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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff to Blow Your Mind from how Stuff

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Speaker 1: Works dot com. Hey, welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind.

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Speaker 1: My name is Robert Lamb and I'm Julie Douglas. We're

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Speaker 1: doing a couple of episodes here where we're really getting

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Speaker 1: into the idea of genetic memory, which is the snazzier

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Speaker 1: way of looking at if you want to get really technical,

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Speaker 1: we are going to be talking about epigenetics. Don't be

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Speaker 1: scared off by that. UM. I understand the temptation to

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Speaker 1: be scared off by it because I've written about epigenetics

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Speaker 1: before and uh. And it can be in a way

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Speaker 1: a very dense topic because you are getting down to um,

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Speaker 1: how the genome corresponds to the phenotype, how the contents

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Speaker 1: of our genes is expressed, the phenotype is the expression

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Speaker 1: of our genes. Um. So we can get a bit

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Speaker 1: technical when you get into that, but ultimately we are

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Speaker 1: talking about how the secrets written in ourselves, how thoseterialized

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Speaker 1: as the person we are, both in terms of our

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Speaker 1: our our body and in terms of our mind. Uh.

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Speaker 1: And we ultimately really get into the conversation about nature

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Speaker 1: and nurture concerning animals and humans. So we're splitting it up,

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Speaker 1: we have this first episode about the animals. It's often

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Speaker 1: a little easier to to look at the that something

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Speaker 1: as uh as complex as this with the animals first,

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Speaker 1: and certainly that's where most of the experiments are gonna

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Speaker 1: taking place. And then after that we'll get into the

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Speaker 1: human realm and the various human ramifications when we complicate

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Speaker 1: things with all of our human baggage. Yeah, the idea

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Speaker 1: here is we want to recast our ideas about evolution

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Speaker 1: and also disease and how we can gain phenotypes the

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Speaker 1: expression of these genes, uh, for for the better really.

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Speaker 1: And in order to really get into this discussion, we

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Speaker 1: have to talk about this guy named Gene Baptiste Lamarck

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Speaker 1: or Gene eighteenth century French scientists and naturalists and and uh.

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Speaker 1: He had some some very interesting ideas about how animals

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Speaker 1: change over time, essentially about evolution, and he's most cited

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Speaker 1: example is that of the giraffes. He argued that, okay,

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Speaker 1: you look at the draft wanted to draft of a

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Speaker 1: long neck. Well, Darwin's answer would be that they're all

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Speaker 1: these various mutations over time, and some of those mutations

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Speaker 1: involved longer necks. And since the longer necks were a

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Speaker 1: better survival adaptation. Those are the ones that survived and

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Speaker 1: flourished wanted on. The mutations with the shorter necks didn't

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Speaker 1: pan out so well. Right, So longer neck naturally selected

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Speaker 1: for taking a long time to be selected. Right. We're

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Speaker 1: not just talking about one or two generations. Lamark's idea, though,

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Speaker 1: is that you have this giraffe, imagine the short neck giraffe,

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Speaker 1: and he looks up or she looks up at the call.

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Speaker 1: Cindy looks up at the at the fruit in the tree. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: Cindy's and Cindy's and her cohorts have already eaten all

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Speaker 1: the low hanging fruit. They want the high hanging fruit, right,

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Speaker 1: They want to reach up higher. So she's straining her

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Speaker 1: she's looking up there. I want to eat those top fruit.

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Speaker 1: And then Cindy's offspring have the same desire, and the

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Speaker 1: offspring after that. There's this there's this need to reach

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Speaker 1: the higher hanging fruit from generation to generation, and from

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Speaker 1: generation to generation. The neck longands enough coffee this morning. Long,

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Speaker 1: So already I'm thinking about Cindy from Brady Punch, whispering

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Speaker 1: her desires to to reach the foliage length right, and

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Speaker 1: then her offspring all lispening their desire to reach the

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Speaker 1: foliage too and getting there. Because here's the Lamark deal.

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Speaker 1: In his view, some giraffes managed to stretch their necks

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Speaker 1: over out over the course of their lifetime, giving them

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Speaker 1: an advantage of other giraffes, which then what we're talking

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Speaker 1: about is passing on to their children. This is a

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Speaker 1: really quick acquisition of traits here, and this is really

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Speaker 1: what the story comes down to, acquiring traits versus genetic mutations.

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Speaker 1: Now out with Lamarck right when he was talking about

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Speaker 1: these droffs, well for a while, no, for he was

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Speaker 1: dead wrong in this example. Yeah, I mean he was

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Speaker 1: pretty much. This was considered the archaic idea, and we're

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Speaker 1: not archaic, but an outdated idea that was that was

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Speaker 1: it was far outperformed by Darwin's theory of evolution. So

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Speaker 1: Darwin's theory becomes the predominant way that we make sense

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Speaker 1: of these changes over time. But it does turn out

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Speaker 1: that Lamarck was onto something um and his you know,

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Speaker 1: his theory was dismissed for a long time as malarkey, Like,

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Speaker 1: how I did that? Lamar Malarkey Lamarca malarkey. Yeah. But

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Speaker 1: when epigenetics really came onto the scene in the seventies

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Speaker 1: and more lately in the last ten years, people have

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Speaker 1: been looking at Lamarky and evolution again because our better

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Speaker 1: understanding of epigenetics makes what he was talking about possible.

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Speaker 1: So epigenetics, Okay, you have genetics with the geno, and

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Speaker 1: then you have this thing called epigenetic, which literally means

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Speaker 1: in addition to genetics. Um, and this exists, and these

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Speaker 1: changes exist between the genome and the phenotype. Now I

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Speaker 1: like to think of this in terms of video games.

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Speaker 1: It works for me, it'll work for some of you guys. Um,

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Speaker 1: think of a flight simulator. Okay, you you put a

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Speaker 1: load of flights that simulator up on the computer, right

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Speaker 1: and uh, and you can go in there and you

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Speaker 1: pretend to fly this airplane. Now, if you go in there,

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Speaker 1: you go into the settings for this particular game, you

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Speaker 1: can alter the realism of the flight experience. Okay, So

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Speaker 1: think of it. Think of this way. The game engine,

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Speaker 1: the game itself, This is the genome. Your actual game

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Speaker 1: playing experience is the phenotype the expression right, and in

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Speaker 1: between there you have epigenetics. You have the settings menu

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Speaker 1: where you can where you can click on or click

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Speaker 1: off all these little things like, oh, you don't want

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Speaker 1: planes to be able to collide and there you don't

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Speaker 1: want to ever run out of fuel. You want you know,

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Speaker 1: unlimited uh, emma whatever. You can adjust those settings to

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Speaker 1: have any anywhere between a highly realistic flight simulation and

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Speaker 1: an arcade shoot them up, depending on how those settings

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Speaker 1: are gamed. And so with an organism, you see a

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Speaker 1: very similar thing. You have the you have the genome,

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Speaker 1: which says this is what the organism is going to

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Speaker 1: be like, this is what the phenotype is going to be,

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Speaker 1: this is what the experience, the game experience that we

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Speaker 1: live every day is going to consist of. And then

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Speaker 1: you have all these various settings in between, these ways,

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Speaker 1: these epigenetic changes that affect the way that the genes

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Speaker 1: are expressed. That's right, because at the heart of epigenetics

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Speaker 1: is really the study of these changes in gene activity

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Speaker 1: that don't involve alterations to the genetic code, right, but

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Speaker 1: they still get passed down to at least one successive generation.

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Speaker 1: So again, think about the flight simulator that you just

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Speaker 1: talked about, and think about um let me see it.

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Speaker 1: Let's think about the genome is the hardware, and epigenome

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Speaker 1: as the software. Okay, so you can load Windows if

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Speaker 1: you want on your Mac. Okay, I think about it

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Speaker 1: that way. So I think now about this epigenome, that

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Speaker 1: extracellular material that is sitting on top of the genome,

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Speaker 1: and it's these epigenetic marks or proteins that tell your

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Speaker 1: genes to switch on or off. And it's through epigenetic

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Speaker 1: marks that environmental factors like diet, stress and prenatal nutrition

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Speaker 1: can make an imprint on those genes that are passed

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Speaker 1: on from one generation to the next. So we're we're

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Speaker 1: talking about this because this is really amazing stuff because

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Speaker 1: what you can do is you could you can impact

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Speaker 1: your your future offspring in a very significant way without

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Speaker 1: changing your own DNA. And we essentially see Lamarckian evolution

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Speaker 1: return in this or some semblance of the idea, only

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Speaker 1: we call it transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. So it's the settings

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Speaker 1: that to end up being put in place in one

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Speaker 1: generation passing on to subsequent generations. UM. So it's like

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Speaker 1: you know, a father had the realism settings on his

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Speaker 1: flight simulator set to about and then that same those

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Speaker 1: same settings pass on to the offspring, even if you

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Speaker 1: know they're in a more arcade culture. I'm kind of

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Speaker 1: stretching the metaphor, but I think you get what I'm saying,

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Speaker 1: all right. So you're probably saying, well, how in the

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Speaker 1: world does this happen? Anyway, what is the mechanism for

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Speaker 1: delivering these changes? And that is something called DNA methylation. Okay,

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Speaker 1: So that's how you game gene expression, the phenotype, how

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Speaker 1: a gene is expressed turned on or off in an

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Speaker 1: epig genome. So it takes only the addition of a

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Speaker 1: methyl group to change an epigenome. And a methyl group

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Speaker 1: is a basic unit in organic chemistry. We're talking one

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Speaker 1: carbon atom attached to three hydrogen atoms. And when a

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Speaker 1: methyl group attached to a specific spot on a gene,

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Speaker 1: this is what we call DNA methyl ish methylation, and

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Speaker 1: it changes that genes expression, turning it on and off,

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Speaker 1: dampening it, making it louder. The choices are all there, right,

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Speaker 1: So think of methylate and as chemical bundles that enzions

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Speaker 1: hitch a ride to DNA on and then they have

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Speaker 1: the ability to manipulate jeans. You with me here, all right,

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Speaker 1: You guys out there with us UM in the methylization

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Speaker 1: patterns can be affected by again external environment and then

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Speaker 1: get passed on to offspring because they are maintained through

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Speaker 1: cell division. Yeah, they can change drastically in the course

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Speaker 1: of a lifetime, but they can also as well discussed

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Speaker 1: they can be said permanently during embryo development. So it

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Speaker 1: depends on various factors and that affect the distribution of

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Speaker 1: methyl groups. So we have an example here of um

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Speaker 1: one sort of DNA methyl methylation in process in nature,

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Speaker 1: and this is with mice. This is in a two

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Speaker 1: thousand and three Duke University study by oncologist Randy Jurtle

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Speaker 1: in one of his postdoc students, Robert Waderland. They tinkered

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Speaker 1: with genetics using mice with a uniquely regulated a Goudy gene. Okay,

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Speaker 1: so this a Goudy gene gives mice yellow coat and

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Speaker 1: propensity for obesity and diabetes when expressed continuously. So what

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Speaker 1: did they do to to these mice, Well, they gave

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Speaker 1: them a one group of them a diet rich envitamin B,

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Speaker 1: so we're talking about folic acid and B twelve. Another

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Speaker 1: group they did nothing to. What they found is that

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Speaker 1: the vitamin B acted as methyl donors. They caused methyl

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Speaker 1: groups to attach more frequently to that Goudy gene, essentially

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Speaker 1: dampening it, turning it off, altering its expression. So without

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Speaker 1: even messing with the d NA, what happened is that

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Speaker 1: those mice with the gouty gene produced healthy offspring that

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Speaker 1: had brown coats. They were normal weight, and they were

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Speaker 1: not prone to diabetes. Just with this one aspect of nutrition.

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Speaker 1: There's another really cool example that is often sided involving

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Speaker 1: water fleas in a predator heavy environment. The creatures developed

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Speaker 1: these large defensive spines on their bodies, all right, because

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Speaker 1: the world has become danger so they they load up,

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Speaker 1: you know, they develop these spikes. It's a harsh world,

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Speaker 1: so they they grow the weapons they need to defend themselves,

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Speaker 1: and then the trait will pass on to the offspring,

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Speaker 1: even if those offspring are raised in a predator free setting.

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Speaker 1: So it's another example of to personify evolution a bit

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Speaker 1: here and and personify genetic expression. The fleet, the water

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Speaker 1: fleet body is saying, all right, it's a it's a

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Speaker 1: bad world. Let's grow these spines, and then the offspring

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Speaker 1: is gonna be born into what can only be presumed

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Speaker 1: to be a bad environment as well, so it better

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Speaker 1: have the spines right out of the gate. Yeah. So,

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Speaker 1: I mean if La Mark was alive today, he would say,

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Speaker 1: who's laughing? Now? Right? You know it's correct in some sense.

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Speaker 1: All Right, we're gonna take a quick break, and when

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Speaker 1: we get back, we're going to talk about some very

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Speaker 1: cool examples of this in round worms and uh, mice

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Speaker 1: and wrap Okay, we're back. Uh. We're talking about genetics.

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Speaker 1: We're talking about an expression in a large sense. We're

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Speaker 1: talking about nature and nurture and how these these different

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Speaker 1: genetic factors in different environmental factors effect who and what

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Speaker 1: an organism happens to be in life. So we're looking

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Speaker 1: at animals in this episode. In the next episode we'll

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Speaker 1: get into humans. We're talking about a lot of the

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Speaker 1: different organisms that we experiment on and then we analyze

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Speaker 1: and attempt to understand the genetics better. And this brings us,

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Speaker 1: of course to the roundworm. Yeah. This, Uh, These roundworms

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Speaker 1: are of great interest to researchers because it turns out

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Speaker 1: that they have a built in immunity to viruses or

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Speaker 1: whether they can cultivate this built in immunity. So researchers

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Speaker 1: at Columbia University found that these roundworms were able to

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Speaker 1: develop a resistance to a virus and then they were

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Speaker 1: able to pass along that immunity for successive generations UM.

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Speaker 1: According to an ION nine article, they do this through

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Speaker 1: r in a interference or are in a I. And

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Speaker 1: this process is used by cell to mute certain genes

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Speaker 1: and is often used to beat back viruses and other

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Speaker 1: threats to the genome. This is really cool. This is

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Speaker 1: like a defense system right here, sitting outside your your genome.

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Speaker 1: UM RNA I destroys messenger RNA or mr rna, which

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Speaker 1: is really important here because that's what's needed to communicate

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Speaker 1: with various genes. So without their mr NA, genes basically

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Speaker 1: shut down and become inactive. Yeah. And it was particularly

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Speaker 1: interesting with study UH two thousand eleven Columbia University study

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Speaker 1: because they set it up so that the roundworms couldn't

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Speaker 1: gain immunity in the Darwinian fashion like they had they

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Speaker 1: had to do. It was it was Lamarck or nothing

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Speaker 1: if this is gonna happen, and they did and they

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Speaker 1: actually observed this transgenerational process. So what's really cool here

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Speaker 1: is that the researchers found that even a hundred generations

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Speaker 1: at the initial effects infection, the round worms still carried

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Speaker 1: the immunity acquired by their distant ancestor. Yeah, hud. Now,

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Speaker 1: granted a hundred generations is a little different and around

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Speaker 1: than in a human but still you can definitely see

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Speaker 1: the survival advantage in ensuring that subsequent generations benefit from

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Speaker 1: the same protection against a viral enemy that's still out there. Well,

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Speaker 1: and you can also see why researchers would be chumping

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Speaker 1: at the bit to study this more because how could

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Speaker 1: you gain this for humans? Right? What what sort of

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Speaker 1: defense system could we UH create for ourselves if possible?

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Speaker 1: So of course it leads to more tinkering there. Um.

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Speaker 1: And speaking of tinkering and UH studies experiments, we will

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Speaker 1: have to of course go back to mice. So, yeah,

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Speaker 1: there was a tough University School of Medicine UH study

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Speaker 1: in two thousand nine. And what they did is they

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Speaker 1: took some mice that they genetically engineered to have memory problems,

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Speaker 1: and then they raised them in U an enriched environment.

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Speaker 1: So there's an environment full of toys and exercise social interaction. Um,

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Speaker 1: you know, so like working at Google or something. For

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Speaker 1: these four mice, UH and they did this for two

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Speaker 1: weeks during the adolescence for the for these animals, and

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Speaker 1: they found that the animal's memory improved. Uh. And granted

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Speaker 1: this is expected to a certain degree because we know

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Speaker 1: that enrichment has been shown to boost brain function. That's

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Speaker 1: why you you want to enrich young children, you want

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Speaker 1: to enrich the lives of indoor pats. I mean, it's

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Speaker 1: it's it's what enrichment is about. That's why we seek

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Speaker 1: out knowledge as we're doing right now, right um. But

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Speaker 1: what they found specifically is that the memory gene here

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Speaker 1: that carried the mutation is called r A, S, g

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Speaker 1: r F are the genes that regulate a signaling pathway

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Speaker 1: that's involved in brain cell communication. So that's what was

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Speaker 1: improved here. But the coolest thing is that the next generation,

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Speaker 1: even though they had this gene, they had this mutated gene,

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Speaker 1: they had better memories. So again, what we saw here

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Speaker 1: is that DNA methylation process occurring, dampening the gene for

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Speaker 1: the next generation. So we're not going to keep a

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Speaker 1: running score for the nature versus nurture battle, but this

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Speaker 1: one would certainly be victory for for nurture. So yeah,

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Speaker 1: TuS University neuroscientists. Larry five had said that a striking

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Speaker 1: feature of the study is that enrichment took place during

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Speaker 1: pre adolescents, months before the mice were even fertile, yet

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Speaker 1: the effect reached into the next generation. So that was surprising.

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Speaker 1: And we'll talk a little a bit about that more

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Speaker 1: with humans. UM, but we know that when UM, when

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Speaker 1: an organism is going through its prenatal period, that what

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Speaker 1: the mother does can't affect it. But what this is

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Speaker 1: telling us here is that even before the mice were

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Speaker 1: able to reproduce, that was affecting the genes of their

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Speaker 1: eventual offspring. Yeah. I mean it makes sense again when

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Speaker 1: you've stripped down all of our human expectations of life

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Speaker 1: and get down to the basic genetic mission of any

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Speaker 1: organism to spread its genes and pass it onto offspring,

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Speaker 1: like right out of the gate. That is what it

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Speaker 1: is here on earth to do. So we look at

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Speaker 1: another aspect here of memory, and this is called long

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Speaker 1: term potential ation, and again we look at it in

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Speaker 1: mice and Larry Fogg's team did a secondary study on this.

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Speaker 1: The same research group looked at this. They wanted to

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Speaker 1: look at LPT, long term potential ation LPT strengthens communication

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Speaker 1: between neurons and it increases memory. So again they had

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Speaker 1: mice with a genetically faulty LPT expression and these, uh,

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Speaker 1: this LPT was essentially fixed again when they were put

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Speaker 1: in an enriched environment. So of course, what do we

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Speaker 1: see happen with offspring? They turned out better even and

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Speaker 1: this is the crazy part. The puffs demonstrated this improved

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Speaker 1: the same improvemental process even when they were raised by

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Speaker 1: memory deficient mice that had never had any of the

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Speaker 1: or these are rich enrichment benefits. So in this you

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Speaker 1: kind of see a little bit of the like the

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Speaker 1: victory maybe not of nature but of nurtured nature, so

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Speaker 1: a little bit of both. Yeah, you're right, both of

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Speaker 1: them are definitely entangled here. But again, the big news

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Speaker 1: here is that, um that this gene was switched off

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Speaker 1: and game fixed it in one generation through enrichment and

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Speaker 1: then bad parenting in the next generation didn't just automatically

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Speaker 1: turn it off. So it's it shows that it's a

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Speaker 1: little more complicated than that and also a little more

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Speaker 1: fool proof. Now yeah, now these are all touchy feely examples, right,

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Speaker 1: because we're improving things. What what if you're a researcher,

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Speaker 1: and you want to see the opposite. You want to

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Speaker 1: see what happens when you have rats that are abused, UM,

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Speaker 1: that are raised by stressed mothers that neglect and physically

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Speaker 1: abuse their offspring. UM. What will those offspring show in

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Speaker 1: their epigenetic modifications. Well, sadly showed that the the abused

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Speaker 1: my screw to be poor mothers as well and appear

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Speaker 1: to pass down the same epigenetic changes to their offspring,

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Speaker 1: which you know closely mirrors sort of the expected cycles

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Speaker 1: that one sees, you know, even in humans. Yeah, and

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Speaker 1: the twist here too is that the offspring of the

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Speaker 1: use of mothers was then raised by healthy mothers, and

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Speaker 1: although that did help with some of some of their behavior,

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Speaker 1: it didn't It did not dampen um the expression of

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Speaker 1: that behavior as the other DNA effylation did and the

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Speaker 1: other scene that we saw with mice. So it helped,

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Speaker 1: but it did not fix it. Yeah, and it again

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Speaker 1: underlines that we're talking about a complex interaction of nurture

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Speaker 1: and nature. That it's it's not just oh well, nature

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Speaker 1: is gonna went out in this case and they're just

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Speaker 1: gonna went out in the other. It's epigenetics is is

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Speaker 1: a little more involved, and I think that you know

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Speaker 1: that's that's the idea that you carry away from this

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Speaker 1: is that it's not just one or the other. It's

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Speaker 1: not just nature versus nurture. It is definitely a nuance

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Speaker 1: of both. But it's also not just Darwinian evolution versus

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Speaker 1: Lamarchian evolution. These also work in tandem, because we're still

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Speaker 1: living in a Darwinian world. We just have some Wamarki

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Speaker 1: in expression. Yeah, there are various ways that our genes

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Speaker 1: can be expressed in the final phenotype, and a lot

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Speaker 1: of that is determined by environment, by the way we're

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Speaker 1: brought up, by just whatever kind of situation that our

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Speaker 1: bodies are and ourselves are put into. But of course this,

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Speaker 1: this UH is all very exciting because what does this

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Speaker 1: mean for humans When you have such stark examples in

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Speaker 1: nature of the epigenome um and its ability to to

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Speaker 1: be expressed differently in subsequent generations, what does that mean

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Speaker 1: to us? Well, there are two ways to look at

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Speaker 1: and we'll get into more of this in the next podcast.

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Speaker 1: But on one hand, it does give you the option

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Speaker 1: to freak out about every little thing in life in

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Speaker 1: concerning your own upbringing. That you know that your your children,

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Speaker 1: your children's children, you can really begin to to over

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Speaker 1: analyze every little detail. Also, as we continue to map

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Speaker 1: out the epigenome, it gives us an increased ability to

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Speaker 1: potentially go in there and and adjust these settings uh

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Speaker 1: as one potentially as one would the realism settings and

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Speaker 1: flights and later instead of leaving it purely to environmental changes. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's really cool is that the Human Epigenome Project UM

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Speaker 1: just like the Human Genome Project. They are trying to

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Speaker 1: map it UM. Now that the Genome Project has done

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Speaker 1: in the and the ability to do that is is

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Speaker 1: um much more within grasp. The epigenome should be done

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Speaker 1: fairly soon, and the kinds of stories that will come

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Speaker 1: out of that will be I think of a mind

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Speaker 1: blowing quality once they sort of passed through everything that

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Speaker 1: they can unravel and everything that unfolds, and begin to

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Speaker 1: apply it to us. Yeah, and and figure out what

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Speaker 1: they can turn on and what they can't turn off.

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Speaker 1: I mean, who knows what's in there because I've I've

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Speaker 1: read the examples of being able to um. It's it's

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Speaker 1: like toy with chickens, so that they're a little more

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Speaker 1: like dinosaurs just by tinkering around, what's various epigenetic changes? Um,

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Speaker 1: you know, granted they're they're probably would not be able

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Speaker 1: to go in and just suddenly make spines growing grow

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Speaker 1: out of our backs. But but we have spoken a

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Speaker 1: good bit about some of the the various physiological things

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Speaker 1: that that humans have left behind in their evolution, and uh,

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Speaker 1: and I can't help but wonder, like which of them

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Speaker 1: are still there, like the whole um, like the spiny

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Speaker 1: penis thing that we discussed, Yeah, is that still on

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Speaker 1: the table? I don't know, have genetics answer the question?

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Speaker 1: I hope. So now I'm just thinking of urban chicken

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Speaker 1: chicken coops and cities with with different phenotypes express and

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Speaker 1: it's sort of like dinosaur chickens running around. You have

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Speaker 1: a little velocity raptor chickens. Yeah, that's the future, folks,

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Speaker 1: wrap it up right there. Yeah, So definitely tune into

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Speaker 1: the next episode because that's gonna be the one where

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Speaker 1: we're gonna talk about some of the findings involving experiments

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Speaker 1: about humans, about human epigenetics, how these various how these

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Speaker 1: various environmental changes affect uh, the expression of of our

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Speaker 1: of our genomes in the final phenotype. And we'll also

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Speaker 1: do a little pondering to a little more a little

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Speaker 1: more philosophical stuff there at the end of that pticular episode.

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Speaker 1: So let's call the robot over here and uh get

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Speaker 1: a little listener mail. Oh now, this one's pretty exciting. Um,

402
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Speaker 1: I mean, that's I find it exciting. We heard from Tim.

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Speaker 1: Tim writes in in response to our nutmeg episode and says, Hi, guys,

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Speaker 1: my name is Tim, and I come from Dutch parents.

405
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Speaker 1: Wanted to share with you something that I grew up with.

406
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Speaker 1: My parents and grandparents used to put this stuff in everything.

407
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Speaker 1: I'm not sure if you can even buy it in

408
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Speaker 1: the States. They have it sent to them from a friend.

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Speaker 1: It's a mixture of nutmeg and other things, and to

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00:23:30,359 --> 00:23:32,919
Speaker 1: be honest, it's excellent, wonderful of putting your hot chocolate

411
00:23:33,040 --> 00:23:35,520
Speaker 1: or over Christmas drinks. Pick some up if you can.

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Speaker 1: And he indeed sent a couple of photographs so that

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Speaker 1: we might describe this product. It is called Let's let's see.

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Speaker 1: The brand is Silvo and it's cook and speculous cruden,

415
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Speaker 1: and its ingredients appear to be cattle cruden, Aguellen Newton

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Speaker 1: musket gimber warter, carda mom which is maybe cardaman yeah,

417
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Speaker 1: and uh and white pepper so um which one of

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Speaker 1: those was nutmeg muscott Do you think is nutmeg? That's

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Speaker 1: what I was thinking. Yeah, but I think the crazy

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Speaker 1: thing about that is uh. And why he says that

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Speaker 1: he's not even sure if that you could buy that

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Speaker 1: state side is because that is a massive amount of nutmeg.

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Speaker 1: It's like a deodorant stickful of nutmeg. And as we know,

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Speaker 1: nutmeg has hallucinery or hallucinogenic properties when ingested in large quantities.

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Speaker 1: So I don't know that stuff on the street quite

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Speaker 1: a dime. Well, you know, as we discussed Penny, because

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Speaker 1: remember we talked about it's not really the consensus was,

428
00:24:44,480 --> 00:24:46,399
Speaker 1: but it's not really worth anybody's time. No, no, no no,

429
00:24:46,840 --> 00:24:49,359
Speaker 1: not not in large quantities. And large quantities, it's a

430
00:24:49,480 --> 00:24:51,600
Speaker 1: nightmare and it's awful, But of course, in small quantities.

431
00:24:51,640 --> 00:24:54,320
Speaker 1: On a regular basis, nutmeg has a number of positive

432
00:24:54,320 --> 00:24:56,880
Speaker 1: health benefits. Lovely on your hot cocoa or latte. I've

433
00:24:56,880 --> 00:24:59,600
Speaker 1: been having it on my coffee every morning pretty much

434
00:24:59,600 --> 00:25:02,040
Speaker 1: since we did that episode because I like nutmeg and

435
00:25:02,080 --> 00:25:05,000
Speaker 1: I'm and if there's any even remote chance that I'll

436
00:25:05,040 --> 00:25:07,159
Speaker 1: have a health benefit from it, then why not. I

437
00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:09,840
Speaker 1: even had a nutmeg infused root beer the other night.

438
00:25:09,920 --> 00:25:13,080
Speaker 1: It was great. Did you brew the root beer yourself? No,

439
00:25:13,119 --> 00:25:15,080
Speaker 1: it was like some brand, like they have a special

440
00:25:15,200 --> 00:25:17,840
Speaker 1: Bavarian nutmeg version of their root beer. You get a

441
00:25:17,880 --> 00:25:20,639
Speaker 1: big They have it at that little market in near

442
00:25:20,640 --> 00:25:23,760
Speaker 1: your house, so check it out, all right, all right,

443
00:25:23,800 --> 00:25:26,480
Speaker 1: And here's one from Trevor. Trevor writes and says hello.

444
00:25:27,200 --> 00:25:29,800
Speaker 1: I live in a on a twenty five ft sailboat

445
00:25:29,880 --> 00:25:33,399
Speaker 1: near downtown Seattle, more specifically Lake Union. I don't have

446
00:25:33,480 --> 00:25:36,359
Speaker 1: cable or internet, and I rely on reading books and

447
00:25:36,400 --> 00:25:40,200
Speaker 1: listening to your podcasts streamed through Stitcher on my iPhone

448
00:25:40,240 --> 00:25:43,960
Speaker 1: for entertainment. I've avoided cabin fever and seasonal depression thanks

449
00:25:43,960 --> 00:25:46,920
Speaker 1: to the information and knowledge I've gained through your podcast.

450
00:25:47,000 --> 00:25:49,960
Speaker 1: Please continue your work because it's keeping me saying and informed.

451
00:25:50,200 --> 00:25:54,240
Speaker 1: Most importantly saying that that was a lovely email to

452
00:25:54,280 --> 00:25:57,200
Speaker 1: get there because or actually that was on Facebook, I think,

453
00:25:57,880 --> 00:26:02,560
Speaker 1: because I mean in my job, in our job, we're

454
00:26:02,640 --> 00:26:06,320
Speaker 1: kind of shackle to the internet somewhat, so I know

455
00:26:06,359 --> 00:26:08,560
Speaker 1: that I sometimes feel like it wouldn't be nice to

456
00:26:08,560 --> 00:26:11,119
Speaker 1: be able to just really step away from the Internet

457
00:26:11,200 --> 00:26:13,080
Speaker 1: a bit, which I don't think I've really done. And

458
00:26:14,160 --> 00:26:17,760
Speaker 1: close to a decade now, well, Trevor is definitely living

459
00:26:18,080 --> 00:26:20,680
Speaker 1: my dream. I'm not kidding. Yeah, I mean, I've always

460
00:26:20,720 --> 00:26:22,760
Speaker 1: wanted to live and this is gonna sound weird, but

461
00:26:22,840 --> 00:26:24,520
Speaker 1: on a boat in a major city, so that you

462
00:26:24,520 --> 00:26:27,760
Speaker 1: would have access to everything that a city provides, but

463
00:26:27,840 --> 00:26:30,800
Speaker 1: you could just take off whenever. And here's a little

464
00:26:30,840 --> 00:26:33,040
Speaker 1: weird thing is that I have had this fantasy in

465
00:26:33,080 --> 00:26:36,200
Speaker 1: my mind for so many years that I mentally wanted

466
00:26:36,240 --> 00:26:38,359
Speaker 1: to prepare myself and I would only use a pairing

467
00:26:38,440 --> 00:26:40,480
Speaker 1: knife because I figured that if I ever lived in

468
00:26:40,520 --> 00:26:42,080
Speaker 1: a boat and used the kitchen, I would only have

469
00:26:42,119 --> 00:26:45,439
Speaker 1: one knife. You've been training for this for years and

470
00:26:45,480 --> 00:26:47,840
Speaker 1: I didn't realize to what extent. And tell my husband,

471
00:26:47,840 --> 00:26:50,679
Speaker 1: who is always like, why do you why there's a

472
00:26:50,720 --> 00:26:53,879
Speaker 1: bevy of nine, and I finally fessed up. I was like,

473
00:26:53,880 --> 00:26:55,800
Speaker 1: because one day I might live on a boat and

474
00:26:55,800 --> 00:26:58,359
Speaker 1: I have to get used to just this one knife. Wow.

475
00:26:58,760 --> 00:27:01,480
Speaker 1: I have to admit that early on I never really

476
00:27:01,520 --> 00:27:04,800
Speaker 1: wanted that for myself. But occasionally I'll read a book,

477
00:27:05,080 --> 00:27:06,439
Speaker 1: you know, they had someone living on a boat, like

478
00:27:06,480 --> 00:27:09,200
Speaker 1: in the in Sutury mccorma McCarthy, he lives on a boat.

479
00:27:09,240 --> 00:27:11,040
Speaker 1: And I was kind of attracted to that, and it

480
00:27:11,080 --> 00:27:13,000
Speaker 1: made me think back, like why do I have the

481
00:27:13,000 --> 00:27:15,520
Speaker 1: sort romantic idea about living on a boat that never

482
00:27:15,520 --> 00:27:18,920
Speaker 1: goes anywhere? And it's because of that the Highlander TV show,

483
00:27:19,520 --> 00:27:24,200
Speaker 1: Because in the Highlander TV show McLeod um whichever his

484
00:27:24,280 --> 00:27:25,840
Speaker 1: first name was in that show, because it was different,

485
00:27:26,119 --> 00:27:29,760
Speaker 1: Connor McCloud, Connel McCloud, I don't know, but he lived.

486
00:27:29,920 --> 00:27:32,720
Speaker 1: He lived on a boat that was was there in Paris,

487
00:27:32,760 --> 00:27:35,000
Speaker 1: I think, and so he was always coming, you know.

488
00:27:35,000 --> 00:27:38,320
Speaker 1: And he's just this brooding loner with a samurai swort

489
00:27:38,400 --> 00:27:40,119
Speaker 1: that lives on a boat in Paris. And I was like,

490
00:27:40,160 --> 00:27:42,879
Speaker 1: that looks like the life for me. Amsterdam another place

491
00:27:42,960 --> 00:27:45,880
Speaker 1: I would like to be boat bound. I wonder how

492
00:27:45,880 --> 00:27:48,400
Speaker 1: many of you guys have these boat fantasy too. Maybe

493
00:27:48,440 --> 00:27:50,400
Speaker 1: this is just particular to us. I know, I did

494
00:27:50,400 --> 00:27:52,399
Speaker 1: get to go down the Thames. My wife and I

495
00:27:52,840 --> 00:27:55,800
Speaker 1: um a friend of hers that she had she knew

496
00:27:55,840 --> 00:27:58,080
Speaker 1: over the internet when we traveled to London years ago,

497
00:27:58,359 --> 00:28:00,840
Speaker 1: and we he he had at a canal boat, and

498
00:28:00,880 --> 00:28:02,919
Speaker 1: so we got to go go down the Thames a

499
00:28:02,960 --> 00:28:05,360
Speaker 1: bit on that and that was delightful. And and when

500
00:28:05,400 --> 00:28:07,280
Speaker 1: we spent the night in it too, so I could

501
00:28:07,320 --> 00:28:09,000
Speaker 1: I could see where one would really fall in love

502
00:28:09,040 --> 00:28:11,600
Speaker 1: with it. Maybe not so much the chemical toilet, but

503
00:28:13,000 --> 00:28:15,520
Speaker 1: but the rest of it is fine. Well, thanks Trevor

504
00:28:15,560 --> 00:28:18,159
Speaker 1: for writing in. Well, if you guys would like to

505
00:28:18,200 --> 00:28:21,240
Speaker 1: share something with us, be it about epigenetics, be it

506
00:28:21,280 --> 00:28:26,000
Speaker 1: about chemical toilets on your romantic boat, or be it

507
00:28:26,080 --> 00:28:30,119
Speaker 1: about not Meg, we'd love to hear from you. You

508
00:28:30,160 --> 00:28:33,000
Speaker 1: can find us on Facebook, you can find us on Tumbler.

509
00:28:33,440 --> 00:28:35,119
Speaker 1: We are stuff to blow your mind on both of

510
00:28:35,119 --> 00:28:37,400
Speaker 1: those and uh and we also have a Twitter account

511
00:28:37,400 --> 00:28:39,760
Speaker 1: where we used to handle blow the Mind, and there's

512
00:28:39,760 --> 00:28:41,680
Speaker 1: something a little bit acrossover. We're going to promote the

513
00:28:41,680 --> 00:28:44,760
Speaker 1: show on all of those feeds. But then there's there's

514
00:28:44,760 --> 00:28:46,960
Speaker 1: always gonna be something on the Twitter that's not on

515
00:28:47,000 --> 00:28:49,040
Speaker 1: the Facebook. There's gonna be stuff on the Tumbler that's

516
00:28:49,080 --> 00:28:53,360
Speaker 1: not uh not used on the other website. So so

517
00:28:53,440 --> 00:28:55,080
Speaker 1: check them all out. There all pretty cool. Find the

518
00:28:55,080 --> 00:28:57,640
Speaker 1: one that fits your your frame of mind best. And

519
00:28:57,920 --> 00:29:00,360
Speaker 1: some people are more Twitter people, and then some people

520
00:29:00,400 --> 00:29:02,920
Speaker 1: were well one over by the flashiness of tumblers, so

521
00:29:03,720 --> 00:29:05,400
Speaker 1: you make a nice tumbler too. By the way, I

522
00:29:05,880 --> 00:29:08,480
Speaker 1: enjoyed the tumbler, I shouldn't really digging it, so yeah,

523
00:29:08,680 --> 00:29:11,440
Speaker 1: that's very cool. Um. You can also send us a

524
00:29:11,480 --> 00:29:14,800
Speaker 1: line by emailing us a blow the mind at discovery

525
00:29:14,920 --> 00:29:24,240
Speaker 1: dot com for more on this and thousands of other

526
00:29:24,280 --> 00:29:30,920
Speaker 1: topics because it how stuff works. Dot Com