1 00:00:02,360 --> 00:00:06,080 Speaker 1: Happy Saturday, everybody. On an upcoming episode, we are going 2 00:00:06,120 --> 00:00:09,920 Speaker 1: to talk about Johann Frederick Struncy. A little bit of 3 00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200 Speaker 1: a spoiler alert there. He's the doctor who more or 4 00:00:12,280 --> 00:00:15,320 Speaker 1: less ruled Denmark for a period in the eighteenth century, 5 00:00:16,000 --> 00:00:18,640 Speaker 1: and during some of the context setting for that episode 6 00:00:18,920 --> 00:00:22,160 Speaker 1: will briefly mention the Thirty Years War and its connection 7 00:00:22,280 --> 00:00:26,239 Speaker 1: to the defenistrations of Prague. We covered the definistrations of 8 00:00:26,280 --> 00:00:30,360 Speaker 1: Prague on the show on and here it is as 9 00:00:30,400 --> 00:00:36,800 Speaker 1: Today's Saturday Classic. Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, 10 00:00:37,080 --> 00:00:46,559 Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to 11 00:00:46,560 --> 00:00:50,040 Speaker 1: the podcast. I'm Tracy B. Wilson and I'm Holly Frying. 12 00:00:50,680 --> 00:00:53,199 Speaker 1: Today we have a podcast that I have started on 13 00:00:53,720 --> 00:00:59,760 Speaker 1: and then stopped maybe five times in the last five years. Uh, 14 00:01:00,000 --> 00:01:02,720 Speaker 1: but we're coming up on the four hundredth anniversary, so 15 00:01:02,760 --> 00:01:04,200 Speaker 1: it kind of feels like I need to do it 16 00:01:04,240 --> 00:01:07,039 Speaker 1: now or never. We have to could do this in 17 00:01:07,080 --> 00:01:12,600 Speaker 1: another hundred years, Yeah, we would be so old, Holly, 18 00:01:12,640 --> 00:01:15,080 Speaker 1: we would be robots. We would be able to really 19 00:01:15,080 --> 00:01:20,280 Speaker 1: tell history from a live perspective of the Yeah. So 20 00:01:20,360 --> 00:01:25,240 Speaker 1: this is the much requested defenestrations of Prague. And just 21 00:01:26,120 --> 00:01:31,680 Speaker 1: to set a little expectation, the the actual defenstrating does 22 00:01:31,760 --> 00:01:35,800 Speaker 1: not take that much time. It's a pretty simple story. 23 00:01:36,560 --> 00:01:39,880 Speaker 1: Defenistrate just means to throw out of a window, and 24 00:01:39,880 --> 00:01:44,160 Speaker 1: it's from the Latin word finestra for window. Apart from 25 00:01:44,160 --> 00:01:47,319 Speaker 1: sounding like it's the punch line to a joke about daleks, 26 00:01:47,319 --> 00:01:51,000 Speaker 1: there's been a surprising amount of throwing people out of 27 00:01:51,040 --> 00:01:54,920 Speaker 1: windows in check history, and almost all of it has 28 00:01:54,960 --> 00:01:57,800 Speaker 1: been connected to religious wars. So we're going to talk 29 00:01:57,800 --> 00:02:02,960 Speaker 1: through all that today. He a The first defenistration of 30 00:02:03,000 --> 00:02:06,760 Speaker 1: Prague took place almost one years before the start of 31 00:02:06,800 --> 00:02:10,560 Speaker 1: the Protestant Reformation, but it stemmed from the same kinds 32 00:02:10,639 --> 00:02:13,600 Speaker 1: of reforms and conflicts that were part of the Reformation. 33 00:02:14,360 --> 00:02:18,000 Speaker 1: Jan Who's was a Bohemian religious reformer who was born 34 00:02:18,040 --> 00:02:22,600 Speaker 1: around thirteen seventeen, and his religious work overlapped the Western Schism, 35 00:02:22,639 --> 00:02:25,720 Speaker 1: which was a huge dispute within the Roman Catholic Church. 36 00:02:26,560 --> 00:02:31,720 Speaker 1: Here's how this dispute started. Bartolomeo Pregnano was elected pope 37 00:02:31,760 --> 00:02:35,080 Speaker 1: in thirteen seventy eight. He became Pope urban the sixth 38 00:02:35,639 --> 00:02:38,320 Speaker 1: and he had been elected in part because for about 39 00:02:38,360 --> 00:02:40,840 Speaker 1: seventy years, all of the popes had been French and 40 00:02:40,880 --> 00:02:45,800 Speaker 1: the papacy had been headquartered in Avignon. Romans started calling 41 00:02:45,880 --> 00:02:48,880 Speaker 1: for a Roman pope, or at least an Italian one. 42 00:02:49,120 --> 00:02:52,040 Speaker 1: They were tired of all these French popes, and before 43 00:02:52,080 --> 00:02:55,440 Speaker 1: his election, Pregnano had been serving as the archbishop of 44 00:02:55,480 --> 00:02:59,800 Speaker 1: the Italian city of Bari, so he satisfied the romans 45 00:03:00,040 --> 00:03:04,360 Speaker 1: man's for at least an Italian pope. But Urban the 46 00:03:04,400 --> 00:03:08,200 Speaker 1: sixth was hard to get along with. He constantly budded 47 00:03:08,240 --> 00:03:11,359 Speaker 1: heads with the cardinals, who had become very powerful during 48 00:03:11,400 --> 00:03:15,079 Speaker 1: all those decades of French popes. So the cardinals elected 49 00:03:15,080 --> 00:03:18,040 Speaker 1: one of their own as Pope, Robert of Geneva, who 50 00:03:18,040 --> 00:03:21,840 Speaker 1: became Clement the seventh. While Urban the sixth was pope 51 00:03:21,880 --> 00:03:25,639 Speaker 1: from Rome, Clement the seventh was pope from Avignon, and 52 00:03:25,760 --> 00:03:28,680 Speaker 1: Clement the seventh is regarded as an antipope, which is 53 00:03:28,680 --> 00:03:31,400 Speaker 1: the term for someone who makes a competing claim to 54 00:03:31,480 --> 00:03:35,800 Speaker 1: the legitimately elected pope. The election of Clement the seventh 55 00:03:35,800 --> 00:03:40,320 Speaker 1: spawned a long series of popes and antipopes, and various 56 00:03:40,440 --> 00:03:43,880 Speaker 1: kingdoms and communities sided with one or the other of them. 57 00:03:43,920 --> 00:03:46,600 Speaker 1: This wasn't at all the first time in history that 58 00:03:46,640 --> 00:03:50,280 Speaker 1: there had been an antipope, but this whole competing string 59 00:03:50,320 --> 00:03:53,480 Speaker 1: of them, and the disputes among the various states about 60 00:03:53,520 --> 00:03:57,240 Speaker 1: which one was legitimate stretched on for the better part 61 00:03:57,280 --> 00:04:01,520 Speaker 1: of sixty years. The Western is m really damaged the 62 00:04:01,560 --> 00:04:05,560 Speaker 1: Catholic Church's reputation. It also undermined the idea of the 63 00:04:05,600 --> 00:04:09,320 Speaker 1: pope as the supreme authority. So as the Church's power 64 00:04:09,400 --> 00:04:13,400 Speaker 1: and authority were weakening, movements for reform, which had existed 65 00:04:13,440 --> 00:04:16,080 Speaker 1: for almost as long as the church had started to 66 00:04:16,080 --> 00:04:20,279 Speaker 1: become a lot more vocal. One of these reformers was 67 00:04:20,400 --> 00:04:25,599 Speaker 1: Jan Militch, who established Bethlehem Chapel in Prague. Bethlehem Chapel 68 00:04:25,640 --> 00:04:29,320 Speaker 1: became Prague's most popular church, and it conducted services in 69 00:04:29,480 --> 00:04:32,880 Speaker 1: Check instead of in Latin. Starting in fourteen o two, 70 00:04:33,160 --> 00:04:36,000 Speaker 1: Jan Who's was in charge of the chapel both as 71 00:04:36,040 --> 00:04:39,640 Speaker 1: the preacher and as an administrator, and the chapel also 72 00:04:39,760 --> 00:04:43,239 Speaker 1: became home to a national reform movement, and Who's became 73 00:04:43,240 --> 00:04:46,960 Speaker 1: a leader in that movement as well. In fourteen o nine, 74 00:04:47,360 --> 00:04:52,000 Speaker 1: Petros Filargos was elected pope, becoming Alexander the Fifth. He 75 00:04:52,160 --> 00:04:55,680 Speaker 1: was intended to replace two competing popes. That was Gregory 76 00:04:55,720 --> 00:05:00,400 Speaker 1: the Twelve and benedictte But neither Gregory nor an Addict 77 00:05:00,480 --> 00:05:03,640 Speaker 1: stepped down when Alexander was elected, so instead of one 78 00:05:03,680 --> 00:05:07,440 Speaker 1: pope there were three. It's made things a lot more 79 00:05:07,480 --> 00:05:12,720 Speaker 1: complicated for Jan Who's and his followers, who supported Alexander, 80 00:05:12,760 --> 00:05:16,400 Speaker 1: but higher church officials in Bohemia still recognized the authority 81 00:05:16,440 --> 00:05:19,600 Speaker 1: of Gregory, and at this point things had already been 82 00:05:19,640 --> 00:05:22,479 Speaker 1: difficult for the reform movements that Who's was part of. 83 00:05:23,120 --> 00:05:26,400 Speaker 1: English theologian John Wycliffe and his followers, who were known 84 00:05:26,400 --> 00:05:29,839 Speaker 1: as the Lollards, had been influential in the Bohemian movement, 85 00:05:29,960 --> 00:05:33,720 Speaker 1: but a lot of Whitecliffe's teachings had been condemned as heretical. 86 00:05:34,400 --> 00:05:37,880 Speaker 1: Some of the movements members had also been accused of heresy, 87 00:05:37,920 --> 00:05:40,480 Speaker 1: and then some of them were canted their views. This 88 00:05:40,680 --> 00:05:43,560 Speaker 1: left Who's without anybody to back him up. He was 89 00:05:43,640 --> 00:05:47,520 Speaker 1: accused of heresy as well, although at first he wasn't 90 00:05:47,520 --> 00:05:53,320 Speaker 1: prosecuted for it. Eventually, Pope Alexander was bribed to ban 91 00:05:53,560 --> 00:05:59,000 Speaker 1: preaching in private chapels, including Bethlehem Chapel, but Who's refused 92 00:05:59,000 --> 00:06:02,279 Speaker 1: to stop his work. He was excommunicated and once again 93 00:06:02,440 --> 00:06:06,560 Speaker 1: charged with heresy. I was talking to a friend of 94 00:06:06,560 --> 00:06:08,600 Speaker 1: mine who was a history teacher about this whole thing, 95 00:06:08,640 --> 00:06:11,520 Speaker 1: and she was like, I wish jon Who's had been 96 00:06:11,640 --> 00:06:14,240 Speaker 1: good at giving compliments sandwiches like some of the other 97 00:06:14,320 --> 00:06:19,040 Speaker 1: people who didn't wind up accused of heresy because he 98 00:06:19,080 --> 00:06:22,000 Speaker 1: was just like a dent on fire all the time. 99 00:06:23,360 --> 00:06:26,440 Speaker 1: So then when he refused to stop preaching, the entire 100 00:06:26,600 --> 00:06:29,440 Speaker 1: city of Prague was punished. As long as he kept 101 00:06:29,480 --> 00:06:31,800 Speaker 1: doing his work, none of its citizens would be allowed 102 00:06:31,839 --> 00:06:36,680 Speaker 1: to receive communion or to be buried on Catholic church grounds. Finally, 103 00:06:36,839 --> 00:06:40,080 Speaker 1: the Council of Constance was assembled to resolve the issue 104 00:06:40,360 --> 00:06:43,680 Speaker 1: of the three competing popes and end the Western Schism 105 00:06:43,720 --> 00:06:46,919 Speaker 1: and to deal with jon Us. The Council began in 106 00:06:47,000 --> 00:06:50,520 Speaker 1: November of fourteen fourteen, and Hosts was summoned to appear 107 00:06:50,640 --> 00:06:53,520 Speaker 1: under a letter of safe conduct. But even though the 108 00:06:53,560 --> 00:06:56,880 Speaker 1: safe conduct promise was supposed to keep him from harm, 109 00:06:56,880 --> 00:07:00,600 Speaker 1: Who's was tried for heresy and convicted. He was burned 110 00:07:00,640 --> 00:07:06,160 Speaker 1: at the stake on July six, fifteen. After Who's his martyrdom. 111 00:07:06,240 --> 00:07:10,280 Speaker 1: Nobles in both Bohemia and Moravia protests that what had happened. 112 00:07:10,520 --> 00:07:12,880 Speaker 1: They wrote letters to the Council, and they offered their 113 00:07:12,880 --> 00:07:16,240 Speaker 1: protection to people who were being persecuted for their religious beliefs. 114 00:07:16,720 --> 00:07:20,240 Speaker 1: Who's His followers and other like minded reformers became known 115 00:07:20,240 --> 00:07:26,040 Speaker 1: as the Hussites. These events sparked a massive movement in Bohemia, 116 00:07:26,640 --> 00:07:30,000 Speaker 1: a century before the start of the Protestant Reformation. The 117 00:07:30,080 --> 00:07:33,160 Speaker 1: Hussites were using a Czech language liturgy instead of a 118 00:07:33,240 --> 00:07:37,000 Speaker 1: Latin one. They were also administering communion to lay people 119 00:07:37,120 --> 00:07:41,480 Speaker 1: using both bread and wine, when Catholic services reserved wine 120 00:07:41,600 --> 00:07:45,680 Speaker 1: only for the clergy. One branch of the Hussites were 121 00:07:45,720 --> 00:07:50,720 Speaker 1: the Utraquists, whose name means both kinds. I had no 122 00:07:50,840 --> 00:07:55,600 Speaker 1: idea this dispute about receiving communion in one kind or 123 00:07:55,680 --> 00:08:01,680 Speaker 1: both kinds was even a thing my entire upbringing as 124 00:08:01,720 --> 00:08:04,840 Speaker 1: a Methodist. The dispute was there wasn't even a dispute. 125 00:08:04,880 --> 00:08:07,040 Speaker 1: There was a discussion that was more about whether to 126 00:08:07,160 --> 00:08:10,160 Speaker 1: use bread that had been made or communion wafers, and 127 00:08:10,160 --> 00:08:12,200 Speaker 1: whether it was okay to have grape juicer wine like 128 00:08:12,320 --> 00:08:17,800 Speaker 1: one kind or both kinds did not even factor into it. This, finally, though, 129 00:08:17,840 --> 00:08:21,360 Speaker 1: brings us to throwing people out of windows in Prague 130 00:08:21,400 --> 00:08:26,120 Speaker 1: in fourteen nineteen, the city's magistrates were holding several Utraquists prisoner, 131 00:08:26,520 --> 00:08:29,360 Speaker 1: and in retaliation, a group of Hussites broke into the 132 00:08:29,400 --> 00:08:33,559 Speaker 1: new town hall on July and they threw several city 133 00:08:33,600 --> 00:08:36,920 Speaker 1: council members and other officials out of the windows. Some 134 00:08:37,040 --> 00:08:40,079 Speaker 1: of these people were killed, and the king, once it's lost. 135 00:08:40,120 --> 00:08:43,079 Speaker 1: The fourth died not long after this. Now this might 136 00:08:43,120 --> 00:08:46,320 Speaker 1: be apocryphal, but a number of sources say that he 137 00:08:46,480 --> 00:08:50,080 Speaker 1: died of outrage because of this definistration, or maybe of 138 00:08:50,120 --> 00:08:52,400 Speaker 1: a heart attack or a stroke that was brought on 139 00:08:52,480 --> 00:08:56,240 Speaker 1: by his anger over it. I feel like the word 140 00:08:56,320 --> 00:09:01,720 Speaker 1: definistration is like such a a nice, convoluted way to 141 00:09:01,840 --> 00:09:07,400 Speaker 1: say we did something really barbaric. It's a complicated word 142 00:09:07,480 --> 00:09:10,640 Speaker 1: that sounds like an important and uh, you don't not 143 00:09:11,040 --> 00:09:15,000 Speaker 1: violent thing, but in fact it's tossing people out of windows. Anyway. 144 00:09:15,480 --> 00:09:18,600 Speaker 1: This first defenestration of Prague is usually marked as the 145 00:09:18,679 --> 00:09:22,360 Speaker 1: first violent incident in the Hussite Wars, which spanned from 146 00:09:22,360 --> 00:09:26,760 Speaker 1: fourteen nineteen to fourteen thirty six. Wenceslaus a successor as 147 00:09:26,880 --> 00:09:31,520 Speaker 1: King of Bohemia was his half brother, Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, 148 00:09:31,640 --> 00:09:35,880 Speaker 1: who was vehemently anti Hussite. There's actually some debate about 149 00:09:35,920 --> 00:09:38,040 Speaker 1: what his role was, but he was the person who 150 00:09:38,040 --> 00:09:41,839 Speaker 1: had promised Jon huss safe conduct to the Council of Constance, 151 00:09:42,240 --> 00:09:45,719 Speaker 1: and he was suspiciously absent during the trial and execution. 152 00:09:47,000 --> 00:09:50,479 Speaker 1: Even though the Hussites had huge support all over Bohemia, 153 00:09:50,640 --> 00:09:54,080 Speaker 1: sitismen took a violent stand against them, going so far 154 00:09:54,200 --> 00:09:56,920 Speaker 1: as to seek a papal bull from Pope Martin the 155 00:09:56,960 --> 00:10:01,680 Speaker 1: Fifth proclaiming an anti Hussite crusade. The Hussites fought back 156 00:10:01,720 --> 00:10:05,040 Speaker 1: against that only this crusade, but also against another one 157 00:10:05,080 --> 00:10:09,320 Speaker 1: that followed it. Peace talks began in fourteen thirty one 158 00:10:09,400 --> 00:10:12,559 Speaker 1: at the Council of Basle. In fourteen thirty three, a 159 00:10:12,679 --> 00:10:16,040 Speaker 1: delegation of Hussites spent three months there talking about the 160 00:10:16,080 --> 00:10:19,600 Speaker 1: four core freedoms they wanted, known as the four Articles 161 00:10:19,600 --> 00:10:23,040 Speaker 1: of Prague. These were the freedom to preach and worship 162 00:10:23,080 --> 00:10:27,920 Speaker 1: as they wished, communion in both kinds, punishment of mortal sinners, 163 00:10:28,400 --> 00:10:31,120 Speaker 1: and that the clergy should observe a vow of poverty, 164 00:10:31,320 --> 00:10:34,840 Speaker 1: and the church should not hold property. This was actually 165 00:10:34,880 --> 00:10:38,240 Speaker 1: the more moderate set of demands. The Hussites had split 166 00:10:38,400 --> 00:10:42,160 Speaker 1: into two main factions, The Utoquists and the table Rights. 167 00:10:42,640 --> 00:10:44,560 Speaker 1: The table Rights were a lot more radical, and they 168 00:10:44,559 --> 00:10:47,160 Speaker 1: had gone so far as to establish their own city 169 00:10:47,320 --> 00:10:49,360 Speaker 1: with the hope of putting all of their beliefs into 170 00:10:49,400 --> 00:10:53,120 Speaker 1: practice there. So, when the Council of Basil granted the 171 00:10:53,200 --> 00:10:57,600 Speaker 1: Hussites communion and both kinds, the Utists were satisfied, but 172 00:10:57,640 --> 00:11:01,240 Speaker 1: the tab Risks were not. So. Then the Utraquists joined 173 00:11:01,280 --> 00:11:05,000 Speaker 1: forces with the Catholics to defeat the Taborists in fourteen 174 00:11:05,040 --> 00:11:08,839 Speaker 1: thirty four. It was still about two more years before 175 00:11:08,880 --> 00:11:12,920 Speaker 1: the Catholics and the Utraquists finally finished their negotiations for peace, 176 00:11:13,679 --> 00:11:16,719 Speaker 1: and while there were still schisms and incidents of persecution, 177 00:11:17,160 --> 00:11:20,600 Speaker 1: things stayed mostly peaceful between the Catholics and the Hussites 178 00:11:20,640 --> 00:11:23,920 Speaker 1: for almost two hundred years, and Jon huss and his 179 00:11:24,000 --> 00:11:27,680 Speaker 1: work went on to inspire other reformers, including Martin Luther. 180 00:11:28,840 --> 00:11:32,400 Speaker 1: There was another window throwing incident in fourteen eighty three, 181 00:11:32,400 --> 00:11:34,559 Speaker 1: when a Catholic mayor was thrown out of a window 182 00:11:34,760 --> 00:11:37,320 Speaker 1: of the old town hall. But that's not what people 183 00:11:37,360 --> 00:11:40,520 Speaker 1: are usually talking about when they say the second definistration 184 00:11:40,600 --> 00:11:43,640 Speaker 1: of Prague. We will get to that one after a 185 00:11:43,720 --> 00:11:54,960 Speaker 1: quick sponsor break away, said earlier in the show. The 186 00:11:55,000 --> 00:11:58,120 Speaker 1: first Definistration of Prague took place about a hundred years 187 00:11:58,200 --> 00:12:01,720 Speaker 1: before the start of the Protestant Formation. The second one 188 00:12:01,840 --> 00:12:06,280 Speaker 1: took place about a hundred years after, on May sixteen, eighteen. 189 00:12:07,040 --> 00:12:08,400 Speaker 1: But we have to back up a little bit to 190 00:12:08,440 --> 00:12:11,920 Speaker 1: make sense of it. The Protestant Reformation caused huge social 191 00:12:11,960 --> 00:12:15,079 Speaker 1: and political upheaval in Bohemia, just like it did elsewhere 192 00:12:15,080 --> 00:12:18,080 Speaker 1: in Europe. At the time, Bohemia was ruled by a 193 00:12:18,160 --> 00:12:22,600 Speaker 1: collection of estates that formed the Bohemian Diet. The three 194 00:12:22,800 --> 00:12:25,720 Speaker 1: estates were the Lords, the Knights, and the Burghers, and 195 00:12:25,760 --> 00:12:29,480 Speaker 1: in fifteen seventy five, the King and Holy Roman Emperor 196 00:12:29,520 --> 00:12:32,880 Speaker 1: Maximilian the second of the House of Habsburg, had promised 197 00:12:32,960 --> 00:12:37,559 Speaker 1: the estates that he would tolerate at least some religious diversity. 198 00:12:37,800 --> 00:12:41,360 Speaker 1: Maximilian's promise didn't really account for all of the religious 199 00:12:41,400 --> 00:12:45,800 Speaker 1: diversity in Bohemia, though he had promised to tolerate denominations 200 00:12:45,840 --> 00:12:50,199 Speaker 1: that accepted the Bohemian Confession of fifteen seventy five. This 201 00:12:50,320 --> 00:12:53,280 Speaker 1: was more formally the Confession of Holy Christian Faith of 202 00:12:53,360 --> 00:12:56,080 Speaker 1: all three Estates, and it was an attempt to create 203 00:12:56,120 --> 00:12:59,120 Speaker 1: a confession of faith that most people in Bohemia could 204 00:12:59,160 --> 00:13:03,480 Speaker 1: agree to. The Bohemian Confession was patterned after the fifteen 205 00:13:03,559 --> 00:13:06,760 Speaker 1: thirty Confession of Augsburg, which is the primary confession of 206 00:13:06,800 --> 00:13:09,800 Speaker 1: faith in the Lutheran Church, and its goal was to 207 00:13:09,800 --> 00:13:12,640 Speaker 1: try to satisfy everyone, or at least as many people 208 00:13:12,679 --> 00:13:17,120 Speaker 1: as possible, with one document that Bohemia could then formally 209 00:13:17,320 --> 00:13:23,120 Speaker 1: recognize as the official acceptable statement of faith. It was 210 00:13:23,160 --> 00:13:27,000 Speaker 1: intended to create a framework for a peaceful coexistence among 211 00:13:27,040 --> 00:13:30,920 Speaker 1: the religions. The three major churches in Bohemia at the 212 00:13:30,960 --> 00:13:34,880 Speaker 1: time were the Roman Catholic Church, the Utraquists, and the 213 00:13:34,960 --> 00:13:39,120 Speaker 1: Unitis Fratrum or Unity of Brethren. Both the Utraquists and 214 00:13:39,160 --> 00:13:43,160 Speaker 1: the Unitist Fratrum had Hussite roots, and today the Unitist 215 00:13:43,160 --> 00:13:47,080 Speaker 1: Fratrum is the Moravian Church. There were also Lutherans and 216 00:13:47,160 --> 00:13:51,040 Speaker 1: other Protestants in Bohemia, but they existed in much smaller numbers. 217 00:13:51,960 --> 00:13:56,120 Speaker 1: The Bohemian Confession included things that each of these religions wanted, 218 00:13:56,920 --> 00:14:00,480 Speaker 1: also avoided material that would be considered an ex sceptible 219 00:14:00,559 --> 00:14:03,000 Speaker 1: for one or more of them. So, for example, it 220 00:14:03,160 --> 00:14:06,920 Speaker 1: mentioned all of the observances that the various churches found 221 00:14:07,040 --> 00:14:11,240 Speaker 1: to be sacraments but because the Lutherans considered baptism and 222 00:14:11,320 --> 00:14:14,440 Speaker 1: communion to be the only sacraments, those were the only 223 00:14:14,480 --> 00:14:19,680 Speaker 1: two that were specifically mentioned as sacraments. While Maximilian the 224 00:14:19,760 --> 00:14:23,800 Speaker 1: Second expressed his support for the Bohemian Confession, he didn't 225 00:14:23,880 --> 00:14:27,520 Speaker 1: formally implement it before dying in fifteen seventy five. It 226 00:14:27,640 --> 00:14:31,240 Speaker 1: was his son and successor, Ridolf the Second who finally 227 00:14:31,320 --> 00:14:34,960 Speaker 1: made it official. Ridolf signed a document known as the 228 00:14:35,040 --> 00:14:39,160 Speaker 1: Letter of Majesty on July nine nine. The Letter of 229 00:14:39,200 --> 00:14:43,720 Speaker 1: Majesty granted all religions that accepted the Bohemian Confession freedom 230 00:14:43,760 --> 00:14:47,040 Speaker 1: to worship. The Letter of Majesty didn't come from a 231 00:14:47,080 --> 00:14:51,160 Speaker 1: benevolent desire for religious freedom, though, and Rudolf wasn't even 232 00:14:51,240 --> 00:14:55,000 Speaker 1: consistent about upholding it after he signed it. In sixteen 233 00:14:55,000 --> 00:14:58,480 Speaker 1: o eight, his brother, arch Duke Matthias had invaded part 234 00:14:58,520 --> 00:15:01,360 Speaker 1: of Bohemia after trying to or stood off to abdicate. 235 00:15:01,920 --> 00:15:05,560 Speaker 1: The so called feud between the Habsburg brothers gave the 236 00:15:05,600 --> 00:15:09,840 Speaker 1: Protestant Estates some leverage over Rudolph. They agreed to be 237 00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:13,960 Speaker 1: loyal to him in exchange for their religious freedom. So 238 00:15:14,120 --> 00:15:18,560 Speaker 1: once this letter was signed, Bohemia was still officially Roman Catholic, 239 00:15:18,640 --> 00:15:22,280 Speaker 1: but other religions, as long as they followed that confession, 240 00:15:22,440 --> 00:15:26,280 Speaker 1: had the right to worship freely. On the same day 241 00:15:26,320 --> 00:15:29,640 Speaker 1: that Rudolph signed the Letter of Majesty, Catholics and the 242 00:15:29,680 --> 00:15:33,480 Speaker 1: Protestants in Bohemia also signed an agreement that laid out 243 00:15:33,480 --> 00:15:36,080 Speaker 1: the details of this freedom and how they would interact 244 00:15:36,120 --> 00:15:39,160 Speaker 1: with each other. For example, if a member of one 245 00:15:39,160 --> 00:15:42,480 Speaker 1: of the higher Estates wanted to install an Utraquist priest 246 00:15:42,560 --> 00:15:46,040 Speaker 1: on his land, he could, and if an Utraquist lived 247 00:15:46,040 --> 00:15:48,960 Speaker 1: in a Catholic parish and was attending church and tithing, 248 00:15:49,400 --> 00:15:52,040 Speaker 1: he could be buried in the parish cemetery without having 249 00:15:52,040 --> 00:15:56,360 Speaker 1: to seek any kind of special permission. But otherwise Catholics 250 00:15:56,360 --> 00:15:59,840 Speaker 1: and Utraquists would not be buried in one another's graveyards. 251 00:16:00,800 --> 00:16:03,880 Speaker 1: So after this, Catholics and most of the Protestants coexisted 252 00:16:03,960 --> 00:16:07,720 Speaker 1: mostly peacefully in Bohemia for the next few years, although 253 00:16:08,400 --> 00:16:12,520 Speaker 1: the Utraquist church gradually faded away as more people became Lutheran. 254 00:16:13,560 --> 00:16:16,680 Speaker 1: But this didn't really help Rudolph stay on the throne. 255 00:16:16,920 --> 00:16:19,800 Speaker 1: He wound up seeding Bohemia to his brother Matthias in 256 00:16:19,880 --> 00:16:24,080 Speaker 1: sixteen eleven, and then Matthias became the Holy Roman Emperor 257 00:16:24,160 --> 00:16:29,000 Speaker 1: in sixteen twelve. Rudolph had been less tolerant of religious 258 00:16:29,080 --> 00:16:33,120 Speaker 1: descent than their father Maximilian had, and Matthias was less 259 00:16:33,160 --> 00:16:37,479 Speaker 1: tolerant than his brother Rudolph had been. In sixteen seventeen, 260 00:16:37,760 --> 00:16:41,160 Speaker 1: the Archbishop of Prague ordered Protestant chapels that were being 261 00:16:41,160 --> 00:16:44,720 Speaker 1: built in the towns of Brumov and Probe to be closed. 262 00:16:45,320 --> 00:16:48,640 Speaker 1: This went directly against the freedoms that were guaranteed in 263 00:16:48,680 --> 00:16:52,720 Speaker 1: the Letter of Majesty, but even so Matthias upheld the 264 00:16:52,760 --> 00:16:57,200 Speaker 1: decision to close the chapels. Not long after that, Matthias 265 00:16:57,240 --> 00:17:00,880 Speaker 1: was succeeded by his cousin Ferdinand the Second, and Ferdinand 266 00:17:00,960 --> 00:17:04,320 Speaker 1: was devoutly Catholic. He was a major figure in the 267 00:17:04,359 --> 00:17:08,439 Speaker 1: Catholic counter Reformation, and Ferdinand wanted to make Bohemia a 268 00:17:08,560 --> 00:17:12,720 Speaker 1: strictly Catholic country. He started appointing a lot of staunch 269 00:17:12,880 --> 00:17:16,560 Speaker 1: Catholics to his counsel. In response to all of this, 270 00:17:17,200 --> 00:17:21,280 Speaker 1: Protestants in Prague called an assembly. There they put to 271 00:17:21,520 --> 00:17:26,960 Speaker 1: Catholic regents William Slovada and Yaroslav Martinik on trial. This 272 00:17:27,040 --> 00:17:31,199 Speaker 1: assembly found the men guilty of violating the Letter of Majesty, 273 00:17:31,280 --> 00:17:34,520 Speaker 1: and then on May both of them, along with their 274 00:17:34,560 --> 00:17:38,359 Speaker 1: secretary Fabricius, were thrown out the window of the Prague 275 00:17:38,359 --> 00:17:42,280 Speaker 1: Council assembly room about fifty feet that's roughly fifteen meters 276 00:17:42,800 --> 00:17:47,560 Speaker 1: off the ground. Fortunately they landed in a giant pile 277 00:17:47,600 --> 00:17:49,960 Speaker 1: of horse manure, so none of the three men were 278 00:17:50,040 --> 00:17:55,720 Speaker 1: seriously harmed, and Catholic supporters saw this as miraculous evidence 279 00:17:55,760 --> 00:17:59,560 Speaker 1: of divine intervention. I will keep my giggling to myself 280 00:17:59,600 --> 00:18:03,920 Speaker 1: on that one. I mean, it is funnier, funnier than 281 00:18:03,960 --> 00:18:07,520 Speaker 1: the other defenstration where people died. These guys just landed 282 00:18:07,520 --> 00:18:10,560 Speaker 1: in horse poop, which would be gross, but they weren't 283 00:18:10,600 --> 00:18:15,520 Speaker 1: seriously hurt, right, it's the miracle of of horse manure 284 00:18:15,640 --> 00:18:18,840 Speaker 1: that makes it funny. But this window throwing incident is 285 00:18:18,920 --> 00:18:22,080 Speaker 1: marked as the start of a Bohemian revolt against Ferdinand 286 00:18:22,160 --> 00:18:25,160 Speaker 1: the Second, which then grew into the Thirty Years War, 287 00:18:25,640 --> 00:18:27,520 Speaker 1: and we're going to talk more about that after we 288 00:18:27,600 --> 00:18:38,359 Speaker 1: have another quick sponsor break. The Thirty Years Were was 289 00:18:38,440 --> 00:18:41,840 Speaker 1: so long, complicated and convoluted that it's not really possible 290 00:18:41,880 --> 00:18:43,440 Speaker 1: to do a play by play of it, and just 291 00:18:43,680 --> 00:18:45,919 Speaker 1: the last third of our show today it would not 292 00:18:45,960 --> 00:18:47,879 Speaker 1: be possible to do it in a full episode or 293 00:18:47,880 --> 00:18:50,560 Speaker 1: even a two part or it would take an entire podcast, 294 00:18:50,640 --> 00:18:52,760 Speaker 1: a new podcast that would be only about the Thirty 295 00:18:52,840 --> 00:18:55,640 Speaker 1: Years War, and it would take thirty years to do it, because, 296 00:18:57,520 --> 00:19:01,200 Speaker 1: uh a lot of when you watch lectures and read 297 00:19:01,240 --> 00:19:03,600 Speaker 1: books about this, a word that comes up over and 298 00:19:03,640 --> 00:19:08,199 Speaker 1: over to describe it is exhausting. All of the parties 299 00:19:08,240 --> 00:19:11,000 Speaker 1: involved had their own motivations and their own objectives in 300 00:19:11,080 --> 00:19:14,040 Speaker 1: going to war. In some places it was a civil war, 301 00:19:14,119 --> 00:19:16,560 Speaker 1: and in other places it wasn't. Some of the states 302 00:19:16,560 --> 00:19:19,479 Speaker 1: that were involved entered the Fray after they had already 303 00:19:19,520 --> 00:19:22,960 Speaker 1: been at war with each other for years before that 304 00:19:23,000 --> 00:19:26,760 Speaker 1: bled over into the greater conflict. All of these various 305 00:19:26,800 --> 00:19:31,680 Speaker 1: actors had their own things going on. The whole thing 306 00:19:31,960 --> 00:19:34,520 Speaker 1: was so far reaching and convoluted that a lot of 307 00:19:34,560 --> 00:19:38,840 Speaker 1: historians describe it as multiple different wars rather than one 308 00:19:39,200 --> 00:19:43,199 Speaker 1: thirty Years War. It has so many branches, it's it 309 00:19:43,240 --> 00:19:45,399 Speaker 1: really is hard. It's kind of like an amiba, like 310 00:19:45,440 --> 00:19:48,080 Speaker 1: you can't contain it in one thing. It just keeps 311 00:19:48,119 --> 00:19:52,480 Speaker 1: expanding in different directions. It's a lot, and it did 312 00:19:52,520 --> 00:19:56,720 Speaker 1: start out mostly about religion. The Holy Roman Empire was 313 00:19:56,840 --> 00:19:59,399 Speaker 1: Roman Catholic and had been ruled by members of the 314 00:19:59,400 --> 00:20:03,560 Speaker 1: Catholic how of Habsburg since fourteen forty. Whether the Empire 315 00:20:03,680 --> 00:20:08,280 Speaker 1: tolerated religious diversity depended on who was emperor, but the 316 00:20:08,320 --> 00:20:12,159 Speaker 1: Empire itself wasn't one monolithic entity. It was a huge 317 00:20:12,200 --> 00:20:16,959 Speaker 1: hodgepodge of overlapping semi autonomous states, and whether those states 318 00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:21,840 Speaker 1: tolerated religious diversity also depended on who was ruling them. 319 00:20:21,880 --> 00:20:25,679 Speaker 1: Regardless of how tolerant the individual rulers were, for the 320 00:20:25,760 --> 00:20:29,520 Speaker 1: most part, they had the right to decree which religion 321 00:20:29,600 --> 00:20:32,320 Speaker 1: the people should follow, and this idea had been set 322 00:20:32,400 --> 00:20:36,399 Speaker 1: down in the Piece of Augsburg on September fifty five. 323 00:20:37,200 --> 00:20:40,120 Speaker 1: The Piece of Augsburg was an agreement between the Holy 324 00:20:40,240 --> 00:20:43,280 Speaker 1: Roman Empire and the German states, some of which were 325 00:20:43,320 --> 00:20:45,800 Speaker 1: Catholic and some of which were Lutheran. It put an 326 00:20:45,920 --> 00:20:49,080 Speaker 1: end to violent conflict between all of these different entities. 327 00:20:49,920 --> 00:20:53,800 Speaker 1: The Piece of Augsburg included the idea of kujus reggio 328 00:20:54,080 --> 00:20:58,760 Speaker 1: ejus religio, or whose rule his religion. In other words, 329 00:20:58,840 --> 00:21:03,040 Speaker 1: whoever rule could choose the religion of the state Lutheran 330 00:21:03,400 --> 00:21:06,000 Speaker 1: or Catholic. Those are really the only two options in 331 00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:10,320 Speaker 1: this particular agreement. This basic idea was still in play 332 00:21:10,320 --> 00:21:13,120 Speaker 1: in Germany by the time the Catholic Regents were thrown 333 00:21:13,160 --> 00:21:16,200 Speaker 1: out the window in Bohemia, and even though the Peace 334 00:21:16,200 --> 00:21:19,560 Speaker 1: of Augsburg was between the Empire and the German States, 335 00:21:19,600 --> 00:21:22,159 Speaker 1: the same basic idea was followed in other parts of 336 00:21:22,160 --> 00:21:25,520 Speaker 1: the Holy Roman Empire as well, and that was one 337 00:21:25,560 --> 00:21:28,080 Speaker 1: of the things that led to this war. Under the 338 00:21:28,119 --> 00:21:31,720 Speaker 1: Peace of Augsburg, the ruler was supposed to decide the religion, 339 00:21:32,240 --> 00:21:35,480 Speaker 1: but people didn't necessarily want to follow the religion that 340 00:21:35,520 --> 00:21:39,520 Speaker 1: their ruler did. Religion also played a huge part in 341 00:21:39,560 --> 00:21:42,760 Speaker 1: the relationships among the various rulers and the kingdoms and 342 00:21:42,800 --> 00:21:46,280 Speaker 1: the states that they controlled, both within and outside of 343 00:21:46,320 --> 00:21:50,760 Speaker 1: the Holy Roman Empire. In Germany, the Catholic and Protestant 344 00:21:50,800 --> 00:21:55,520 Speaker 1: states each formed their own military alliances. The Protestant Union 345 00:21:55,560 --> 00:21:58,480 Speaker 1: was first formed in sixteen o eight, and eventually it 346 00:21:58,560 --> 00:22:02,399 Speaker 1: had England the Dutcher Blick in Sweden as allies. The 347 00:22:02,560 --> 00:22:05,919 Speaker 1: Catholic League was formed in sixteen o nine in response, 348 00:22:06,160 --> 00:22:10,000 Speaker 1: and the Catholic League was allied with the Habsburgs. So 349 00:22:10,080 --> 00:22:13,720 Speaker 1: all these alliances were already in place by the defenestration 350 00:22:13,800 --> 00:22:17,440 Speaker 1: of Prague in sixteen eighteen, and for the next two years, 351 00:22:17,480 --> 00:22:21,720 Speaker 1: the mostly Protestant Bohemian estates fought against the Catholic Holy 352 00:22:21,800 --> 00:22:26,119 Speaker 1: Roman Empire. In sixteen twenty, Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand the 353 00:22:26,160 --> 00:22:29,840 Speaker 1: Second and the Catholic League defeated Frederick the Fifth, King 354 00:22:29,880 --> 00:22:33,000 Speaker 1: of Bohemia at the Battle of White Mountain, and as 355 00:22:33,080 --> 00:22:36,879 Speaker 1: numerous historians have noted, the war could have ended there. 356 00:22:37,880 --> 00:22:42,440 Speaker 1: Ferdinand was not satisfied with having only crushed the Bohemian revolt, 357 00:22:42,560 --> 00:22:46,000 Speaker 1: though in sixteen twenty one he started rounding up and 358 00:22:46,080 --> 00:22:50,400 Speaker 1: executing rebel leaders in Prague. He ordered the remaining Protestants 359 00:22:50,480 --> 00:22:54,520 Speaker 1: to either be exiled or to convert, and soon Britain, Denmark, 360 00:22:54,560 --> 00:22:57,919 Speaker 1: and the Dutch Republic had all entered the war. For 361 00:22:57,960 --> 00:23:01,480 Speaker 1: about ten years, the Catholic still had the upper hand, 362 00:23:02,040 --> 00:23:05,000 Speaker 1: but then Sweden joined on the Protestant side in sixteen 363 00:23:05,040 --> 00:23:09,400 Speaker 1: thirty and the Protestants rallied for about four years. Then 364 00:23:09,520 --> 00:23:12,800 Speaker 1: in sixteen thirty four, a Spanish army defeated the main 365 00:23:12,880 --> 00:23:17,480 Speaker 1: force from Sweden, once again giving the Catholic side the advantage. 366 00:23:17,960 --> 00:23:21,879 Speaker 1: That's when France, a Catholic country, joined the fray on 367 00:23:21,960 --> 00:23:25,280 Speaker 1: the Protestant side. From France's point of view, it was 368 00:23:25,359 --> 00:23:28,480 Speaker 1: more important to resist the Habsburgs and the Empire in 369 00:23:28,600 --> 00:23:31,040 Speaker 1: Spain than to stay on the same side as all 370 00:23:31,040 --> 00:23:33,600 Speaker 1: the other Catholic states. And then from here on out, 371 00:23:33,640 --> 00:23:36,800 Speaker 1: the Thirty Years War became more and more about territory 372 00:23:36,880 --> 00:23:41,160 Speaker 1: and politics, while becoming less and less directly about religion. 373 00:23:42,200 --> 00:23:46,480 Speaker 1: Over time, the major powers began hiring mercenaries to supplement 374 00:23:46,520 --> 00:23:50,920 Speaker 1: their armies, and there were atrocities on all sides. One 375 00:23:50,960 --> 00:23:54,520 Speaker 1: of the war's most infamous incidents was the Massacre of Magdeburg, 376 00:23:54,960 --> 00:23:57,919 Speaker 1: when the Empire and the Catholic League sacked the Protestant 377 00:23:57,920 --> 00:24:02,719 Speaker 1: city of Magdeburg and killed about twenty thousand civilians. Fighting 378 00:24:02,720 --> 00:24:05,800 Speaker 1: on the Catholic side where a mercenary light infantry known 379 00:24:05,840 --> 00:24:08,760 Speaker 1: as the Croats, who became the fighting force most often 380 00:24:08,760 --> 00:24:12,440 Speaker 1: associated with the war. Although some of the Croats were 381 00:24:12,640 --> 00:24:15,680 Speaker 1: Croatian at the time, this was more of a generic 382 00:24:15,760 --> 00:24:19,080 Speaker 1: word for the type of light cavalry that they were in. 383 00:24:19,680 --> 00:24:23,080 Speaker 1: Its actual members were from other ethnic groups as well, 384 00:24:23,560 --> 00:24:26,600 Speaker 1: and it's also where the word cravat comes from, after 385 00:24:26,720 --> 00:24:29,520 Speaker 1: a French word for the scarves that they wore as 386 00:24:29,600 --> 00:24:33,439 Speaker 1: part of their uniforms. All of the major powers in 387 00:24:33,480 --> 00:24:36,760 Speaker 1: Western Europe were ultimately involved in the Thirty Years War, 388 00:24:37,280 --> 00:24:39,960 Speaker 1: and there was fighting in their American colonies as well, 389 00:24:40,760 --> 00:24:44,000 Speaker 1: but a disproportionate amount of the fighting took place in Germany, 390 00:24:44,240 --> 00:24:47,600 Speaker 1: and this led to colossal losses for Germany. As much 391 00:24:47,640 --> 00:24:51,280 Speaker 1: as of the German population was killed. And this was 392 00:24:51,320 --> 00:24:54,960 Speaker 1: not just losses from battle. As troops moved from one 393 00:24:54,960 --> 00:24:58,919 Speaker 1: place to another, they commandeered food and other resources, and 394 00:24:58,960 --> 00:25:01,720 Speaker 1: a lot of the time they just left people to starve. 395 00:25:02,480 --> 00:25:06,879 Speaker 1: Disease also spread rapidly along with the armies. There was 396 00:25:06,920 --> 00:25:11,840 Speaker 1: never really a concrete winner of this drawn out, complicated conflict. 397 00:25:12,359 --> 00:25:15,359 Speaker 1: Peace talks went on at the Congregation of Westphalia for 398 00:25:15,520 --> 00:25:19,240 Speaker 1: more than five years, from sixteen forty three to sixteen 399 00:25:19,320 --> 00:25:23,240 Speaker 1: forty eight. Negotiations took place in the Westphalian towns of 400 00:25:23,359 --> 00:25:27,600 Speaker 1: Moonster and on the Brook, and they involved two hundred 401 00:25:27,760 --> 00:25:32,560 Speaker 1: different rulers and thousands of other officials. The only European 402 00:25:32,640 --> 00:25:38,480 Speaker 1: powers not involved were the Ottoman Empire, England, Poland and Russia. First, 403 00:25:38,640 --> 00:25:42,320 Speaker 1: they spent six months just on matters of procedure, like 404 00:25:42,680 --> 00:25:45,280 Speaker 1: who was going to sit where and who had precedents 405 00:25:45,320 --> 00:25:49,920 Speaker 1: when entering the room from their negotiations started by addressing 406 00:25:49,960 --> 00:25:54,840 Speaker 1: issues that were specific to Germany. More international peace negotiations 407 00:25:54,880 --> 00:25:58,480 Speaker 1: took place from October sixteen forty five to April of 408 00:25:58,560 --> 00:26:01,439 Speaker 1: sixteen forty six, and for most of the rest of 409 00:26:01,480 --> 00:26:06,240 Speaker 1: it the negotiations were about religion. The war didn't stop 410 00:26:06,600 --> 00:26:09,320 Speaker 1: during the peace talks, though, uh they kept going on 411 00:26:09,600 --> 00:26:12,400 Speaker 1: with all the fighting, and during the later years France 412 00:26:12,480 --> 00:26:16,280 Speaker 1: was actually actively trying to undermine the peace talks because 413 00:26:16,320 --> 00:26:18,560 Speaker 1: some of the terms that had been agreed to we're 414 00:26:18,560 --> 00:26:22,399 Speaker 1: going to leave it vulnerable to attack from Spain. The 415 00:26:22,440 --> 00:26:26,879 Speaker 1: war finally ended with the Peace of Westphalia, which redistributed 416 00:26:26,960 --> 00:26:30,680 Speaker 1: a lot of territory in Europe, basically redrawing the map. 417 00:26:31,359 --> 00:26:34,679 Speaker 1: It also recognized the United Provinces of the Netherlands and 418 00:26:34,720 --> 00:26:39,280 Speaker 1: the Swiss Confederation as independent republics, and it confirmed and 419 00:26:39,320 --> 00:26:42,919 Speaker 1: expanded on the Peace of Augsburg, adding Calvinism to the 420 00:26:42,960 --> 00:26:47,600 Speaker 1: list of tolerated religions, so at least in theory, Lutherans, 421 00:26:47,720 --> 00:26:51,800 Speaker 1: Calvinists and Catholics could all worship freely, and those were 422 00:26:51,800 --> 00:26:55,399 Speaker 1: the three primary religions in Europe at the time, but 423 00:26:55,920 --> 00:27:00,199 Speaker 1: Austrian territory wasn't included in this Religious freedom and the 424 00:27:00,240 --> 00:27:04,159 Speaker 1: Peace of Westphalia also didn't recognize the Hussite religions that 425 00:27:04,200 --> 00:27:07,320 Speaker 1: we talked about in earlier parts of the show. They 426 00:27:07,359 --> 00:27:11,640 Speaker 1: weren't Lutheran, Calvinist, or Catholic, so they continued to not 427 00:27:11,760 --> 00:27:16,119 Speaker 1: be recognized as allowable religions and their members continued to 428 00:27:16,160 --> 00:27:21,240 Speaker 1: face religious persecution. Throughout this war, military forces in Europe 429 00:27:21,240 --> 00:27:24,879 Speaker 1: got much bigger, even before the widespread use of mercenaries. 430 00:27:25,600 --> 00:27:28,640 Speaker 1: All of the major European powers also got a lot 431 00:27:28,720 --> 00:27:34,320 Speaker 1: of administrative experience managing these ever increasing militaries. They applied 432 00:27:34,440 --> 00:27:39,159 Speaker 1: that newfound knowledge to governance. These loosely connected groups of 433 00:27:39,200 --> 00:27:42,240 Speaker 1: semi autonomous political units that had been part of the 434 00:27:42,280 --> 00:27:46,200 Speaker 1: Holy Roman Empire started to coalesce into the nations as 435 00:27:46,200 --> 00:27:49,920 Speaker 1: we think of them today. This is connected to another 436 00:27:50,119 --> 00:27:54,199 Speaker 1: element of the Peace of Westphalia. The agreements recognized the 437 00:27:54,280 --> 00:27:57,640 Speaker 1: sovereignty of all the member states of the Holy Roman Empire. 438 00:27:58,040 --> 00:28:00,720 Speaker 1: The Peace of Westphalia gave each one the right to 439 00:28:00,800 --> 00:28:03,520 Speaker 1: negotiate with the others on their own behalf, as long 440 00:28:03,560 --> 00:28:07,000 Speaker 1: as that wouldn't somehow damage the Holy Roman Empire. And 441 00:28:07,040 --> 00:28:09,800 Speaker 1: this was a massive change. It's set the stage for 442 00:28:09,880 --> 00:28:13,680 Speaker 1: today's international model of independent nations that are all, at 443 00:28:13,800 --> 00:28:17,680 Speaker 1: least on paper, equal on the world stage. I mean, 444 00:28:17,720 --> 00:28:20,959 Speaker 1: different nations obviously have different amounts of power and wealth. 445 00:28:21,359 --> 00:28:25,159 Speaker 1: But the bigger countries aren't getting multiple votes in the 446 00:28:25,280 --> 00:28:28,280 Speaker 1: u N just because they're bigger. It's not how it works. 447 00:28:28,960 --> 00:28:32,760 Speaker 1: The idea that nation states have exclusive sovereignty over their 448 00:28:32,760 --> 00:28:36,480 Speaker 1: own territory and have equal rights to that sovereignty is 449 00:28:36,560 --> 00:28:42,200 Speaker 1: even called Westphalian sovereignty. The power structure within these nations 450 00:28:42,200 --> 00:28:47,080 Speaker 1: also changed. Although nations continued to have official religions, those 451 00:28:47,080 --> 00:28:51,080 Speaker 1: religions had less political power. A monarchy might still be 452 00:28:51,200 --> 00:28:53,640 Speaker 1: rooted in the idea that the monarch had a divine 453 00:28:53,720 --> 00:28:56,200 Speaker 1: right to rule, and the law might still have a 454 00:28:56,200 --> 00:29:00,960 Speaker 1: heavy religious influence religious persecution. Still this did, but it 455 00:29:01,080 --> 00:29:03,440 Speaker 1: was far less common for the church and the state 456 00:29:03,520 --> 00:29:07,600 Speaker 1: to be essentially the same, almost inseparable thing, And of 457 00:29:07,640 --> 00:29:09,960 Speaker 1: course there was still plenty of war to go around. 458 00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:13,160 Speaker 1: After the Peace of Westphalia, France and Spain continued to 459 00:29:13,200 --> 00:29:15,280 Speaker 1: be actively at war with each other from the time 460 00:29:15,280 --> 00:29:18,480 Speaker 1: the treaty was signed until sixteen fifty nine. They hadn't 461 00:29:18,480 --> 00:29:21,800 Speaker 1: been able to actually negotiate with each other much during 462 00:29:21,840 --> 00:29:24,600 Speaker 1: the peace talks in Westphalia because they couldn't agree on 463 00:29:24,600 --> 00:29:27,240 Speaker 1: the protocol to do it. When all those six months 464 00:29:27,240 --> 00:29:29,760 Speaker 1: of negotiations about who sat where and who got to 465 00:29:29,800 --> 00:29:32,240 Speaker 1: come into the room first, France and Spain could not 466 00:29:32,280 --> 00:29:36,320 Speaker 1: get it together. Multiple other wars also started in the 467 00:29:36,400 --> 00:29:39,640 Speaker 1: years after this treaty, but they tended to be more 468 00:29:39,680 --> 00:29:45,640 Speaker 1: about territory, trade, resources, and colonialism than specifically and directly 469 00:29:45,680 --> 00:29:49,920 Speaker 1: about religion. And all of that started with three people 470 00:29:50,040 --> 00:29:53,160 Speaker 1: being thrown out a window, along with the hundreds of 471 00:29:53,280 --> 00:29:56,840 Speaker 1: years of religious warfare that happened before that. So other 472 00:29:56,920 --> 00:29:59,800 Speaker 1: people have also been thrown out of windows in pragues. 473 00:30:00,000 --> 00:30:02,840 Speaker 1: It's the second defenistration, but none of them is really 474 00:30:02,880 --> 00:30:07,360 Speaker 1: considered to be an official. Third one, the most widely 475 00:30:07,480 --> 00:30:10,760 Speaker 1: known as the death of Jan Masaric on March tenth. 476 00:30:12,000 --> 00:30:14,360 Speaker 1: He was the son of T. G. Massaric, the first 477 00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:17,720 Speaker 1: president of the Czechoslovak Republic, and he was the only 478 00:30:17,800 --> 00:30:22,360 Speaker 1: non Communist member of that government. He was found beneath 479 00:30:22,360 --> 00:30:26,160 Speaker 1: the window at the Czechoslovak Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and 480 00:30:26,200 --> 00:30:29,480 Speaker 1: it's not clear whether he fell, jumped, or was thrown 481 00:30:29,520 --> 00:30:37,640 Speaker 1: out of that window. Heay so much for joining us 482 00:30:37,680 --> 00:30:40,719 Speaker 1: on this Saturday. Since this episode is out of the archive, 483 00:30:40,800 --> 00:30:42,760 Speaker 1: if you heard an email address or a Facebook U 484 00:30:42,840 --> 00:30:45,080 Speaker 1: r L or something similar over the course of the show, 485 00:30:45,280 --> 00:30:49,080 Speaker 1: that could be obsolete now. Our current email address is 486 00:30:49,280 --> 00:30:53,720 Speaker 1: History Podcast at i heart radio dot com. Our old 487 00:30:53,760 --> 00:30:56,960 Speaker 1: house stuff works email address no longer works, and you 488 00:30:57,000 --> 00:30:59,560 Speaker 1: can find us all over social media at Missed in 489 00:30:59,760 --> 00:31:02,479 Speaker 1: His Dream And you can subscribe to our show on 490 00:31:02,600 --> 00:31:05,960 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, the I heart Radio app, and 491 00:31:06,160 --> 00:31:12,200 Speaker 1: wherever else you listen to podcasts. 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