1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,840 Speaker 1: Hello everyone, it's Eves checking in here to let you 2 00:00:02,880 --> 00:00:04,960 Speaker 1: know that you're going to be hearing two different events 3 00:00:04,960 --> 00:00:07,440 Speaker 1: in history in this episode. They're both good, if I 4 00:00:07,480 --> 00:00:12,720 Speaker 1: do say so myself. On with the show. Welcome to 5 00:00:12,880 --> 00:00:15,840 Speaker 1: this day in History class, where we bring you a 6 00:00:15,840 --> 00:00:26,880 Speaker 1: new tidbit from history every day. The day it was 7 00:00:26,960 --> 00:00:34,120 Speaker 1: June two three, the Roman Inquisition sentenced astronomer Galileo galile 8 00:00:34,640 --> 00:00:37,839 Speaker 1: to imprisonment and penance for supporting the idea that the 9 00:00:37,880 --> 00:00:41,080 Speaker 1: Sun was the center of the universe and Earth revolved 10 00:00:41,080 --> 00:00:45,400 Speaker 1: around it. He was deemed quote vehemently suspect of heresy, 11 00:00:45,840 --> 00:00:49,120 Speaker 1: and his book Dialogue concerning the Two Chief World Systems 12 00:00:49,440 --> 00:00:54,760 Speaker 1: was banned. Galileo support of helio Centrism and the Galileo Affair, 13 00:00:55,080 --> 00:00:58,480 Speaker 1: as Galileo's controversy with the Catholic Church is known, have 14 00:00:58,600 --> 00:01:01,240 Speaker 1: become parts of his story that are as important as 15 00:01:01,280 --> 00:01:06,360 Speaker 1: his scientific contributions. In the sixteenth and seventeenth century, when 16 00:01:06,400 --> 00:01:09,920 Speaker 1: Galileo was alive, most people believed that the Earth was 17 00:01:10,000 --> 00:01:13,280 Speaker 1: at the center of the universe and heavenly bodies revolved 18 00:01:13,280 --> 00:01:17,679 Speaker 1: around it, a model known as geocentrism that included the 19 00:01:17,720 --> 00:01:21,840 Speaker 1: Catholic Church, which maintained that the Earth was static, not 20 00:01:21,959 --> 00:01:26,240 Speaker 1: just out of fanatical faith, but because heliocentrism seemed absurd 21 00:01:26,440 --> 00:01:30,399 Speaker 1: based on scientific consensus and contrary to its ideas of 22 00:01:30,480 --> 00:01:36,120 Speaker 1: hierarchy and the cosmos, among other reasons. Misconceptions about the 23 00:01:36,160 --> 00:01:41,480 Speaker 1: Church's reasoning for sticking to geocentrism aside Galileo promoted astronomer 24 00:01:41,520 --> 00:01:48,760 Speaker 1: and mathematician Nicolaus Copernicus's heliocentric theory. Galileo's telescopic observations and 25 00:01:48,760 --> 00:01:51,200 Speaker 1: writings supported the idea that the Sun was at the 26 00:01:51,200 --> 00:01:55,360 Speaker 1: center of the universe. In sixteen sixteen, the Holy Office 27 00:01:55,400 --> 00:01:59,520 Speaker 1: appointed a board of theologians called Qualifiers to evaluate the 28 00:01:59,560 --> 00:02:01,640 Speaker 1: idea that the Sun is at the center of the 29 00:02:01,760 --> 00:02:04,240 Speaker 1: universe and that Earth is not at the center of 30 00:02:04,240 --> 00:02:08,520 Speaker 1: the universe and has a diurnal motion. It concluded that 31 00:02:08,560 --> 00:02:10,800 Speaker 1: the proposition of the Sun being at the center of 32 00:02:10,800 --> 00:02:15,440 Speaker 1: the universe was absurd in false in philosophy, and formally 33 00:02:15,520 --> 00:02:20,560 Speaker 1: heretical since it was against scripture and common doctrine. The 34 00:02:20,639 --> 00:02:23,200 Speaker 1: Holy Office also said that the motion of the Earth 35 00:02:23,320 --> 00:02:28,360 Speaker 1: was quote at least erroneous in faith. Cardinal Robert Valarmina, 36 00:02:28,600 --> 00:02:32,920 Speaker 1: the Church's chief theologian, advised that Galileo treat heliocentrism as 37 00:02:33,000 --> 00:02:37,040 Speaker 1: hypothetical rather than treating it as a real phenomenon, and 38 00:02:37,080 --> 00:02:42,280 Speaker 1: Galileo was ordered not to hold, defend, or teach heliocentrism. 39 00:02:42,320 --> 00:02:46,160 Speaker 1: But in sixteen thirty two, Galileo published the book Dialogue 40 00:02:46,160 --> 00:02:49,800 Speaker 1: Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. The book pits the 41 00:02:49,800 --> 00:02:54,240 Speaker 1: Copernican system against the Ptolemaic system, framed as discussions among 42 00:02:54,320 --> 00:02:58,320 Speaker 1: three characters. The Ptolemaic system holds that Earth is the 43 00:02:58,360 --> 00:03:02,040 Speaker 1: stationary center of the universe. The character who holds tole 44 00:03:02,160 --> 00:03:05,720 Speaker 1: mag Us simply Joe, is repeatedly shut down by the 45 00:03:05,760 --> 00:03:09,600 Speaker 1: other two for his support of geocentrism. As the characters 46 00:03:09,639 --> 00:03:13,360 Speaker 1: made strong arguments in favor of the Copernican view, Hope 47 00:03:13,480 --> 00:03:16,040 Speaker 1: Urban the Eighth sent the book to a special committee 48 00:03:16,040 --> 00:03:20,760 Speaker 1: for examination. It was determined that the book defended helio centrism, 49 00:03:20,800 --> 00:03:25,040 Speaker 1: and so Galileo was suspected of holding the prohibited doctrine. 50 00:03:26,040 --> 00:03:29,440 Speaker 1: Galileo loosely admitted his fault, but said that he did 51 00:03:29,480 --> 00:03:33,560 Speaker 1: not intend to support helio centrism. In April of sixteen 52 00:03:33,639 --> 00:03:37,000 Speaker 1: thirty three, he said, I freely confessed that a reader 53 00:03:37,160 --> 00:03:40,880 Speaker 1: not knowing my mind might understand the arguments as supporting 54 00:03:40,880 --> 00:03:45,520 Speaker 1: the false side, which I intend to refute. Galileo's child 55 00:03:45,560 --> 00:03:50,240 Speaker 1: on May tenth three did not last long. He appeared 56 00:03:50,240 --> 00:03:54,360 Speaker 1: before Commissary Vincenzo Makulano, who gave him eight days to 57 00:03:54,440 --> 00:03:58,520 Speaker 1: prepare to present his defenses, but he declined the opportunity. 58 00:03:59,000 --> 00:04:02,160 Speaker 1: On June one, Galileo was forced to confess his beliefs 59 00:04:02,240 --> 00:04:06,240 Speaker 1: under threat of torture, but Galilea was not actually tortured, 60 00:04:06,280 --> 00:04:08,920 Speaker 1: as was typical for people who were older and ill. 61 00:04:10,040 --> 00:04:12,480 Speaker 1: He said that at first he considered the Ttolemaic and 62 00:04:12,600 --> 00:04:16,240 Speaker 1: Copernican systems equally possible, but now he believed in the 63 00:04:16,240 --> 00:04:20,560 Speaker 1: Ptolemaic system, and on June twenty two, the Inquisition declared 64 00:04:20,600 --> 00:04:24,400 Speaker 1: that Galileo had defended the condemned opinion of Helio Centrism 65 00:04:24,440 --> 00:04:28,160 Speaker 1: by presenting it as probable in the book Dialogue. The 66 00:04:28,240 --> 00:04:31,279 Speaker 1: Roman Inquisition was an agency the Catholic Church developed to 67 00:04:31,360 --> 00:04:36,760 Speaker 1: control religious doctrine and practice. The inquisitors mentioned how Galileo 68 00:04:36,839 --> 00:04:39,520 Speaker 1: had failed to bring up his precept not to hold 69 00:04:39,800 --> 00:04:44,440 Speaker 1: defend ort Helio Centrism when publishing his book, and they 70 00:04:44,520 --> 00:04:47,960 Speaker 1: noted how he confessed that readers could draw the conclusion 71 00:04:48,040 --> 00:04:52,320 Speaker 1: that heliocentrism was probable for meeting his book. They found 72 00:04:52,400 --> 00:04:56,080 Speaker 1: him vehemently suspected parisy, as he was suspect of having 73 00:04:56,120 --> 00:04:59,800 Speaker 1: held and believed the false doctrine, which is contrary to 74 00:05:00,200 --> 00:05:02,719 Speaker 1: sure that the Sun was static and at the center 75 00:05:02,720 --> 00:05:06,840 Speaker 1: of the universe while the Earth orbited around it. Dialogue 76 00:05:06,920 --> 00:05:10,359 Speaker 1: was banned. Galileo was sentenced to be imprisoned in the 77 00:05:10,400 --> 00:05:14,239 Speaker 1: Holy Office for an indeterminate time, and he was ordered 78 00:05:14,279 --> 00:05:18,160 Speaker 1: to say the penitential Psalms once a week for three years. 79 00:05:19,440 --> 00:05:23,240 Speaker 1: He was also required to abjure, curse, and detest the 80 00:05:23,480 --> 00:05:28,000 Speaker 1: error and heresy of Heliocentrism. He said the following in 81 00:05:28,120 --> 00:05:32,560 Speaker 1: part in his abjuration, I swear that I have always believed, 82 00:05:32,880 --> 00:05:36,000 Speaker 1: I believe now, and with God's help, I will in 83 00:05:36,040 --> 00:05:39,280 Speaker 1: the future believe all which the Holy Catholic and Apostolic 84 00:05:39,360 --> 00:05:43,800 Speaker 1: Church doth hold, preach and teach. He admitted to his 85 00:05:43,920 --> 00:05:47,239 Speaker 1: error and swore not to hold, defend, or teach Heliocentrism. 86 00:05:48,400 --> 00:05:50,719 Speaker 1: The next day he was moved from the prisons of 87 00:05:50,760 --> 00:05:53,400 Speaker 1: the Holy Office to the palace of the Grand Duke. 88 00:05:54,000 --> 00:05:57,120 Speaker 1: Galileo stayed on house arrest in a villa near Florence 89 00:05:57,160 --> 00:05:59,960 Speaker 1: for the rest of his life. He continued to experiment 90 00:06:00,000 --> 00:06:02,720 Speaker 1: it right and work with a student until his death 91 00:06:02,760 --> 00:06:06,560 Speaker 1: in sixteen forty two. I'm Eves, Jeff Coo and hopefully 92 00:06:06,640 --> 00:06:09,120 Speaker 1: you know a little more about history today than you 93 00:06:09,160 --> 00:06:12,960 Speaker 1: did yesterday. But if you want to learn more about Galileo, 94 00:06:13,360 --> 00:06:16,360 Speaker 1: our episode of I'm Popular this week is about Galileo 95 00:06:16,720 --> 00:06:20,039 Speaker 1: and the Galileo Affair. You can get it wherever you 96 00:06:20,080 --> 00:06:23,440 Speaker 1: get your podcasts. If there are any upcoming days in 97 00:06:23,560 --> 00:06:26,279 Speaker 1: history that you'd really like me to cover on the show, 98 00:06:26,600 --> 00:06:30,000 Speaker 1: give us a shower on social media at t D 99 00:06:30,520 --> 00:06:34,520 Speaker 1: I h C podcast. Thanks again for listening, and we'll 100 00:06:34,520 --> 00:06:42,400 Speaker 1: see you tomorrow. Hey, y'all, I'm Eves and welcome to 101 00:06:42,440 --> 00:06:45,159 Speaker 1: the Stand History Class, a podcast that brings you a 102 00:06:45,160 --> 00:06:55,040 Speaker 1: little tidbit of history every day. The day was June two. 103 00:06:55,240 --> 00:07:01,240 Speaker 1: N Science fiction author Octavia E. Butler was born Pasadena, California. 104 00:07:02,120 --> 00:07:05,560 Speaker 1: Butler addressed themes of gender, sexuality, and race through her 105 00:07:05,600 --> 00:07:08,960 Speaker 1: speculative fiction. Over the course of her writing career, she 106 00:07:09,080 --> 00:07:15,040 Speaker 1: received several awards, including the Hugo and Nebula Awards. Butler's 107 00:07:15,080 --> 00:07:18,280 Speaker 1: mother was a domestic worker, and growing up, Butler recognized 108 00:07:18,320 --> 00:07:22,720 Speaker 1: the racism and economic inequity that affected her family. By 109 00:07:22,720 --> 00:07:25,120 Speaker 1: the time she was ten, she was already writing her 110 00:07:25,120 --> 00:07:29,280 Speaker 1: own stories, and she was interested in science fiction magazines 111 00:07:29,360 --> 00:07:33,360 Speaker 1: and stories. As a young adult, Butler pursuit passed besides 112 00:07:33,400 --> 00:07:36,720 Speaker 1: writing and work temporary jobs, but she wrote when she 113 00:07:36,800 --> 00:07:40,800 Speaker 1: wasn't working. Through the open door program at the Writer's Guild, 114 00:07:40,920 --> 00:07:43,560 Speaker 1: Butler was able to attend a class taught by science 115 00:07:43,600 --> 00:07:47,440 Speaker 1: fiction author Harlan Ellison. He encouraged her to pursue writing 116 00:07:47,440 --> 00:07:51,640 Speaker 1: further by attending the Clarion Science Fiction Writer's Workshop in Pennsylvania. 117 00:07:52,120 --> 00:07:54,480 Speaker 1: Though Ellison had offered to publish one of her stories 118 00:07:54,520 --> 00:07:58,880 Speaker 1: in an anthology, that anthology was never published. When she 119 00:07:58,960 --> 00:08:01,800 Speaker 1: left Clarion, she'd again working on the novels that became 120 00:08:01,840 --> 00:08:05,120 Speaker 1: part of the Patterness series. The first book in the series, 121 00:08:05,240 --> 00:08:08,640 Speaker 1: published by Double Day in nineteen seventy six, was pattern Master. 122 00:08:09,320 --> 00:08:12,640 Speaker 1: In the book, telepathic people known as pattern ists are 123 00:08:12,680 --> 00:08:16,560 Speaker 1: dominant over mutes or non telepathic humans, as well as 124 00:08:16,640 --> 00:08:20,760 Speaker 1: over mutated humans called clay arts. The next two books 125 00:08:20,760 --> 00:08:23,800 Speaker 1: in the series, Mind of My Mind and Survivor were 126 00:08:23,840 --> 00:08:27,760 Speaker 1: published in nineteen seventy seven and nineteen seventy eight. The 127 00:08:27,800 --> 00:08:30,160 Speaker 1: books sold will but she took a break from the 128 00:08:30,200 --> 00:08:33,400 Speaker 1: series to write Candred. In the novel, a black woman 129 00:08:33,480 --> 00:08:37,880 Speaker 1: named Dana travels back in time to slavery era Maryland. There, 130 00:08:37,960 --> 00:08:40,599 Speaker 1: she meets a white ancestor whom she has to repeatedly 131 00:08:40,640 --> 00:08:44,280 Speaker 1: rescue to make sure that he survives. Butler had trouble 132 00:08:44,320 --> 00:08:46,840 Speaker 1: placing the book with a publisher because it didn't fit 133 00:08:46,880 --> 00:08:50,840 Speaker 1: neatly into the science fiction category, but in nineteen seventy nine, 134 00:08:50,920 --> 00:08:54,240 Speaker 1: Double Day published Kindred as fiction. The book was received 135 00:08:54,280 --> 00:08:56,560 Speaker 1: well when it was published, and it became a text 136 00:08:56,600 --> 00:09:01,199 Speaker 1: that students read in high schools across the US. After Kindred, 137 00:09:01,320 --> 00:09:04,280 Speaker 1: Butler continued to publish books in the Pattern Master series, 138 00:09:04,640 --> 00:09:08,720 Speaker 1: including Wild Seed and Clay's Art. Many of her characters 139 00:09:08,720 --> 00:09:11,720 Speaker 1: were black women, and she explored themes like control and 140 00:09:11,720 --> 00:09:16,600 Speaker 1: in post colonialism and dystopian settings. In four she won 141 00:09:16,600 --> 00:09:19,319 Speaker 1: a Hugo Award for the short story Speech Sounds, and 142 00:09:19,520 --> 00:09:23,920 Speaker 1: Blood Child won the Nebula, Hugo and Locust Awards. Butler 143 00:09:23,960 --> 00:09:26,480 Speaker 1: worked on the Xeno Genesis trilogy in the late nineteen 144 00:09:26,520 --> 00:09:29,720 Speaker 1: eighties and in the nineteen nineties, she published Parable of 145 00:09:29,720 --> 00:09:32,520 Speaker 1: the Sower and Parable of the Talents, which followed the 146 00:09:32,520 --> 00:09:36,040 Speaker 1: protagonist Lauren Alamina as she escapes a walled community and 147 00:09:36,080 --> 00:09:39,920 Speaker 1: fouls a new one. Butler once said, quote, I don't 148 00:09:39,920 --> 00:09:43,640 Speaker 1: write utopia science fiction because I don't believe that imperfect 149 00:09:43,720 --> 00:09:48,280 Speaker 1: humans can form a perfect society. Fledgling, a science fiction 150 00:09:48,360 --> 00:09:52,439 Speaker 1: vampire novel, published in two thousand five, was Butler's last publication. 151 00:09:53,160 --> 00:09:56,800 Speaker 1: She died of a stroke in two thousand six. I'm 152 00:09:56,840 --> 00:09:59,559 Speaker 1: Eve Jeffcote and hopefully you know a little more about 153 00:09:59,600 --> 00:10:02,960 Speaker 1: history today than you did yesterday. And if you have 154 00:10:03,000 --> 00:10:05,760 Speaker 1: any commerce ource suggestions, you can send them to us 155 00:10:05,840 --> 00:10:08,679 Speaker 1: at this day at iHeart media dot com. You can 156 00:10:08,679 --> 00:10:11,160 Speaker 1: also hit us up on social media where at t 157 00:10:11,400 --> 00:10:15,000 Speaker 1: D i h D podcast. Thanks again for listening to 158 00:10:15,040 --> 00:10:26,040 Speaker 1: the show and we'll see you tomorrow. For more podcasts 159 00:10:26,040 --> 00:10:29,000 Speaker 1: from I Heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 160 00:10:29,080 --> 00:10:30,760 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.