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Speaker 1: I'm so excited for today's interview.

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Speaker 2: Neil Degrass Tyson, our favorite, a world renowned astrophysicist, joins

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Speaker 2: us on the podcast to talk about his new book,

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Speaker 2: To Infinity and Beyond, a journey of cosmic discovery, and

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Speaker 2: joining me on the podcast my best friend Gandhi, who's

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Speaker 2: been a huge fan of him for years. So let's

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Speaker 2: get weird. Let's talk aliens in space and the state

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Speaker 2: of the world. Coming up on an all new episode

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Speaker 2: of Thinking out Loud with Neil Degrass Tyson. You know,

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Speaker 2: usually I do with the podcast all by myself, but

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Speaker 2: today my best friend Gandhi insisted on being in the

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Speaker 2: room because we welcome Neil Degrass Tyson to the podcast.

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Speaker 3: Hello, my first time on your podcast. I know you

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Speaker 3: don't call you know, right, I mean I'm around, you know.

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Speaker 2: Just listening to your voice it takes me back to

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Speaker 2: Cosmos because I used to listen to your voice all

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Speaker 2: the time.

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Speaker 3: It was so soothing. Oh you know, I hope it's

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Speaker 3: not too soothing because I want you to still learn

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Speaker 3: whatever I'm talking about. No matter what you say, we

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Speaker 3: will learn. Okay, what a fantastic show that was. Well,

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Speaker 3: thank you yeah. I mean it's got the legacy of

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Speaker 3: Carl Sagan and co written by his widow Andrewian, and

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Speaker 3: so she's the secret sauce behind all of that, because

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Speaker 3: you can attach scientists to that kind of communication. But

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Speaker 3: then it would just be a documentary. And when you

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Speaker 3: think of Cosmos, you don't think documentary. It's something else. Right,

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Speaker 3: It's reaching you, it's fun, it's insightful, it's moving, it's emotional,

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Speaker 3: it's and so all of that. Andrewian is the secret

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Speaker 3: sauce that brought that to the science. And so she

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Speaker 3: was for all three Cosmoses. If that's the plural of cosmos.

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Speaker 1: The title scientist? Is this a true story?

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Speaker 3: Gandhi?

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Speaker 4: I believe it's a true story. I read recently that

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Speaker 4: it was actually coined for a woman because typically it

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Speaker 4: was a man of science and just one field, and

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Speaker 4: she was a master at multiples, so they wanted to

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Speaker 4: come up with a word for her. And William, I'm

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Speaker 4: going to get the name wrong. Somebody called her a

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Speaker 4: scientist and it's stuck.

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Speaker 3: Is this true? I have not heard that. Who is

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Speaker 3: the woman?

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Speaker 4: Mary Howell?

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Speaker 3: Oh?

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Speaker 4: And I probably got that wrong too, So let me

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Speaker 4: look that up. While you guys continue.

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Speaker 2: As you can tell, we did a lot of research

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Speaker 2: before the you're looking it up now during the show,

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Speaker 2: I just said, there are other scientific professions that have

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Speaker 2: the same word format, so biologist, chemist, scientist, astrophysicist.

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Speaker 3: So it doesn't sound heavily made up. It's in the

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Speaker 3: spirit of the otherists.

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Speaker 4: Mary Somerville coined by the philosopher William weewell Way.

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Speaker 3: Well, okay, what year was that, eighteen thirty four, So

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Speaker 3: you're suggesting that the word scientists didn't exist before then.

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Speaker 4: That's what this said. Interesting I am suggesting that, But interesting.

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Speaker 3: Because what they were called natural philosophers in the day.

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Speaker 3: Isaac Newton wasn't even called a physicist, it was a

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Speaker 3: natural philosopher. A lot of people thought he was just

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Speaker 3: out of his mind. Well two thirds of him was

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Speaker 3: out of his mind.

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Speaker 1: But don't you need to be somewhat out of your

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Speaker 1: mind to be successful to what you do?

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Speaker 3: I think? I say, I think the people out of

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Speaker 3: their mind are the ones that get all the media attention. Okay,

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Speaker 3: we'll take that. That doesn't mean people not out of

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Speaker 3: their mind don't also make important contributions.

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Speaker 2: One of the reasons that we invited Neil here today

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Speaker 2: his new book, To Infinity and Beyond, a journey of

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Speaker 2: cosmic discovery.

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Speaker 3: It's to Infinity and Beyond.

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Speaker 2: Oh my god, you feel that. It's like when Mom

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Speaker 2: used to sit on the washing machine. I never knew

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Speaker 2: why she was sitting there.

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Speaker 3: What is she doing? This woman? Anyway, I want to

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Speaker 3: get into the book. I want to take you back

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Speaker 3: to well.

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Speaker 2: I want you to come with me back to middle

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Speaker 2: school in McKinney, Texas, where I grew up, getting on

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Speaker 2: the big yellow school bus and going to Dallas to

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Speaker 2: sit in this big round rooms dark and watching his

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Speaker 2: time in such rooms are never forgotten, and watching the

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Speaker 2: stars and the planets go by. Yes, And I remember

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Speaker 2: walking out of that room crying, and I really could

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Speaker 2: not explain to anyone why it was hitting me emotionally.

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Speaker 3: Going to a planetarium and is that where you Every

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Speaker 3: everyone remembers their first time in a planetarium. It was

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Speaker 3: the first think about it. Today you wouldn't say it

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Speaker 3: this way, but in the day, it was everyone's first

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Speaker 3: virtual reality experience. You go in the lights dim, the

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Speaker 3: stars come out, and you are transported psychologically, emotionally, and

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Speaker 3: is a journey through and among the stars. So a planetarium,

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Speaker 3: I don't take that lightly. People's first visit, oh man.

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Speaker 3: And then now I'm director of the Hayden Planetarium, which

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Speaker 3: is my first night sky as a kid growing up.

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Speaker 1: Really oh yeah, how many years ago?

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Speaker 3: I was nine years old and my first visit it

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Speaker 3: was like, oh, that's an interesting shaped room. It's round

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Speaker 3: and there's this big bug looking thing in the middle.

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Speaker 3: What does that do? And the lights went out? And

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Speaker 3: at that point I have to say, the universe called me.

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Speaker 3: I had no say in the matter.

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Speaker 4: I can't tell you how many times I've been to

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Speaker 4: the Hayden Planetarium. I love it. Thanks for everything that

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Speaker 4: you do over there, because it's my favorite thing.

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Speaker 3: Have you ever been not on psychedelics?

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Speaker 4: Absolutely?

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Speaker 3: Yeah yeah. But in the day, see, some people their

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Speaker 3: first encounter with the planetarium was you know, Pink Floyd,

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Speaker 3: the late laser Floyd.

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Speaker 1: That's how they entice people to commit, try to get there.

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Speaker 3: There's a whole demographic that that's too cool for school, right,

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Speaker 3: Otherwise they would never Yeah, so yeah exactly, so you

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Speaker 3: bring them in with laser Floyd. But what happened was

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Speaker 3: I thought about this the moment lasers became impulse items

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Speaker 3: at the checkout line of Kmart. You would not pay

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Speaker 3: to see lasers in a in a sky show. You

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Speaker 3: just in a planetarium dome. Lasers are not the point

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Speaker 3: of intrigue that they once were. So I think that's

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Speaker 3: that's part of what made it go out of style.

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Speaker 2: So after that first visit to Hayden, did you, is

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Speaker 2: that when you got the bug?

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Speaker 3: Yes?

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Speaker 1: And is that when your your journey began?

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Speaker 3: Yes, my journey of cosm discovery.

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Speaker 1: What was the first book you ever bought related to them?

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Speaker 3: So I didn't buy books. I didn't know how to

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Speaker 3: do that, okay, but my mother, my parents, upon seeing

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Speaker 3: this interest, fed that interest. Okay, this was very different

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Speaker 3: from other One day I'll write a book on education

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Speaker 3: and explore all of this. But you have a lot

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Speaker 3: of wishful parents buying their kid a chemistry set even

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Speaker 3: if the kids had shown no interest in it, or

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Speaker 3: buying them a telescope, even though if they had, they

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Speaker 3: were like wishful. My parents never behaved that way. They didn't,

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Speaker 3: they were not. They just observed us, my sister, my

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Speaker 3: brother and me observed us, watched what our interests manifested

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Speaker 3: as they manifested and then fed that my brother. My

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Speaker 3: brother liked art, so wait, So on the weekends we

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Speaker 3: would go to all the various cultural offerings institutions of

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Speaker 3: the city. So one of them we went to the

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Speaker 3: Museum of Natural History, which has the Hayden Planetarium. I

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Speaker 3: was hooked. We went to art museums, Okay, many in

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Speaker 3: New York City. My brother got hooked. He went to

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Speaker 3: the High School of Music and Art and now he's

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Speaker 3: an art professor. And my sister, she became the sellout.

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Speaker 3: But that's fine. Okay, she's a corporate executive. But that's

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Speaker 3: what I mean by sellout. But the point is these

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Speaker 3: early exposures. My parents would then feed them, and so

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Speaker 3: they saw I was interested. So they would go to

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Speaker 3: bookstores and buy books from the remainder table. Did they

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Speaker 3: still have remainder tables? Do they still have bookstores? I

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Speaker 3: don't know. So and books for twenty five cents. I

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Speaker 3: would later learn that when a publisher over prints their

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Speaker 3: books and they and they got to make room in

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Speaker 3: the warehouse, they shake the tree, books fall out, they

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Speaker 3: put them on the table. By middle school. I am

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Speaker 3: certain because I visited friends homes, I had the largest

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Speaker 3: library at all of anyone, and all those books won

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Speaker 3: science and math and the universe because my mother just

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Speaker 3: bought anything they she saw and the whole library. I

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Speaker 3: had a whole shelves of library and it cost her

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Speaker 3: fifteen dollars. So I can't identify a first book, but

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Speaker 3: there was there was one book. It was I remember

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Speaker 3: it was published in nineteen seventy. It was just called Astronomy.

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Speaker 3: It was a big coffee table picture book that was

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Speaker 3: just beautiful. But then I was ready for more. I

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Speaker 3: went to math and then brain teasers and stuff to

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Speaker 3: just train the mind to go beyond just whatever other

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Speaker 3: forces that would have you go outside and play basketball.

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Speaker 2: So mom and dad were feeding this is this is

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Speaker 2: parenting one oh one. Yes, yes, my mom and dad

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Speaker 2: bought me an easy bake oven. O.

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Speaker 3: There you gop.

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Speaker 4: But in the long term it worked out for you

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Speaker 4: because you are a very very good cook.

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Speaker 3: Crime chef.

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Speaker 4: You won't take credit for.

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Speaker 3: It, but you are. Did you just call him a

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Speaker 3: borderline chef?

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Speaker 4: Well, yeah, he won't claim chef because he says something

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Speaker 4: about it's going to make other chefs.

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Speaker 3: Mad, Okay, not me.

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Speaker 2: So when Gandhi were sitting down earlier to talk about

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Speaker 2: what we were going to talk about.

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Speaker 1: She said, well, I have things I need to bring up,

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Speaker 1: including you.

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Speaker 2: Actually all Neil at an event in Boston.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, I went to a lecture that you were having

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Speaker 4: in Boston five years ago.

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Speaker 3: Oh and that might have been in the wilbur Theater.

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Speaker 4: It was, oh my god, it was wonderful. It was

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Speaker 4: actually in the in the sister theater of the Wilberth Theater. Okay, yeah,

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Speaker 4: which I cannot remember the name of it, so sad,

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Speaker 4: but it was amazing And.

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Speaker 3: Thank you because because I give about forty public talks

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Speaker 3: a year in cities across the country, typically in the theaters.

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Speaker 3: So many towns have the grand damn theater that used

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Speaker 3: to have the movies, but now they usually they get

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Speaker 3: renovated and now it's just you know, comedians will sometimes

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Speaker 3: Broadway comes through the traveling troupe, and so I give

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Speaker 3: a public talk and I will never grow accustomed to

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Speaker 3: the fact that thousands of people show up just to

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Speaker 3: hear an astro physicist talk for two hours.

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Speaker 4: Hell yeah.

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Speaker 3: The yeah, yeah, yeah, that was not just that. Yeah,

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Speaker 3: that was like a hell so thank you for coming.

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Speaker 4: No, it was great and it was so informative and

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Speaker 4: it I had questions, but we weren't allowed to ask

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Speaker 4: me questions at the end. So I've been saving this

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Speaker 4: in my brain for five years.

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Speaker 1: Why it may it may well, it's a it's a butt,

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Speaker 1: But I saw you.

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Speaker 3: Everybody's got a big butt, said pee wee Herman. Rest

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Speaker 3: in peace, too soon, too soon?

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Speaker 4: Yeah, okay, So in that lecture, I'm gonna obviously paraphrase,

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Speaker 4: you said something to the effect of you don't believe

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Speaker 4: that any of the alien things at that time that

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Speaker 4: people were talking about were necessarily real and there wasn't

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Speaker 4: a ton of proof.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, I wouldn't have said I don't believe. I would

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Speaker 3: have said I'm not convinced by what they put forth

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Speaker 3: as evidence.

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Speaker 4: Okay, Yeah, that's different exactly.

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Speaker 3: Because belief is you know, people have beliefs and they

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Speaker 3: don't require evidence, right right, the hard evidence. So it's

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Speaker 3: not about belief, it's about you want me to think

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Speaker 3: this is true? Do you have evidence enough to me?

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Speaker 4: Which I have another question about belief in a minute.

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Speaker 4: But okay, so you said there wasn't any evidence, You

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Speaker 4: didn't inficientence, insufficient evidence. So you said it was based

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Speaker 4: on the act that maybe if there was another form

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Speaker 4: of life or some type of intelligent being or beings,

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Speaker 4: they probably would not crash something into our planet.

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Speaker 3: So far, they have all these crashed aliens, right, I

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Speaker 3: don't want to meet them. They can't navigate plus plus

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Speaker 3: be wait wait, show me the ones that don't crash.

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Speaker 3: But but but apart from that, like, really, you're going

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Speaker 3: to have a flying saucer or whatever the hell your

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Speaker 3: ship is. You're way smarter than we are. You're going

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Speaker 3: to cross the galaxy and accidentally crash on Earth.

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Speaker 4: Really, right, So that's where my question comes.

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Speaker 3: You want to you want me to accept that premise? Well,

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Speaker 3: here where she's going?

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Speaker 4: Okay, so pretty much. The next thing that you talked

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Speaker 4: about was Cassini And we sent this thing out to

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Speaker 4: Saturn to explore the rings go back and forth, and

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Speaker 4: then it used all of its energy and we purposely

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Speaker 4: crashed it into Saturday.

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Speaker 3: Yes we did.

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Speaker 4: So why cant that both work both ways?

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Speaker 3: Oh? If they had actual aliens on board, I don't

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Speaker 3: see why they would purposely crash it.

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Speaker 4: Well, if they're so smart that they can as soon

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Speaker 4: as it crashes, they extract them. We don't know anything

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Speaker 4: about it. They take all the technology, just check.

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Speaker 3: It was another dimension and then they disappeared and then

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Speaker 3: reappeared over there. Could that happen? This was going somewhere

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Speaker 3: for a second. We don't know.

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Speaker 4: We have no idea. But at this point, with all

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Speaker 4: of these congressional hearings and everything that's happening, here's it.

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Speaker 4: How do you feel?

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Speaker 3: You want to be open minded? For sure, but you

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Speaker 3: don't want to be so open minded that your brains

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Speaker 3: spill out.

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Speaker 4: I can't help that, preventing you losing.

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Speaker 3: The capacity to evaluate the integrity of your thoughts.

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Speaker 1: Well, let's go to the recent congressional hearings. Did you

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Speaker 1: did you watch?

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Speaker 3: Did you read that? Did you what?

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Speaker 2: Were you just just bad? What's my takeaway? Broad stroke

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Speaker 2: take away? My takeaway is, oh my gosh, Republicans and

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Speaker 2: Democrats are together.

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Speaker 3: Let me right back. Look, we had AOC right on

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Speaker 3: the same a platform as the staunch Republicans, right, and

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Speaker 3: they're all just sharing the time quizzing someone about aliens.

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Speaker 3: So I thought, that's the ticket. We need to be

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Speaker 3: invaded by aliens and then all the Democrats and Republicans

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Speaker 3: will come together. But that's my takeaway.

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Speaker 1: Most of them are aliens. I think, But did you walk.

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Speaker 2: Away with anything in your mind or heart or soul thinking, Okay,

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Speaker 2: here's something we need to evaluate. Did they give you

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Speaker 2: any information that you did not already believe.

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Speaker 3: To be true. No, we should always be evaluating everything, right, Okay,

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Speaker 3: that's what curiosity is about. But if you have by

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Speaker 3: the way, NASA has been looking for aliens, and my field,

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Speaker 3: people in my field been looking for aliens for decades, okay,

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Speaker 3: at least sixty years. We've actually sent signals out. They're

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Speaker 3: still traveling to their destination. But just to show you,

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Speaker 3: it's not like we are resistant to their being aliens.

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Speaker 3: So we have someone in particular, a person testifying saying,

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Speaker 3: I paraphrase, they just aliens in the closet, and he

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Speaker 3: doesn't want anyone to see it. And even members of

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Speaker 3: Congress who allocate funds for the branch of the government

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Speaker 3: that he serves, apparently they haven't seen it either, even

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Speaker 3: though they had security clearance. So here's my point. If

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Speaker 3: you have an alien in the closet that no one

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Speaker 3: can see, you're the young one who knows is there,

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Speaker 3: and you're not going to show it to anyone. From

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Speaker 3: the point of view as a scientist. That's the same

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Speaker 3: thing as having no alien in the closet. I see,

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Speaker 3: I get that right. It's there's no difference. So when

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Speaker 3: we came back from the Moon with moon rocks, we

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Speaker 3: shared the moon rocks with the world, with the scientists

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Speaker 3: of the world, because that's what you do when you

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Speaker 3: discover something. But people are afraid of moon rocks.

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Speaker 2: People, people, a lot of people are afraid of these things,

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Speaker 2: creepy crawls.

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Speaker 3: How can you be if he's got it in the closet,

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Speaker 3: I mean, how scary is it? Could it be? It's

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Speaker 3: not my right. Then he said some people were alien injured.

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Speaker 3: That I'd never heard that phrase alien injured. But they

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Speaker 3: didn't call nine one. They didn't take a picture of

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Speaker 3: the alien, which of course they could have with a

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Speaker 3: high resolution color photo or video which everyone has attached

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Speaker 3: to their hips, which can take way better photos than

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Speaker 3: those images that the Navy took with the fuzzy tic

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Speaker 3: TAC and the monochromatic screen. So I just need better evidence.

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Speaker 3: I'm not asking for much, and we have very up

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Speaker 3: So NASA will likely develop an app where if you

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Speaker 3: see something weird in the sky, you take it with

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Speaker 3: your smartphone and then send it to this clearing house

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Speaker 3: and you send the metadata, so has you know what

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Speaker 3: angle in the sky, what coordinate on Earth, and it'll

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Speaker 3: have all this information and we can coordinate it. There

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Speaker 3: might be some things to discover. There might even be

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Speaker 3: aliens to discover. Maybe some of these things people are

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Speaker 3: seeing are aliens, but what they're bringing forth as evidence

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Speaker 3: will not convince the skeptic.

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Speaker 2: Going back to something you said earlier, is shooting signals

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Speaker 2: out into outer space?

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Speaker 1: Is that a good idea?

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Speaker 3: Yeah, in retrospect, I want to rethink that because actually

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Speaker 3: we're giving okay, here it is. It's worse than that.

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Speaker 3: Ever since the nineteen thirties, where we figured out how

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Speaker 3: to communicate using radio waves, there are frequencies of radio

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Speaker 3: waves that don't get trapped in our atmosphere that escape. Okay,

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Speaker 3: you came from terrestrial radio, didn't you. FM radio goes

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Speaker 3: in straight lines. Okay, no one cares about this anymore,

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Speaker 3: but it's a little fact. Straight lines from the broadcast antenna,

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Speaker 3: which means if you are beyond the horizon of that signal,

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Speaker 3: you cannot receive that FM channel.

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Speaker 1: This is why our ratings are awful in our space.

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Speaker 3: Whereas AM has a frequency of radio waves that reflects

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Speaker 3: off of our IONO sphere. This is a charged layer

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Speaker 3: in our atmosphere that can reflect radio waves. So AM

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Speaker 3: signals can go up and come back down and go

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Speaker 3: beyond the curvature of the Earth, which is why you

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Speaker 3: can get AM stations from hundreds of miles away.

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Speaker 1: So we've been sending out waves, whether we like saw.

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Speaker 3: FM waves have been escaping Earth for seventy years, and

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Speaker 3: TV waves escape the Earth as well. That's why you

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Speaker 3: can't get TV over the horizon in the old days

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Speaker 3: when you had rabbit or antennas. I'm dating myself here,

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Speaker 3: so but it matters because that's the origin of our

356
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Speaker 3: radio bubble. A radio bubble is right now eighty light

357
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Speaker 3: years in radius, expanding at the speed of light, and

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Speaker 3: it has washed over I forgot the last count. Certainly

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Speaker 3: dozens of exoplanets that we've discovered, planets orbiting other stars.

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Speaker 3: So if there's life forms intelligent that know how to

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Speaker 3: decode our radio signals, they will know everything about us,

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Speaker 3: starting with the earliest TV broadcast. They'll learn how humans get,

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Speaker 3: men and women treat each other, and I love Lucy.

364
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Speaker 3: They'll see what our jokes are like, and howdy doody.

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Speaker 3: That was my example. I love Lucy, okay, or the

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Speaker 3: Honeymooners right bang zoom to the Moon Alice, back when

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Speaker 3: that was a joke. Okay, it's unthinkable that anyone would

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Speaker 3: write that today. But that's what the aliens will first see.

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Speaker 3: That'll be their exposure to our culture, and so they'll

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Speaker 3: know all about us and they'll triangulate right back on

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Speaker 3: Earth's let's move away from aliens sort of. I know that.

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Speaker 2: Of late, we've had more news about scientists discovering several

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Speaker 2: what they exoplanets that have Earth like characteristics, like the

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Speaker 2: rocky composition an.

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Speaker 3: Ocean, right, I mean you were just reading the story

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Speaker 3: the other day.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, not long ago they found a planet that they

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Speaker 4: said was very earth like I think Ti seven three three. Yeah,

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Speaker 4: b was there a be on there something like that.

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Speaker 4: But that doesn't necessarily mean it's happitable. But what does

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Speaker 4: that mean?

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Speaker 3: Yeah? So, so we're very bias, but understandably so about

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Speaker 3: how we look for life. What we do when we

384
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Speaker 3: look like we look for life as we know it,

385
00:19:06,080 --> 00:19:08,720
Speaker 3: and life as we know it on Earth thrives in

386
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Speaker 3: liquid water. Even the dead sea has life in it.

387
00:19:13,000 --> 00:19:16,160
Speaker 3: But the fact that anybody called it dead meant they

388
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Speaker 3: didn't know about microscopes. I hadn't been invented yet, all right,

389
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Speaker 3: So there's no macroscopic fishes, but there's microscopic life. There's

390
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Speaker 3: life anywhere we see, even in hot vents in the

391
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Speaker 3: bottom of the ocean. So we say, and NASA's mantra is,

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Speaker 3: follow the water. If you find water out there, liquid water.

393
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Speaker 3: So we're gonna find liquid water on a planet around

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Speaker 3: a star. Not too close, the heat will evaporate the water,

395
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Speaker 3: and I'll make you know. And then you don't have

396
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Speaker 3: liquid if it's not too far away, it'll freeze. Can't

397
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Speaker 3: have life using ice. So there's a zone, and it's

398
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Speaker 3: called the habitable zone. But early on I said that

399
00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:53,080
Speaker 3: has way too many syllables. I just called it the

400
00:19:53,080 --> 00:19:55,879
Speaker 3: Goldilock zone, which made way more sense to me. And

401
00:19:55,920 --> 00:19:59,120
Speaker 3: that's that's pretty much what everybody calls it, the Goldilocks.

402
00:20:00,160 --> 00:20:02,760
Speaker 3: It's just right. And so if you find a planet

403
00:20:03,040 --> 00:20:06,960
Speaker 3: earth size just right, then it can sustain liquid water.

404
00:20:08,760 --> 00:20:11,919
Speaker 3: Doesn't have to, but it can. But that result that

405
00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:14,680
Speaker 3: you found that you were reporting on is another level.

406
00:20:15,480 --> 00:20:17,679
Speaker 3: It's all right, So what if it might have liquid order,

407
00:20:17,680 --> 00:20:19,240
Speaker 3: how you going to know if there's life? We can't

408
00:20:19,320 --> 00:20:22,560
Speaker 3: zoom in the Telescope's not that good, all right, So

409
00:20:23,080 --> 00:20:25,600
Speaker 3: you can't even see life from the moon on Earth.

410
00:20:25,880 --> 00:20:27,679
Speaker 3: You know, you're not gonna see people walking around waving

411
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Speaker 3: to you to go across, you know, to another star system. No,

412
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Speaker 3: So here's what we do. It's very clever. We wait

413
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Speaker 3: for the planet to move in front of the host

414
00:20:36,200 --> 00:20:39,119
Speaker 3: star in its orbit, and then we use the James

415
00:20:39,119 --> 00:20:43,800
Speaker 3: web Space telescope to analyze the starlight passing through the

416
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Speaker 3: atmosphere to us, and the gas in that atmosphere leaves

417
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Speaker 3: a fingerprint on that light. And so we found methane

418
00:20:52,480 --> 00:20:56,160
Speaker 3: in the atmosphere. We found carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

419
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Speaker 3: Methane is an ingredient. Is you can get it by

420
00:21:02,359 --> 00:21:09,399
Speaker 3: non biological causes. You can definitely get it by biological causes, right, Okay,

421
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Speaker 3: I was going to like work my way up to that.

422
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Speaker 3: But methane such as what the gases you would find

423
00:21:16,680 --> 00:21:25,320
Speaker 3: in the lower intestines of farm animals. So yeah, so

424
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Speaker 3: there are anaerobic life forms release methane as a result

425
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Speaker 3: of there so deep in your in their intestines. There's

426
00:21:33,640 --> 00:21:36,399
Speaker 3: no oxygen, so but there's still life there. So life

427
00:21:36,600 --> 00:21:40,440
Speaker 3: in the absence of oxygen gives off methane, which, by

428
00:21:40,440 --> 00:21:41,960
Speaker 3: the way, I don't know if you ever tested this

429
00:21:42,040 --> 00:21:46,840
Speaker 3: at camp, it actually is flammable, it is. I learned

430
00:21:46,880 --> 00:21:49,200
Speaker 3: so much at camp. It's a camp thing, right. I

431
00:21:49,240 --> 00:21:50,760
Speaker 3: don't know if the girls did it, but the boys

432
00:21:50,760 --> 00:21:51,800
Speaker 3: were definitely testing it.

433
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Speaker 4: I don't remember a lot of that.

434
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Speaker 3: Well today is young, right, so so it's a way.

435
00:21:58,040 --> 00:22:03,199
Speaker 3: So these are biomarkers that allow us to explore the

436
00:22:03,240 --> 00:22:06,920
Speaker 3: possibility of life's influence on the atmosphere without actually seeing

437
00:22:06,960 --> 00:22:09,280
Speaker 3: if they're cities or plant life or anything, which we

438
00:22:09,280 --> 00:22:12,120
Speaker 3: wouldn't be able to. By the way, the book is

439
00:22:13,280 --> 00:22:16,080
Speaker 3: is precisely that journey. Talk about it. Well, when you

440
00:22:16,080 --> 00:22:18,919
Speaker 3: think about it, you go back in time, pick how

441
00:22:18,920 --> 00:22:21,359
Speaker 3: many centuries. It won't matter. If you're standing here on

442
00:22:21,400 --> 00:22:23,200
Speaker 3: Earth and look up and you see the moon and say,

443
00:22:24,000 --> 00:22:28,160
Speaker 3: how would I get to the moon? Think about that?

444
00:22:29,040 --> 00:22:31,679
Speaker 3: Can you run? Can you jump? Do you climb a

445
00:22:31,680 --> 00:22:34,959
Speaker 3: mountain and jump again? Like? What do you do? You

446
00:22:35,000 --> 00:22:38,040
Speaker 3: had to understand air first, because you have to ascend

447
00:22:38,119 --> 00:22:40,640
Speaker 3: into the air. Then is air go all the way

448
00:22:40,680 --> 00:22:43,080
Speaker 3: to the moon. Then you had to figure out well

449
00:22:43,080 --> 00:22:46,920
Speaker 3: hot air rises. This was not clearly known. We all

450
00:22:46,960 --> 00:22:49,880
Speaker 3: know it today, but people have to like figure that out.

451
00:22:49,880 --> 00:22:51,439
Speaker 3: And you could trap the hot air in a balloon

452
00:22:51,800 --> 00:22:54,040
Speaker 3: and a vessel, call it a balloon, and then get

453
00:22:54,080 --> 00:22:59,080
Speaker 3: in a gondola and then ascend. Why not, that's got

454
00:22:59,119 --> 00:23:02,280
Speaker 3: to be better than it. Or with his wax wings

455
00:23:02,640 --> 00:23:05,520
Speaker 3: that melted. You know, people gave up after that, and

456
00:23:05,560 --> 00:23:08,280
Speaker 3: I'm saying, no, you say, next time I try this,

457
00:23:08,840 --> 00:23:13,080
Speaker 3: I'm not going to make wings out of wax. We learned. Okay,

458
00:23:13,200 --> 00:23:16,439
Speaker 3: you can learn from other people's mistakes, all right, just

459
00:23:16,480 --> 00:23:20,280
Speaker 3: don't say let's give up. So I'm thankful that in

460
00:23:20,320 --> 00:23:24,720
Speaker 3: our species there's a subset who remain curious even in

461
00:23:24,760 --> 00:23:29,120
Speaker 3: the face of failure. And we call them scientists and engineers,

462
00:23:29,160 --> 00:23:32,720
Speaker 3: people who want to solve problems. By the way, I

463
00:23:32,760 --> 00:23:35,240
Speaker 3: think the whole population splits into those two. Even in

464
00:23:35,280 --> 00:23:38,360
Speaker 3: the workplace, surely you've given a task to someone new

465
00:23:38,359 --> 00:23:40,760
Speaker 3: and they say, this was not on my resume. This

466
00:23:40,800 --> 00:23:42,639
Speaker 3: is I'm not trained for this. You give it to

467
00:23:42,640 --> 00:23:45,320
Speaker 3: someone else. See why I've never seen this before. Great,

468
00:23:45,560 --> 00:23:47,520
Speaker 3: let me try to solve it. That's a whole other

469
00:23:47,640 --> 00:23:49,920
Speaker 3: kind of person, right, and you know that you've seen

470
00:23:49,920 --> 00:23:53,120
Speaker 3: these people and that's you. Oh yeah. If there's something

471
00:23:53,119 --> 00:23:55,240
Speaker 3: I don't understand that, you're not going to see me

472
00:23:55,280 --> 00:23:57,520
Speaker 3: for two days until I come back with some insight

473
00:23:57,960 --> 00:24:00,399
Speaker 3: into it, because that's that's where the excite it is.

474
00:24:00,440 --> 00:24:02,560
Speaker 3: When I was the nine year old kid in the planetarium,

475
00:24:02,720 --> 00:24:05,080
Speaker 3: the immensity of the universe, it's not how much we

476
00:24:05,160 --> 00:24:08,520
Speaker 3: knew that attracted me. It's how much we were yet

477
00:24:08,560 --> 00:24:14,199
Speaker 3: to discover. That is the voice of the universe calling

478
00:24:14,240 --> 00:24:14,520
Speaker 3: to me.

479
00:24:14,800 --> 00:24:17,000
Speaker 2: See, this isn't This isn't ten year old Neil talking

480
00:24:17,000 --> 00:24:19,879
Speaker 2: to us. Now, this is a who's been who's been

481
00:24:19,960 --> 00:24:23,600
Speaker 2: learning NonStop, I mean the way the NonStop.

482
00:24:23,680 --> 00:24:26,080
Speaker 3: I can't tell you how important that is. Many people

483
00:24:26,119 --> 00:24:29,600
Speaker 3: graduate high school, if that's your terminal degree or college,

484
00:24:29,600 --> 00:24:31,400
Speaker 3: and what do they do. They run down the steturday

485
00:24:31,440 --> 00:24:34,960
Speaker 3: school's out and they throw their books into the air.

486
00:24:35,040 --> 00:24:39,520
Speaker 3: There's even a rock anthem on this. Schools out for summer. Yeah,

487
00:24:39,600 --> 00:24:45,240
Speaker 3: schools out for summer, Schools out forever. Okay, Now who

488
00:24:45,320 --> 00:24:45,879
Speaker 3: was that that was?

489
00:24:47,600 --> 00:24:51,560
Speaker 1: You know then, Casey in the Sunshine.

490
00:24:52,040 --> 00:24:55,399
Speaker 3: Totally not Casey in the Sunshine band. But but have

491
00:24:55,520 --> 00:25:02,080
Speaker 3: that anthem celebrates not learning? Think about that? Okay? Is

492
00:25:02,520 --> 00:25:03,680
Speaker 3: this how you are so.

493
00:25:05,359 --> 00:25:08,879
Speaker 2: Excellent at explaining things that most of us don't understand

494
00:25:09,760 --> 00:25:12,160
Speaker 2: and putting in a language we do understand it because

495
00:25:12,160 --> 00:25:14,679
Speaker 2: you used to be the guy who didn't know everything,

496
00:25:14,680 --> 00:25:15,560
Speaker 2: and now you know a lot.

497
00:25:15,760 --> 00:25:15,879
Speaker 4: I do.

498
00:25:15,960 --> 00:25:18,600
Speaker 3: I know why? Sure, But it's not that I know.

499
00:25:18,760 --> 00:25:22,960
Speaker 3: It's not it's a magic thing. It's that. How is

500
00:25:23,000 --> 00:25:25,880
Speaker 3: it that you can be glad that school is over?

501
00:25:26,720 --> 00:25:31,399
Speaker 3: Your only job was to learn, Yet you're looking at

502
00:25:31,400 --> 00:25:34,600
Speaker 3: the clock waiting for the school bell. You can't wait

503
00:25:34,680 --> 00:25:38,000
Speaker 3: till May or June comes around, So school's over? Can't

504
00:25:38,040 --> 00:25:42,280
Speaker 3: wait for summer to come? What is so so? And

505
00:25:42,320 --> 00:25:45,320
Speaker 3: then I realized I can't blame the students. I can't.

506
00:25:45,400 --> 00:25:48,159
Speaker 3: It's Alex Cooper saying that song, right. I can't blame

507
00:25:48,680 --> 00:25:53,520
Speaker 3: I can't blame the students. I blame the school. The

508
00:25:53,560 --> 00:25:56,000
Speaker 3: school shouldn't be about how much it can cram into

509
00:25:56,040 --> 00:26:00,840
Speaker 3: your empty mind. It should be about stimulating your curiosity

510
00:26:01,119 --> 00:26:06,640
Speaker 3: so you have unlimited capacity to learn even beyond your

511
00:26:06,720 --> 00:26:10,000
Speaker 3: years in school. You don't want to ossify in place

512
00:26:10,400 --> 00:26:16,000
Speaker 3: adults that can't see change around them, they're stuck in

513
00:26:16,080 --> 00:26:19,320
Speaker 3: whatever they learned about the world the day they graduated,

514
00:26:19,880 --> 00:26:24,359
Speaker 3: and that became their worldview ever more. All I'm saying is,

515
00:26:24,840 --> 00:26:27,200
Speaker 3: if you become a lifelong learner, you will learn way

516
00:26:27,240 --> 00:26:29,960
Speaker 3: more in your life than you ever were taught in school.

517
00:26:31,280 --> 00:26:34,800
Speaker 3: Imagine how different the world would be. And so what

518
00:26:34,840 --> 00:26:37,840
Speaker 3: we do in this book. I have a co author,

519
00:26:38,320 --> 00:26:43,359
Speaker 3: Lindsay Walker, who's a nine year senior producer of the

520
00:26:43,400 --> 00:26:46,080
Speaker 3: Stark Talk. Oh it's a Star Talk collaboration with National

521
00:26:46,160 --> 00:26:48,480
Speaker 3: Geographic Book. By the way, the book is just beautiful

522
00:26:48,880 --> 00:26:51,840
Speaker 3: because it is because that's because that's how nat Gio roles.

523
00:26:51,920 --> 00:26:53,920
Speaker 3: I just want to say, that's how they Have you

524
00:26:54,000 --> 00:26:57,280
Speaker 3: ever see an ugly Nagio book? No, no, everything that

525
00:26:57,320 --> 00:27:02,560
Speaker 3: Geo does is all glossy. In all, it's a beautiful,

526
00:27:02,640 --> 00:27:07,600
Speaker 3: beautiful book. So it's a realizing that there fits and

527
00:27:07,640 --> 00:27:11,760
Speaker 3: starts in our attempt to understand how to make a discovery.

528
00:27:11,920 --> 00:27:16,400
Speaker 3: This book is a celebration of the human spirit. It's

529
00:27:16,440 --> 00:27:20,760
Speaker 3: a journey of the mind, body and soul to ascend

530
00:27:21,040 --> 00:27:27,199
Speaker 3: Earth into the air, into space, into the planets, the galaxy,

531
00:27:27,600 --> 00:27:32,879
Speaker 3: the universe itself and beyond and so so yeah, when

532
00:27:32,920 --> 00:27:36,560
Speaker 3: you're a lifelong learner. Everything that you don't know becomes

533
00:27:36,560 --> 00:27:38,520
Speaker 3: the source of your next round of curiosity.

534
00:27:38,840 --> 00:27:41,359
Speaker 2: You know, what I want you to do is parallel

535
00:27:41,600 --> 00:27:45,560
Speaker 2: the Book of Course to Infinity and Beyond, a journey

536
00:27:45,560 --> 00:27:48,240
Speaker 2: of cosmic discovery to everyday life walking down the street.

537
00:27:48,520 --> 00:27:54,040
Speaker 2: I mean to me, it's about learning, it's awareness like that,

538
00:27:54,480 --> 00:27:55,359
Speaker 2: Why do in others?

539
00:27:55,400 --> 00:27:57,679
Speaker 3: Why do we need to read that? You don't need

540
00:27:57,720 --> 00:28:02,280
Speaker 3: to I will not tell anybody, but I will never

541
00:28:02,480 --> 00:28:04,879
Speaker 3: tell people to do anything. I'm not even going to

542
00:28:04,920 --> 00:28:07,920
Speaker 3: tell you to read the book. Suggest why. I can

543
00:28:08,040 --> 00:28:11,560
Speaker 3: tell you how different you will be if you did

544
00:28:11,600 --> 00:28:15,320
Speaker 3: read it, and then you choose whether you're interested in

545
00:28:15,359 --> 00:28:20,520
Speaker 3: that bit of enlightenment that it will bring. Okay, So

546
00:28:21,280 --> 00:28:25,480
Speaker 3: the book has three strands of DNA in it, the

547
00:28:25,600 --> 00:28:29,800
Speaker 3: DNA of my podcast Start Talk. I'm sorry, you're not

548
00:28:29,800 --> 00:28:31,959
Speaker 3: the only podcast on the block. Just thought i'd tell

549
00:28:32,000 --> 00:28:39,080
Speaker 3: you that. So the Stark Talk is the podcast, and

550
00:28:39,120 --> 00:28:44,120
Speaker 3: we blend it's a tapestry really of science, pop culture

551
00:28:44,160 --> 00:28:46,320
Speaker 3: and humor. And what we learned is that when we

552
00:28:46,360 --> 00:28:49,640
Speaker 3: present science that way, people come back for more. And

553
00:28:49,640 --> 00:28:52,400
Speaker 3: that's that Then as an educator, that's a good thing.

554
00:28:52,840 --> 00:28:54,320
Speaker 3: Let me do more of that, and then you get

555
00:28:54,320 --> 00:28:56,360
Speaker 3: more of that. And part of what makes it work

556
00:28:56,440 --> 00:29:00,640
Speaker 3: is everybody has a common pop culture scaffo that you

557
00:29:00,720 --> 00:29:03,960
Speaker 3: carry with you. That's the definition of pop culture. I

558
00:29:03,960 --> 00:29:06,120
Speaker 3: don't have to tell you who Beyonce is, or what

559
00:29:06,240 --> 00:29:09,920
Speaker 3: football is, or who the Pope is, or who Trump is,

560
00:29:10,360 --> 00:29:13,840
Speaker 3: or what you know or there's some hit movie. I

561
00:29:13,840 --> 00:29:16,120
Speaker 3: don't have to re explain all that. I know. You

562
00:29:16,200 --> 00:29:19,520
Speaker 3: walk into the room that way, and I study that

563
00:29:20,280 --> 00:29:21,960
Speaker 3: and I say, oh, here's a place when I can

564
00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:26,040
Speaker 3: attach some science to that scaffold. And I attach it

565
00:29:26,080 --> 00:29:30,640
Speaker 3: and it fits perfectly, and it fits into your world

566
00:29:31,120 --> 00:29:33,160
Speaker 3: in such a way that you will never forget it

567
00:29:33,600 --> 00:29:36,160
Speaker 3: because I made it relevant to what you already care about.

568
00:29:36,200 --> 00:29:39,080
Speaker 3: I'm not starting from scratch, and so that's the value

569
00:29:39,080 --> 00:29:40,600
Speaker 3: of this. So let's walk down this. I'll tell you

570
00:29:40,640 --> 00:29:43,000
Speaker 3: a couple of things. All right, you're a professional in

571
00:29:43,080 --> 00:29:46,280
Speaker 3: this space. All right? You have doors that outside the door,

572
00:29:46,320 --> 00:29:49,840
Speaker 3: it says on the air, okay, back when it was broadcast,

573
00:29:50,240 --> 00:29:54,000
Speaker 3: you're broadcasting radio waves. I just told you that radio

574
00:29:54,000 --> 00:29:57,080
Speaker 3: waves travel through the vacuum of space out to it.

575
00:29:57,240 --> 00:30:00,920
Speaker 3: Right now, it's eighty light years out. Radio waves don't

576
00:30:00,920 --> 00:30:09,680
Speaker 3: need air, So on the air is a completely meaningless statement. Yeah,

577
00:30:09,800 --> 00:30:13,240
Speaker 3: so it should say on space. That's what it should say.

578
00:30:13,360 --> 00:30:16,320
Speaker 3: Next time you visit, that will be changed. You know

579
00:30:16,360 --> 00:30:21,520
Speaker 3: what needs air is sound waves need something to vibrate.

580
00:30:22,400 --> 00:30:25,560
Speaker 3: But your voice was not getting to your listeners by

581
00:30:25,560 --> 00:30:29,240
Speaker 3: the vibration of air from your studio to their car

582
00:30:29,800 --> 00:30:33,160
Speaker 3: or whatever they brought to the beach. No, it was

583
00:30:33,240 --> 00:30:39,880
Speaker 3: first sent electronically, then broadcast broad cast with radio waves.

584
00:30:40,360 --> 00:30:42,400
Speaker 3: And so yeah, so that's a little thing. Now. I

585
00:30:42,440 --> 00:30:44,720
Speaker 3: bet you will never forget that in your whole life,

586
00:30:44,920 --> 00:30:48,840
Speaker 3: because it's attached to your livelihood. And that's what you

587
00:30:48,920 --> 00:30:51,720
Speaker 3: do with the chapters in this book. Yes, oh yes,

588
00:30:51,760 --> 00:30:56,320
Speaker 3: plus other things we talk about superheroes where they're by

589
00:30:56,320 --> 00:30:59,040
Speaker 3: the way, all relates to this arc of discovery right

590
00:30:59,080 --> 00:31:01,600
Speaker 3: where there's a it's it's not a total off ramp,

591
00:31:01,640 --> 00:31:05,040
Speaker 3: but it's it's scenery. Right. As we go by a topic,

592
00:31:05,600 --> 00:31:12,000
Speaker 3: we so just one what's that mantra from top gun?

593
00:31:12,240 --> 00:31:16,680
Speaker 3: I feel the need for speed? Okay, they don't really

594
00:31:16,720 --> 00:31:19,560
Speaker 3: mean that. It's false.

595
00:31:19,640 --> 00:31:20,280
Speaker 4: What do they mean?

596
00:31:20,800 --> 00:31:25,240
Speaker 3: They don't even know that they don't mean it. That's okay, okay,

597
00:31:25,320 --> 00:31:29,960
Speaker 3: So please plain yourself, explain, I can explain. So Earth

598
00:31:30,040 --> 00:31:34,440
Speaker 3: is going eighteen miles per second around the Sun. Is

599
00:31:34,440 --> 00:31:37,920
Speaker 3: that not fast enough for you? Okay, okay, The Sun

600
00:31:38,200 --> 00:31:41,520
Speaker 3: and all the planets are moving around the center of

601
00:31:41,520 --> 00:31:45,680
Speaker 3: the galaxy like three hundred. I forgot that. Three hundred

602
00:31:45,800 --> 00:31:49,760
Speaker 3: miles one hundred, three hundred cols two hundred doing the

603
00:31:49,760 --> 00:31:56,760
Speaker 3: man three? Sorry, carry the two one hundred and fifty

604
00:31:56,840 --> 00:31:59,680
Speaker 3: miles per second. I gotta double check that number. But

605
00:32:00,080 --> 00:32:02,960
Speaker 3: on that side, miles per second around the center of

606
00:32:03,000 --> 00:32:07,720
Speaker 3: the galaxy. We're rotating on Earth here where we're recording

607
00:32:07,760 --> 00:32:10,280
Speaker 3: this in New York City, we're moving eight hundred miles

608
00:32:10,320 --> 00:32:14,160
Speaker 3: an hour due east. You say you feel the need

609
00:32:14,240 --> 00:32:17,200
Speaker 3: for speed, you already have it. We have airplanes that

610
00:32:17,280 --> 00:32:21,240
Speaker 3: fly five hundred and fifty miles an hour in the air.

611
00:32:22,800 --> 00:32:27,080
Speaker 3: That speed way faster than any automobile in a car race.

612
00:32:28,240 --> 00:32:31,240
Speaker 3: So what do they mean? They don't know, they don't

613
00:32:31,240 --> 00:32:35,080
Speaker 3: it's not speed they want. They want acceleration. Accelerations, a

614
00:32:35,240 --> 00:32:36,800
Speaker 3: change in your speed.

615
00:32:36,680 --> 00:32:37,719
Speaker 4: That doesn't rhyme with anything.

616
00:32:37,960 --> 00:32:42,440
Speaker 1: Well, I tried, I tried, Uh, what rhymes with propulsion?

617
00:32:44,600 --> 00:32:49,200
Speaker 3: I have to necessitate to accelerate. I mean, yeah, maybe

618
00:32:49,280 --> 00:32:53,400
Speaker 3: maybe that cha yeah maybe yeah, so yeah, it doesn't rhymes,

619
00:32:53,440 --> 00:32:56,160
Speaker 3: and eating these connections is what this book is. Yes, yes, yeah.

620
00:32:56,200 --> 00:32:59,080
Speaker 3: So you talk to any fighter pilot, they don't talk

621
00:32:59,080 --> 00:33:00,959
Speaker 3: about how fast they go. They talk about the barrel

622
00:33:01,040 --> 00:33:04,600
Speaker 3: rolls they do. That These are acceleration exceleracies also a

623
00:33:04,680 --> 00:33:07,960
Speaker 3: change in the direction you're going. They do, the bank turn,

624
00:33:08,040 --> 00:33:11,280
Speaker 3: the five G turn. Those are all accelerations, every bit

625
00:33:11,320 --> 00:33:14,400
Speaker 3: of it. If they're just cruising at six hundred miles

626
00:33:14,440 --> 00:33:16,840
Speaker 3: an hour, that's not the speed, but nothing at all,

627
00:33:17,360 --> 00:33:18,240
Speaker 3: I promise.

628
00:33:17,920 --> 00:33:27,640
Speaker 2: You before you leave, I know Gandhi wanted to talk

629
00:33:27,640 --> 00:33:29,920
Speaker 2: to you about beliefs.

630
00:33:30,200 --> 00:33:31,840
Speaker 3: Yes, so please please.

631
00:33:32,000 --> 00:33:36,160
Speaker 4: So Obviously, with a very scientific mind, you need proof

632
00:33:36,280 --> 00:33:40,600
Speaker 4: of things to consider them. Fact makes a lot of sense.

633
00:33:40,640 --> 00:33:43,960
Speaker 3: Well, to consider them objectively true. Objective would means we

634
00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:46,200
Speaker 3: can all agree that that's what's happening, and that's what

635
00:33:46,200 --> 00:33:49,080
Speaker 3: the tools of methods and tools of science are exquisitely

636
00:33:49,120 --> 00:33:50,960
Speaker 3: designed to establish. Right.

637
00:33:51,040 --> 00:33:53,680
Speaker 4: Do you have blind faith or just faith in anything

638
00:33:54,040 --> 00:33:57,800
Speaker 4: that you can't see, can't prove, can't quantify with any

639
00:33:57,800 --> 00:33:58,520
Speaker 4: type of evidence.

640
00:33:59,160 --> 00:34:04,479
Speaker 3: I'm so not really So what I mean by that

641
00:34:04,640 --> 00:34:08,799
Speaker 3: is there are things that we know exist even if

642
00:34:08,880 --> 00:34:12,480
Speaker 3: science isn't there yet. You know, we feel love, okay,

643
00:34:12,560 --> 00:34:15,239
Speaker 3: can science prove that you're in love? Well, not now,

644
00:34:15,320 --> 00:34:17,640
Speaker 3: but I can imagine experiments in the future where we

645
00:34:17,680 --> 00:34:20,960
Speaker 3: could where where you look at the neurosynapses of the

646
00:34:21,000 --> 00:34:23,080
Speaker 3: brain and you see a loved one, and then some

647
00:34:23,200 --> 00:34:26,640
Speaker 3: part of your brain gets fired for that happening. And

648
00:34:26,680 --> 00:34:28,399
Speaker 3: then we say, there's anything you hate, Yeah, I hate

649
00:34:28,440 --> 00:34:30,280
Speaker 3: this thing, and you see another part of the brain.

650
00:34:30,640 --> 00:34:32,759
Speaker 3: So then watch. So then I show you something that

651
00:34:32,800 --> 00:34:37,240
Speaker 3: you said you loved. Okay, so that you said you hated,

652
00:34:37,320 --> 00:34:39,879
Speaker 3: but then I actively stimulate the part of your brain

653
00:34:39,920 --> 00:34:41,839
Speaker 3: that brings love. You said, wait a minute, I change

654
00:34:41,880 --> 00:34:45,160
Speaker 3: my mind. I really do love this. That's a scientific experiment.

655
00:34:45,239 --> 00:34:47,920
Speaker 3: I can imagine that would happen in the future, so

656
00:34:48,080 --> 00:34:52,000
Speaker 3: we would then understand love. I don't. I'm not convinced

657
00:34:52,640 --> 00:34:55,239
Speaker 3: that there's things that happen or that are going on

658
00:34:55,360 --> 00:34:58,080
Speaker 3: there will forever be out of the reach of science.

659
00:34:58,640 --> 00:35:05,719
Speaker 3: Given the history of this ex consider epilepsy, there was

660
00:35:05,760 --> 00:35:08,760
Speaker 3: a day people would be afflicted by this, a terrible

661
00:35:08,920 --> 00:35:12,759
Speaker 3: you know, random firings of your brain and they'd be

662
00:35:12,840 --> 00:35:17,960
Speaker 3: writhing on the ground. If you're in a Catholic town,

663
00:35:19,040 --> 00:35:23,960
Speaker 3: and it's two hundred years ago or more people were

664
00:35:24,120 --> 00:35:27,799
Speaker 3: certain the devil inhabited your body. So what would you do.

665
00:35:28,000 --> 00:35:30,439
Speaker 3: You would go to the church. You're in a small town.

666
00:35:30,480 --> 00:35:32,719
Speaker 3: All towns are small. How far away is your church?

667
00:35:32,880 --> 00:35:35,960
Speaker 3: It's not far. You get there in five minutes, ten minutes.

668
00:35:36,080 --> 00:35:38,680
Speaker 3: Tell the priest the devil's in my child or in

669
00:35:38,719 --> 00:35:42,080
Speaker 3: my husband, or all right, the priest gets the robe,

670
00:35:42,200 --> 00:35:45,920
Speaker 3: the holy water, they go to the place, they bless, okay,

671
00:35:45,960 --> 00:35:49,239
Speaker 3: and the symptoms go away in just the amount of

672
00:35:49,239 --> 00:35:53,359
Speaker 3: time it takes an epileptic seizure to go away. So

673
00:35:53,719 --> 00:35:55,719
Speaker 3: they might see this as evidence that there was a

674
00:35:55,760 --> 00:36:01,600
Speaker 3: devil and that they cured it. But we know better today.

675
00:36:01,800 --> 00:36:04,400
Speaker 3: Nobody is saying that. Who has any kind of scientific

676
00:36:04,440 --> 00:36:07,800
Speaker 3: medical knowledge at all? If you look at the history

677
00:36:07,920 --> 00:36:13,000
Speaker 3: of those examples throughout civilization when people thought it was

678
00:36:13,040 --> 00:36:20,680
Speaker 3: either magic or god. Or here's one. Benjamin Franklin invents

679
00:36:21,520 --> 00:36:24,399
Speaker 3: the lightning rod. You know what a lightning ron does.

680
00:36:24,640 --> 00:36:28,960
Speaker 3: It actually attracts lightning. Actually, sorry, it does both. It

681
00:36:29,000 --> 00:36:31,319
Speaker 3: resists lightning, but if it can't resist it, then it

682
00:36:31,360 --> 00:36:34,600
Speaker 3: attracts it, and in attracting it, it sends it around

683
00:36:34,719 --> 00:36:38,919
Speaker 3: your structure rather than through it. Okay, before the lightning rod.

684
00:36:40,080 --> 00:36:43,560
Speaker 3: What lightning strikes the tallest structures in any town? Back then?

685
00:36:43,800 --> 00:36:46,799
Speaker 3: Seventeen hundred, eighteen hundred, what's the tallest building in any town?

686
00:36:46,840 --> 00:36:50,640
Speaker 3: The church? Church. Churches will getting hit by lightning like that.

687
00:36:51,080 --> 00:36:52,640
Speaker 3: And if you were in a church that didn't get

688
00:36:52,719 --> 00:36:55,040
Speaker 3: hit and you pointed to one that did, he say, eh,

689
00:36:56,480 --> 00:36:59,239
Speaker 3: you're worshiping the wrong God in that church. You got

690
00:36:59,239 --> 00:37:01,920
Speaker 3: the wrong. Ain't you got the wrong? Come to our church?

691
00:37:02,719 --> 00:37:07,120
Speaker 3: That was cited as evidence for the wrath of God.

692
00:37:07,640 --> 00:37:09,800
Speaker 3: And then then we figured out a way to control

693
00:37:09,880 --> 00:37:13,160
Speaker 3: lightning such that this does not happen. There were some

694
00:37:13,239 --> 00:37:19,200
Speaker 3: people who who criticized Franklin for thwarting the will of God,

695
00:37:20,400 --> 00:37:24,600
Speaker 3: and that deeply intrigued me because they're admitting that a

696
00:37:24,719 --> 00:37:28,680
Speaker 3: chubby hot dog eating beer I don't did eat it's

697
00:37:28,680 --> 00:37:29,919
Speaker 3: around today? He definitely would.

698
00:37:29,960 --> 00:37:33,239
Speaker 1: He would be one of those French French women.

699
00:37:33,400 --> 00:37:37,560
Speaker 3: Yeah, yeah, womenize anything that this guy out smarted your God?

700
00:37:37,920 --> 00:37:40,240
Speaker 3: You got are you? Is that really what you're saying?

701
00:37:40,960 --> 00:37:42,600
Speaker 3: Or you're saying, maybe God had nothing to do with

702
00:37:42,640 --> 00:37:45,080
Speaker 3: the lightning and it was just our ignorance that So

703
00:37:45,400 --> 00:37:48,799
Speaker 3: there's enough of this in the history of civilization that

704
00:37:49,520 --> 00:37:54,040
Speaker 3: going forward. Just because I don't understand something yet, I'm

705
00:37:54,040 --> 00:37:57,680
Speaker 3: not going to say therefore it must be God, because

706
00:37:57,719 --> 00:38:00,640
Speaker 3: the history that exercise tells me that that's that should

707
00:38:00,680 --> 00:38:01,680
Speaker 3: not be your first guess.

708
00:38:02,440 --> 00:38:04,400
Speaker 4: But let's take God out of it, right. I totally

709
00:38:04,440 --> 00:38:06,600
Speaker 4: get that if we don't understand it, we always attributed

710
00:38:06,640 --> 00:38:08,080
Speaker 4: to God because science can't. Necessarily.

711
00:38:08,239 --> 00:38:11,120
Speaker 3: It's called the God of the gaps arguments. Philosophers call

712
00:38:11,160 --> 00:38:11,440
Speaker 3: it that.

713
00:38:11,600 --> 00:38:13,440
Speaker 4: It's a good one, it's a great one. But what

714
00:38:13,520 --> 00:38:17,520
Speaker 4: about something like ghosts or do we have souls? You

715
00:38:17,560 --> 00:38:19,240
Speaker 4: can't prove really any of that stuff. Do you believe

716
00:38:19,239 --> 00:38:19,959
Speaker 4: in either of those?

717
00:38:20,880 --> 00:38:26,560
Speaker 3: I don't see evidence for it. So ghosts, this is

718
00:38:26,600 --> 00:38:31,239
Speaker 3: an interesting one. So if everyone when you die, I

719
00:38:31,280 --> 00:38:33,840
Speaker 3: presume you only become a ghost after you die. I

720
00:38:33,920 --> 00:38:35,440
Speaker 3: presume right in.

721
00:38:35,480 --> 00:38:41,320
Speaker 1: Ghost War, that's what they said, that's what they say.

722
00:38:41,040 --> 00:38:45,200
Speaker 3: Thank you. Yeah, so obviously, so that would mean that

723
00:38:45,280 --> 00:38:51,239
Speaker 3: there's a hundred billion ghosts running around, because that's how

724
00:38:51,239 --> 00:38:55,080
Speaker 3: many dead people there are in the world. That's how

725
00:38:55,080 --> 00:38:57,960
Speaker 3: many humans they have ever lived. It might be a

726
00:38:58,000 --> 00:39:00,880
Speaker 3: little less than that, but that's about that order at magnitude,

727
00:39:01,000 --> 00:39:04,560
Speaker 3: So it seems to me it would be a very

728
00:39:04,719 --> 00:39:08,840
Speaker 3: busy place. And I don't see evidence of that. You know,

729
00:39:08,880 --> 00:39:11,440
Speaker 3: we all saw the movie ghost right where the ghosts

730
00:39:11,440 --> 00:39:14,080
Speaker 3: are moving objects and things, and and if there a

731
00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:17,160
Speaker 3: one hundred billion of them, I think we there'd be

732
00:39:17,320 --> 00:39:20,080
Speaker 3: more evidence for them. So that's one argument against it.

733
00:39:21,040 --> 00:39:26,160
Speaker 3: Another one is do you have better evidence than what

734
00:39:26,280 --> 00:39:29,720
Speaker 3: people have put forth? And it's always in some house.

735
00:39:30,200 --> 00:39:33,640
Speaker 3: I was finally happy when we had the first haunted apartment.

736
00:39:34,400 --> 00:39:36,279
Speaker 3: Do you know what that was? No, it was in

737
00:39:38,840 --> 00:39:43,080
Speaker 3: Rosemary's Baby. Okay, well, the Dakota Yeah, the first haunted apartment,

738
00:39:43,120 --> 00:39:45,960
Speaker 3: and then we had haunted apartments with Ghostbusters. It might

739
00:39:46,000 --> 00:39:47,960
Speaker 3: have been the same damn building it No, but it

740
00:39:48,000 --> 00:39:51,240
Speaker 3: was on Central Park West in New York City. So

741
00:39:51,920 --> 00:39:54,320
Speaker 3: I don't see evidence for ghosts now with the soul,

742
00:39:55,400 --> 00:39:59,160
Speaker 3: by the way, consider science tries to measure stuff. Yeah,

743
00:39:59,360 --> 00:40:01,759
Speaker 3: they measured the eight of the soul. No they didn't, Okay,

744
00:40:02,320 --> 00:40:05,920
Speaker 3: they said they did. Okay, they said they did. Okay,

745
00:40:06,080 --> 00:40:08,600
Speaker 3: all right, so no, watch there's a movie called one

746
00:40:08,719 --> 00:40:14,080
Speaker 3: grand twenty one grams exactly. Do you know how much

747
00:40:14,160 --> 00:40:16,600
Speaker 3: that is? Do you have any sense of what twenty one.

748
00:40:16,520 --> 00:40:17,600
Speaker 4: Grams is drug dealers do.

749
00:40:18,680 --> 00:40:22,160
Speaker 3: That's why drug dealers should have been hired by Jimmy

750
00:40:22,160 --> 00:40:27,080
Speaker 3: Carter to convert us to the metric system. We would

751
00:40:27,080 --> 00:40:29,879
Speaker 3: have all been in metric from the beginning. Is so quick?

752
00:40:31,640 --> 00:40:34,719
Speaker 2: Yeah, because we were we were all completely fluent in

753
00:40:34,760 --> 00:40:36,840
Speaker 2: the US that we were all going metric when I

754
00:40:36,840 --> 00:40:37,280
Speaker 2: was in school.

755
00:40:37,400 --> 00:40:39,600
Speaker 3: I know what I'm saying in the day. In the day,

756
00:40:40,160 --> 00:40:45,280
Speaker 3: So what was I talking about? The Yeah, so twenty

757
00:40:45,320 --> 00:40:52,400
Speaker 3: one grams is about two thirds of one ounce. Do

758
00:40:52,840 --> 00:40:55,120
Speaker 3: you know how much p is in you when you die?

759
00:40:57,320 --> 00:41:03,279
Speaker 1: I'm gonna make sure they measure poop much more than

760
00:41:03,280 --> 00:41:03,960
Speaker 1: twenty one grands.

761
00:41:03,960 --> 00:41:07,680
Speaker 3: Okay? Do you realize the weight of water you exhale

762
00:41:08,600 --> 00:41:11,840
Speaker 3: in a day can fill a glass? I mean just

763
00:41:11,840 --> 00:41:15,040
Speaker 3: just you know, when you fog a mirror, why does

764
00:41:15,080 --> 00:41:17,880
Speaker 3: it fog up because you're exhaling what you will dehydrate

765
00:41:17,960 --> 00:41:18,720
Speaker 3: just by breathing.

766
00:41:19,040 --> 00:41:21,319
Speaker 2: So they're saying when we die, we lose twenty one grams.

767
00:41:21,360 --> 00:41:23,040
Speaker 2: They and they assume they they.

768
00:41:23,600 --> 00:41:28,560
Speaker 3: Soul anything else coming out of any part of your body.

769
00:41:28,719 --> 00:41:33,280
Speaker 3: And are there scales precise enough to measure two thirds

770
00:41:33,320 --> 00:41:38,520
Speaker 3: of an ounce? Really? Like really, okay, okay, yeah, but

771
00:41:38,719 --> 00:41:41,160
Speaker 3: the fact but you die on it. Okay, but when

772
00:41:41,160 --> 00:41:44,759
Speaker 3: you die, your sphincter is open. Okay, just amen, which one?

773
00:41:44,800 --> 00:41:47,759
Speaker 3: We have many spings from all of them, Okay, because

774
00:41:47,760 --> 00:41:51,000
Speaker 3: they're held tight by muscle, you know. Okay, With sphincters open,

775
00:41:51,520 --> 00:41:54,799
Speaker 3: fluids and solids flow out of your body. But I'm

776
00:41:54,840 --> 00:41:58,440
Speaker 3: trying to say is that I was gonna give you

777
00:41:58,440 --> 00:42:01,000
Speaker 3: the example that scientists are trying to best. When with

778
00:42:01,360 --> 00:42:07,080
Speaker 3: Hell run Chin, German physicist discovered X rays, he said, wow,

779
00:42:07,120 --> 00:42:10,120
Speaker 3: this can see into the body. One of the first

780
00:42:10,160 --> 00:42:13,040
Speaker 3: things people thought to do was X ray a dying

781
00:42:13,080 --> 00:42:16,600
Speaker 3: body to see if you can see the soul rise

782
00:42:16,680 --> 00:42:20,359
Speaker 3: up out of it. Perfectly legitimate experiment. So they did

783
00:42:20,400 --> 00:42:24,520
Speaker 3: it and saw nothing. So, yeah, we don't have evidence

784
00:42:25,239 --> 00:42:25,880
Speaker 3: for souls.

785
00:42:26,000 --> 00:42:27,800
Speaker 4: So we're soulless, godless, and ghostly.

786
00:42:27,840 --> 00:42:29,719
Speaker 3: I just say we were. I just say there was

787
00:42:29,760 --> 00:42:30,240
Speaker 3: no soul.

788
00:42:30,560 --> 00:42:31,560
Speaker 4: You just haven't seen evidence.

789
00:42:31,680 --> 00:42:33,160
Speaker 3: I said, well, there's no evidence for it. I don't

790
00:42:33,200 --> 00:42:36,520
Speaker 3: deny things that I don't know. I just say there's

791
00:42:36,520 --> 00:42:37,399
Speaker 3: no evidence for it.

792
00:42:37,640 --> 00:42:40,600
Speaker 2: This book for Everyone To Infinity and Beyond, a Journey

793
00:42:40,600 --> 00:42:41,319
Speaker 2: of Cosmic.

794
00:42:41,440 --> 00:42:44,360
Speaker 3: To Infinity and beyond and beyond.

795
00:42:44,120 --> 00:42:47,440
Speaker 2: A journey of cosmic discovery. This time we've spent with

796
00:42:47,480 --> 00:42:50,359
Speaker 2: you is a time we'll never ever forget. No way,

797
00:42:50,400 --> 00:42:54,040
Speaker 2: Please understand, you really leave quite the footprint here on

798
00:42:54,080 --> 00:42:55,759
Speaker 2: our sandy beach and it.

799
00:42:55,719 --> 00:42:57,279
Speaker 3: Hep, it's a nice foot I have flat feet, so

800
00:42:57,320 --> 00:42:59,640
Speaker 3: it's a it's it's a it's like bigfoot.

801
00:43:00,000 --> 00:43:02,000
Speaker 1: Why are you fucking up my nice thing?

802
00:43:03,520 --> 00:43:05,520
Speaker 3: Okay, if you're gonna look for my footprints in the sand,

803
00:43:05,640 --> 00:43:08,600
Speaker 3: don't look for an arch. Okay, thank Kep. As simple

804
00:43:08,640 --> 00:43:10,319
Speaker 3: as that. Having you here is such an honor, and

805
00:43:10,320 --> 00:43:12,439
Speaker 3: thank you so much for coming in excellent, thanks thanks

806
00:43:12,440 --> 00:43:14,920
Speaker 3: for having me and a. Gandhi pleased to meet you.

807
00:43:15,040 --> 00:43:17,799
Speaker 4: Very nice to meet you too. This is awesome, Thank you.

808
00:43:21,280 --> 00:43:23,760
Speaker 1: Wow, what a podcast. We chatted for almost an hour.

809
00:43:23,840 --> 00:43:25,759
Speaker 2: It's our longest one yet and to be honest, we

810
00:43:25,800 --> 00:43:28,400
Speaker 2: could have had him on for more, but we had

811
00:43:28,400 --> 00:43:30,600
Speaker 2: to kick him out. That's the beauty of this podcast.

812
00:43:30,640 --> 00:43:32,080
Speaker 2: We can go on and on and on about so

813
00:43:32,160 --> 00:43:34,279
Speaker 2: many things. And I'm glad you're here to join us.

814
00:43:34,280 --> 00:43:36,560
Speaker 2: Thank you, and thanks to my co host Gandhi for

815
00:43:36,760 --> 00:43:39,000
Speaker 2: joining us. And what an incredible time we spent with

816
00:43:39,120 --> 00:43:41,879
Speaker 2: Neil deGrasse Tyson. You can pick up his new book,

817
00:43:41,920 --> 00:43:44,960
Speaker 2: To Infinity and Beyond, a Journey of Cosmic Discovery. It's

818
00:43:45,040 --> 00:43:47,040
Speaker 2: in store US now. And thank you Neil for joining

819
00:43:47,120 --> 00:43:49,240
Speaker 2: us on the show, and thank you for listening. Remember

820
00:43:49,560 --> 00:43:53,200
Speaker 2: rate and subscribe wherever you get your podcasts, We always

821
00:43:53,200 --> 00:43:55,239
Speaker 2: recommend the totally free iHeartRadio app.

822
00:43:55,320 --> 00:43:56,200
Speaker 3: We'll see you next time.

823
00:43:57,880 --> 00:44:00,520
Speaker 2: Thinking out Loud is hosted by me Elvis in. The

824
00:44:00,600 --> 00:44:04,360
Speaker 2: podcast is produced and edited by Mike Coscarelli. Executive producers

825
00:44:04,360 --> 00:44:08,000
Speaker 2: are Andrew Paglsi and Katrina Norvel. Special thanks to David Katz,

826
00:44:08,040 --> 00:44:11,160
Speaker 2: Michael Kindheart, and Caitlin Madore. Thinking Out Loud as part

827
00:44:11,200 --> 00:44:15,080
Speaker 2: of the Elvis Durant podcast Network on iHeartRadio. For more, rate,

828
00:44:15,320 --> 00:44:18,040
Speaker 2: review and subscribe to our show and if you liked

829
00:44:18,040 --> 00:44:19,480
Speaker 2: this episode, tell your friends.

830
00:44:19,680 --> 00:44:21,280
Speaker 3: Until next time, I'm Elvis duran