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Speaker 1: I have a really deep question for you, or one

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Speaker 1: that's really been puzzling me.

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Speaker 4: Oh, but we're jumping right into the heart stuff. Huh.

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Speaker 1: I don't know. Maybe you're gonna think it's easy.

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Speaker 4: Really a cartoon is let's find out.

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Speaker 1: So we just came off of the holiday season, lots

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Speaker 1: of people, got lots of presents. Yeah, yeah, And in

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Speaker 1: American Christmas, at least, the traditional story is that Santa

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Speaker 1: Claus brings all those kids' presence.

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Speaker 5: Hmmm.

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Speaker 4: You're not gonna ask me about the physics of flying reindeer,

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Speaker 4: are you?

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Speaker 1: No? No, No, My question is more philosophical. It's does

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Speaker 1: Santa also get presents? Who is Santa's Santa?

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Speaker 4: WHOA that's meta, dude.

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Speaker 1: And if Santa has a Santa, who is their Santa?

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Speaker 1: Santa Santa Santa.

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Speaker 4: Santa has a Grand Santa and a great grand Sentent.

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Speaker 4: But you know, I don't think you want to go

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Speaker 4: too far into the Santa verse here. Just accept your presence, Daniel.

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Speaker 1: Thanks Santa, I hope these cookies are enough for you.

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Speaker 4: Hi am more handmade cartoonists and the creator of PhD comics.

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Speaker 1: Hi I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor

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Speaker 1: at UC Irvine, and I have sometimes played Santa.

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Speaker 4: Oh really in like a theater production in the movie.

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Speaker 1: No No, in the Eating Cookies Late at Night version

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Speaker 1: of Santa.

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Speaker 4: I see you don't even leave presents. You just go

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Speaker 4: and eat the cookies. You try to teach your kids

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Speaker 4: a valuable lesson about leaving food out.

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Speaker 1: We're all about delegation. My wife handles the presents, I

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Speaker 1: handle the cookies. You know, it's a.

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Speaker 4: Marriage that seems like a raw deal for one of you,

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Speaker 4: or a half big deal, depending on the cookies. But

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Speaker 4: welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

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Speaker 4: a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: In which we share the treats of the universe with you.

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Speaker 1: We don't gobble up all the cookies of understanding. We

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Speaker 1: break them into pieces and pass them around to all

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Speaker 1: of humanity. We think it's important that everybody gets to

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Speaker 1: taste the sweetness that is the understanding of how the

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Speaker 1: universe works. Because this incredible far flung universe is majestic,

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Speaker 1: is bonkers. It's difficult to understand, but it's definitely worth

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Speaker 1: digging into.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, because we hope that every episode you listen to

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Speaker 4: is a little bit like Christmas, where you click on

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Speaker 4: the episode and you open up an incredible and amazing

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Speaker 4: gift of truth about the universe and how it works,

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Speaker 4: and hopefully you won't return it.

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Speaker 1: Hopefully you didn't get two or three of these for Christmas, but.

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Speaker 4: You can regifted. You know, we give the gift that

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Speaker 4: Jessica can be infinitely regifted.

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Speaker 1: I guess that's true. Yeah, And it is a goal

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Speaker 1: of physics to unwrap the mysteries of the universe, to

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Speaker 1: peel back layers and a wrapping paper, and to finally,

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Speaker 1: maybe one day reveal what is going on underneath.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, because sometimes I think, Daniel, you talk about the

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Speaker 4: days when they revealed big discoveries in the media, you

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Speaker 4: call that kind of like a Christmas for physicists.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it is really exciting, and that's what we live for.

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Speaker 1: You know, it's not that often in physics that you

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Speaker 1: actually make a really big discovery a day when you

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Speaker 1: get to ask Nature a question and you've forced it

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Speaker 1: because of the ingenuity of your experiments to reveal something

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Speaker 1: to you. Those days come, you know, sometimes ten twenty

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Speaker 1: years apart.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, and I guess the problem is if it's a

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Speaker 4: discovery by one of these huge collaborations with like a

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Speaker 4: thousand people, do you then have to leave a thousand

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Speaker 4: cookies and milk glasses out for them?

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Speaker 1: You know, a big collaboration A physicists doesn't run on

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Speaker 1: empty stomach. So yeah, the cookie budget is pretty serious.

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Speaker 4: Right, except then also it's coffee, not milk.

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Speaker 1: I guess it's expressed depending on where you are in

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Speaker 1: the world.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, And there was a particularly interesting and fun discovery announcement,

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Speaker 4: and back in twenty twelve that was a big deal.

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Speaker 4: It was like a mega Christmas almost in the particle

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Speaker 4: physics world.

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Speaker 1: It was. And you know how you anticipate Christmas. You

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Speaker 1: start thinking about it in the fall, and then as

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Speaker 1: December comes it gets more and more exciting, and then

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Speaker 1: the night before Christmas you're just going absolutely bonkers wondering

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Speaker 1: what you're going to get under the tree. Well, for us,

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Speaker 1: the discovery the Higgs boson was like that, except over

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Speaker 1: fifty years, fifty years between the prediction that the Higgs

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Speaker 1: boson was a thing, and the day we could say

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Speaker 1: it is a thing, it is real, It's out there

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Speaker 1: in the universe.

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Speaker 4: Oh man, I should do that with my kids. It's

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Speaker 4: like the next Christmas is fifty years from now. That's

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Speaker 4: when you'll get your presents.

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Speaker 1: They're going to give you fifty times long a list then, right.

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Speaker 4: But then they have to be good for all those

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Speaker 4: fifty years. That might be worth it.

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Speaker 1: It might be worth it. Yeah, you're definitely not screwing

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Speaker 1: up their childhood death.

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Speaker 4: Well I am, but it's just a matter of how,

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Speaker 4: of course. But yeah, it was a pretty big discovery,

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Speaker 4: the discovery of the Higgs boson, or I guess not

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Speaker 4: the discovery, but the confirmation that it exists, right, is

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Speaker 4: that the same thing?

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Speaker 1: No, I think it was a discovery. We didn't know

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Speaker 1: for sure that the Higgs was real before we saw it.

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Speaker 1: There was a great idea, It was a beautiful and

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Speaker 1: brilliant idea to bring together all these various pieces and

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Speaker 1: explain them in terms of the Higgs boson. It really

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Speaker 1: pulled everything together in an elegant way. But we weren't sure.

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Speaker 1: It could have been wrong, and that's why we do experiments, right,

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Speaker 1: because we don't just sit in the back of a

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Speaker 1: cave and think about how the universe might be. We

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Speaker 1: actually go out there and try to discover it and

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Speaker 1: force it to reveal the truth to us. That's what

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Speaker 1: science is all about. It's doing experiments to confirm our understanding.

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Speaker 1: So I would definitely call it a discovery.

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Speaker 4: Right, Right, But you mean metaphorically you don't go out

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Speaker 4: of the cave because the large Hadron Collider isn't a

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Speaker 4: cave technically, right.

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Speaker 1: It's true. I guess we don't go out of the cave.

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Speaker 1: We do the experiments in the cave. We bring the

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Speaker 1: world into the cave. Screw you, Plato.

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Speaker 4: You build all the equipment inside, kind of like the

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Speaker 4: bat Cave, so you and Batman are right up there.

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Speaker 1: That's right. We're writing a new chapter to Plato's algorithm to.

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Speaker 4: But it was a pretty big discovery, right, the discovery

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Speaker 4: of the Higgs boson. It sort of completed what's known

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Speaker 4: as the standard model.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. Without that piece, we really didn't understand some basic

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Speaker 1: things about the particle and how they all whizz through

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Speaker 1: the universe. We didn't understand why the W and the

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Speaker 1: Z bosons, for the weak force were so heavy, whereas

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Speaker 1: the photon was so light. We didn't understand where the

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Speaker 1: other particles, how they got their mass. It was a

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Speaker 1: big puzzle. And so now that we know the Higgs

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Speaker 1: is real and we know something about how that happens.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, and the idea is that the Higgs boson and

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Speaker 4: the Higgs field is what gives other particles their inertial mass. Right,

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Speaker 4: We've just talked about this in a recent podcast.

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Speaker 1: We talked about this in lots of podcasts. Absolutely, the

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Speaker 1: Higgs is the reason that particles are not massless. The

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Speaker 1: electron and the quarks and lots of these other particles

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Speaker 1: have some mass. It changes how they move through the universe,

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Speaker 1: and that's because of the way they interact with the

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Speaker 1: Higgs field.

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Speaker 4: Yes, so the Higgs is sort of like the you know,

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Speaker 4: the host of the Christmas party making sure everyone gets

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Speaker 4: enough mass kind of eat eat exactly. But then I

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Speaker 4: guess that raises the question, what about the Higgs itself?

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Speaker 1: Who is making sure the host's plate is also full

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Speaker 1: of cookies?

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Speaker 4: Yeah, So to the on the program, we'll be asking

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Speaker 4: the question, where does the Higgs boson get its mass? WHOA,

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Speaker 4: that's a pretty meta question if you're if you're familiar

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Speaker 4: with particle physics.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, it's like, does Santa give himself presents? Does

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Speaker 1: he get presence from somebody else? Either way, it's kind

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Speaker 1: of weird.

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Speaker 4: I would think it was Missus Santa who get Santa presents, right.

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Speaker 1: All right, and so then Santa gets her presence.

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Speaker 4: Also, yeah, the Santas are their own Santas.

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Speaker 1: Did they whisper thank you Santa to each other on

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Speaker 1: Christmas Morning?

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Speaker 4: They write Dear Santa letters to themselves. Every time they

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Speaker 4: write an email to each other or send a text message,

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Speaker 4: they're literally writing to Santa.

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Speaker 6: Yeah.

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Speaker 1: But then I would say Missus Santa, she's the super

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Speaker 1: Santa because she's Santa Santa, right, Like everybody else gets

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Speaker 1: their presence from Santa, and Santa gets his presence from

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Speaker 1: Missus Santa, and she's sort of like at the top

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Speaker 1: of the pyramid.

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Speaker 4: I see you're saying Santa is just like the Wizard

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Speaker 4: of Uz, He's just the front man.

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Speaker 1: Exactly, he's the front man. Really, it's Missus Santa pulling

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Speaker 1: the strings behind the curtain.

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Speaker 4: She is a supervillain, the final boss. If you want

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Speaker 4: to get your presence I mean, you know, but yeah,

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Speaker 4: it's a pretty deep question. I guess.

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Speaker 7: You know.

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Speaker 4: We talk about all the time how the Higgs boson

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Speaker 4: gives the mass to the other particles. You know, when

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Speaker 4: you interact with the Higgs field, that when you feel

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Speaker 4: yourself heavy or inert, and the Higgs boson is sort

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Speaker 4: of how you interact with the Higgs field. But then

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Speaker 4: the Higgs I guess particle itself has mass also mm hm.

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Speaker 1: The Higgs particle definitely has mass. And one of the

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Speaker 1: big experimental challenges for us before we discovered it was

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Speaker 1: that we didn't know how much mass it had. If

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Speaker 1: it had had more mass than it does, it would

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Speaker 1: have been much harder to find, and if it had

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Speaker 1: had less mass, we would have found it years ago.

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Speaker 1: And as it changes its mass, it looks different in

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Speaker 1: the universe, and so we had to look for lots

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Speaker 1: of different kinds of Higgs is at the same time

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Speaker 1: because we didn't know which one our universe had.

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Speaker 4: Wow, well, it is a pretty meta and a little

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Speaker 4: bit mind bending question. It kind of gives me a

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Speaker 4: headache to think about a little bit. And so we

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Speaker 4: were wondering, as usual, how many people out there had

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Speaker 4: thought about this question, this sort of recursive question, and

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Speaker 4: so Daniel went out there into the internet as usual

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Speaker 4: to ask people where does the Higgs boson get its mass?

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Speaker 1: And so, if you're sitting at home and you like

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Speaker 1: to play along with this part of the podcast wondering

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Speaker 1: if you know the answers to this question, then I

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Speaker 1: encourage you to send in your answers. If you'd like

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Speaker 1: to get some headache making questions in your inbox, just

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Speaker 1: write to us two questions at Danielandjorge dot com.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, and you'll send them all on Christmas.

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Speaker 1: Right, that's all right. I'm the Missus Santa of physics.

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Speaker 4: Well here's what people had to say. The first thing

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Speaker 4: that comes to mind is the Higgs field.

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Speaker 8: But given that the Higgs boson is a widow in

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Speaker 8: that field itself, I don't know if that makes any sense.

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Speaker 8: Probably the Higgs bossoon get its mass from itself, because

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Speaker 8: I know it gives mass to other particles. The Higgs

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Speaker 8: boson definitely gets its mass from its local church.

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Speaker 9: I cannot point a finger to a place Higgs field

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Speaker 9: gives mess, but Higgs buzzle when he gets his mess,

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Speaker 9: I don't know.

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Speaker 10: I believe that it is a field as well as

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Speaker 10: a particle, and I know that it imparts mass to

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Speaker 10: other particles. But as far as where it gets its mass,

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Speaker 10: I would say maybe the field around it.

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Speaker 11: I don't know, but from the chatter I hear from

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Speaker 11: scientists and shows such as yours, I get the idea

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Speaker 11: that to a three D being such as ourselves, it

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Speaker 11: would seem as if that mass is coming from somewhere

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Speaker 11: else in space. That's the best I can do for you.

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Speaker 12: So I think Higgs boson would get its mass from

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Speaker 12: dark matter. I think the Higgs boson might be massless.

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Speaker 12: It's a boson like the photon or glue or graviton

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Speaker 12: or w or that the boson. I think it probably

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Speaker 12: doesn't have mass itself. But if you're excited field it'll

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Speaker 12: decay into stuff that does have mass.

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Speaker 6: I thought it was like mess. Doesn't it give the

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Speaker 6: mess to other things? So where does it get it? Maybe?

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Speaker 6: Space hamsters?

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Speaker 1: Space hamsters. That's a great answer.

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Speaker 4: Space hamsters is a great answer for any question.

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Speaker 1: Really, what would you like for lunch today?

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Speaker 4: Or have you been good this year? Space hamsters? That's

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Speaker 4: all I have to say.

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Speaker 1: Who made this mess in the kitchen? Space hamsters?

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Speaker 4: Yeah? So a pretty wide range of answers here, mostly

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Speaker 4: questions themselves. M Everyone's like what what?

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Speaker 1: Yeah. I think this made people realize that there was

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Speaker 1: maybe an angle to this question. They maybe hadn't considered

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Speaker 1: it before. That's why I thought this would be really

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Speaker 1: fun to talk about.

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Speaker 4: I like the person who said the higgs Boson gets

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Speaker 4: its mass from its local church. Like this, the higgs

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Speaker 4: Boson go to mess. It is called the God Particles.

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Speaker 4: Maybe it is the higgs Boson's church.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and you know, Saint Peter Higgs of course discovered it,

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Speaker 1: and so it all hangs together.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, there's a Saint Peter in the church of the

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Speaker 4: higgs Boson Higgism.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and you know, the name the God Particle just

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Speaker 1: comes from that book by Leon Laterman a couple of

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Speaker 1: decades ago. Nobody in the field ever calls it the

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Speaker 1: God particle. We just rolled our eyes when we hear that.

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Speaker 4: You grow And every time I mentioned that on.

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Speaker 1: The podcast, mostly out of jealousy because his book sold

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Speaker 1: so many copies.

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Speaker 4: Well, that's your Probably we should name our books. I

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Speaker 4: don't know, the Devil particle, the devil. Oh, yeah, there

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Speaker 4: you go.

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Speaker 1: You know I was looking at the list of science

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Speaker 1: podcasts recently and noticed that we're up there on the list,

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Speaker 1: but we're well behind several other science podcasts, including The

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Speaker 1: Bigfoot Chronicles and The Paranormal. And in the list of

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Speaker 1: science podcasts, they're mostly about the supernatural.

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Speaker 4: Whoa, yeah, I noticed that as well. It's a little

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Speaker 4: makes me wonder how they categorize these things.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, maybe we should pivot and our podcast should be

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Speaker 1: about like, you know, quantum bigfoot.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, or the electron blocked this monster.

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Speaker 1: Or maybe we should just double down and go for

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Speaker 1: like supernatural bigfoot combined at all, you know, oh.

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Speaker 4: Interesting, Or we could just talk about things that bend

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Speaker 4: reality and seem supernatural themselves, like particle physics.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. The universe is bonkers enough. We don't need

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Speaker 1: to add alien bigfoot that built the pyramids.

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Speaker 4: No, we don't, but they would make it a little

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Speaker 4: bit more interesting.

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Speaker 1: For sure, we might get more listeners.

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Speaker 4: But yeah, we're asking the question what gives the Higgs

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Speaker 4: boson itself its mass? Because we know the Higgs boson

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Speaker 4: gives other particles mass, and so where does it get

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Speaker 4: its mass? And so you talked about that it does

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Speaker 4: have mass, meaning Daniel the Higgs boson, I guess is heavy,

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Speaker 4: like it doesn't move at the speed of light.

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Speaker 1: That's right, The Higgs boson cannot move at the speed

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Speaker 1: of light because it has mass, and nothing that has

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Speaker 1: mass in move at the speed of light, and everything

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Speaker 1: that doesn't have mass always moves at the speed of light.

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Speaker 1: So the Higgs has one hundred and twenty five giga

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Speaker 1: electron volts of mass. That's a unit where one giga

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Speaker 1: electron volt is about the mass of a proton, So

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Speaker 1: the Higgs is about one hundred and twenty five protons

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Speaker 1: worth of mass.

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Speaker 4: Well, but I guess you know, if the Higgs boson

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Speaker 4: can move at the speed of light, and that's the

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Speaker 4: particle that gives other particles mass, does that mean that

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Speaker 4: my mass there's like a delay to my mass. Do

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Speaker 4: you know what I mean? Like I have mass when

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Speaker 4: the Higgs boson gets to me.

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Speaker 1: Well, information does propagate through the Higgs field at the

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Speaker 1: speed of light, so you can have wiggles in the

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Speaker 1: Higgs field that move at the speed of light, because

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Speaker 1: not every wiggle in the Higgs field is a Higgs boson,

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Speaker 1: but a Higgs boson particle itself doesn't travel at the

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Speaker 1: speed of light. So if you made a Higgs boson

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Speaker 1: and you threw it to me, it would be outraced

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Speaker 1: by a photon. But for example, if the Higgs field

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Speaker 1: collapsed because it's some crazy experiment you were doing over

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Speaker 1: there in your basement, then the collapse of the Higgs

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Speaker 1: field would move at the speed of light.

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Speaker 4: I see, all right, but yeah, I guess you know.

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Speaker 4: The idea that it gives me mass is mostly about

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Speaker 4: me interacting with the Higgs field, not necessarily with the

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Speaker 4: Higgs boson. Right, Like, when I'm moving through space, I'm

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Speaker 4: not getting bombarded by Higgs bosons. I'm just kind of

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Speaker 4: moving through this molasses field. But if I wiggle the molasses,

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Speaker 4: then that creates a Higgs boson.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and you know, there's a bit of a fine

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Speaker 1: point there, depends on whether you like to think about

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Speaker 1: fields or you'd like to think about particles. I like

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Speaker 1: to think about fields, that the fundamental thing in space

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Speaker 1: is all these quantum fields, and a particle is like

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Speaker 1: a special excited configuration of those fields. There are people

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Speaker 1: out there that like to think about everything in terms

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Speaker 1: of particles. Particles are the real thing, and fields are

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Speaker 1: just like a mathematical construct and instead of fields, they

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Speaker 1: think about virtual particles. You know that everything we would

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Speaker 1: call a wiggle in the field is just a bunch

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Speaker 1: of virtual Higgs bosons. So you can think about it

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Speaker 1: in both ways. Both pictures are mathematically accurate. I think

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Speaker 1: it's clear to think about the field as the basic

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Speaker 1: element of the universe, hmm.

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Speaker 4: Right, right, And the Higgs boson gives particles mass, but

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Speaker 4: not all of its mass, right, Like, it only gives

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Speaker 4: particles one type of.

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Speaker 1: Mass, that's right. And so you mentioned something earlier, inertial mass.

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Speaker 1: There's really a couple of ways we talk about mass.

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Speaker 1: One is gravitational mass, and that's like if you have mass,

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Speaker 1: then you bend space and you can create gravity and

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Speaker 1: all that kind of stuff. That's one concept of mass.

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Speaker 1: We're talking about something else today. We're talking about inertial mass.

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Speaker 1: That's like the mass in F equals ma. Right. F

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Speaker 1: equals ma tells us that if you want to accelerate something,

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Speaker 1: that's the a. You got to give it a force,

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Speaker 1: you got to push it. That's the F and mass

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Speaker 1: is the relationship between that. If you want to give

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Speaker 1: something a big acceleration, you have to give it a

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Speaker 1: big force, but if it's got a lot of mass,

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Speaker 1: it's going to require even more force to get a

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Speaker 1: big acceleration. So it's that mass the m in f

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Speaker 1: equals ma that we're talking about. We're talking about how

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Speaker 1: an object moves when you push it, does it accelerate

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Speaker 1: a lot or does it accelerate a little?

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Speaker 4: Right, it's the mass is in like how hard it

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Speaker 4: is to move it from here to there. Because there

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Speaker 4: are there are other kinds of masses, right, there's gravitational mass,

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Speaker 4: which is sort of like how you get attracted to

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Speaker 4: other massive things.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and this is really about how something moves, how

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Speaker 1: hard it is to push it, or how hard it

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Speaker 1: is to slow it down. Right, this concept of inertia,

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Speaker 1: that's what we call it inertial mass. And it's helpful,

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Speaker 1: I think to spend a minute thinking about what that

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Speaker 1: really means. You know, we're talking about what it's like

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Speaker 1: to move something through space, or to speed it up

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Speaker 1: or to slow it down. Any property of an object

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Speaker 1: that changes how easy it is to speed it up

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Speaker 1: or how easy it is to slow it down changes

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Speaker 1: its inertia, and so we call that a change in mass.

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Speaker 1: So that's really what mass is is a combination of

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Speaker 1: everything that makes it easier or harder for that object

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Speaker 1: to move, to get sped up or to get slowed down.

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Speaker 4: Right, And if you're just sort of a regular particle

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Speaker 4: run of the male particle, the reason you're hard to

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Speaker 4: move from here or there is because of the Higgs

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Speaker 4: field exactly.

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Speaker 1: So, if it was no Higgs field in the universe,

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Speaker 1: an electron would have no mass. It would act like

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Speaker 1: a photon. But because the Higgs field is there, the

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Speaker 1: electron is interacting with the Higgs field like the Higgs

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Speaker 1: field is changing the way the electron moves, and it

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Speaker 1: changes the way the electron moves in exactly the same

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Speaker 1: way as if the electron actually had its own mass.

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Speaker 1: There's no difference mathematically. That was really the genius of

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Speaker 1: the Higgs mechanism is to come up with this other

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Speaker 1: way for a particle to effectively get mass. That's why

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Speaker 1: we call it like the Higgs boson gives it mass

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Speaker 1: or the electrons get mass, because it's this interaction that

441
00:20:14,560 --> 00:20:17,240
Speaker 1: changes the way the electron moves in exactly the same

442
00:20:17,240 --> 00:20:19,879
Speaker 1: way as if the electrons woorlt of inherently had a

443
00:20:19,920 --> 00:20:21,240
Speaker 1: pure mass to itself.

444
00:20:21,480 --> 00:20:24,320
Speaker 4: You're saying, like if it inherently was hard to move,

445
00:20:24,400 --> 00:20:27,280
Speaker 4: Like if the universe worked in that way where things

446
00:20:27,359 --> 00:20:29,800
Speaker 4: are hard to move if they have something called mass.

447
00:20:29,880 --> 00:20:32,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's possible for a particle to have like its

448
00:20:32,200 --> 00:20:35,320
Speaker 1: own inherent mass for that not to be zero. But

449
00:20:35,359 --> 00:20:37,720
Speaker 1: for all the particles we have, they come from the

450
00:20:37,840 --> 00:20:40,800
Speaker 1: Higgs boson. So the electron and all the quarks that

451
00:20:40,880 --> 00:20:43,560
Speaker 1: have zero inherent mass, all of their mass comes from

452
00:20:43,600 --> 00:20:45,720
Speaker 1: this interaction of the Higgs boson. And so for the

453
00:20:45,720 --> 00:20:48,800
Speaker 1: mathematically inclined people out there who know about like equations

454
00:20:48,840 --> 00:20:51,919
Speaker 1: of motions and lagrongens, you know, this changes effectively how

455
00:20:51,960 --> 00:20:54,800
Speaker 1: a particle gets kinetic energy, and so it changes the

456
00:20:54,840 --> 00:20:57,560
Speaker 1: equations of motions for how it moves in exactly the

457
00:20:57,600 --> 00:21:01,240
Speaker 1: same way as if it had this pure mass m right.

458
00:21:01,359 --> 00:21:04,240
Speaker 4: Right, So we get our inertial mass from the Higgs field,

459
00:21:04,359 --> 00:21:08,000
Speaker 4: but not all inertial mass is due to the Higgs field. Right.

460
00:21:08,160 --> 00:21:10,280
Speaker 4: It can be hard to move and not interact with

461
00:21:10,320 --> 00:21:10,960
Speaker 4: the Higgs field.

462
00:21:11,040 --> 00:21:13,439
Speaker 1: Yeah, And this is a common misconception people think that

463
00:21:13,520 --> 00:21:15,960
Speaker 1: all mass comes from the Higgs boson. The Higgs boson

464
00:21:16,000 --> 00:21:18,280
Speaker 1: does give mass to the electron and to the quarks,

465
00:21:18,320 --> 00:21:20,199
Speaker 1: But there are other things in the universe that have

466
00:21:20,359 --> 00:21:23,400
Speaker 1: mass that don't come from the Higgs boson. For example,

467
00:21:23,600 --> 00:21:25,920
Speaker 1: you you have a lot of mass that doesn't come

468
00:21:25,920 --> 00:21:27,760
Speaker 1: from the Higgs. Like if you look at a proton,

469
00:21:28,000 --> 00:21:30,520
Speaker 1: a proton is made of three quarks. Those quarks really

470
00:21:30,600 --> 00:21:33,240
Speaker 1: don't have a lot of mass, but the proton does

471
00:21:33,320 --> 00:21:35,200
Speaker 1: have a lot of mass, and most of its mass

472
00:21:35,240 --> 00:21:37,840
Speaker 1: doesn't come from those quarks. It comes from other internal

473
00:21:37,960 --> 00:21:41,040
Speaker 1: energy inside the proton, And any kind of stored energy

474
00:21:41,320 --> 00:21:43,080
Speaker 1: also gives mass to an object.

475
00:21:43,400 --> 00:21:45,480
Speaker 4: M right, like you were saying, and this kind of

476
00:21:45,480 --> 00:21:48,159
Speaker 4: blew my mind that black holes can have mass but

477
00:21:48,200 --> 00:21:49,800
Speaker 4: they don't interact with the Higgs field.

478
00:21:49,880 --> 00:21:52,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, black holes, for example, have a lot of mass. Right,

479
00:21:52,240 --> 00:21:54,040
Speaker 1: we don't know what's inside a black hole. We have

480
00:21:54,040 --> 00:21:56,560
Speaker 1: no idea the state of matter that's in there. And

481
00:21:56,640 --> 00:21:59,320
Speaker 1: you could, for example, have a black hole made purely

482
00:21:59,359 --> 00:22:03,240
Speaker 1: of photon. Photons have no mass, but together you concentrate

483
00:22:03,280 --> 00:22:05,639
Speaker 1: all this stuff together into space, and a black hole

484
00:22:05,760 --> 00:22:08,879
Speaker 1: made purely of photons can have mass and none of

485
00:22:08,920 --> 00:22:10,040
Speaker 1: that comes from the Higgs field.

486
00:22:10,480 --> 00:22:13,359
Speaker 4: Meaning like the black hole is hard to move, Like

487
00:22:13,359 --> 00:22:16,240
Speaker 4: if you wanted to move a black hole. It would

488
00:22:16,280 --> 00:22:17,920
Speaker 4: be hard, well, it'd be hard to sort of push

489
00:22:17,920 --> 00:22:20,680
Speaker 4: it anyways, but it'd be hard to move. But it

490
00:22:20,760 --> 00:22:22,600
Speaker 4: doesn't interact with the Higgs field when it moves.

491
00:22:22,720 --> 00:22:24,400
Speaker 1: No, it does not interact with the Higgs field when

492
00:22:24,400 --> 00:22:26,639
Speaker 1: it moves. The Higgs field only interacts with things that

493
00:22:26,680 --> 00:22:29,160
Speaker 1: feel the weak force. Right, the Higgs boson is sort

494
00:22:29,160 --> 00:22:31,800
Speaker 1: of a part of the weak force, and so black holes,

495
00:22:31,840 --> 00:22:34,240
Speaker 1: for example, made out of photons don't have any interaction

496
00:22:34,320 --> 00:22:36,359
Speaker 1: with the weak force. And it's not just black holes.

497
00:22:36,400 --> 00:22:36,520
Speaker 12: Right.

498
00:22:36,560 --> 00:22:40,159
Speaker 1: You take a box of photons that has mass. You

499
00:22:40,200 --> 00:22:42,560
Speaker 1: put a bunch of photons into a box. Now that

500
00:22:42,600 --> 00:22:43,879
Speaker 1: box has some mass.

501
00:22:44,160 --> 00:22:46,440
Speaker 4: What I just filled a box with light?

502
00:22:46,720 --> 00:22:49,639
Speaker 1: Like, take a box and line it with perfect mirrors

503
00:22:49,680 --> 00:22:51,280
Speaker 1: on the inside and shoot a laser in it and

504
00:22:51,280 --> 00:22:54,240
Speaker 1: then close it. Now that box has some mass. Why

505
00:22:54,320 --> 00:22:57,280
Speaker 1: because it has internal stored energy, and that gives things

506
00:22:57,320 --> 00:22:59,960
Speaker 1: mass in a way that we don't really understand. Things

507
00:23:00,080 --> 00:23:02,960
Speaker 1: that have internal stored energy have mass. They are harder

508
00:23:03,000 --> 00:23:06,440
Speaker 1: to move, the property of stored energy in our universe.

509
00:23:06,640 --> 00:23:08,520
Speaker 4: Wow, sounds like a great gift that could give my

510
00:23:08,600 --> 00:23:11,360
Speaker 4: kids next year. It's just the box of light. I'll

511
00:23:11,359 --> 00:23:15,480
Speaker 4: tell them here's a bunch of mass, just to shine

512
00:23:15,480 --> 00:23:17,280
Speaker 4: a flashlighting, close the box and then give.

513
00:23:17,119 --> 00:23:19,480
Speaker 1: It to I have a massive gift for you kids.

514
00:23:21,119 --> 00:23:24,520
Speaker 4: You're gonna light it. And also, interestingly, dark matter doesn't

515
00:23:24,520 --> 00:23:26,640
Speaker 4: get mass from the Higgs. But we know definitely dark

516
00:23:26,680 --> 00:23:29,360
Speaker 4: matter is matter, and it has some sort of inertial

517
00:23:29,400 --> 00:23:31,560
Speaker 4: mass because it's zipping around at this meat of light,

518
00:23:31,680 --> 00:23:33,400
Speaker 4: but it doesn't interact with the Higgs. Feel.

519
00:23:33,520 --> 00:23:36,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, we think that dark matter does not interact with

520
00:23:36,200 --> 00:23:38,480
Speaker 1: the weak force because we've been looking for it. We

521
00:23:38,520 --> 00:23:41,720
Speaker 1: have these detectors underground where we think dark matter wind

522
00:23:41,760 --> 00:23:43,760
Speaker 1: will pass through and if it feels the weak force,

523
00:23:43,840 --> 00:23:46,280
Speaker 1: we'll bump into a xenon atom, and we haven't seen it.

524
00:23:46,320 --> 00:23:48,040
Speaker 1: And if it did feel the weak force, we really

525
00:23:48,080 --> 00:23:50,240
Speaker 1: should have seen it by now. That tells us pretty

526
00:23:50,240 --> 00:23:52,639
Speaker 1: clearly that dark matter doesn't feel the weak force. And

527
00:23:52,680 --> 00:23:54,920
Speaker 1: to get mass from the Higgs, you have to feel

528
00:23:55,000 --> 00:23:57,800
Speaker 1: the weak force. Electrons and quarks and all the objects

529
00:23:57,840 --> 00:23:59,639
Speaker 1: that get their mass from the Higgs do it through

530
00:23:59,640 --> 00:24:02,640
Speaker 1: the force. So if dark matter doesn't feel the weak force,

531
00:24:02,800 --> 00:24:05,280
Speaker 1: can't get its mass from the Higgs. That's most of

532
00:24:05,320 --> 00:24:05,840
Speaker 1: the mass in.

533
00:24:05,800 --> 00:24:08,840
Speaker 4: The universe, right, Yeah, it's like sixty seven percent of

534
00:24:08,920 --> 00:24:11,040
Speaker 4: all the mass in the universe, seventy eighty.

535
00:24:10,800 --> 00:24:12,439
Speaker 1: It's more like eighty percent. Yeah.

536
00:24:12,480 --> 00:24:15,080
Speaker 4: Wow. But so where does dark matter get its mass?

537
00:24:15,240 --> 00:24:16,080
Speaker 4: Is there a dark Higgs?

538
00:24:16,200 --> 00:24:18,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, there could be a dark Higgs exactly. There could

539
00:24:18,440 --> 00:24:20,879
Speaker 1: be a whole dark sector with a dark Higgs boson.

540
00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:23,359
Speaker 1: There could be other mechanisms to get mass.

541
00:24:23,480 --> 00:24:26,600
Speaker 4: That'd be like having a dark Santa Claus, like a grinch.

542
00:24:26,680 --> 00:24:28,560
Speaker 4: I guess they were like an anti Santa Claus.

543
00:24:28,640 --> 00:24:31,040
Speaker 1: That's the topic of our upcoming book, the Devil particle.

544
00:24:32,400 --> 00:24:35,360
Speaker 4: That's right, The dark anti Sania is the devil. There

545
00:24:35,400 --> 00:24:37,560
Speaker 4: you go, and it has its own dark mass.

546
00:24:37,640 --> 00:24:40,120
Speaker 1: Yeah. And so in the end, the Higgs boson gives

547
00:24:40,160 --> 00:24:42,919
Speaker 1: mass to like the tiniest fraction of the universe, you know,

548
00:24:43,080 --> 00:24:45,760
Speaker 1: of all the mass in the universe. It only gives

549
00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:48,840
Speaker 1: mass to the electrons and the quarks and the w's

550
00:24:48,840 --> 00:24:51,080
Speaker 1: and the z bosons. But that's the tiniest fraction of

551
00:24:51,080 --> 00:24:53,320
Speaker 1: even protons, which are a tiny fraction of all the

552
00:24:53,320 --> 00:24:55,520
Speaker 1: mass that's out there. So god particle is a bit

553
00:24:55,560 --> 00:24:57,159
Speaker 1: of an overstatement.

554
00:24:57,280 --> 00:24:59,080
Speaker 4: That's right, More like a demigod particle.

555
00:24:59,200 --> 00:25:01,680
Speaker 1: Maybe it's a minor deity particle at best.

556
00:25:01,760 --> 00:25:03,680
Speaker 4: Yeah, it's really a saint particle.

557
00:25:03,760 --> 00:25:04,240
Speaker 1: There you go.

558
00:25:04,280 --> 00:25:06,679
Speaker 4: All right, Well, let's get into what gives the Higgs

559
00:25:06,680 --> 00:25:09,760
Speaker 4: boson itself mass, because we know it gives mass to

560
00:25:09,800 --> 00:25:11,720
Speaker 4: the electron and the cork, and we're all made out

561
00:25:11,720 --> 00:25:14,040
Speaker 4: of electrons and corks, so even though it's not that

562
00:25:14,160 --> 00:25:16,800
Speaker 4: significant in the grand scheme of things, it's pretty significant

563
00:25:16,840 --> 00:25:20,080
Speaker 4: to us. But what gives the Higgs itself, it's mass,

564
00:25:20,200 --> 00:25:22,520
Speaker 4: So let's get into that. But first, let's take a

565
00:25:22,560 --> 00:25:23,080
Speaker 4: quick break.

566
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Speaker 4: All right, we're talking about the Higgs boson and what

635
00:29:06,280 --> 00:29:09,800
Speaker 4: gives itself mass. We know the Higgs boson gives mass

636
00:29:09,800 --> 00:29:12,080
Speaker 4: to the electron and the quarks, which is what we're

637
00:29:12,120 --> 00:29:14,560
Speaker 4: all made out of. But what gives the Higgs itself?

638
00:29:14,640 --> 00:29:17,480
Speaker 4: It's mass. Because the Higgs has mass. It ate too

639
00:29:17,480 --> 00:29:18,120
Speaker 4: many cookies.

640
00:29:19,640 --> 00:29:21,800
Speaker 1: I think the Higgs looks great. Man, come on, that's

641
00:29:21,960 --> 00:29:22,720
Speaker 1: Higgs positive.

642
00:29:23,200 --> 00:29:26,600
Speaker 4: That's right. We want to practice particle positivity here, but

643
00:29:26,640 --> 00:29:28,480
Speaker 4: not on the electron. We can be as negative as

644
00:29:28,480 --> 00:29:29,800
Speaker 4: we want with that one.

645
00:29:30,600 --> 00:29:32,400
Speaker 1: Oh man, I try to be neutral about the Higgs.

646
00:29:34,120 --> 00:29:36,800
Speaker 4: All right? Yeah, So what gives a Higgs itself mass? Like?

647
00:29:36,840 --> 00:29:39,640
Speaker 4: Does it interact with itself? Is there another like Higgs

648
00:29:39,720 --> 00:29:41,240
Speaker 4: particle that gives a Higgs mass?

649
00:29:41,320 --> 00:29:44,320
Speaker 1: So it's super interesting. Actually, there's lots of really fascinating

650
00:29:44,320 --> 00:29:46,360
Speaker 1: wrinkles here, but the short answer is to the Higgs

651
00:29:46,440 --> 00:29:50,160
Speaker 1: gets mass from two different places, one from itself and

652
00:29:50,240 --> 00:29:53,120
Speaker 1: the other is from all the other particles that it

653
00:29:53,240 --> 00:29:53,959
Speaker 1: interacts with.

654
00:29:54,160 --> 00:29:56,600
Speaker 4: WHOA, So you can get mass from two different places.

655
00:29:56,800 --> 00:30:00,640
Speaker 1: Yeah. Anything that changes how you move through the universe.

656
00:30:00,680 --> 00:30:04,680
Speaker 1: Anything that changes essentially your inertia changes your mass. And

657
00:30:04,720 --> 00:30:07,440
Speaker 1: so as particles interact with other particles as they fly

658
00:30:07,520 --> 00:30:10,160
Speaker 1: through the universe, it can change their mass. Just the

659
00:30:10,200 --> 00:30:13,080
Speaker 1: same way. An electron flying through the universe is interacting

660
00:30:13,080 --> 00:30:15,280
Speaker 1: with the Higgs field in a way that changes its mass.

661
00:30:15,280 --> 00:30:17,760
Speaker 1: It could interact with other things in the same way

662
00:30:17,920 --> 00:30:18,920
Speaker 1: to change its mass.

663
00:30:19,080 --> 00:30:22,240
Speaker 4: Oh, that's weird, but that's not true. For like the

664
00:30:22,280 --> 00:30:24,680
Speaker 4: electron on the quark right, But like the electron doesn't

665
00:30:24,720 --> 00:30:27,400
Speaker 4: interact with itself, It only interacts with the Higgs fields

666
00:30:27,400 --> 00:30:28,200
Speaker 4: to get mass.

667
00:30:28,240 --> 00:30:31,160
Speaker 1: The electron doesn't directly interact with itself, that's right. It

668
00:30:31,200 --> 00:30:34,000
Speaker 1: interacts with other particles though, like the photon. But those

669
00:30:34,000 --> 00:30:37,920
Speaker 1: interactions we don't think necessarily give it mass. The interactions

670
00:30:37,920 --> 00:30:39,800
Speaker 1: with the Higgs field do give it mass.

671
00:30:40,680 --> 00:30:42,600
Speaker 4: Let's get into each of these. So how does it

672
00:30:42,640 --> 00:30:45,800
Speaker 4: get mass from itself? Like, it makes itself hard to move?

673
00:30:45,880 --> 00:30:48,640
Speaker 4: Why is it holding itself back, Daniel, Why doesn't it

674
00:30:48,680 --> 00:30:49,520
Speaker 4: just free itself?

675
00:30:49,760 --> 00:30:52,960
Speaker 1: It hasn't achieved total Higgs positivity yet now jokes aside.

676
00:30:52,960 --> 00:30:55,760
Speaker 1: The Higgs boson is really interesting and weird because it

677
00:30:55,880 --> 00:30:59,160
Speaker 1: interacts with itself. Like two Higgs bosons flying through the

678
00:30:59,240 --> 00:31:01,720
Speaker 1: universe will bounce off of each other, which is not

679
00:31:01,760 --> 00:31:05,080
Speaker 1: true of other particles, like photons don't bounce off of

680
00:31:05,080 --> 00:31:08,760
Speaker 1: each other. Photons only interact with particles that have electric charge,

681
00:31:08,760 --> 00:31:12,000
Speaker 1: and since the photon itself is neutral, two photons will

682
00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:14,680
Speaker 1: pass right through each other, two Higgs bosons will not.

683
00:31:14,920 --> 00:31:17,400
Speaker 1: So that means that the Higgs boson, as it's flying

684
00:31:17,480 --> 00:31:20,440
Speaker 1: through the universe feels the Higgs field just like the

685
00:31:20,480 --> 00:31:22,480
Speaker 1: electron does, and just like the quarks do.

686
00:31:22,760 --> 00:31:25,960
Speaker 4: Well, that means you're a Higgs field, you're your furtivation

687
00:31:26,080 --> 00:31:30,120
Speaker 4: in the Higgs field. You're moving along and you have

688
00:31:30,160 --> 00:31:32,000
Speaker 4: trouble going through your own field kind of.

689
00:31:32,000 --> 00:31:34,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, exactly. It couples to itself, and so those

690
00:31:34,800 --> 00:31:36,960
Speaker 1: wiggles in the Higgs field affect the wiggles in the

691
00:31:37,040 --> 00:31:39,000
Speaker 1: Higgs field, which affect the wiggles in the Higgs field.

692
00:31:39,000 --> 00:31:41,880
Speaker 1: And this is sort of like very crazy nonlinear exponential

693
00:31:41,920 --> 00:31:45,760
Speaker 1: effect there whoa, which you know, it's a convergent series fortunately,

694
00:31:45,880 --> 00:31:49,440
Speaker 1: and so the Higgs boson ends up giving itself some mass.

695
00:31:49,360 --> 00:31:51,680
Speaker 4: Well because you know, like the electron doesn't have trouble

696
00:31:51,720 --> 00:31:54,480
Speaker 4: going through its own field, right, or the quarks don't

697
00:31:54,480 --> 00:31:56,240
Speaker 4: have trouble going through their own field, but somehow the

698
00:31:56,320 --> 00:31:58,520
Speaker 4: Higgs field, it has trouble going through itself.

699
00:31:58,640 --> 00:32:01,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, and the electron doesn't couple to the electron field. Right,

700
00:32:01,680 --> 00:32:04,280
Speaker 1: it couples to the photon field. So imagine two fields

701
00:32:04,280 --> 00:32:07,440
Speaker 1: in space, the electron field and the electromagnetic field. That's

702
00:32:07,480 --> 00:32:09,600
Speaker 1: the field of the photon. Those two fields talk to

703
00:32:09,640 --> 00:32:13,000
Speaker 1: each other, right, Electrons create photons which whiz through the universe,

704
00:32:13,080 --> 00:32:15,400
Speaker 1: but it also can loop back. Right. The photon field

705
00:32:15,520 --> 00:32:17,920
Speaker 1: then talks to the electron field, and so there are

706
00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:21,280
Speaker 1: similar kinds of effects. For the electron doesn't directly talk

707
00:32:21,360 --> 00:32:23,880
Speaker 1: to itself, but it can sort of interact with itself

708
00:32:23,960 --> 00:32:26,720
Speaker 1: through other fields because its energy can wash into the

709
00:32:26,720 --> 00:32:30,440
Speaker 1: photon field and back into the electron field. The Higgs

710
00:32:30,440 --> 00:32:33,360
Speaker 1: does it directly, right, and the photon doesn't, which makes

711
00:32:33,400 --> 00:32:37,080
Speaker 1: this quite interesting. But gluons can also. Gluons can interact

712
00:32:37,080 --> 00:32:37,680
Speaker 1: with themselves.

713
00:32:37,840 --> 00:32:41,040
Speaker 4: Yeah, they're pretty sticky in that way. Hysticulous. But one

714
00:32:41,040 --> 00:32:43,760
Speaker 4: interesting thing is that we don't You haven't like measured

715
00:32:43,760 --> 00:32:45,880
Speaker 4: this effect, and you're not quite sure how important it is.

716
00:32:46,040 --> 00:32:48,080
Speaker 1: Yeah. So the Higgs boson gets its mass from two

717
00:32:48,120 --> 00:32:50,320
Speaker 1: different ways. One is that it interacts with itself and

718
00:32:50,320 --> 00:32:52,600
Speaker 1: the other is interacting with the other particles. We don't

719
00:32:52,640 --> 00:32:55,440
Speaker 1: know how much of its mass comes from either category

720
00:32:55,480 --> 00:32:58,200
Speaker 1: because we haven't yet been able to measure the Higgs

721
00:32:58,240 --> 00:33:01,600
Speaker 1: interacting with itself, and it would actually look really interesting,

722
00:33:01,680 --> 00:33:03,680
Speaker 1: Like in a particle collider, if you made a higgs

723
00:33:03,720 --> 00:33:05,720
Speaker 1: and give it a lot of extra energy, the interaction

724
00:33:05,760 --> 00:33:08,600
Speaker 1: with itself sometimes would look really weird. A Higgs boson

725
00:33:08,680 --> 00:33:12,240
Speaker 1: would turn into three higgs bosons, like a single Higgs

726
00:33:12,400 --> 00:33:13,760
Speaker 1: goes to a triple higgs.

727
00:33:14,080 --> 00:33:16,560
Speaker 4: Wait, what, like it has so much energy it can

728
00:33:16,680 --> 00:33:17,920
Speaker 4: like have offsprings.

729
00:33:18,160 --> 00:33:20,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. So we think about these particles in terms

730
00:33:20,720 --> 00:33:23,640
Speaker 1: of these like little interactions. They're like little tinker toys

731
00:33:23,680 --> 00:33:26,160
Speaker 1: you can use to build up more complicated things. For example,

732
00:33:26,200 --> 00:33:28,920
Speaker 1: electron flying through the universe can create a photon, so

733
00:33:28,960 --> 00:33:31,280
Speaker 1: you have this little interaction. We have an electron line

734
00:33:31,320 --> 00:33:33,600
Speaker 1: coming in, an electron line going out, and a photon

735
00:33:33,640 --> 00:33:36,320
Speaker 1: line coming out. Also, for a Higgs boson, it's more complicated.

736
00:33:36,400 --> 00:33:39,080
Speaker 1: You can have four Higgs lines coming into a single point,

737
00:33:39,120 --> 00:33:41,080
Speaker 1: which means you can have a single Higgs line coming

738
00:33:41,120 --> 00:33:43,200
Speaker 1: in and three Higgs is coming out, or you can

739
00:33:43,240 --> 00:33:45,360
Speaker 1: have two higgs is coming in and two Higgs is

740
00:33:45,400 --> 00:33:48,600
Speaker 1: coming out. And so this is really strange interaction, but

741
00:33:48,680 --> 00:33:51,520
Speaker 1: it's not very powerful, and so we haven't seen it,

742
00:33:51,600 --> 00:33:54,240
Speaker 1: yet we need to do lots of particle collisions before

743
00:33:54,240 --> 00:33:56,840
Speaker 1: we see evidence of this actual interaction happening.

744
00:33:57,080 --> 00:33:58,600
Speaker 4: I see. So then, how do you know these two

745
00:33:58,600 --> 00:34:00,600
Speaker 4: ways of getting mass exist? How do you know that

746
00:34:00,760 --> 00:34:02,760
Speaker 4: this is how the Higgs gets its mess if you

747
00:34:02,800 --> 00:34:04,440
Speaker 4: don't know what the actual effect is.

748
00:34:04,560 --> 00:34:07,120
Speaker 1: So we're not still one hundred percent sure, because you know,

749
00:34:07,200 --> 00:34:09,600
Speaker 1: we found this thing. It looks like the Higgs boson

750
00:34:09,920 --> 00:34:13,000
Speaker 1: so far, everything we've discovered about it describes the Higgs

751
00:34:13,000 --> 00:34:15,440
Speaker 1: boson we expected to see. But you know, we do

752
00:34:15,520 --> 00:34:17,960
Speaker 1: need to nail down these details. Like when we first

753
00:34:18,040 --> 00:34:19,680
Speaker 1: saw it, all we knew was that there was some

754
00:34:19,800 --> 00:34:22,319
Speaker 1: new particle that turned into two photons, and then we

755
00:34:22,320 --> 00:34:24,760
Speaker 1: found okay, it also does these other things we expect

756
00:34:24,800 --> 00:34:27,239
Speaker 1: the Higgs boson to do. So we're still not one

757
00:34:27,360 --> 00:34:30,200
Speaker 1: hundred percent sure sort of what exactly it is. We've

758
00:34:30,200 --> 00:34:32,960
Speaker 1: discovered we think it operates this way. Some of these

759
00:34:32,960 --> 00:34:36,280
Speaker 1: things are still theoretical and haven't been exactly nailed down.

760
00:34:36,440 --> 00:34:38,880
Speaker 1: Many of them. By now and ten years later, we

761
00:34:38,960 --> 00:34:41,600
Speaker 1: have seen and measured and it's doing exactly what we expect,

762
00:34:41,680 --> 00:34:44,360
Speaker 1: but there are still room for surprises there. We're not

763
00:34:44,400 --> 00:34:45,359
Speaker 1: one hundred percent sure.

764
00:34:45,520 --> 00:34:48,560
Speaker 4: Interesting, but you sort of know it is interacting with itself.

765
00:34:48,560 --> 00:34:50,200
Speaker 4: It does sort of auto interacts.

766
00:34:50,320 --> 00:34:53,160
Speaker 1: We're not one hundred percent sure. We haven't measured that exactly,

767
00:34:53,200 --> 00:34:56,279
Speaker 1: so we haven't isolated that interaction and proven that it

768
00:34:56,360 --> 00:34:59,160
Speaker 1: exists in our universe. In the theory, it does, but

769
00:34:59,200 --> 00:35:01,839
Speaker 1: it's possible, you know that there's something else going on.

770
00:35:02,120 --> 00:35:05,400
Speaker 1: I see, we're pretty sure. We're just having experimentally verify

771
00:35:05,480 --> 00:35:06,600
Speaker 1: that one hundred percent.

772
00:35:06,560 --> 00:35:09,120
Speaker 4: Right, right, And you said the other way that it

773
00:35:09,160 --> 00:35:11,720
Speaker 4: gets mass is through interactions with other particles.

774
00:35:11,800 --> 00:35:14,320
Speaker 1: Yeah, and so, as we mentioned earlier, the Higgs interacts

775
00:35:14,320 --> 00:35:17,160
Speaker 1: with all these other particles, and any particle flying through

776
00:35:17,200 --> 00:35:19,320
Speaker 1: space can do all sorts of things. Right, when you

777
00:35:19,360 --> 00:35:21,719
Speaker 1: think about a quantum particle going from A to B,

778
00:35:21,960 --> 00:35:24,400
Speaker 1: you shouldn't think about it like calmly floating through space

779
00:35:24,440 --> 00:35:26,759
Speaker 1: by itself, the way like a baseball might go from

780
00:35:26,760 --> 00:35:29,440
Speaker 1: your hand to your friend's hand. These particles are always

781
00:35:29,440 --> 00:35:32,200
Speaker 1: doing something. They're always like surrounded by a cloud of

782
00:35:32,280 --> 00:35:35,960
Speaker 1: virtual particles. They're constantly interacting with the fields around them.

783
00:35:36,000 --> 00:35:38,680
Speaker 1: And so when a Higgs boson flies through space, for example,

784
00:35:38,800 --> 00:35:41,239
Speaker 1: it's interacting with the top quark field, and with the

785
00:35:41,280 --> 00:35:44,520
Speaker 1: electroweak field, and with the electron fields and all these things.

786
00:35:44,640 --> 00:35:47,280
Speaker 1: It's constantly interacting with them. It can like turn into

787
00:35:47,400 --> 00:35:49,640
Speaker 1: a top an anti top particle, and then back into

788
00:35:49,640 --> 00:35:53,960
Speaker 1: a Higgs boson momentarily. And so all these interactions also

789
00:35:54,560 --> 00:35:58,400
Speaker 1: change how the Higgs boson flies through space, which means

790
00:35:58,480 --> 00:36:01,640
Speaker 1: it changes effectively how they Higgs boson moves, which means

791
00:36:01,800 --> 00:36:03,840
Speaker 1: they change the Higgs mass.

792
00:36:03,840 --> 00:36:06,320
Speaker 4: Interesting, it's sort of like the Higgs is so popular

793
00:36:06,400 --> 00:36:08,240
Speaker 4: that when it tries to go through a party, it's

794
00:36:08,280 --> 00:36:10,520
Speaker 4: like trying to talk to everybody. That slows it down.

795
00:36:10,719 --> 00:36:13,399
Speaker 1: Yeah, the more you interact, the more there's the possibility

796
00:36:13,440 --> 00:36:17,120
Speaker 1: to gain or lose mass as you move through the universe.

797
00:36:17,160 --> 00:36:20,920
Speaker 1: These interactions can both have positive or negative contributions to

798
00:36:20,960 --> 00:36:23,959
Speaker 1: your mass, depending on how they change how you move.

799
00:36:24,120 --> 00:36:27,000
Speaker 4: Wait, what so, like, I'm a Higgs boson, I'm flying

800
00:36:27,000 --> 00:36:30,000
Speaker 4: through space, and I guess I have to interact with

801
00:36:30,040 --> 00:36:32,680
Speaker 4: all the other fields that are around me because I'm

802
00:36:32,680 --> 00:36:35,680
Speaker 4: the Higgs boson. I'm a popular particle. But what if

803
00:36:35,680 --> 00:36:38,040
Speaker 4: there's nothing in those fields. I know, the electron field

804
00:36:38,080 --> 00:36:40,279
Speaker 4: is all around us, but there aren't electrons and every

805
00:36:40,320 --> 00:36:41,040
Speaker 4: spot in space.

806
00:36:41,160 --> 00:36:43,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, there aren't electrons in every spot in space, but

807
00:36:43,560 --> 00:36:46,399
Speaker 1: those fields are never at zero, right, Every quantum field

808
00:36:46,520 --> 00:36:49,640
Speaker 1: fills all of space and they never actually at zero.

809
00:36:49,760 --> 00:36:52,160
Speaker 1: Like if you think about empty space, it still has

810
00:36:52,200 --> 00:36:55,320
Speaker 1: those fields in them, and quantum fields because their quantum

811
00:36:55,440 --> 00:36:58,240
Speaker 1: could never be totally relaxed down to zero. There's always

812
00:36:58,320 --> 00:37:00,600
Speaker 1: a little bit of energy in all of them fields.

813
00:37:00,680 --> 00:37:02,960
Speaker 1: So if you're in a Higgs boson, you're always interacting

814
00:37:02,960 --> 00:37:05,280
Speaker 1: with the electron field. You don't need like an actual

815
00:37:05,360 --> 00:37:08,040
Speaker 1: electron to be there. You can think about it like

816
00:37:08,040 --> 00:37:10,839
Speaker 1: as virtual electrons if you prefer, rather than thinking about

817
00:37:10,880 --> 00:37:12,160
Speaker 1: the electron field.

818
00:37:12,040 --> 00:37:13,400
Speaker 4: Like a potential electron.

819
00:37:13,560 --> 00:37:16,239
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, the possibility to have an electron. Yeah.

820
00:37:16,520 --> 00:37:18,800
Speaker 4: Right, So then you're saying, like, the Higgs boson interacts

821
00:37:18,840 --> 00:37:21,080
Speaker 4: with all these other fields, and so that's what or

822
00:37:21,360 --> 00:37:24,240
Speaker 4: potentially interacts with these other fields, and that's what slows

823
00:37:24,239 --> 00:37:24,600
Speaker 4: it down.

824
00:37:24,719 --> 00:37:27,279
Speaker 1: That's one thing that changes its mass, right, And it's

825
00:37:27,280 --> 00:37:29,600
Speaker 1: not just about slowing it down, it's about changing how

826
00:37:29,640 --> 00:37:32,000
Speaker 1: easy it is to speed up or to slow down.

827
00:37:32,080 --> 00:37:32,200
Speaker 8: Right.

828
00:37:32,239 --> 00:37:35,319
Speaker 1: Inertia is not just about like velocity, it's about acceleration.

829
00:37:35,440 --> 00:37:37,880
Speaker 1: So it's about changes in velocity and one of the

830
00:37:37,920 --> 00:37:40,799
Speaker 1: really interesting thing about interacting with the other particles is

831
00:37:40,840 --> 00:37:43,680
Speaker 1: that some of those interactions make the higgs heavier and

832
00:37:43,719 --> 00:37:45,960
Speaker 1: some of those interactions make the higgs lighter because of

833
00:37:45,960 --> 00:37:48,600
Speaker 1: the way the minus signs come out in these calculations.

834
00:37:48,719 --> 00:37:52,120
Speaker 4: Wait, what like on an individual basis, like on on

835
00:37:52,160 --> 00:37:54,920
Speaker 4: an event basis, or like on a per field basis,

836
00:37:54,960 --> 00:37:58,160
Speaker 4: on a per field like some fields boost up the

837
00:37:58,239 --> 00:38:00,000
Speaker 4: higgs and some fields slow down.

838
00:38:00,160 --> 00:38:03,400
Speaker 1: Yeah. For example, if you interact with boson fields like

839
00:38:03,440 --> 00:38:06,160
Speaker 1: the W and the Z, or any particle with integer

840
00:38:06,200 --> 00:38:08,600
Speaker 1: spin bosons, then it goes in one direction, and if

841
00:38:08,640 --> 00:38:11,920
Speaker 1: you interact with fermion fields like the electrons and the quarks,

842
00:38:11,920 --> 00:38:15,120
Speaker 1: it goes in the other directions. So fermions and bosons

843
00:38:15,120 --> 00:38:17,040
Speaker 1: are playing like this tug of war, or one of

844
00:38:17,080 --> 00:38:19,000
Speaker 1: them is making the higgs heavier, the other one is

845
00:38:19,000 --> 00:38:20,080
Speaker 1: making the higgs lighter.

846
00:38:20,320 --> 00:38:22,520
Speaker 4: WHOA, So if one of them went away, Like, could

847
00:38:22,520 --> 00:38:24,600
Speaker 4: the higgs boson have negative mass?

848
00:38:24,680 --> 00:38:26,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's a really interesting question. It could drive it

849
00:38:27,000 --> 00:38:29,160
Speaker 1: down to zero, but it could never actually go negative.

850
00:38:29,200 --> 00:38:32,719
Speaker 1: Negative mass doesn't make any sense, right, M I don't.

851
00:38:32,480 --> 00:38:35,920
Speaker 4: Know, you tell me. I know we've talked about the

852
00:38:36,120 --> 00:38:38,440
Speaker 4: idea of negative mass on the podcast before, like, maybe

853
00:38:38,480 --> 00:38:40,600
Speaker 4: you can create anti gravity with negative mass.

854
00:38:40,640 --> 00:38:42,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, negative mass is not something we've seen. So there

855
00:38:42,960 --> 00:38:46,479
Speaker 1: are some theoretical explorations of that possibility, and we actually

856
00:38:46,520 --> 00:38:49,839
Speaker 1: did a whole podcast episode about exotic particles and negative mass,

857
00:38:49,880 --> 00:38:51,359
Speaker 1: so if you want to learn more about that, go

858
00:38:51,440 --> 00:38:53,719
Speaker 1: dig into that. So in theory, it is possible, I

859
00:38:53,760 --> 00:38:56,480
Speaker 1: should say to have negative mass, right. One of the

860
00:38:56,520 --> 00:38:59,600
Speaker 1: really interesting things though, is that these corrections the things

861
00:38:59,600 --> 00:39:03,040
Speaker 1: that make the particle heavier or lighter, These things are huge.

862
00:39:03,440 --> 00:39:06,360
Speaker 1: These things are much much bigger than the actual mass

863
00:39:06,400 --> 00:39:08,880
Speaker 1: of the particle. If the particle has one hundred and

864
00:39:08,960 --> 00:39:12,520
Speaker 1: twenty five protons worth of mass, but these corrections, they're

865
00:39:12,560 --> 00:39:16,240
Speaker 1: like a billion protons worth of mass or ten billion

866
00:39:16,280 --> 00:39:18,400
Speaker 1: protons worth of mass, meaning.

867
00:39:18,160 --> 00:39:21,080
Speaker 4: Like the overwhelming majority of its mass it gets it

868
00:39:21,120 --> 00:39:24,120
Speaker 4: from interacting with other fields like it itself interacting with

869
00:39:24,200 --> 00:39:25,520
Speaker 4: itself is not as strong.

870
00:39:25,640 --> 00:39:27,960
Speaker 1: We actually don't know. The interesting thing is that these

871
00:39:27,960 --> 00:39:30,319
Speaker 1: corrections sort of cancel out. It's sort of like take

872
00:39:30,320 --> 00:39:32,759
Speaker 1: the number one hundred, add a billion to it, now

873
00:39:32,880 --> 00:39:35,400
Speaker 1: subtract a billion. That's how the Higgs boson has a

874
00:39:35,400 --> 00:39:38,239
Speaker 1: mass of about one hundred. And the interesting thing is

875
00:39:38,239 --> 00:39:41,520
Speaker 1: that those corrections come really really close to canceling out.

876
00:39:41,680 --> 00:39:44,120
Speaker 1: Like the top quark field makes the hig much much

877
00:39:44,200 --> 00:39:46,759
Speaker 1: much much heavier, and then the w Boson field makes

878
00:39:46,760 --> 00:39:48,879
Speaker 1: the HIGs much much much much more lighter. And those

879
00:39:48,880 --> 00:39:51,840
Speaker 1: two effects, which really could have almost been any number,

880
00:39:52,040 --> 00:39:55,160
Speaker 1: managed to almost perfectly cancel out. I mean, the Higgs

881
00:39:55,160 --> 00:39:57,319
Speaker 1: boson could have had a mass of a billion or

882
00:39:57,400 --> 00:40:00,920
Speaker 1: ten billion protons, but these effects, these really huge effects

883
00:40:00,960 --> 00:40:03,080
Speaker 1: to sort of manage to cancel out to keep the

884
00:40:03,160 --> 00:40:04,840
Speaker 1: Higgs boson mass pretty small.

885
00:40:05,160 --> 00:40:09,000
Speaker 4: Interesting like they cancel out statistically or like before it

886
00:40:09,040 --> 00:40:09,759
Speaker 4: even gets moving.

887
00:40:09,880 --> 00:40:12,520
Speaker 1: So for an individual Higgs boson, all these things are

888
00:40:12,560 --> 00:40:15,520
Speaker 1: just sort of happening simultaneously. And you know, the mass

889
00:40:15,640 --> 00:40:18,560
Speaker 1: comes from the interaction with these fields, and so all

890
00:40:18,560 --> 00:40:20,880
Speaker 1: these effects are happening all the time, and so it

891
00:40:20,960 --> 00:40:23,760
Speaker 1: happens for every individual Higgs boson. Like all the Higgs

892
00:40:23,760 --> 00:40:26,200
Speaker 1: bosons have the same mass. It's not like there's a

893
00:40:26,880 --> 00:40:29,280
Speaker 1: population of higgs is with different masses.

894
00:40:29,160 --> 00:40:30,960
Speaker 4: I see, or like well, I mean, like what if

895
00:40:31,000 --> 00:40:32,960
Speaker 4: you have a Higgs surrounded by a bunch of electrons,

896
00:40:32,960 --> 00:40:34,719
Speaker 4: it might have a different mass, would it.

897
00:40:34,840 --> 00:40:37,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's a really cool question. You might imagine that

898
00:40:37,239 --> 00:40:40,560
Speaker 1: if there are more fermions nearby that would like strengthen it.

899
00:40:40,560 --> 00:40:43,479
Speaker 1: But the interaction comes from the field itself, and whether

900
00:40:43,520 --> 00:40:46,279
Speaker 1: or not the field is excited doesn't change how much

901
00:40:46,280 --> 00:40:48,960
Speaker 1: it interacts with the Higgs. I see.

902
00:40:48,960 --> 00:40:51,840
Speaker 4: Interesting. So then what's kind of the overall mass of

903
00:40:51,960 --> 00:40:54,160
Speaker 4: the Higgs field, Like what is it in the range

904
00:40:54,200 --> 00:40:55,920
Speaker 4: of an electron or a proton or a quark.

905
00:40:56,120 --> 00:40:58,319
Speaker 1: So the thing that we've measured in our collider has

906
00:40:58,320 --> 00:41:01,080
Speaker 1: one hundred and twenty five proton worth of mass, and

907
00:41:01,120 --> 00:41:04,440
Speaker 1: so there's different contributions. There's the mass it gets from itself,

908
00:41:04,480 --> 00:41:07,120
Speaker 1: which is some unknown number we haven't measured yet we

909
00:41:07,160 --> 00:41:09,720
Speaker 1: think is somewhere close to one hundred. And then there's

910
00:41:10,160 --> 00:41:14,080
Speaker 1: huge added contributions from top quarks, for example, around the

911
00:41:14,200 --> 00:41:17,560
Speaker 1: number of a billion. And then there's huge negative contributions

912
00:41:17,560 --> 00:41:20,800
Speaker 1: from like w's and z bosons at also about a billion.

913
00:41:20,960 --> 00:41:23,480
Speaker 1: So you have like one hundred plus a billion minus

914
00:41:23,480 --> 00:41:25,480
Speaker 1: a billion comes out to be around one hundred and

915
00:41:25,480 --> 00:41:26,120
Speaker 1: twenty five.

916
00:41:26,280 --> 00:41:26,440
Speaker 8: Oh.

917
00:41:26,480 --> 00:41:28,560
Speaker 4: I see. So actually most of its mass comes from

918
00:41:28,600 --> 00:41:31,360
Speaker 4: its interaction with itself. The rest of its mass is

919
00:41:31,400 --> 00:41:32,319
Speaker 4: sort of cancels out.

920
00:41:32,400 --> 00:41:34,399
Speaker 1: Yeah, and the fact that those two things cancel out

921
00:41:34,520 --> 00:41:36,840
Speaker 1: is like one of the deepest mysteries in physics, Like

922
00:41:36,920 --> 00:41:40,839
Speaker 1: why did do two huge numbers exactly cancel out? It's

923
00:41:40,880 --> 00:41:42,480
Speaker 1: like if somebody said I'm going to give you a

924
00:41:42,560 --> 00:41:45,840
Speaker 1: random amount of money between zero and a trillion dollars,

925
00:41:45,880 --> 00:41:48,680
Speaker 1: and I'm also going to bill you a random amount

926
00:41:48,680 --> 00:41:51,040
Speaker 1: of money between zero and a trillion, you would be

927
00:41:51,080 --> 00:41:53,760
Speaker 1: surprised if those two numbers came to within one hundred

928
00:41:53,760 --> 00:41:56,000
Speaker 1: dollars of each other. But that's basically the story of

929
00:41:56,000 --> 00:41:56,720
Speaker 1: our universe.

930
00:41:57,120 --> 00:41:59,719
Speaker 4: Whoa weird. Yeah, that's very suspicious.

931
00:42:00,160 --> 00:42:02,719
Speaker 1: Is very suspicious, And anytime you have like a coincidence

932
00:42:02,760 --> 00:42:04,560
Speaker 1: like that in physics, you're like, hmm, let me go

933
00:42:04,640 --> 00:42:07,560
Speaker 1: look for a reason. Maybe this tells me that there's

934
00:42:07,560 --> 00:42:08,840
Speaker 1: something deeper going on.

935
00:42:09,120 --> 00:42:12,279
Speaker 4: Right, right, It's like, how come the milk disappeared on

936
00:42:12,360 --> 00:42:16,480
Speaker 4: Christmas morning and Dad has a milk bluster? That's very strange.

937
00:42:16,680 --> 00:42:19,960
Speaker 1: Then maybe there's a similar explanation that unifies all the

938
00:42:20,040 --> 00:42:21,000
Speaker 1: data exactly.

939
00:42:21,200 --> 00:42:24,480
Speaker 4: That's right, Yeah, maybe there's a simpler Santa hypothesis. All right, Well,

940
00:42:24,560 --> 00:42:26,360
Speaker 4: let's get into what does it mean that the Higgs

941
00:42:26,360 --> 00:42:28,399
Speaker 4: interacts with itself, and what does it mean that all

942
00:42:28,400 --> 00:42:31,160
Speaker 4: of its interactions with the other fields cancel out. So

943
00:42:31,239 --> 00:42:33,600
Speaker 4: let's get into that, but first let's take another quick break.

944
00:42:37,880 --> 00:42:39,640
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

945
00:42:39,760 --> 00:42:42,920
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946
00:42:42,960 --> 00:42:47,000
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947
00:42:47,040 --> 00:42:49,640
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948
00:42:49,680 --> 00:42:53,960
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949
00:42:54,000 --> 00:42:56,600
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950
00:42:56,600 --> 00:42:58,960
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951
00:42:59,040 --> 00:43:03,239
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952
00:43:03,280 --> 00:43:06,880
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953
00:43:06,920 --> 00:43:10,320
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954
00:43:10,400 --> 00:43:14,120
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955
00:43:14,160 --> 00:43:17,160
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956
00:43:17,160 --> 00:43:20,560
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957
00:43:20,600 --> 00:43:22,839
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958
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959
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960
00:43:27,560 --> 00:43:31,320
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00:43:31,320 --> 00:43:34,360
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Speaker 4: All right, we are going deep into the Higgs field

1007
00:46:01,400 --> 00:46:04,400
Speaker 4: and the Higgs boson today. What gives the Higgs its mass?

1008
00:46:04,600 --> 00:46:06,920
Speaker 4: We know the Higgs gives mass to other particles, but

1009
00:46:06,960 --> 00:46:09,040
Speaker 4: what gives the Higgs itself mass? And we broke it

1010
00:46:09,080 --> 00:46:11,520
Speaker 4: down to it mostly it's interaction with itself.

1011
00:46:11,560 --> 00:46:13,719
Speaker 1: Well, there are these three contributions. We don't actually know

1012
00:46:13,800 --> 00:46:15,719
Speaker 1: how much of it comes from itself. We think it

1013
00:46:15,840 --> 00:46:18,080
Speaker 1: might be around one hundred, but it's sort of a guess.

1014
00:46:18,120 --> 00:46:20,360
Speaker 1: We need to measure that exactly, and we can measure

1015
00:46:20,400 --> 00:46:23,000
Speaker 1: that when we look for this Higgs interaction with itself

1016
00:46:23,040 --> 00:46:25,040
Speaker 1: in the particle collider. So that's something we have to

1017
00:46:25,040 --> 00:46:27,719
Speaker 1: look forward to in particle experiments in the future to

1018
00:46:27,800 --> 00:46:30,200
Speaker 1: nail down exactly how much comes from itself.

1019
00:46:30,960 --> 00:46:33,000
Speaker 4: Maybe the Higgs doesn't want you to know how much

1020
00:46:33,040 --> 00:46:35,040
Speaker 4: mass it has. It's a private number.

1021
00:46:36,360 --> 00:46:38,920
Speaker 1: I'm sorry, Higgs. It's for the good of the universe.

1022
00:46:38,600 --> 00:46:42,160
Speaker 4: Okay, right, we all have to make sacrifices.

1023
00:46:42,480 --> 00:46:44,600
Speaker 1: That's right. This is your role, all right.

1024
00:46:44,640 --> 00:46:46,680
Speaker 4: So what does it all mean, Daniel? What can we

1025
00:46:46,800 --> 00:46:48,880
Speaker 4: learn about this weird part of our universe?

1026
00:46:49,200 --> 00:46:51,560
Speaker 1: Well, it might mean that there's something going on. You know,

1027
00:46:51,640 --> 00:46:54,880
Speaker 1: anytime you see a coincidence in physics, you wonder like,

1028
00:46:55,160 --> 00:46:57,920
Speaker 1: is that really a coincidence or is there a reason?

1029
00:46:58,160 --> 00:47:00,480
Speaker 1: You know, It's like if you flip a coin a

1030
00:47:00,560 --> 00:47:03,600
Speaker 1: million times and then you discovered, hm, the number of

1031
00:47:03,640 --> 00:47:05,400
Speaker 1: heads and the number of tails add up to be

1032
00:47:05,440 --> 00:47:07,880
Speaker 1: a million, You're like, well, that's obvious, right, it's because

1033
00:47:07,920 --> 00:47:10,000
Speaker 1: heads and tails are connected. You can only have one

1034
00:47:10,200 --> 00:47:13,080
Speaker 1: for each flip. If you didn't understand the connection between

1035
00:47:13,120 --> 00:47:15,120
Speaker 1: heads and tails, it might seem like a big coincidence

1036
00:47:15,160 --> 00:47:17,239
Speaker 1: to you. So here we have what seems like a

1037
00:47:17,280 --> 00:47:20,080
Speaker 1: really big coincidence that the top quark makes the Higgs

1038
00:47:20,120 --> 00:47:22,920
Speaker 1: super heavy and the w makes it much much lighter,

1039
00:47:22,960 --> 00:47:25,360
Speaker 1: and it all comes out to be to almost cancel

1040
00:47:25,560 --> 00:47:27,759
Speaker 1: that seems like a weird coincidence.

1041
00:47:27,360 --> 00:47:29,279
Speaker 4: Like it has a whole bunch of plus billions and

1042
00:47:29,280 --> 00:47:31,400
Speaker 4: a whole bunch of negative billions, and somehow they all

1043
00:47:31,400 --> 00:47:32,520
Speaker 4: add up to almost zero.

1044
00:47:32,640 --> 00:47:35,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, I all add up to almost zero. That's really weird,

1045
00:47:35,719 --> 00:47:38,400
Speaker 1: and we wonder if there's a reason. And because we

1046
00:47:38,560 --> 00:47:41,520
Speaker 1: have other particles that have similar situations, and there is

1047
00:47:41,560 --> 00:47:44,560
Speaker 1: a reason. For example, you might ask, what about the photon.

1048
00:47:44,800 --> 00:47:48,520
Speaker 1: The photon also flies through space, it interacts with other fields.

1049
00:47:48,680 --> 00:47:51,160
Speaker 1: Why don't all those other fields end up giving the

1050
00:47:51,200 --> 00:47:52,160
Speaker 1: photon mass?

1051
00:47:52,280 --> 00:47:52,440
Speaker 4: Right?

1052
00:47:52,480 --> 00:47:54,920
Speaker 1: What is the interaction of the photon with the w

1053
00:47:55,160 --> 00:47:58,120
Speaker 1: and with the electrons make the photon massive? And there

1054
00:47:58,239 --> 00:48:01,120
Speaker 1: is a reason. There's a symmetry in the universe. We

1055
00:48:01,200 --> 00:48:04,080
Speaker 1: talked about it once. It's a gauge symmetry that protects

1056
00:48:04,080 --> 00:48:06,919
Speaker 1: the photon. It says, the photon can only do its

1057
00:48:07,000 --> 00:48:10,640
Speaker 1: job of protecting this gauge symmetry if it has no mass.

1058
00:48:10,640 --> 00:48:12,719
Speaker 1: So all those things have to add up to be

1059
00:48:12,840 --> 00:48:16,000
Speaker 1: exactly zero. So that's true for the photon. It's also

1060
00:48:16,120 --> 00:48:18,879
Speaker 1: true for the gluon. The gluon interacts with all sorts

1061
00:48:18,920 --> 00:48:21,000
Speaker 1: of crazy things, but all those things have to add

1062
00:48:21,040 --> 00:48:23,840
Speaker 1: up to zero because there's a color symmetry for the

1063
00:48:23,880 --> 00:48:27,000
Speaker 1: strong force. So we've identified these symmetries in the universe

1064
00:48:27,040 --> 00:48:29,719
Speaker 1: that protect the photon and the gluon. As far as

1065
00:48:29,719 --> 00:48:31,800
Speaker 1: we know, the higgs doesn't have that kind of symmetry.

1066
00:48:31,800 --> 00:48:34,200
Speaker 1: There's no other thing in the universe that would insist

1067
00:48:34,320 --> 00:48:36,719
Speaker 1: that the Higgs have everything balance.

1068
00:48:36,440 --> 00:48:39,600
Speaker 4: Out like it almost cancels out to zero. So maybe

1069
00:48:39,760 --> 00:48:41,880
Speaker 4: I don't know, maybe it's not really there. Maybe there

1070
00:48:41,960 --> 00:48:44,040
Speaker 4: is a symmetry with the Higgs that you're not seeing.

1071
00:48:44,120 --> 00:48:44,800
Speaker 4: Is that possible.

1072
00:48:44,880 --> 00:48:47,279
Speaker 1: That's exactly it, And that's what people are wondering, like,

1073
00:48:47,360 --> 00:48:49,640
Speaker 1: maybe this is a hint that there's some other weird

1074
00:48:49,640 --> 00:48:52,239
Speaker 1: new symmetry out there in the universe. And so this

1075
00:48:52,400 --> 00:48:55,560
Speaker 1: is the genesis of the whole idea of supersymmetry, this

1076
00:48:55,719 --> 00:48:59,080
Speaker 1: idea that maybe there are more particles out there. Remember

1077
00:48:59,120 --> 00:49:02,640
Speaker 1: we said that fermi make the Higgs heavier and bosons

1078
00:49:02,680 --> 00:49:05,719
Speaker 1: make the Higgs lighter. Well, one way to explain how

1079
00:49:05,719 --> 00:49:08,480
Speaker 1: that all balances out perfectly is to say, well, maybe

1080
00:49:08,520 --> 00:49:12,200
Speaker 1: for every fermion there's a boson and they balance perfectly,

1081
00:49:12,360 --> 00:49:14,799
Speaker 1: and then for every boson there's a fermion and they

1082
00:49:14,840 --> 00:49:15,640
Speaker 1: balance perfectly.

1083
00:49:15,960 --> 00:49:19,080
Speaker 4: Wait, you're saying white doesn't balance out perfectly, right, because

1084
00:49:19,120 --> 00:49:21,360
Speaker 4: it doesn't balance out perfectly for the Higgs.

1085
00:49:21,400 --> 00:49:23,840
Speaker 1: We don't know exactly how well it balances out, because

1086
00:49:24,239 --> 00:49:26,319
Speaker 1: it could be that the Higgs mass all comes from

1087
00:49:26,360 --> 00:49:28,640
Speaker 1: its own self interactions, or it could be that it

1088
00:49:28,719 --> 00:49:31,960
Speaker 1: almost balances out perfectly. Either way, there's something going on

1089
00:49:32,080 --> 00:49:35,920
Speaker 1: because these big numbers are either exactly canceling or almost

1090
00:49:36,000 --> 00:49:39,319
Speaker 1: exactly canceling. Either way, there must be some explanation. Oh,

1091
00:49:39,360 --> 00:49:41,720
Speaker 1: I see, really weird if that was totally random.

1092
00:49:41,960 --> 00:49:44,319
Speaker 4: I think you're saying that in your theories it's not

1093
00:49:44,480 --> 00:49:48,200
Speaker 4: canceling out, which either means your theories are missing something

1094
00:49:48,400 --> 00:49:50,320
Speaker 4: or just the weird thing about the Higgs.

1095
00:49:50,440 --> 00:49:50,719
Speaker 7: M M.

1096
00:49:51,160 --> 00:49:52,960
Speaker 4: You don't know for sure, right, We don't know for sure.

1097
00:49:53,040 --> 00:49:54,880
Speaker 4: It could be balancing out, but you haven't measured it.

1098
00:49:54,960 --> 00:49:56,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, and we're not one hundred percent sure if all

1099
00:49:56,880 --> 00:50:00,000
Speaker 1: those quantum corrections perfectly balance out, or if they all

1100
00:50:00,120 --> 00:50:02,919
Speaker 1: most balance out. But either way, something weird is going

1101
00:50:02,960 --> 00:50:06,799
Speaker 1: on because you're adding and subtracting two arbitrary numbers that

1102
00:50:06,880 --> 00:50:11,040
Speaker 1: are both in the trillions, and they're canceling out almost exactly,

1103
00:50:11,160 --> 00:50:14,080
Speaker 1: So something is keeping them close to each other. And

1104
00:50:14,200 --> 00:50:16,040
Speaker 1: one way to keep those numbers close to each other

1105
00:50:16,080 --> 00:50:17,799
Speaker 1: to have it be like they have to be close

1106
00:50:17,840 --> 00:50:19,800
Speaker 1: to each other. The way like the number of heads

1107
00:50:19,800 --> 00:50:21,799
Speaker 1: plus the number of tails has to equal the number

1108
00:50:21,800 --> 00:50:24,280
Speaker 1: of coin flips is to double the number of particles.

1109
00:50:24,520 --> 00:50:26,480
Speaker 1: So every time you have a top quark which makes

1110
00:50:26,480 --> 00:50:28,520
Speaker 1: it heavier, you have a boson particle we call it

1111
00:50:28,560 --> 00:50:32,040
Speaker 1: the STOPQRK, which makes it lighter and exactly the same amount.

1112
00:50:32,120 --> 00:50:34,280
Speaker 1: And if you have a w particle that makes it lighter,

1113
00:50:34,520 --> 00:50:37,160
Speaker 1: you add a new particle called the we know, which

1114
00:50:37,239 --> 00:50:39,920
Speaker 1: makes it heavier. So for every fermion, you create a

1115
00:50:39,920 --> 00:50:42,360
Speaker 1: new boson, and forever boson, you create a new fermion,

1116
00:50:42,560 --> 00:50:45,120
Speaker 1: and then they just naturally cancel out because there's this

1117
00:50:45,360 --> 00:50:48,200
Speaker 1: symmetry to them. It's like they're coming these pairs where

1118
00:50:48,200 --> 00:50:49,719
Speaker 1: one of them makes it heavier and one of them

1119
00:50:49,719 --> 00:50:50,480
Speaker 1: makes it lighter.

1120
00:50:50,680 --> 00:50:53,040
Speaker 4: Right, So I think you're saying, like, if we assume

1121
00:50:53,160 --> 00:50:55,319
Speaker 4: that the Higgs boson is supposed to be like a

1122
00:50:55,360 --> 00:50:59,000
Speaker 4: coin flip, then there's something wrong. But maybe like it's

1123
00:50:59,000 --> 00:51:00,440
Speaker 4: not a coin, maybe it's like a more like a

1124
00:51:00,520 --> 00:51:02,279
Speaker 4: die maybe or like a three sided coin.

1125
00:51:02,960 --> 00:51:05,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, maybe there's something else going on exactly, And there

1126
00:51:05,560 --> 00:51:08,320
Speaker 1: are a bunch of different ideas for how to balance

1127
00:51:08,360 --> 00:51:10,360
Speaker 1: those things out and how to keep the Higgs boson

1128
00:51:10,520 --> 00:51:13,319
Speaker 1: close to zero mass. And then some people think, hey,

1129
00:51:13,480 --> 00:51:16,279
Speaker 1: maybe it's just a coincidence, you know, maybe it is

1130
00:51:16,440 --> 00:51:18,800
Speaker 1: just a bunch of coin flips and we just happened

1131
00:51:18,840 --> 00:51:21,239
Speaker 1: to get a Higgs boson that doesn't weigh very much,

1132
00:51:21,280 --> 00:51:23,319
Speaker 1: and that's just the universe we're in. Maybe it's all

1133
00:51:23,360 --> 00:51:24,239
Speaker 1: just random.

1134
00:51:24,280 --> 00:51:26,880
Speaker 4: Right, right, Yeah, Like, maybe that is just it is

1135
00:51:26,920 --> 00:51:29,239
Speaker 4: because that's the way it is. Or maybe there are

1136
00:51:29,360 --> 00:51:31,879
Speaker 4: like multiple universes. That's the other theory, right, Like, maybe

1137
00:51:31,880 --> 00:51:34,560
Speaker 4: there's a whole bunch of an infinite number of universes,

1138
00:51:34,640 --> 00:51:36,759
Speaker 4: some in which the Higgs has a different mass.

1139
00:51:36,840 --> 00:51:38,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, and if the Higgs had the mass of you know,

1140
00:51:38,719 --> 00:51:42,080
Speaker 1: ten trillion, for example, the universe would be very very different.

1141
00:51:42,200 --> 00:51:44,279
Speaker 1: It would look very different, and we might not be

1142
00:51:44,360 --> 00:51:46,359
Speaker 1: here to ask the questions. So that's sort of the

1143
00:51:46,400 --> 00:51:49,239
Speaker 1: anthropic answer, is to say, you don't need an explanation

1144
00:51:49,400 --> 00:51:51,880
Speaker 1: because you only notice it because it happens to have

1145
00:51:52,000 --> 00:51:54,080
Speaker 1: these values, and if it had different values, you wouldn't

1146
00:51:54,080 --> 00:51:56,080
Speaker 1: be here to notice, right. I don't really like that

1147
00:51:56,200 --> 00:51:59,640
Speaker 1: answer because it's a sort of unsatisfying.

1148
00:51:58,840 --> 00:52:00,880
Speaker 4: That's right, because you're missing topic, right.

1149
00:52:01,719 --> 00:52:04,880
Speaker 1: I am a little bit misynthropic, that's my principles. I

1150
00:52:04,960 --> 00:52:07,680
Speaker 1: like the supersymmetry answer. It's beautiful. It says, oh, there's

1151
00:52:07,680 --> 00:52:10,239
Speaker 1: this perfect balance in these things in the universe, and

1152
00:52:10,280 --> 00:52:12,759
Speaker 1: the reason they add up to zero is because there's

1153
00:52:12,760 --> 00:52:15,759
Speaker 1: this symmetry you haven't discovered yet. It's a nice story, right.

1154
00:52:15,840 --> 00:52:18,600
Speaker 1: The problem is that we don't see those other particles.

1155
00:52:18,840 --> 00:52:21,360
Speaker 1: If those particles existed, they would have to exist and

1156
00:52:21,400 --> 00:52:23,640
Speaker 1: have the same mass as the particles we know. The

1157
00:52:23,719 --> 00:52:25,920
Speaker 1: stop particle would have to have the same mass as

1158
00:52:25,960 --> 00:52:28,440
Speaker 1: the top particle. But we haven't seen it yet, and

1159
00:52:28,480 --> 00:52:30,160
Speaker 1: we should have seen it sort of by now. And

1160
00:52:30,239 --> 00:52:33,719
Speaker 1: so supersymmetry was a really exciting idea ten years ago

1161
00:52:33,840 --> 00:52:35,320
Speaker 1: or so. We thought we might find it at the

1162
00:52:35,400 --> 00:52:37,120
Speaker 1: Large Hadron Collider, but nothing.

1163
00:52:37,600 --> 00:52:38,040
Speaker 6: Mmmm.

1164
00:52:38,360 --> 00:52:39,520
Speaker 4: Yeah, you had to bummer.

1165
00:52:40,000 --> 00:52:44,600
Speaker 1: You sound really bummed up. Imagine discovering that instead of

1166
00:52:44,640 --> 00:52:47,080
Speaker 1: having twelve particles, we have twenty four, right, Like you

1167
00:52:47,160 --> 00:52:49,239
Speaker 1: just double the number of particles you can play with

1168
00:52:49,280 --> 00:52:51,520
Speaker 1: and all these crazy things and they interact with each other,

1169
00:52:51,600 --> 00:52:54,720
Speaker 1: like it would have been a gold mine for particle physics, right, Instead,

1170
00:52:54,800 --> 00:52:56,960
Speaker 1: all we found was the Higgs boson and then nothing

1171
00:52:57,000 --> 00:52:57,719
Speaker 1: else after that.

1172
00:52:58,000 --> 00:52:59,960
Speaker 4: Right, It's like, what if missus Sanda also came in

1173
00:53:00,120 --> 00:53:02,800
Speaker 4: gave you presence, you get double the number of presents.

1174
00:53:02,880 --> 00:53:07,440
Speaker 1: Yes, exactly, that's the santasymmetry super santisymmetry.

1175
00:53:07,520 --> 00:53:09,400
Speaker 4: But does that mean you're also sort of against this

1176
00:53:09,480 --> 00:53:12,640
Speaker 4: idea of the multiverse, Like from a theoretical physics point

1177
00:53:12,680 --> 00:53:14,640
Speaker 4: of view, it's not as elegant to have a multiverse.

1178
00:53:14,840 --> 00:53:17,640
Speaker 1: I think the multiverse is elegant for other reasons, right,

1179
00:53:17,680 --> 00:53:20,440
Speaker 1: because it tells us something about the context of our universe,

1180
00:53:20,480 --> 00:53:23,520
Speaker 1: and it broadens the possibility of existence. I think it's

1181
00:53:23,560 --> 00:53:25,440
Speaker 1: cool from that point of view. I don't think it's

1182
00:53:25,440 --> 00:53:28,440
Speaker 1: a great way to answer these kinds of questions like

1183
00:53:28,560 --> 00:53:31,000
Speaker 1: why is this number the way that it is. It's

1184
00:53:31,040 --> 00:53:33,320
Speaker 1: not really an answer to say, well, it's just random

1185
00:53:33,480 --> 00:53:35,799
Speaker 1: and just just as the one you got mmm. I

1186
00:53:35,920 --> 00:53:38,120
Speaker 1: like answers that say, well, there's a reason for everything,

1187
00:53:38,160 --> 00:53:39,880
Speaker 1: and in the end, if you keep digging, if you

1188
00:53:39,960 --> 00:53:42,920
Speaker 1: keep unwrapping the presence, there is at the core a

1189
00:53:43,040 --> 00:53:45,239
Speaker 1: reason why the universe is this way and not some

1190
00:53:45,400 --> 00:53:47,520
Speaker 1: other way. That's the whole project of physics.

1191
00:53:47,560 --> 00:53:50,719
Speaker 4: So sort of keeping up on that right, Right, you

1192
00:53:50,760 --> 00:53:52,920
Speaker 4: still have to work, right, I mean, you'd be out

1193
00:53:52,920 --> 00:53:55,080
Speaker 4: of a job if the universe was just random.

1194
00:53:55,200 --> 00:53:57,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, And it's not just about my paycheck. It's about

1195
00:53:57,280 --> 00:53:59,680
Speaker 1: the curiosity, you know. I'm in this field and I

1196
00:53:59,680 --> 00:54:01,239
Speaker 1: think I'm a lot of people are curious about the

1197
00:54:01,320 --> 00:54:04,000
Speaker 1: universe because they think there are answers out there and

1198
00:54:04,040 --> 00:54:06,359
Speaker 1: that there's a moment where you could learn something about

1199
00:54:06,360 --> 00:54:08,960
Speaker 1: the universe and like, oh, wow, the universe is this

1200
00:54:09,040 --> 00:54:11,279
Speaker 1: way because of this, that makes perfect sense. How could

1201
00:54:11,280 --> 00:54:13,720
Speaker 1: we have not seen that before? That's the Christmas Morning

1202
00:54:13,880 --> 00:54:16,040
Speaker 1: that we are all hoping for in particle physics, and

1203
00:54:16,080 --> 00:54:17,920
Speaker 1: so to say, oh, there's not really an answer, that

1204
00:54:18,040 --> 00:54:19,439
Speaker 1: sort of takes away Christmas. Man.

1205
00:54:21,120 --> 00:54:23,480
Speaker 4: Well, I mean, but I mean philosophically speaking, it's the

1206
00:54:23,600 --> 00:54:27,520
Speaker 4: very unscientific stance to have, right, an unscientific point of view.

1207
00:54:27,560 --> 00:54:29,839
Speaker 4: I mean, you have this feeling that maybe there's a

1208
00:54:29,880 --> 00:54:32,680
Speaker 4: real symmetry and beauty about the universe, but you don't know, right,

1209
00:54:32,960 --> 00:54:35,000
Speaker 4: it's just sort of a human feeling and you're going

1210
00:54:35,040 --> 00:54:35,920
Speaker 4: with your gut about that.

1211
00:54:36,120 --> 00:54:38,239
Speaker 1: Yeah, But the scientific part of it is that we

1212
00:54:38,280 --> 00:54:40,879
Speaker 1: will accept whatever the universe says, and so We really

1213
00:54:40,960 --> 00:54:43,040
Speaker 1: wanted super symmetry to be there, and we went out

1214
00:54:43,040 --> 00:54:44,440
Speaker 1: and looked for it. We were all excited about it,

1215
00:54:44,440 --> 00:54:47,200
Speaker 1: and the universe said nope, there's nothing here, and we

1216
00:54:47,280 --> 00:54:49,839
Speaker 1: took it. We're not like insisting on super symmetry no

1217
00:54:49,840 --> 00:54:52,040
Speaker 1: matter what. If it's not there, it's not there. We're

1218
00:54:52,040 --> 00:54:53,960
Speaker 1: going to move on and find other ideas.

1219
00:54:54,160 --> 00:54:56,239
Speaker 4: Right A, scenta doesn't exist, it doesn't exist. What are

1220
00:54:56,239 --> 00:54:57,440
Speaker 4: you gonna do exactly?

1221
00:54:57,440 --> 00:55:01,040
Speaker 1: I'm not going to go on strike. But it did

1222
00:55:01,040 --> 00:55:04,120
Speaker 1: make finding the Higgs boson more complicated because we didn't

1223
00:55:04,160 --> 00:55:06,400
Speaker 1: know what its mass was going to be in advance.

1224
00:55:06,440 --> 00:55:08,400
Speaker 1: We didn't know how all these numbers added up. We

1225
00:55:08,440 --> 00:55:11,360
Speaker 1: didn't know maybe the Higgs boson is super duper crazy

1226
00:55:11,360 --> 00:55:13,279
Speaker 1: heavy in our universe and we could never even see

1227
00:55:13,280 --> 00:55:15,440
Speaker 1: it in our colliders. And so when we found the

1228
00:55:15,520 --> 00:55:17,360
Speaker 1: Higgs boson and measured it to be one hundred and

1229
00:55:17,400 --> 00:55:19,879
Speaker 1: twenty five, it was a lot of head scratching. People

1230
00:55:19,880 --> 00:55:22,400
Speaker 1: are like, that is a really weird number for all

1231
00:55:22,440 --> 00:55:24,839
Speaker 1: these reasons, right, Like, oh, it's alas to add up

1232
00:55:24,840 --> 00:55:27,200
Speaker 1: and cancel out just perfectly to get us such a

1233
00:55:27,239 --> 00:55:28,200
Speaker 1: small number.

1234
00:55:28,160 --> 00:55:31,080
Speaker 4: Like you looked for it, where its interaction with itself,

1235
00:55:31,080 --> 00:55:33,560
Speaker 4: would say it is if you ignore the interaction with

1236
00:55:33,600 --> 00:55:35,239
Speaker 4: the other fields, and that's where you found it.

1237
00:55:35,360 --> 00:55:37,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, I'm pretty close to where we found it.

1238
00:55:37,320 --> 00:55:39,279
Speaker 4: Wow, So why did you look for it there? If

1239
00:55:39,320 --> 00:55:40,320
Speaker 4: it would be weird to find it?

1240
00:55:40,840 --> 00:55:42,880
Speaker 1: We looked for it everywhere. We just didn't know in

1241
00:55:42,960 --> 00:55:44,719
Speaker 1: advance where it was going to be. You know, we've

1242
00:55:44,719 --> 00:55:46,560
Speaker 1: been looking for the Higgs bosons for years and the

1243
00:55:46,600 --> 00:55:48,359
Speaker 1: reason we say it took fifty years is that people

1244
00:55:48,440 --> 00:55:51,560
Speaker 1: started looking for the Higgs boson at much lower energy

1245
00:55:51,600 --> 00:55:54,160
Speaker 1: colliders because we could you know, I remember there was

1246
00:55:54,160 --> 00:55:55,960
Speaker 1: a time when we were working on the Tevatron, the

1247
00:55:55,960 --> 00:55:58,560
Speaker 1: colliders just outside Chicago, and there was a chance that

1248
00:55:58,640 --> 00:56:00,960
Speaker 1: it could discover the Higgs boson, but only if it

1249
00:56:01,000 --> 00:56:03,840
Speaker 1: was like less than one hundred and fifteen GeV or so.

1250
00:56:04,040 --> 00:56:06,160
Speaker 1: Anything heavier than that would be really hard to find.

1251
00:56:06,200 --> 00:56:08,040
Speaker 1: And so it was just sort of like up to nature,

1252
00:56:08,160 --> 00:56:09,799
Speaker 1: like are we going to find it here or do

1253
00:56:09,800 --> 00:56:12,120
Speaker 1: we have to wait for the next accelerator, And so

1254
00:56:12,440 --> 00:56:14,120
Speaker 1: you know, you just don't know, right.

1255
00:56:14,120 --> 00:56:17,520
Speaker 4: Yeah, well you found it, you know, you sort of

1256
00:56:17,560 --> 00:56:18,920
Speaker 4: know where it is, how much it weighs, but there

1257
00:56:18,960 --> 00:56:21,160
Speaker 4: are still big mysteries about it, right Yes, and some

1258
00:56:21,280 --> 00:56:24,080
Speaker 4: that sort of really kind of pointed huge mysteries about

1259
00:56:24,080 --> 00:56:26,560
Speaker 4: the universe and maybe it's not sort of put together

1260
00:56:26,600 --> 00:56:27,959
Speaker 4: the way we think it is right now.

1261
00:56:28,160 --> 00:56:30,560
Speaker 1: And I'd say it's one of the biggest mysteries in

1262
00:56:30,560 --> 00:56:32,880
Speaker 1: particle physics. I mean, people talk about dark matter and

1263
00:56:32,960 --> 00:56:35,439
Speaker 1: dark energy, these are questions about the universe. But this

1264
00:56:35,520 --> 00:56:38,880
Speaker 1: is a really huge problem in particle physics. Nobody understands

1265
00:56:38,920 --> 00:56:42,760
Speaker 1: why the Higgs isn't super duper crazy heavy, And it's

1266
00:56:42,840 --> 00:56:45,360
Speaker 1: a really big screaming clue that there must be something

1267
00:56:45,400 --> 00:56:47,600
Speaker 1: else going on in particle physics, some part of this

1268
00:56:47,680 --> 00:56:50,279
Speaker 1: puzzle that we're missing, but we haven't figured it out yet.

1269
00:56:50,320 --> 00:56:52,520
Speaker 4: Wow, what would happen if the Higgs was super duper heavy?

1270
00:56:52,600 --> 00:56:54,440
Speaker 4: Would we also be super duper heavy?

1271
00:56:54,520 --> 00:56:56,960
Speaker 1: Well, that's a really great question. Indirectly, it would change

1272
00:56:57,000 --> 00:56:59,080
Speaker 1: our mass. We get our mass from the Higgs field,

1273
00:56:59,200 --> 00:57:01,279
Speaker 1: and the value of our mass comes from like where

1274
00:57:01,280 --> 00:57:04,439
Speaker 1: the Higgs field settles into its lowest state, and that's

1275
00:57:04,480 --> 00:57:07,640
Speaker 1: partially determined by the mass of the Higgs boson. So

1276
00:57:07,640 --> 00:57:09,640
Speaker 1: the two are a little bit connected.

1277
00:57:09,440 --> 00:57:11,120
Speaker 4: Right, So everything would be heavier.

1278
00:57:11,160 --> 00:57:13,279
Speaker 1: Then everything would have a different mass. Yes, things would

1279
00:57:13,280 --> 00:57:15,840
Speaker 1: be a lot heavier. Oh wow, so we suspected that

1280
00:57:15,880 --> 00:57:18,720
Speaker 1: the Higgs was probably light. For that reason, it'd be

1281
00:57:18,760 --> 00:57:20,520
Speaker 1: hard for the Higgs to be super duper a massive

1282
00:57:20,520 --> 00:57:22,840
Speaker 1: and for us to have the universe that we do have.

1283
00:57:23,160 --> 00:57:25,000
Speaker 1: Weren't sure exactly what value it had.

1284
00:57:25,240 --> 00:57:27,240
Speaker 4: I see, Oh, so it's all the Higgs fault.

1285
00:57:27,360 --> 00:57:28,960
Speaker 1: It's all the Higgs faults, exactly.

1286
00:57:29,080 --> 00:57:29,360
Speaker 6: It is.

1287
00:57:29,400 --> 00:57:33,400
Speaker 1: After all, it's not the cookies, it's not your willpower,

1288
00:57:33,480 --> 00:57:35,320
Speaker 1: it's the Higgs. Thank you, Saint Peter.

1289
00:57:35,480 --> 00:57:38,400
Speaker 4: Yes, thank you physicists for giving me an excuse. All right, Well,

1290
00:57:38,440 --> 00:57:41,360
Speaker 4: another huge mystery about the universe. I guess if you're

1291
00:57:41,360 --> 00:57:43,240
Speaker 4: in particle physics, I mean, this is the sort of

1292
00:57:43,240 --> 00:57:45,000
Speaker 4: the holy Grail kind of right now.

1293
00:57:44,800 --> 00:57:47,120
Speaker 1: It really is. It's one of the deepest questions in physics,

1294
00:57:47,120 --> 00:57:49,760
Speaker 1: and one that we hope we might answer with another collider.

1295
00:57:49,960 --> 00:57:53,000
Speaker 4: Oh conveniently, if we give you more money, you're saying

1296
00:57:53,040 --> 00:57:54,040
Speaker 4: you can solve this question.

1297
00:57:54,080 --> 00:57:56,360
Speaker 1: That's right, we're passing around the collection plate. So I

1298
00:57:56,360 --> 00:57:58,360
Speaker 1: think the lesson is that every time we answer our

1299
00:57:58,400 --> 00:58:00,320
Speaker 1: question in physics, it just opens the door to an

1300
00:58:00,400 --> 00:58:03,400
Speaker 1: even bigger, deeper question. And I hope we just keep

1301
00:58:03,520 --> 00:58:05,800
Speaker 1: unwrapping those presents forever and ever.

1302
00:58:06,160 --> 00:58:09,840
Speaker 4: Every day's Christmas, or potentially a Christmas Day for a physicist,

1303
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Speaker 4: except that every day is also not a Christmas Day,

1304
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Speaker 4: so you must be disappointed. Three hundred and sixty four

1305
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Speaker 4: days a.

1306
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Speaker 1: Year, there's a lot of ups and downs.

1307
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Speaker 4: All right, Well, we hope you enjoyed that. Thanks for

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Speaker 4: joining us, See you next time.

1309
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Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain

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Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of iHeart Radio. For more

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