:27:16,600
Speaker 1: ahead of me on this, I'm sure of it, but

457
00:27:16,880 --> 00:27:19,960
Speaker 1: let's get back to the nineties. Over the next few years,

458
00:27:19,960 --> 00:27:23,359
Speaker 1: the MP three file format began to gain popularity, and

459
00:27:23,480 --> 00:27:27,199
Speaker 1: in nineteen nine, Napster became perhaps the best known of

460
00:27:27,240 --> 00:27:30,280
Speaker 1: the peer to peer networks that made sharing MP three's

461
00:27:30,320 --> 00:27:34,200
Speaker 1: across computers incredibly easy. And while I would never say

462
00:27:34,240 --> 00:27:38,680
Speaker 1: that Napster caused piracy. It definitely made it a lot

463
00:27:38,800 --> 00:27:42,359
Speaker 1: easier to do. You could rip tracks off of a

464
00:27:42,440 --> 00:27:44,840
Speaker 1: disk with one of a dozen different programs. So you

465
00:27:44,920 --> 00:27:47,000
Speaker 1: buy a CD or you get a CD, you put

466
00:27:47,040 --> 00:27:49,119
Speaker 1: it in your computer, you pull the music off of it,

467
00:27:49,359 --> 00:27:52,439
Speaker 1: convert those files into MP three format, store them on

468
00:27:52,480 --> 00:27:56,760
Speaker 1: a drive on your computer, download the Napster interface, and

469
00:27:56,800 --> 00:27:59,960
Speaker 1: then you could authorize Napster to use that particular draw

470
00:28:00,040 --> 00:28:05,280
Speaker 1: I've to share all those files, and the music industry

471
00:28:05,280 --> 00:28:08,200
Speaker 1: got really scared. So in short, the way peer to

472
00:28:08,280 --> 00:28:12,119
Speaker 1: peer works is that you have some software that allows

473
00:28:12,119 --> 00:28:15,760
Speaker 1: your computer to direct directly connect in to a network

474
00:28:15,800 --> 00:28:19,080
Speaker 1: of other computers running that same software. And this network

475
00:28:19,119 --> 00:28:21,840
Speaker 1: is constantly changing, with some computers being connected and some

476
00:28:21,840 --> 00:28:24,359
Speaker 1: computers going offline. It all depends on who's using their

477
00:28:24,400 --> 00:28:28,159
Speaker 1: computer for what. And you can search that network to

478
00:28:28,200 --> 00:28:30,440
Speaker 1: see if there are any copies of a particular type

479
00:28:30,440 --> 00:28:33,439
Speaker 1: of file you want, and when you download, you can

480
00:28:33,440 --> 00:28:37,600
Speaker 1: actually download from multiple sources at the same time. So

481
00:28:38,320 --> 00:28:42,040
Speaker 1: if there's one source that is particularly slow because of

482
00:28:42,080 --> 00:28:46,520
Speaker 1: whatever reason, maybe there's some problems like there's congestion and

483
00:28:46,560 --> 00:28:50,800
Speaker 1: the internet between you and that particular server, then you

484
00:28:50,840 --> 00:28:54,440
Speaker 1: can start getting packets from other servers that also have

485
00:28:55,160 --> 00:28:59,960
Speaker 1: that same file, and it's all decentralized, and it was

486
00:29:00,080 --> 00:29:02,920
Speaker 1: a very quick way to spread files across and there's

487
00:29:02,920 --> 00:29:06,440
Speaker 1: nothing illegal about that, right You can you can spread

488
00:29:06,480 --> 00:29:08,320
Speaker 1: any sort of file you like, and if you have

489
00:29:08,360 --> 00:29:12,600
Speaker 1: the legal authorization to distribute that file, then peer to

490
00:29:12,640 --> 00:29:15,920
Speaker 1: peer networks are completely valid. The problem was a lot

491
00:29:15,920 --> 00:29:19,680
Speaker 1: of people were using them to spread m P three's

492
00:29:19,720 --> 00:29:23,720
Speaker 1: that did not technically belong to them. Maybe they had

493
00:29:23,800 --> 00:29:27,560
Speaker 1: bought an album and then they uploaded or they rather

494
00:29:27,640 --> 00:29:30,680
Speaker 1: made available all of the tracks off that album and

495
00:29:30,680 --> 00:29:33,800
Speaker 1: so people could get it for free. Well that's not great.

496
00:29:34,560 --> 00:29:37,680
Speaker 1: It's kind of violating copyright law, and it it helped

497
00:29:37,760 --> 00:29:42,160
Speaker 1: precipitate an era in which we saw crazy amounts of

498
00:29:42,200 --> 00:29:45,600
Speaker 1: work in digital rights management, and it was not a

499
00:29:45,760 --> 00:29:50,080
Speaker 1: bright and shining moment in Internet history. That being said,

500
00:29:50,520 --> 00:29:53,000
Speaker 1: there are so many valid reasons to use peer to peer.

501
00:29:53,200 --> 00:29:56,680
Speaker 1: It's a real shame that Napster and other peer to

502
00:29:56,760 --> 00:30:01,480
Speaker 1: peer platforms are forever associate ned with this concept of piracy,

503
00:30:01,720 --> 00:30:05,560
Speaker 1: just because that was a pretty big use for a

504
00:30:05,560 --> 00:30:07,920
Speaker 1: lot of these networks, and it got a lot of

505
00:30:07,960 --> 00:30:13,600
Speaker 1: press around this same time, we also started seeing MP

506
00:30:13,720 --> 00:30:16,920
Speaker 1: three players popping up. Now, the earliest players were pieces

507
00:30:16,920 --> 00:30:20,520
Speaker 1: of software running on your computer, not exactly convenient for

508
00:30:20,640 --> 00:30:23,000
Speaker 1: on the go listening. I did a couple of episodes

509
00:30:23,040 --> 00:30:25,720
Speaker 1: about the history of MP three players, including the rise

510
00:30:25,760 --> 00:30:28,320
Speaker 1: of the iPod. So again I'm not going to go

511
00:30:28,360 --> 00:30:32,120
Speaker 1: into it too much, but Apple's iPod really helped push

512
00:30:32,240 --> 00:30:35,560
Speaker 1: MP three's even further into the mainstream, and the iPod

513
00:30:35,680 --> 00:30:39,440
Speaker 1: became the device most associated with this relatively new form

514
00:30:39,480 --> 00:30:45,800
Speaker 1: of consuming audio simultaneously. So much is happening that's important

515
00:30:45,800 --> 00:30:49,800
Speaker 1: to podcasting. We got the birth of the RSS feed.

516
00:30:49,880 --> 00:30:54,160
Speaker 1: Now RSS stands for well, it depends upon whom you ask.

517
00:30:55,120 --> 00:30:58,280
Speaker 1: It could stand for rich site summary, or maybe it

518
00:30:58,280 --> 00:31:01,640
Speaker 1: stands for really simple syndicate sation. It just depends upon

519
00:31:01,720 --> 00:31:04,600
Speaker 1: the authority you're asking at the time. But whatever it

520
00:31:04,640 --> 00:31:07,600
Speaker 1: stands for, what it does is pretty cool. It is

521
00:31:07,640 --> 00:31:11,960
Speaker 1: a format for delivering updated content to people. So in

522
00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:14,880
Speaker 1: the old days, you go on the web, and web

523
00:31:14,880 --> 00:31:17,400
Speaker 1: pages were pretty darn static. If you went to a

524
00:31:17,440 --> 00:31:19,640
Speaker 1: web page one day and you looked at it, chances

525
00:31:19,680 --> 00:31:21,640
Speaker 1: are the next day it was going to look exactly

526
00:31:21,680 --> 00:31:25,240
Speaker 1: the same way. There were not that many dynamically changing

527
00:31:25,280 --> 00:31:28,240
Speaker 1: web pages. It just wasn't very easy to do and

528
00:31:28,240 --> 00:31:30,719
Speaker 1: there wasn't much call for it. But over time we

529
00:31:30,760 --> 00:31:33,680
Speaker 1: started building in more functionality on the web. We started

530
00:31:33,680 --> 00:31:37,880
Speaker 1: creating more dynamic elements, and that created a new problem.

531
00:31:38,000 --> 00:31:41,560
Speaker 1: How could you, as a user know if your favorite

532
00:31:41,600 --> 00:31:45,080
Speaker 1: websites have been updated. You could go and check them

533
00:31:45,120 --> 00:31:49,280
Speaker 1: every single day and look for differences, or you could

534
00:31:49,360 --> 00:31:52,880
Speaker 1: use rs S and RSS was this set of rules

535
00:31:52,920 --> 00:31:55,720
Speaker 1: that people running these websites could use. They could incorporate

536
00:31:55,760 --> 00:31:58,760
Speaker 1: it into their website. You could then subscribe to that

537
00:31:58,840 --> 00:32:02,120
Speaker 1: website and anytime there was a change, that change would

538
00:32:02,120 --> 00:32:05,720
Speaker 1: get reflected in your RSS aggregator. You would open up

539
00:32:05,720 --> 00:32:07,800
Speaker 1: your aggregator and it would give you kind of like

540
00:32:07,960 --> 00:32:12,160
Speaker 1: headlines of the latest changes that had happened in the

541
00:32:12,200 --> 00:32:16,440
Speaker 1: pages that you are subscribed to. So once you were

542
00:32:16,480 --> 00:32:21,200
Speaker 1: able to do that, it really transformed the browsing experience.

543
00:32:21,240 --> 00:32:24,400
Speaker 1: You no longer had to do all this legwork yourself

544
00:32:24,440 --> 00:32:27,760
Speaker 1: and just have your laundry list of websites that you

545
00:32:27,920 --> 00:32:30,760
Speaker 1: visit every single day. You could actually take a quick

546
00:32:30,760 --> 00:32:33,080
Speaker 1: look at your RSS aggregator and see if there's any

547
00:32:33,120 --> 00:32:36,880
Speaker 1: reason to go to that website well. That RSS model

548
00:32:36,880 --> 00:32:40,400
Speaker 1: would later become helpful to podcasts. It could alert podcatching

549
00:32:40,400 --> 00:32:43,400
Speaker 1: services and users to new episodes as they joined the list,

550
00:32:43,760 --> 00:32:46,440
Speaker 1: removing the need to visit the home page of the program.

551
00:32:46,680 --> 00:32:49,240
Speaker 1: And there was a way of enclosing audio files that

552
00:32:49,280 --> 00:32:52,120
Speaker 1: would be developed a little bit later, and that really

553
00:32:52,240 --> 00:32:56,160
Speaker 1: sealed the deal. All of this was happening around to

554
00:32:56,280 --> 00:32:59,760
Speaker 1: the early two thousand's. In December two thousands, a software

555
00:32:59,760 --> 00:33:02,440
Speaker 1: develop br named Dave Winer found himself in an unlikely

556
00:33:02,480 --> 00:33:06,040
Speaker 1: partnership with Adam Curry that former MTV v j I

557
00:33:06,080 --> 00:33:08,800
Speaker 1: mentioned earlier, and they were trying to adapt the RSS

558
00:33:08,840 --> 00:33:12,280
Speaker 1: feed so that it could include audio. So Weiner was

559
00:33:12,320 --> 00:33:15,080
Speaker 1: the guy who created that modification for RSS, and he

560
00:33:15,160 --> 00:33:18,760
Speaker 1: demonstrated it in early by using it to enclose a

561
00:33:18,920 --> 00:33:21,520
Speaker 1: song by The Grateful Dead, and he put it in

562
00:33:21,560 --> 00:33:24,200
Speaker 1: a blog he was writing, so people who were following

563
00:33:24,200 --> 00:33:27,760
Speaker 1: his blog were subscribed to it could immediately get access

564
00:33:27,840 --> 00:33:31,240
Speaker 1: to that song. And while this provided the skeletal structure

565
00:33:31,320 --> 00:33:34,960
Speaker 1: upon which podcasts would be built, very few people were

566
00:33:35,000 --> 00:33:38,680
Speaker 1: actually using it back then. In September two thousand three,

567
00:33:38,680 --> 00:33:41,640
Speaker 1: Winer adapted his approach on behalf of a colleague named

568
00:33:41,680 --> 00:33:45,720
Speaker 1: Christopher Leiden over at the Harvard Brookman Center, and Lydon

569
00:33:45,840 --> 00:33:49,240
Speaker 1: really wanted to create an interview show with audio tracks

570
00:33:49,360 --> 00:33:52,240
Speaker 1: saved in the MP three format. He was thinking of

571
00:33:52,240 --> 00:33:56,160
Speaker 1: it as like an audio blog, so he's regularly interviewing

572
00:33:56,200 --> 00:33:58,560
Speaker 1: people and uploading those files, and he wanted there to

573
00:33:58,600 --> 00:34:01,080
Speaker 1: be a way for people to subscribe to it. He

574
00:34:01,200 --> 00:34:06,080
Speaker 1: was interviewing bloggers, futurists, and political figures, and this would

575
00:34:06,080 --> 00:34:09,560
Speaker 1: eventually become a show called Radio Open Source and is,

576
00:34:09,640 --> 00:34:13,520
Speaker 1: by most accounts, the first actual podcast, though at the

577
00:34:13,560 --> 00:34:16,839
Speaker 1: time it wasn't called a podcast. So if you hear

578
00:34:16,880 --> 00:34:19,319
Speaker 1: the Adam Curry had the very first podcast and it

579
00:34:19,440 --> 00:34:22,520
Speaker 1: launched in two thousand four. Just know that two thousand

580
00:34:22,560 --> 00:34:29,680
Speaker 1: three saw Christopher Leiden's show Radio Open Source, and by

581
00:34:29,719 --> 00:34:32,719
Speaker 1: all measures, that really was a podcast, It just didn't

582
00:34:32,760 --> 00:34:35,640
Speaker 1: have the name yet. Later in two thousand three, and

583
00:34:35,800 --> 00:34:39,879
Speaker 1: influential jet named Kevin Marks whipped up some interesting technological

584
00:34:39,880 --> 00:34:44,120
Speaker 1: wizardry in connection with the two thousand three Blogger Cohn event.

585
00:34:44,640 --> 00:34:47,000
Speaker 1: He showed off a program that could take the audio

586
00:34:47,080 --> 00:34:52,239
Speaker 1: files housed in an RSS enclosure and transfer them automatically

587
00:34:52,360 --> 00:34:55,719
Speaker 1: over to Apple's iTunes and then you can use the

588
00:34:55,840 --> 00:35:00,840
Speaker 1: iTunes management software to synchronize to an i hot Now, remember,

589
00:35:00,840 --> 00:35:05,040
Speaker 1: in these days, you had to physically connect an iPod

590
00:35:05,600 --> 00:35:09,520
Speaker 1: to a computer and use iTunes to transfer music across

591
00:35:09,680 --> 00:35:14,799
Speaker 1: the cable to your iPod. There's no wireless way of

592
00:35:14,840 --> 00:35:17,080
Speaker 1: doing this yet. The iPod had no access to the

593
00:35:17,120 --> 00:35:20,719
Speaker 1: iTunes store directly. You had to download things or rip

594
00:35:20,840 --> 00:35:24,200
Speaker 1: things from your music collection directly to iTunes and the

595
00:35:24,200 --> 00:35:28,040
Speaker 1: import those things from iTunes over to your iPod or

596
00:35:28,160 --> 00:35:31,919
Speaker 1: other m P three player. I had a creative zen

597
00:35:32,760 --> 00:35:35,440
Speaker 1: back then and I used it with iTunes and it

598
00:35:35,560 --> 00:35:41,080
Speaker 1: was a headache, but it would kind of work. But

599
00:35:41,200 --> 00:35:44,719
Speaker 1: this was huge, this approach to having this automatic conversion

600
00:35:44,760 --> 00:35:47,640
Speaker 1: and something that I don't think Apple necessarily anticipated when

601
00:35:47,640 --> 00:35:51,320
Speaker 1: it built in the synchronization capability and iTunes. The purpose

602
00:35:51,360 --> 00:35:54,400
Speaker 1: for the feature was convenience. So let's say you've got

603
00:35:54,480 --> 00:35:57,520
Speaker 1: a decent music collection and you put all your songs

604
00:35:57,600 --> 00:36:01,640
Speaker 1: over on iTunes and you want them to transfer those

605
00:36:01,640 --> 00:36:05,600
Speaker 1: songs to your brand spanking new iPod. That's not so

606
00:36:05,640 --> 00:36:07,520
Speaker 1: difficult to do the first time, though it can take

607
00:36:07,520 --> 00:36:10,960
Speaker 1: a while. You just connect your iPod to iTunes and say,

608
00:36:10,960 --> 00:36:13,040
Speaker 1: all right, I want all these files to be moved over.

609
00:36:13,920 --> 00:36:16,680
Speaker 1: But then later on, let's say you add more music

610
00:36:16,800 --> 00:36:21,000
Speaker 1: to your library. So how do you add that to

611
00:36:21,120 --> 00:36:24,680
Speaker 1: your iPod. You've already got a music library on your iPod,

612
00:36:25,000 --> 00:36:28,560
Speaker 1: You've got new songs in your iTunes library on your computer.

613
00:36:28,880 --> 00:36:32,560
Speaker 1: How do you get those two to match up again? Well,

614
00:36:32,640 --> 00:36:36,640
Speaker 1: one thing you could do is individually move those files over,

615
00:36:36,680 --> 00:36:38,480
Speaker 1: but that's gonna take a while. You could try and

616
00:36:38,560 --> 00:36:40,840
Speaker 1: highlight them in a batch, but that's kind of irritating.

617
00:36:41,080 --> 00:36:45,480
Speaker 1: So Apple built in this function where you could have

618
00:36:45,520 --> 00:36:48,680
Speaker 1: synchronization turned on and if you plugged your iPod into

619
00:36:48,800 --> 00:36:52,680
Speaker 1: your computer with your iTunes library, it would automatically pull

620
00:36:52,840 --> 00:36:57,319
Speaker 1: any new tracks, anything that had been added after the

621
00:36:57,400 --> 00:37:01,359
Speaker 1: last time your iPod had been synchronized and add them

622
00:37:01,360 --> 00:37:04,320
Speaker 1: to your iPods library, so you didn't have to wait

623
00:37:04,920 --> 00:37:08,919
Speaker 1: and do it all manually. That was the secret that

624
00:37:09,440 --> 00:37:11,640
Speaker 1: was able to you know, they were able to use

625
00:37:11,719 --> 00:37:16,000
Speaker 1: to make this automatic updating for podcasts or what would

626
00:37:16,080 --> 00:37:20,160
Speaker 1: become podcasts. But again, I don't think Apple was necessarily

627
00:37:20,200 --> 00:37:23,120
Speaker 1: thinking that when they included that feature. Kevin Marks was

628
00:37:23,160 --> 00:37:25,440
Speaker 1: able to take it and turn into something really useful

629
00:37:25,480 --> 00:37:29,160
Speaker 1: for people who wanted to create this episodic audio content. Now,

630
00:37:29,200 --> 00:37:31,840
Speaker 1: Adam Curry would make a piece of code available that

631
00:37:31,840 --> 00:37:35,640
Speaker 1: would automate this RSS and closed audio to iTunes process

632
00:37:35,840 --> 00:37:38,800
Speaker 1: to his blog visitors, and it's called I Potter, I believe,

633
00:37:38,880 --> 00:37:41,640
Speaker 1: is what the script was named. And he also began

634
00:37:41,719 --> 00:37:44,520
Speaker 1: to contact other bloggers who are interested in using audio

635
00:37:44,600 --> 00:37:47,160
Speaker 1: to reach an audience in this same sort of way.

636
00:37:47,280 --> 00:37:50,080
Speaker 1: On February eleven, two thousand four, The Guardian published an

637
00:37:50,160 --> 00:37:54,520
Speaker 1: article titled Audible Revolution. It was written by Ben Hammersley,

638
00:37:54,560 --> 00:37:56,600
Speaker 1: and he was writing about the use of the Internet

639
00:37:56,719 --> 00:37:59,480
Speaker 1: as a means to distribute audio content. And in that

640
00:37:59,520 --> 00:38:06,120
Speaker 1: piece Hammersley asks, quote, but what to call it? Audio blogging, podcasting,

641
00:38:06,480 --> 00:38:10,040
Speaker 1: guerrilla media end quote? And so this may very well

642
00:38:10,080 --> 00:38:14,080
Speaker 1: be the origin of the term podcasting. Now it's possible

643
00:38:14,360 --> 00:38:17,520
Speaker 1: that the word podcasting had been mentioned by someone before,

644
00:38:17,640 --> 00:38:21,080
Speaker 1: but this is the earliest piece in writing that I

645
00:38:21,120 --> 00:38:25,080
Speaker 1: can find that mentions that term, and it happened at

646
00:38:25,080 --> 00:38:28,400
Speaker 1: that point entered into the general conversation about audio distribution

647
00:38:28,560 --> 00:38:33,400
Speaker 1: through the Internet. On September two thousand four, Danny J.

648
00:38:33,560 --> 00:38:38,319
Speaker 1: Gregoire used the term podcaster in a discussion about the

649
00:38:38,400 --> 00:38:43,560
Speaker 1: technical issues surrounding publishing and distributing podcasts, and this section

650
00:38:43,840 --> 00:38:47,560
Speaker 1: in which he said this would go like this. Here's

651
00:38:47,560 --> 00:38:50,680
Speaker 1: a quote. I can see there being the desire of

652
00:38:50,800 --> 00:38:54,239
Speaker 1: users in some instances to be able to easily subscribe

653
00:38:54,280 --> 00:38:58,319
Speaker 1: and get older posts slash episode slash shows. What are

654
00:38:58,360 --> 00:39:02,040
Speaker 1: we calling these things? Any way? How about pode or

655
00:39:02,239 --> 00:39:05,600
Speaker 1: sewed for short that no longer appear on the RSS

656
00:39:05,640 --> 00:39:08,520
Speaker 1: feed right now? If, for example, someone wanted to listen

657
00:39:08,560 --> 00:39:12,359
Speaker 1: to all the daily source codes back to sewed number one,

658
00:39:12,920 --> 00:39:15,680
Speaker 1: they would have to manually go through the archives and

659
00:39:15,760 --> 00:39:20,600
Speaker 1: download any seds not automagically received, somewhat defeating the purpose

660
00:39:20,680 --> 00:39:23,279
Speaker 1: of an I potter. Not too much of a problem now,

661
00:39:23,400 --> 00:39:26,160
Speaker 1: But I guess one could argue that this is simply

662
00:39:26,239 --> 00:39:31,399
Speaker 1: an RSS slash server side issue, and that the podcaster, yes,

663
00:39:31,480 --> 00:39:34,759
Speaker 1: I like making up new words, should be responsible enough

664
00:39:34,800 --> 00:39:37,600
Speaker 1: to offer a page of separate feeds of old sods

665
00:39:37,880 --> 00:39:42,200
Speaker 1: by month slash year, slash, season, slash etcetera. End quote.

666
00:39:43,160 --> 00:39:47,240
Speaker 1: So he also used the word podcaster. Two days later,

667
00:39:47,280 --> 00:39:51,160
Speaker 1: in the Evil Genius Chronicles podcast, Dave Slusher had this

668
00:39:51,280 --> 00:39:55,440
Speaker 1: to say, somebody has registered podcasting dot net and I

669
00:39:55,480 --> 00:39:58,759
Speaker 1: saw a podcaster or podcaster dot net, and I saw

670
00:39:58,760 --> 00:40:02,440
Speaker 1: a podcaster hitting as a user against hitting my RSS

671
00:40:02,480 --> 00:40:04,640
Speaker 1: feed and I went and looked at it. And right

672
00:40:04,680 --> 00:40:08,000
Speaker 1: now it's just a coming soon page, but I'm going

673
00:40:08,040 --> 00:40:10,320
Speaker 1: to pay attention to that. I want to see who's

674
00:40:10,360 --> 00:40:13,279
Speaker 1: got that and what they're going, what they're doing with

675
00:40:13,400 --> 00:40:17,040
Speaker 1: that term. I think they've coined the term, so iPod

676
00:40:17,040 --> 00:40:20,200
Speaker 1: platform just doesn't spring from the tongue. But what I'm

677
00:40:20,200 --> 00:40:23,560
Speaker 1: doing right here, and what Adams doing meaning Adam Curry,

678
00:40:23,840 --> 00:40:25,800
Speaker 1: and what Dave Winer is doing, and what I T

679
00:40:26,000 --> 00:40:30,440
Speaker 1: Conversations are doing, that's podcasting. I think that is the term.

680
00:40:30,480 --> 00:40:32,680
Speaker 1: I'm using that from here on out. You know, so

681
00:40:33,200 --> 00:40:36,279
Speaker 1: I am a podcaster and they are podcasters, and I

682
00:40:36,320 --> 00:40:40,520
Speaker 1: am podcasting right now, and you listen to my podcast.

683
00:40:41,640 --> 00:40:45,960
Speaker 1: The name stuck. That's an understatement and it's something that

684
00:40:46,000 --> 00:40:48,400
Speaker 1: we all know because you wouldn't be listening to this

685
00:40:48,480 --> 00:40:53,480
Speaker 1: if it didn't. In November two thousand four, Libson launched

686
00:40:53,920 --> 00:40:56,200
Speaker 1: l I B S. White End. This was the first

687
00:40:56,280 --> 00:40:59,799
Speaker 1: podcast service provider and it still exists to this day.

688
00:41:00,080 --> 00:41:03,279
Speaker 1: I've actually used it. It's pretty pretty useful, pretty easy

689
00:41:03,320 --> 00:41:08,359
Speaker 1: to use, not totally intuitive, but not difficult and these

690
00:41:08,360 --> 00:41:11,320
Speaker 1: services make it easier for podcasters to get their content

691
00:41:11,560 --> 00:41:14,480
Speaker 1: up online. They handle all the RSS feeds and all

692
00:41:14,520 --> 00:41:16,520
Speaker 1: the technical side of things. All you have to do

693
00:41:16,600 --> 00:41:18,680
Speaker 1: is fill out a few fields and then you can

694
00:41:18,719 --> 00:41:21,520
Speaker 1: start uploading your content to the service, where we'll host

695
00:41:21,600 --> 00:41:24,640
Speaker 1: your files and make them available for various podcatching services.

696
00:41:24,719 --> 00:41:30,080
Speaker 1: Later on, in February two thive, Public Radio International launched

697
00:41:30,280 --> 00:41:34,279
Speaker 1: The World, which was the first daily public radio news podcast.

698
00:41:35,200 --> 00:41:38,400
Speaker 1: The next month, March two thousand five, the Public radio

699
00:41:38,480 --> 00:41:41,200
Speaker 1: show on the Media would become the first to also

700
00:41:41,239 --> 00:41:44,719
Speaker 1: be distributed as a podcast in full. In April two

701
00:41:44,719 --> 00:41:48,360
Speaker 1: thousand five, Leo Laporte, who had worked in traditional media

702
00:41:48,400 --> 00:41:51,840
Speaker 1: for years as a technology news communicator, a reviewer, and

703
00:41:51,880 --> 00:41:56,520
Speaker 1: an educator, formed This Week in Tech, a network also

704
00:41:56,600 --> 00:42:00,000
Speaker 1: known as twit. This would become one of the first

705
00:42:00,000 --> 00:42:02,840
Speaker 1: podcast networks in the world. In other words, it became

706
00:42:02,840 --> 00:42:07,759
Speaker 1: the umbrella to multiple shows in podcast format. On June six,

707
00:42:07,840 --> 00:42:11,040
Speaker 1: two thousand five, iTunes four point nine launched with a

708
00:42:11,080 --> 00:42:14,640
Speaker 1: podcast directory added to the iTunes Music store, and this

709
00:42:14,760 --> 00:42:17,080
Speaker 1: made it much easier for iTunes users to find and

710
00:42:17,200 --> 00:42:20,800
Speaker 1: download episodes, and it became really important to podcasters that

711
00:42:20,880 --> 00:42:24,279
Speaker 1: they get their shows onto Apples directory because that was

712
00:42:24,320 --> 00:42:26,800
Speaker 1: the place to be. That's where most people were getting

713
00:42:26,840 --> 00:42:29,479
Speaker 1: their podcasts from in those days, so if you weren't

714
00:42:29,480 --> 00:42:32,319
Speaker 1: showing up an Apple's directory, it felt like you were

715
00:42:32,360 --> 00:42:35,919
Speaker 1: missing out on the people who would otherwise be able

716
00:42:35,960 --> 00:42:40,560
Speaker 1: to subscribe to your show. This move also forced a

717
00:42:40,600 --> 00:42:43,920
Speaker 1: different company to change its course, and that company was

718
00:42:44,000 --> 00:42:48,680
Speaker 1: called Odeo o d e O. Odio's purpose originally was

719
00:42:48,719 --> 00:42:51,520
Speaker 1: to create a podcasting directory as well as a suite

720
00:42:51,520 --> 00:42:55,320
Speaker 1: of tools for creating podcasts. It was poised to launch

721
00:42:55,440 --> 00:42:58,200
Speaker 1: in the summer of two thousand five, but then Apple

722
00:42:58,320 --> 00:43:00,520
Speaker 1: got into the game with podcasting, and the people at

723
00:43:00,560 --> 00:43:02,640
Speaker 1: Odeo saw the writing on the wall. There just was

724
00:43:03,000 --> 00:43:05,319
Speaker 1: no way they were going to compete against Apple in

725
00:43:05,360 --> 00:43:09,040
Speaker 1: that space, So rather than abandoned ship entirely, they decided

726
00:43:09,080 --> 00:43:12,239
Speaker 1: to change what their company was going to do, and

727
00:43:12,280 --> 00:43:15,960
Speaker 1: they also ditched the name. Instead, Odeo would become a

728
00:43:15,960 --> 00:43:18,800
Speaker 1: company that would allow people to send out little messages

729
00:43:18,880 --> 00:43:21,880
Speaker 1: to their friends using SMS messaging or a web client,

730
00:43:22,719 --> 00:43:26,960
Speaker 1: and that's how Twitter was born. Yep, Twitter exists because

731
00:43:26,960 --> 00:43:32,440
Speaker 1: of iTunes sort of. In August two five, NPR officially

732
00:43:32,440 --> 00:43:35,680
Speaker 1: got into the podcast game. Making show segments available as

733
00:43:35,760 --> 00:43:39,120
Speaker 1: podcast downloads. So while their rise in popularity a few

734
00:43:39,200 --> 00:43:42,120
Speaker 1: years later makes it seem like they were latecomers to podcasting,

735
00:43:42,440 --> 00:43:44,200
Speaker 1: the fact is they were around in some of those

736
00:43:44,200 --> 00:43:49,120
Speaker 1: earliest days. The New Oxford American Dictionary would name podcast

737
00:43:49,200 --> 00:43:52,040
Speaker 1: as their word of the year on December third, two

738
00:43:52,080 --> 00:43:55,640
Speaker 1: thousand five, and the following year podcast would become a

739
00:43:55,719 --> 00:43:59,080
Speaker 1: new word in the dictionary. We've got a lot more

740
00:43:59,120 --> 00:44:01,879
Speaker 1: to talk about to wrap up, and actually to talk

741
00:44:01,880 --> 00:44:05,200
Speaker 1: about some of the other influential podcasts that came out

742
00:44:05,239 --> 00:44:07,439
Speaker 1: in those early years. But before we do that, let's

743
00:44:07,440 --> 00:44:17,080
Speaker 1: take another quick break to thank our sponsor. So in

744
00:44:17,120 --> 00:44:20,799
Speaker 1: two thousand six, Edison Research held a survey to find

745
00:44:20,800 --> 00:44:24,800
Speaker 1: out how many people were aware of podcasting in general.

746
00:44:25,560 --> 00:44:28,880
Speaker 1: So two thousand six is still early days for podcasting,

747
00:44:29,480 --> 00:44:32,200
Speaker 1: and the survey bears it out. According to their report,

748
00:44:32,280 --> 00:44:37,399
Speaker 1: twenty two of Americans who responded to this survey said

749
00:44:37,440 --> 00:44:40,959
Speaker 1: they had heard about podcasting, but only half as many

750
00:44:41,120 --> 00:44:44,640
Speaker 1: only eleven percent, had ever actually listened to a podcast.

751
00:44:45,560 --> 00:44:47,879
Speaker 1: And this is why, in those early days of doing

752
00:44:47,920 --> 00:44:50,560
Speaker 1: tech stuff, just a couple of years later, I found

753
00:44:50,560 --> 00:44:53,359
Speaker 1: it really challenging to explain to people what it was

754
00:44:53,400 --> 00:44:56,520
Speaker 1: I was doing. I'd say things like, yeah, it's an

755
00:44:56,560 --> 00:45:00,319
Speaker 1: audio show, kind of like a radio show. No, no,

756
00:45:00,400 --> 00:45:03,840
Speaker 1: it's not. It's not on the radio. It's it's on

757
00:45:03,880 --> 00:45:07,439
Speaker 1: the internet. No no, no, you you don't. You don't

758
00:45:07,480 --> 00:45:10,520
Speaker 1: stream it, you download it and then you then you

759
00:45:10,600 --> 00:45:12,520
Speaker 1: listen to it on an iPod or like an NP

760
00:45:12,640 --> 00:45:17,400
Speaker 1: three player. I've had that kind of conversation so many times. Well,

761
00:45:17,440 --> 00:45:21,200
Speaker 1: in February two thousand six, Wait Wait Don't Tell Me

762
00:45:21,280 --> 00:45:25,839
Speaker 1: becomes nbr's first full program podcast, which means I've been

763
00:45:25,840 --> 00:45:30,840
Speaker 1: a subscriber for more than a decade. Wow. Before that,

764
00:45:31,120 --> 00:45:35,799
Speaker 1: NBR had been uploading segments of shows, but not entire episodes.

765
00:45:36,000 --> 00:45:37,560
Speaker 1: So wait, Wait Don't tell Me. It was kind of

766
00:45:37,600 --> 00:45:41,840
Speaker 1: their experiment what would happen if they allowed an entire

767
00:45:41,960 --> 00:45:45,160
Speaker 1: show that would go out on NPR to also be

768
00:45:45,239 --> 00:45:48,360
Speaker 1: downloaded as a podcast. As it turns out, people would

769
00:45:48,360 --> 00:45:52,480
Speaker 1: go bunkers for it. That really showed up when they

770
00:45:52,480 --> 00:45:57,360
Speaker 1: started doing this American Life. Also that month, in February

771
00:45:57,360 --> 00:45:59,680
Speaker 1: two thousand and six, the Ricky Gervais Show entered the

772
00:45:59,719 --> 00:46:02,279
Speaker 1: gain US Book of World Records as the most downloaded

773
00:46:02,320 --> 00:46:06,120
Speaker 1: podcast in history. Though, come on, be fair. Two thousand

774
00:46:06,280 --> 00:46:09,000
Speaker 1: six is pretty early in the podcast game. I mean,

775
00:46:09,040 --> 00:46:11,919
Speaker 1: I hadn't even started tech Stuff yet, and it could

776
00:46:11,920 --> 00:46:15,120
Speaker 1: have waited a bit, to be honest. That record would

777
00:46:15,160 --> 00:46:19,400
Speaker 1: be broken later on, in the spring of two thousand seven,

778
00:46:19,640 --> 00:46:24,279
Speaker 1: Jack and Stench start a subscription based podcast at five

779
00:46:24,360 --> 00:46:28,239
Speaker 1: dollars per month per subscription. The Jack and Stinch Show

780
00:46:28,320 --> 00:46:32,240
Speaker 1: grew out of a radio program called Jamie Jack and Stinch.

781
00:46:33,239 --> 00:46:36,440
Speaker 1: Their radio company had canceled their show, so they were

782
00:46:36,440 --> 00:46:39,360
Speaker 1: out of a job, and that's when the creators decided

783
00:46:39,400 --> 00:46:40,839
Speaker 1: that they were gonna they were gonna try and make

784
00:46:40,880 --> 00:46:43,920
Speaker 1: a listener supported series and see if they can make

785
00:46:43,960 --> 00:46:46,359
Speaker 1: it work. And it turns out it did work. They're

786
00:46:46,360 --> 00:46:49,080
Speaker 1: still podcasting today and it's still five dollars per month

787
00:46:49,239 --> 00:46:51,640
Speaker 1: or cents per show, as they say on their website.

788
00:46:52,920 --> 00:46:56,080
Speaker 1: Other subscription based shows would soon follow, and so you

789
00:46:56,160 --> 00:46:59,280
Speaker 1: began to see a few different ways to monetize podcasts.

790
00:46:59,640 --> 00:47:03,399
Speaker 1: There were these listeners supported shows through subscriptions or later

791
00:47:03,520 --> 00:47:08,000
Speaker 1: on through platforms like Patreon. Then there are sponsors supported

792
00:47:08,000 --> 00:47:11,360
Speaker 1: shows such as tech Stuff, where we monetized by having

793
00:47:11,400 --> 00:47:15,400
Speaker 1: ads in our shows. There's also fully sponsored content in

794
00:47:15,400 --> 00:47:17,600
Speaker 1: which a company will pay for a full episode of

795
00:47:17,600 --> 00:47:20,200
Speaker 1: a program, so there are a few different ways to

796
00:47:20,239 --> 00:47:23,040
Speaker 1: make money from podcasting, though I'd say the vast majority

797
00:47:23,040 --> 00:47:26,320
Speaker 1: of podcasters out there aren't really making a big profit

798
00:47:26,440 --> 00:47:31,560
Speaker 1: from it. On April two thousand eight, Josh Clark and

799
00:47:31,760 --> 00:47:35,839
Speaker 1: Chris Palette became Internet superstars forever and ever when the

800
00:47:35,960 --> 00:47:40,000
Speaker 1: very first episode of Stuff You Should Know published. That

801
00:47:40,160 --> 00:47:43,080
Speaker 1: is our most popular podcast here at how Stuff Works

802
00:47:43,120 --> 00:47:45,680
Speaker 1: dot com and Stuff you Should Know the very first

803
00:47:45,680 --> 00:47:49,640
Speaker 1: episode April two thousand eight, Chuck was not a co

804
00:47:49,760 --> 00:47:53,400
Speaker 1: host yet, it was my former editor Chris Polette. The

805
00:47:53,480 --> 00:47:56,840
Speaker 1: topic they covered was how grass aline works and the

806
00:47:56,880 --> 00:48:00,520
Speaker 1: show was just nine minutes long. Those are the episodes

807
00:48:00,520 --> 00:48:03,320
Speaker 1: saw Josh work with a couple of different potential co hosts.

808
00:48:03,680 --> 00:48:06,719
Speaker 1: So there was Chris Palette and there was also Candice,

809
00:48:06,840 --> 00:48:08,400
Speaker 1: who would later go on to be one of the

810
00:48:08,400 --> 00:48:12,240
Speaker 1: original hosts of Stuff You Missed in History Class, which,

811
00:48:12,320 --> 00:48:15,600
Speaker 1: by the way, it was originally called Factor Fiction. Chuck

812
00:48:15,680 --> 00:48:19,600
Speaker 1: Bryant would join Josh for the episode why does Toothpaste

813
00:48:19,680 --> 00:48:24,120
Speaker 1: make orange Juice Taste Bad? Which published on May two

814
00:48:24,160 --> 00:48:28,000
Speaker 1: thousand eight, and the charisma between the two hosts was undeniable.

815
00:48:28,239 --> 00:48:32,240
Speaker 1: Josh and Chuck would become the definitive voices of stuff

816
00:48:32,239 --> 00:48:35,359
Speaker 1: you should know, and they still are today, and they

817
00:48:35,400 --> 00:48:39,399
Speaker 1: sit on either side of me. Chuck's on my right,

818
00:48:39,600 --> 00:48:43,360
Speaker 1: Josh is on my left. Other house stuff works shows

819
00:48:43,440 --> 00:48:46,319
Speaker 1: that launched around that same time, where Brain Stuff, which

820
00:48:46,320 --> 00:48:50,160
Speaker 1: originally featured our founder Marshall Brain giving short explanations of

821
00:48:50,200 --> 00:48:53,680
Speaker 1: interesting stuff, and then stuff you Missed in History Class, which,

822
00:48:53,719 --> 00:48:57,799
Speaker 1: as I said before, started life as Factor fiction. And

823
00:48:57,840 --> 00:49:00,920
Speaker 1: there there was a little show called tech Stuff, tiny

824
00:49:00,960 --> 00:49:04,080
Speaker 1: little show that you're listening to right now. The first

825
00:49:04,160 --> 00:49:07,440
Speaker 1: official episode of tech Stuff because we recorded a few

826
00:49:07,600 --> 00:49:10,960
Speaker 1: that never published, a bunch of test episodes so that

827
00:49:11,000 --> 00:49:14,240
Speaker 1: we can get used to being on the microphone, and

828
00:49:14,360 --> 00:49:18,439
Speaker 1: they were bad and we should feel bad. I don't

829
00:49:18,480 --> 00:49:21,799
Speaker 1: think they exist anymore. I'm pretty sure there's no existing

830
00:49:21,840 --> 00:49:24,959
Speaker 1: recording of those early episodes, or I would release them.

831
00:49:24,960 --> 00:49:27,040
Speaker 1: Why not, I would be I would group them together

832
00:49:27,080 --> 00:49:29,080
Speaker 1: and say, you want to listen to what the show

833
00:49:29,160 --> 00:49:32,160
Speaker 1: sounded like back in two thousand and eight, because this

834
00:49:32,239 --> 00:49:36,319
Speaker 1: is it. So the first official episode went live on

835
00:49:36,440 --> 00:49:39,720
Speaker 1: June tenth, two thousand eight, and that episode was called

836
00:49:39,880 --> 00:49:45,640
Speaker 1: how the Google Apple Cloud Computer Will Work. The less

837
00:49:45,640 --> 00:49:51,040
Speaker 1: said about that, the better podcasts continued to grow in popularity,

838
00:49:51,160 --> 00:49:54,719
Speaker 1: and podcast networks also began to grow. And then we

839
00:49:54,760 --> 00:49:58,000
Speaker 1: flashed back to that story I mentioned about Personal Audio.

840
00:49:58,160 --> 00:50:01,680
Speaker 1: Back in the ninety nineties, a company, Personal Audio LLC.

841
00:50:01,880 --> 00:50:05,320
Speaker 1: Was what some people called a patent holding company. Me

842
00:50:05,520 --> 00:50:07,960
Speaker 1: the company was in the business of making money from

843
00:50:08,040 --> 00:50:11,440
Speaker 1: the patents it held. It didn't make anything else. It

844
00:50:11,480 --> 00:50:14,520
Speaker 1: didn't offer any services, it didn't offer any products. It

845
00:50:14,640 --> 00:50:16,880
Speaker 1: had these patents. Now, there are a couple of different

846
00:50:16,880 --> 00:50:18,719
Speaker 1: ways you can make money with patents, and they are

847
00:50:18,760 --> 00:50:24,000
Speaker 1: completely viable. One of this is to license your patent

848
00:50:24,040 --> 00:50:27,719
Speaker 1: and designed two interested parties, And again there's nothing wrong

849
00:50:27,760 --> 00:50:29,920
Speaker 1: with that. So let's say I come up with a

850
00:50:30,000 --> 00:50:33,480
Speaker 1: really cool idea on how to do something, and I

851
00:50:33,560 --> 00:50:37,080
Speaker 1: patent that idea and then let companies know, Hey, if

852
00:50:37,120 --> 00:50:39,359
Speaker 1: you want to do this thing in this cool way

853
00:50:39,400 --> 00:50:41,480
Speaker 1: that I thought of, just come on over to me

854
00:50:41,640 --> 00:50:44,640
Speaker 1: and we'll make a deal. Will you'll pay a licensing fee,

855
00:50:44,800 --> 00:50:47,040
Speaker 1: I allow you to use my method. Everything will be

856
00:50:47,040 --> 00:50:49,720
Speaker 1: cool until the patent expires, in which case it becomes

857
00:50:49,719 --> 00:50:54,800
Speaker 1: public property. Or you could go another route, which involves

858
00:50:55,080 --> 00:50:57,399
Speaker 1: just sitting on your patents and looking around and then

859
00:50:57,440 --> 00:51:00,719
Speaker 1: suing people who appeared to be using your patent did ideas,

860
00:51:01,239 --> 00:51:03,799
Speaker 1: Then you can either win money through a lawsuit or,

861
00:51:03,880 --> 00:51:07,480
Speaker 1: as is more common, reach a settlement agreement where a

862
00:51:07,480 --> 00:51:12,440
Speaker 1: company will pay you for using that patented idea. Lawsuits

863
00:51:12,440 --> 00:51:14,520
Speaker 1: are really expensive, and often you'll find parties willing to

864
00:51:14,520 --> 00:51:17,759
Speaker 1: settle out of court just to avoid risking a full,

865
00:51:18,120 --> 00:51:21,560
Speaker 1: full blown court battle where even if you win, it's expensive,

866
00:51:21,719 --> 00:51:24,799
Speaker 1: but if you don't win, it's even more expensive. Well,

867
00:51:24,800 --> 00:51:27,440
Speaker 1: Personal Audio had sued Apple a couple of times in

868
00:51:27,520 --> 00:51:32,480
Speaker 1: an East Texas court over patents involving playlists Why East Texas.

869
00:51:32,680 --> 00:51:35,920
Speaker 1: Personal Audio claimed it had an office nast Texas, but

870
00:51:36,000 --> 00:51:40,200
Speaker 1: a lot of different technology journalists said that that office

871
00:51:40,320 --> 00:51:42,960
Speaker 1: was essentially empty and really was just connected to their

872
00:51:43,000 --> 00:51:46,400
Speaker 1: patent lawyer's office. I don't know if that's true or not,

873
00:51:46,440 --> 00:51:50,160
Speaker 1: but that's how it was reported, and that to East

874
00:51:50,160 --> 00:51:53,160
Speaker 1: Texas was known as being a very favorable court when

875
00:51:53,239 --> 00:51:58,040
Speaker 1: it came to patent litigation. It was very favorable towards

876
00:51:58,040 --> 00:52:04,480
Speaker 1: patent holders. So in Personal Audio sued several parties, including

877
00:52:04,520 --> 00:52:08,120
Speaker 1: Adam Carolla and how Stuff Works, among others. Although technically

878
00:52:08,160 --> 00:52:10,920
Speaker 1: they were going after Discovery because How Stuff Works was

879
00:52:11,000 --> 00:52:14,239
Speaker 1: owned by Discovery at that time. The claim was that

880
00:52:14,320 --> 00:52:17,240
Speaker 1: Personal Audio held the patented approach that these other podcasts

881
00:52:17,280 --> 00:52:20,200
Speaker 1: were using to distribute audio over the web, and then

882
00:52:20,280 --> 00:52:23,279
Speaker 1: a long legal battle followed. Now I was in the

883
00:52:23,360 --> 00:52:26,880
Speaker 1: dark throughout the entire process, for which I am thankful.

884
00:52:27,040 --> 00:52:29,719
Speaker 1: I only learned about developments after they had hit the

885
00:52:29,719 --> 00:52:33,880
Speaker 1: news cycle. The Electronic Frontier Foundation got involved. The e

886
00:52:34,120 --> 00:52:38,120
Speaker 1: f F and they're very much a a consumer based

887
00:52:38,200 --> 00:52:43,440
Speaker 1: organization that tries to look out for protections against corporations

888
00:52:44,320 --> 00:52:49,400
Speaker 1: encroaching upon the Internet. They view the Internet as a

889
00:52:49,440 --> 00:52:54,799
Speaker 1: public utility that should be UH, should be accessible by all,

890
00:52:55,360 --> 00:52:58,120
Speaker 1: and that no company should have this kind of of

891
00:52:58,480 --> 00:53:02,960
Speaker 1: leverage over it. So the tech news sites did some

892
00:53:03,040 --> 00:53:07,000
Speaker 1: digging and made some allegations about Personal Audio about UH,

893
00:53:07,239 --> 00:53:10,520
Speaker 1: the fact that the company had not ever produced a podcast,

894
00:53:10,560 --> 00:53:13,359
Speaker 1: nor ever planned to do so, and so a lot

895
00:53:13,360 --> 00:53:16,240
Speaker 1: of people were throwing around the words patent troll about

896
00:53:16,320 --> 00:53:19,839
Speaker 1: Personal Audio. That's not my place to say, but the

897
00:53:19,880 --> 00:53:23,960
Speaker 1: courts did ultimately find in favor of the podcasters. This

898
00:53:24,040 --> 00:53:26,520
Speaker 1: was after Personal Audio had already started to back off

899
00:53:26,760 --> 00:53:30,279
Speaker 1: from the lawsuits, not because the company was saying they

900
00:53:30,280 --> 00:53:33,200
Speaker 1: didn't have a case. They said, no, we've got a case.

901
00:53:33,520 --> 00:53:36,040
Speaker 1: There's just no money in podcasting, so no one could

902
00:53:36,040 --> 00:53:39,440
Speaker 1: pay us, which was kind of like a back end

903
00:53:39,520 --> 00:53:42,960
Speaker 1: its slap against podcasters. I mean, I can't necessarily disagree

904
00:53:43,000 --> 00:53:44,880
Speaker 1: with him. There's not a whole lot of money in

905
00:53:44,920 --> 00:53:48,200
Speaker 1: podcasting for for the vast majority of podcasters out there.

906
00:53:48,360 --> 00:53:50,560
Speaker 1: You gotta do it because you love it, and maybe

907
00:53:50,600 --> 00:53:53,319
Speaker 1: you wind up finding a profitable approach to it. It

908
00:53:53,400 --> 00:53:58,760
Speaker 1: does happen, but it's hard to do. Now, it turns

909
00:53:58,800 --> 00:54:02,200
Speaker 1: out that all of that was moot because there have

910
00:54:02,320 --> 00:54:06,440
Speaker 1: been further UH lawsuits. The e f F pursued a

911
00:54:06,560 --> 00:54:10,200
Speaker 1: claim that the patents that Personal Audio was depending upon

912
00:54:10,560 --> 00:54:15,200
Speaker 1: are invalid, and that has gone to court, and that

913
00:54:15,719 --> 00:54:18,920
Speaker 1: ended up being decided in the favor of e f

914
00:54:19,160 --> 00:54:24,640
Speaker 1: and against Personal Audio. So there's you know, some of

915
00:54:24,640 --> 00:54:27,400
Speaker 1: those examples I was talking about earlier, like Quirks and

916
00:54:27,480 --> 00:54:32,359
Speaker 1: Quirks and Malamud's Internet talk radio platform, we're exhibiting features

917
00:54:32,400 --> 00:54:35,719
Speaker 1: that were described in the Personal Audio patent. Now, that

918
00:54:35,760 --> 00:54:38,360
Speaker 1: patent that they were really relying upon in this particular

919
00:54:38,400 --> 00:54:41,440
Speaker 1: case was filed in two thousand nine, but it was

920
00:54:41,520 --> 00:54:45,400
Speaker 1: given a priority date of N and this does happen

921
00:54:45,440 --> 00:54:48,680
Speaker 1: in patent law. If you have filed for certain patents

922
00:54:49,080 --> 00:54:53,600
Speaker 1: and you have a later patent that you feel is

923
00:54:53,640 --> 00:54:57,920
Speaker 1: derivative of a previous one, and you want that effective

924
00:54:58,000 --> 00:55:02,759
Speaker 1: date to be early earlier than what you're filing it for,

925
00:55:02,920 --> 00:55:05,319
Speaker 1: you can appeal for a priority date, and they did

926
00:55:05,360 --> 00:55:09,600
Speaker 1: and they got it. It was in but the examples

927
00:55:09,600 --> 00:55:13,640
Speaker 1: of Quirks and Quirks and internet talk radio predated N

928
00:55:14,719 --> 00:55:16,760
Speaker 1: and that led the court to rule that the patent

929
00:55:16,800 --> 00:55:21,239
Speaker 1: was invalid as it was describing something that had already existed.

930
00:55:21,680 --> 00:55:23,640
Speaker 1: So the case went to the Court of Appeals and

931
00:55:23,680 --> 00:55:26,520
Speaker 1: the Court of Appeals upheld that ruling. So as of

932
00:55:26,520 --> 00:55:28,759
Speaker 1: the recording of this podcast, there's been no word if

933
00:55:28,800 --> 00:55:31,759
Speaker 1: Personal Audio will pursue this to the Supreme Court, because

934
00:55:31,800 --> 00:55:35,319
Speaker 1: they could it could go that next step, but two

935
00:55:35,400 --> 00:55:40,400
Speaker 1: courts so far have said, you know, there's evidence here

936
00:55:40,440 --> 00:55:44,360
Speaker 1: that this stuff existed before you described it in your patent,

937
00:55:44,480 --> 00:55:47,799
Speaker 1: and you can't patent an idea that already exists. I

938
00:55:47,800 --> 00:55:51,640
Speaker 1: hope you guys enjoyed this episode of the history of podcasting.

939
00:55:51,640 --> 00:55:53,840
Speaker 1: If you have any suggestions for future episodes, send me

940
00:55:53,880 --> 00:55:56,480
Speaker 1: a message You can send it to me via Twitter

941
00:55:56,640 --> 00:55:59,520
Speaker 1: or Facebook. The handle for both is tech stuff hs

942
00:55:59,719 --> 00:56:07,200
Speaker 1: W and I'll talk to you again really soon. Text

943
00:56:07,200 --> 00:56:10,640
Speaker 1: Stuff is an I heart Radio production. For more podcasts

944
00:56:10,680 --> 00:56:13,440
Speaker 1: from I Heart Radio, visit the i heart Radio app,

945
00:56:13,560 --> 00:56:16,720
Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.