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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production

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Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Holly Fry and I'm Tracy Vie Wilson. So recently

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Speaker 1: I was on a road trip with my beloved friend Bernadette,

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Speaker 1: and she mentioned that she had been reading the novels

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Speaker 1: of a Victorian Jewish woman writer and really enjoying them,

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Speaker 1: and my interest was piqued. Bernie is herself a writer.

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Speaker 1: She's a very smart woman. She's someone I've known for

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Speaker 1: a long time, and I generally trust her taste. She

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Speaker 1: has often introduced me to media that I might not

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Speaker 1: otherwise have found. And so I looked this person up.

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Speaker 1: And then when I looked Amy Levy up, and I

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Speaker 1: have heard scholars pronounced her name both Levy and Levy.

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Speaker 1: We'll go with Levy, but just know that there's some

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Speaker 1: question mark there. But when I looked her up and

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Speaker 1: discovered that she was well known in Britain's literary circles

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Speaker 1: in the Victorian era, including having the admiral ration of

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Speaker 1: Lord Byron, I was a little wowed. And I was like,

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Speaker 1: how had I missed her? My English major focused a

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Speaker 1: lot on English Victorian literature, yet no Amy Levy. It

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Speaker 1: turns out a lot of people missed her and for

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Speaker 1: a very long time, and the exact why is a

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Speaker 1: little bit difficult to pin down. I think part of

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Speaker 1: it is that her life was very short and it

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Speaker 1: ended tragically, and some of her work was controversial, and

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Speaker 1: she kind of has an intersectionality that I think a

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Speaker 1: lot of people have had trouble wrapping their brains around.

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Speaker 1: But she was recognized as an extraordinary talent, specifically of

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Speaker 1: the eighteen eighties. So we're going to talk about her today,

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Speaker 1: and as a heads up, we need to let you

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Speaker 1: know there is a brief discussion of suicide late in

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Speaker 1: this episode. Amy Levy was born on November tenth, eighteen

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Speaker 1: sixty one, in the Lambeth section of London, to Louis

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Speaker 1: Levy and Isabelle Levin Levy. Louis Levy was a stockbroker,

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Speaker 1: and the Levies were Jewish, but they seem to have

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Speaker 1: been fairly casual in their religion. Their gentile nanny sometimes

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Speaker 1: took the children with her to Christian church services. The

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Speaker 1: family didn't seem to rigorously observe religious dietary laws, and

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Speaker 1: some members of the family also celebrated Christmas, but there's

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Speaker 1: evidence that the family attended synagogue and that the children

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Speaker 1: may have had Hebrew lessons. Amy was the second child,

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Speaker 1: after a sister named Katie, who she was very close to.

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Speaker 1: Louis and Isabelle had five more children after Amy. They

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Speaker 1: were Alfred, Willie, ned Ella, and Donald. And from a

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Speaker 1: young age, literature was a deep love of Amy's and

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Speaker 1: that was one that she and her sister Katie shared,

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Speaker 1: and these two sisters, perhaps with contributions from their other siblings,

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Speaker 1: wrote and produced their own homemade and a handwritten literary

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Speaker 1: magazine for a number of years called the Poplar Club Journal,

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Speaker 1: and some of the works in the surviving examples of

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Speaker 1: the journal were signed by the authors, but many were not.

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Speaker 1: So the the most part, it's a little unclear which

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Speaker 1: of the Levy children wrote which pieces, which included poems, plays,

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Speaker 1: short stories, and even some art and illustration, and it

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Speaker 1: seems like at least in some cases, Amy Levy wrote,

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Speaker 1: even at this young age, in multiple voices under multiple

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Speaker 1: noms to plume. It contains also brief critiques of the

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Speaker 1: included works, and one issue featured a notice that if

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Speaker 1: a member of the club did not contribute, they would

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Speaker 1: be fined us. I find all of this absolutely delightful.

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Speaker 1: Over the years, these family magazines continued. They seemed like

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Speaker 1: they may have have expanded to include the work of

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Speaker 1: friends as well, but they also shifted in tone and

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Speaker 1: quality as the children aged, and the magazine was given

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Speaker 1: different names at different points in time. As a teenager

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Speaker 1: of fifteen, Amy was enrolled at Brighton High School for Girls,

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Speaker 1: which had its foundations in the women's rights movement. Brighton

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Speaker 1: also offered primary school education for boys, and Amy's brothers,

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Speaker 1: Alfred and Really, attended with her. Amy corresponded with her

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Speaker 1: family regularly during this time because it was a school

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Speaker 1: far from home, and her letters offer a glimpse in

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Speaker 1: a very close family and at her enjoyment of boarding school.

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Speaker 1: In a brief note to her father, she writes, quote,

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Speaker 1: dear Papa, I have time before tea to write you

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Speaker 1: a few lines so that you may not think I

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Speaker 1: have forgotten you. I wish you would come down with

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Speaker 1: Mama to see us. It is so very nice here.

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Speaker 1: You would like to see St. Peter's old church. It

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Speaker 1: is so curious and antique, But hints of depression also appear,

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Speaker 1: which is something that echoes throughout her life. In one

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Speaker 1: letter during this time, she mentions to her mother, quote,

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Speaker 1: I have quite recovered from the blues, which was horrid

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Speaker 1: of me to mention. But it's in her letters to

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Speaker 1: her sister Katie that Amy is really unrestrained, and she

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Speaker 1: shares her innermost thoughts with her sister. One aspect of

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Speaker 1: these letters between sisters is what appears to be Amy

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Speaker 1: Levy's casual mention of her romantic feelings for women. She mentions,

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Speaker 1: in particular the school's headmistress, Ms. Creek, and refers to

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Speaker 1: herself as the woman's quote wormy adorer, saying that she

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Speaker 1: quote bagged a divine passion, inspiring whenever I think of it,

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Speaker 1: Embraced today at the sanctum door. She continues this discussion

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Speaker 1: of her crush, writing quote, I am more in love

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Speaker 1: with her than ever, isn't it grim? I don't believe

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Speaker 1: it will go for ages, and I can never care

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Speaker 1: for anyone or anything else while it lasts. I make

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Speaker 1: such different future pictures to what I used to. You

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Speaker 1: married maternal with a tendency to laugh at the Plain

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Speaker 1: High school mistress sister who grinds and lodges with chums

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Speaker 1: and adores without return. These writings and others from her

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Speaker 1: time at Brighton offer an image of a young woman

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Speaker 1: who's really full of wit and opinions and creativity. In

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Speaker 1: some she writes documents of imagined scenarios, sort of like forgeries,

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Speaker 1: but she's not actually passing them off to anyone, such

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Speaker 1: as letters between two people, neither of which are herself.

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Speaker 1: She also was writing verse at this time, including a

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Speaker 1: poem which was titled run to Death, and she wrote

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Speaker 1: that when she was only fifteen. As this title suggests,

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Speaker 1: run to Death is a grim story, all the more

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Speaker 1: so for having been written by a teenager. It's subtitled

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Speaker 1: a true Incident of pre Revolutionary French History, and features

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Speaker 1: a hunting party of nobles who discover a surprising prey

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Speaker 1: in the forest. When they look out at what's in

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Speaker 1: the brush, they find that they're gazing quote at a

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Speaker 1: something which is crawling with slow step from tree to tree.

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Speaker 1: Is it some shadow phantom? Ghastly? No? A woman and child,

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Speaker 1: swarthy woman with the gypsy written clear upon her face,

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Speaker 1: gazing around her with wide eyes, dark and shadow fringed

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Speaker 1: and wild, with the cowed suspicious glances of a persecuted race.

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Speaker 1: Then they all, with unasked question in each other's faces, peer,

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Speaker 1: for a common thought has struck them one their lips,

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Speaker 1: dare scarcely say to Lord Gaston, cries impatient, Why regret

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Speaker 1: the stately dear when such sport as Yonder offers quick

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Speaker 1: unleashed the dogs away. The last lines of this poem

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Speaker 1: described the huntsman having finished their cruel chase and killed

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Speaker 1: the mother and her child, writing in silent shame back

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Speaker 1: to the manor house, where they then tell the ladies

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Speaker 1: there what a quote famous hunt they have had that day,

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Speaker 1: without mention of what they'd actually done. This poem wasn't

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Speaker 1: published until three years after it was written, when Victoria

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Speaker 1: magazine picked it up. Amy continued to be a very

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Speaker 1: productive writer as a teenager. When she was seventeen, she

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Speaker 1: wrote a letter that was published in the Jewish Chronicle

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Speaker 1: titled Jewish Women and Women's Rights. In it, themes that

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Speaker 1: would continue into her professional career are apparent, as she

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Speaker 1: advocated for professional opportunities for women. Coming up, we're going

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Speaker 1: to talk about. The poem became one of Levy's most

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Speaker 1: famous works, even though it was written when she was

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Speaker 1: still a teenager. But before we get into that, we

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Speaker 1: will pause for a sponsor break. Amy wrote a poem

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Speaker 1: while she was still a student at Brighton, right around

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Speaker 1: the time that Run to Death came out, and this

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Speaker 1: one conveyed the frustration of Victorian women by relaying the

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Speaker 1: story of socrates marriage from the perspective of his wife,

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Speaker 1: zan Tippi. Her name is also the title of the poem,

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Speaker 1: and in this particular work, which was written as a

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Speaker 1: dramatic monologue, Xantippi reflects on her life from her deathbed,

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Speaker 1: and particularly mourns the promise of her youth, when she

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Speaker 1: was so enthralled with intellectual pursuits, only to have that

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Speaker 1: part of herself unwelcomed in the marriage. She wrote, yet

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Speaker 1: maiden's mark. I would not that he thought I blame

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Speaker 1: my Lord departed, for he meant no evil. So I

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Speaker 1: take it to his wife. Twas only that the high philosopher,

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Speaker 1: pregnant with noble theories and great thoughts, deigned not to

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Speaker 1: stoop to touch so slight a thing as the fine

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Speaker 1: fabric of a woman's brain, so subtle as a passionate

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Speaker 1: woman's soul. I think if he had stooped a little

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Speaker 1: and cared I might have risen nearer to his height,

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Speaker 1: and not Lane shattered, neither fit for use as goodly

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Speaker 1: household vessel, nor for that far finer thing which I

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Speaker 1: had hoped to be. But like run to death, zan

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Speaker 1: Tippi was not immediately published. The monologue was finished in

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Speaker 1: eighteen seventy nine, not long before the eighteen year old

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Speaker 1: Levy enrolled at Newnham College, a women's college at Cambridge University.

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Speaker 1: This made her the first Jewish woman to attend Newnham

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Speaker 1: and the second Jewish woman to attend Cambridge. It seems,

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Speaker 1: based on some of her writing while she was there,

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Speaker 1: that while she was feeling really elated it once seemed

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Speaker 1: like a career opening up for her, she may not

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Speaker 1: have exact really enjoyed her time at Cambridge, or at

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Speaker 1: least the people who she encountered there. She wrote a

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Speaker 1: verse play during this time, titled Reading that's set in

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Speaker 1: sort of a fictionalized Cambridge and features characters named Professor

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Speaker 1: Ego and Bob Bumptious, who seemed flum mixed by the

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Speaker 1: women around them. But the men are not the only

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Speaker 1: targets of her satire. She also has characters named Cornelia

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Speaker 1: Connex and Janet Garend who ached to be intellectuals, and

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Speaker 1: while everyone gets a dose of Levy sharp though comedic critique,

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Speaker 1: it is ultimately men who get the harshest words for

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Speaker 1: their quote, shallow sentiment, and their treatment of women. Her story,

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Speaker 1: Leopold Lineager a study, features a main character really grappling

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Speaker 1: with his Jewish identity, anti Semitism, and self loathing, and

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Speaker 1: includes this line about his personal revelation quote. What stuns

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Speaker 1: Leopold into despair is the recognition that one cannot stop

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Speaker 1: being a Jew, that self transfer, nation, self reinvention is impossible.

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Speaker 1: Another piece of writing from this time expresses frustration being

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Speaker 1: a woman who was also a novelty at the university.

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Speaker 1: Titled Lolly a Cambridge Sketch, The story is told through

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Speaker 1: two characters. Lolly a daughter of a professor and wrote

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Speaker 1: to a student, and together these two represent two very

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Speaker 1: different modes of womanhood. Lolly is a traditional young woman

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Speaker 1: and Rhota a scholar. Neither of them gets what they want.

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Speaker 1: Lolly wants a marriage and love, but the object of

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Speaker 1: her affection chooses Rhoda, and choosing to marry Rhoda has

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Speaker 1: to give up her studies and access to intellectual fulfillment.

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Speaker 1: Neither of these writings were published, and a lot of

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Speaker 1: her writing during her years at Newnham similarly went unpublished.

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Speaker 1: Much of it was discovered years and years and years later,

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Speaker 1: written in notebooks, probably never intended for reviewer publication. A

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Speaker 1: lot of her work, both published and unpublish, is from

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Speaker 1: this time in her life reflects an artist kind of

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Speaker 1: working through issues of identity and the ways in which

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Speaker 1: choices to go down a certain direction in life mean

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Speaker 1: that other options become unavailable. Similar to those themes in

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Speaker 1: Lally at Cambridge Sketch, she sometimes wrote from the point

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Speaker 1: of view of male protagonists, characters which, like Leopold, are

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Speaker 1: usually filled with self loathing. In one Levy's first book,

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Speaker 1: Zantippi and Other Verse, was published, and so at nineteen

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Speaker 1: she was suddenly a well reviewed poet, lauded for her

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Speaker 1: deft and nimble use of words. She also decided to

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Speaker 1: leave school that year rather than complete her final year

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Speaker 1: at Noonham. The reason for this decision is not known.

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Speaker 1: Biographer Linda Hunt Beckman notes that a surviving fragment of

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Speaker 1: a letter from earlier in the year mentions that Amy's

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Speaker 1: recovering from something. It's not clear what, but it may

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Speaker 1: have been some sort of breakdown or an intense depressive episode.

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Speaker 1: That letter, though, indicates a plan to return to school

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Speaker 1: for the summer term, and that's something that she did.

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Speaker 1: In eight one. The women of Newnham College had also

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Speaker 1: just been granted the chance to take the exams that

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Speaker 1: were used to qualify students for a bachelor's degree at Cambridge.

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Speaker 1: While this was a huge step forward, it also meant

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Speaker 1: that attendees of Newnham had to take courses that were

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Speaker 1: prescribed by the school, including ones that Amy was likely

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Speaker 1: not very interested in. Levy wrote a news article about

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Speaker 1: this transition and mentioned specifically the quote mathematical classes organized

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Speaker 1: for unhappy people whose souls are yearning for Plato or mill.

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Speaker 1: But she also released a book of poetry that had

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Speaker 1: been very well received, so it's possible that she felt

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Speaker 1: it was just time for her career as a writer

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Speaker 1: to start in earnest. Yeah, apparently prior to that they

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Speaker 1: could have kind of an unstructured, take what you want

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Speaker 1: approach to their course load. And then when it was like, wait,

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Speaker 1: I have required courses now, I could see hopping out

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Speaker 1: at that point, But like I said, we don't know,

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Speaker 1: but after Cambridge, Levy traveled around Europe, visiting Switzerland and

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Speaker 1: Germany in particular, several times maintaining a home base of

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Speaker 1: sorts in London with her parents. She did this for

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Speaker 1: four years after leaving college, but she was still continuing

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Speaker 1: her education in her own way, taking courses or lessons

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Speaker 1: in various cities as opportunities and her interest intersected. She

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Speaker 1: found work teaching German schoolboys English, but that job was

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Speaker 1: really over before it started. Her mother forbade it as improper.

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Speaker 1: She was, however, intent on making her own way financially,

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Speaker 1: and it seems like there may have been a drop

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Speaker 1: in the family's fortunes that magnified that desire. Throughout this time,

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Speaker 1: she wrote to her family regularly, sharing her various experiences

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Speaker 1: with them, often with the same biting which she used

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Speaker 1: in her satirical writing. She was back home in London

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Speaker 1: for most of eighteen eighty three, and although she lived

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Speaker 1: with her parents during her time there, she was living

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Speaker 1: an independent life. Most likely because of financial strain. Louis

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Speaker 1: and Isabelle Levy moved from their home at Sussex Place,

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Speaker 1: Regent's Park to Ulster Place, Regent's Park and then soon

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Speaker 1: thereafter to a house in Bloomsbury. While this evidenced a

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Speaker 1: downgrade in their lifestyle, it also put their residence in

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Speaker 1: close proximity to the British Museum. Even before the family

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Speaker 1: had moved so close to it, Amy was a frequent

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Speaker 1: visitor at the British Museum's reading room and its lunch

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Speaker 1: room for women. She met a variety of women who

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Speaker 1: were tied to various progressive movements and social reforms, including

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Speaker 1: the daughter of Karl Marx who was named Eleanor. Although

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Speaker 1: she became friends with these women, it doesn't appear that

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Speaker 1: she was ever drawn into their political efforts. Levy wrote

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Speaker 1: about the reading room and an essay for Atlanta several

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Speaker 1: years after this period of her life. That was in

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Speaker 1: eighty nine, and it was titled Readers at the British Museum.

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Speaker 1: Levy was also part of an intellectual social club in London,

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Speaker 1: and members of her family sometimes attended the meetings where

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Speaker 1: all manner of topics were discussed. The Levy sometimes even

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Speaker 1: hosted the group in their own home, so it seems

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Speaker 1: like she had a fairly stable system of friends and

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Speaker 1: family at this point. She continued her impressive writing pace

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Speaker 1: after zen Tippie's positive reception, and in eighteen eighty three

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Speaker 1: she published Between Two Stools. In eighteen eighty four, there

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Speaker 1: was Socratics in the Strand. Her melancholic work A Minor

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Speaker 1: Poet and Other Verse was also published in eighteen eighty four.

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Speaker 1: The contents of this book are really morose in tone.

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Speaker 1: A lot of them were written while she was visiting Dresden,

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Speaker 1: and zen Tippi is reprinted in this volume. In eighteen

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Speaker 1: eighty six, Levy lived abroad for the winter in Florence,

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Speaker 1: specifically where she traveled with one of her closest friends,

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Speaker 1: feminist writer Clementina Black. Black wrote in letters during this

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Speaker 1: time that Amy was getting well, which suggests she was

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Speaker 1: once again in the midst of a decline in either

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Speaker 1: her mental or physical health, or both. While in Florence,

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Speaker 1: Amy worked as a correspondent for the Jewish Chronicle, covering

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Speaker 1: Jewish life in Italy. In this position, which is usually

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Speaker 1: discussed as a job that her father had used his

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Speaker 1: connections to get for her, she wrote articles that were

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Speaker 1: largely about Jewish identity from a cultural rather than religious standpoint,

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Speaker 1: and this seems to have been as much an exploration

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Speaker 1: of her own Jewish identity, as it was the identity

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Speaker 1: of Italy's Jewish communities. One of the things that she

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Speaker 1: felt tethered her to the Jewish community was a shared

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Speaker 1: sense of humor, something she wrote about in an essay

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Speaker 1: titled Jewish Humor for The Jewish Chronicle. While in Florence,

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Speaker 1: Levy met Vernon Lee, also known as Violet Paget. We

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Speaker 1: have an episode on her that as of when we're

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Speaker 1: recording this, I'm planning to use as a Saturday Classic,

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Speaker 1: but that's also some weeks from now, so if something

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Speaker 1: happens Bump Bump, I'll see. Paget had started going by

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Speaker 1: the name Vernon Lee as a team at that point,

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Speaker 1: using a man's name and her writings in order to

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Speaker 1: be taken more seriously. And there has been some speculation

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Speaker 1: that maybe Lee and Amy Levy were in a relationship.

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Speaker 1: While Vernon Lee resisted the label of lesbian in her

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Speaker 1: life despite relationships with women, the nature of the relationship

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Speaker 1: between Levy and Lee or Paget, which is what Levy

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Speaker 1: called her, is not entirely certain. There was clearly a

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Speaker 1: very deep emotional attachment on Levy's part. She wrote love

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Speaker 1: poems titled to Vernon Lee and New Love, New Life,

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Speaker 1: and she sent them to Paget, as well as correspondence

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Speaker 1: that obviously conveys a very intense affection. She addresses all

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Speaker 1: of her letters to my dear miss Paget and calls

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Speaker 1: her quote an electric battery to me, suggesting that being

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Speaker 1: with Paget is where her best creative energy comes from.

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Speaker 1: When Leavy, after her return to London, wrote that she

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Speaker 1: couldn't make it back to Florence as planned due to

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Speaker 1: circumstances of others, most likely a family matter, as her

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Speaker 1: brother Alfred was ill and passed around this time, Paget

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Speaker 1: sent her a bouquet of flowers, which she then wrote

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Speaker 1: about she was so touched by it. New Love, New

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Speaker 1: Life is a relatively short poem, so we'll read the

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Speaker 1: whole thing to give a sense of the verse that

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Speaker 1: Amy was sending to Violet Paget. One she who so

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Speaker 1: long has lain stone stiff with folded wings within my

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Speaker 1: heart Again the brown bird wakes and sings, brown nightingale,

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Speaker 1: whose strain is heard by day by night. She sings

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Speaker 1: of joy and pain, of sorrow and delight. Two tis true,

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Speaker 1: and other days have I unbarred the door. He knows

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Speaker 1: the walks and ways. Love has been here before, Love

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Speaker 1: blessed and love accursed was here in days long past.

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Speaker 1: This time is not the first, but this time is

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Speaker 1: the last. To Vernon Lee is similarly intimate. Although it's ending,

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Speaker 1: Stanza suggests that perhaps Levy's feelings were unrequited, and that

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Speaker 1: she knew that, or that she hoped that Paget would

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Speaker 1: reassure her of some sort of reciprocation, writing quote, A

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Speaker 1: snowy blackthorn flowered beyond my reach. You broke a branch

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Speaker 1: and gave it to me. There I found for you

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Speaker 1: a scarlet blossom rare thereby ran on of art and life,

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Speaker 1: our speech, and of the gifts the gods had given

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Speaker 1: each hope. Unto you and unto me despair. Regardless of

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Speaker 1: whether Vernon Lee and Amy Levy were romantically connected, their

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00:20:38,640 --> 00:20:42,679
Speaker 1: friendship was pivotal to Levy because she, in turn became

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Speaker 1: acquainted with a new group of creative intellectuals, though there

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Speaker 1: were some that she had known before becoming friends with

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Speaker 1: Violet Paget, and perhaps because of this new social set,

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Speaker 1: the mid to late eighteen eighties were incredibly prolific for Levy,

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Speaker 1: she wrote all lot. She wrote essays like Women in

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Speaker 1: club Life and the Poetry of Christina Rosetti, and short stories,

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Speaker 1: including at Prato and the recent Telepathic Occurrence at the

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Speaker 1: British Museum. That last title served as a way to

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Speaker 1: critique the many men who frequented the British Museum reading room,

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Speaker 1: and we're openly hostile about women being there. And that

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Speaker 1: male character is so engrossed in his work that he

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Speaker 1: fails to witness an astonishing appearance of a specter near

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Speaker 1: the card catalog, which is just right there in plain view.

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Speaker 1: I sort of love that whole setup so much. Um.

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Speaker 1: Up to this point, Amy Levy had not published any novels,

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Speaker 1: although she had worked on at least one that she

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Speaker 1: eventually abandoned. But her work as a novelist was significant

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00:21:50,440 --> 00:21:53,239
Speaker 1: and ultimately difficult in a variety of ways. And we're

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Speaker 1: going to talk about that after we hear from the

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Speaker 1: sponsors that keep stuff you missed in history class going.

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Speaker 1: Though Levi's Poems and Tippy remains probably her most well

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Speaker 1: known work, two novels written during this period of her

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Speaker 1: life largely define her legacy. The first was titled Romance

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Speaker 1: of a Shop and it is about women choosing unexpected

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Speaker 1: life paths. Specifically, it tells the story of four sisters

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Speaker 1: whose father dies, and the story opens just after the father, Mr. Lorimer,

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Speaker 1: has passed and the four sisters, Fanny, Gertrude, Lucy and

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Speaker 1: Phyllis are figuring out how they will survive as they

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Speaker 1: have been left with nothing. The sisters decided to open

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Speaker 1: a photography studio as a means to take care of

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Speaker 1: themselves financially, and the plot involves a number of steps

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Speaker 1: along the path to success for them, including taking post

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Speaker 1: mortem photographs and photographing works of art. But the story

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00:22:54,920 --> 00:22:57,560
Speaker 1: is really about the lives of the women involved, the

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Speaker 1: choices they make, and their relationship with the men that

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00:23:00,720 --> 00:23:04,440
Speaker 1: they love. This was well reviewed and it established Levy

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Speaker 1: as a novelist. After the publication of Romance of a Shop,

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Speaker 1: Levy visited Florence once again, and she wrote during this

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Speaker 1: time about a personal melancholy, a heartache over a breakup,

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Speaker 1: which is considered to have likely been the writer Dorothy Blomfield,

385
00:23:19,800 --> 00:23:23,639
Speaker 1: who was another member of Vernon Lee's circle. In January

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Speaker 1: eight nine, Levy's novel Reuben Sacks was published. This book

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00:23:28,880 --> 00:23:32,920
Speaker 1: quickly became a problem in its reception. The plot revolves

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00:23:32,960 --> 00:23:36,679
Speaker 1: around the titular character that's a lawyer who experienced a

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00:23:36,760 --> 00:23:41,080
Speaker 1: nervous collapse, went away to recuperate, and then returns to

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Speaker 1: London as the book opens. Although he falls in love

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Speaker 1: with his cousin Judith, he ultimately rejects her in favor

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Speaker 1: of a more lucrative match. Judith makes a socially smart

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Speaker 1: match after losing Reuben, and the novel examines themes of

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Speaker 1: love and expectation, of Jewish families working to fit into

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Speaker 1: English society, and of a woman's place and her barriers

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00:24:03,520 --> 00:24:07,240
Speaker 1: to fulfillment. Jewish critics really felt that Levy's work of

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00:24:07,280 --> 00:24:10,199
Speaker 1: prose was a harsh criticism of Jewish life and that

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00:24:10,240 --> 00:24:14,320
Speaker 1: it was riddled with stereotypes. Gentile readers seemed to feel

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00:24:14,320 --> 00:24:17,960
Speaker 1: that it validated every negative stereotype about Jews and saw

400
00:24:18,000 --> 00:24:21,640
Speaker 1: it as a sort of expose a from within the community,

401
00:24:21,680 --> 00:24:24,639
Speaker 1: and others seemed to just wonder why Amy Levy was

402
00:24:24,720 --> 00:24:28,439
Speaker 1: so unkind to the Jewish community. A review in The

403
00:24:28,480 --> 00:24:34,119
Speaker 1: Guardian from January eight nine questioned whether Levy's characterization of

404
00:24:34,200 --> 00:24:38,720
Speaker 1: Jewish culture wasn't too harsh, opening with quote Jewish writers

405
00:24:38,760 --> 00:24:42,399
Speaker 1: cannot be charged with blind partiality to their race. We

406
00:24:42,480 --> 00:24:46,639
Speaker 1: have lately had some very pungent description of Jewish foibles,

407
00:24:46,920 --> 00:24:50,520
Speaker 1: and here is another picture which gentiles may be permitted

408
00:24:50,560 --> 00:24:55,280
Speaker 1: to hope is too cruel for truthfulness, too highly colored

409
00:24:55,320 --> 00:24:58,520
Speaker 1: to be just. After all, many of the failings which

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00:24:58,600 --> 00:25:01,639
Speaker 1: miss Levy attributes to her people are common to a

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00:25:01,760 --> 00:25:05,120
Speaker 1: rich and vulgar middle class, who have a certain jealousy

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00:25:05,200 --> 00:25:07,919
Speaker 1: of the class above them because they admire it and

413
00:25:08,080 --> 00:25:12,280
Speaker 1: despair of reaching it. Yeah. Yeah, this is kind of

414
00:25:12,280 --> 00:25:15,400
Speaker 1: one of those everybody's kind of a jerk in some way.

415
00:25:15,440 --> 00:25:19,119
Speaker 1: It's not this shouldn't be about Jewish people. Um. Another

416
00:25:19,160 --> 00:25:21,560
Speaker 1: review that was in the Morning Post read quote, there

417
00:25:21,560 --> 00:25:24,360
Speaker 1: are a few things more disappointing than to feel as

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00:25:24,400 --> 00:25:28,040
Speaker 1: with the smallest critical faculty, one must that the author

419
00:25:28,040 --> 00:25:31,520
Speaker 1: of Reuben Sachs has just missed producing a really clever work.

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00:25:32,320 --> 00:25:35,320
Speaker 1: Ms Levy breaks comparatively new ground in this book, the

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00:25:35,359 --> 00:25:39,040
Speaker 1: personages of which are almost without exception, taken from the

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00:25:39,119 --> 00:25:42,760
Speaker 1: Jewish community in London, which, by the way, can scarcely

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00:25:42,800 --> 00:25:46,399
Speaker 1: be flattered by the rather two somber glasses through which

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00:25:46,440 --> 00:25:50,080
Speaker 1: she elects to view it. Levy's novel was a response

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00:25:50,119 --> 00:25:54,320
Speaker 1: to George Eliot's eighteen seventies six novel Daniel Deronda, which

426
00:25:54,400 --> 00:25:58,560
Speaker 1: she felt had romanticized Jews in a deeply unrealistic way.

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00:25:58,760 --> 00:26:01,720
Speaker 1: So she had set out to write a novel which

428
00:26:01,840 --> 00:26:06,280
Speaker 1: showed that Jews, like all other humans, are complex, with

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00:26:06,320 --> 00:26:10,080
Speaker 1: both strong and weak points of character. But few readers,

430
00:26:10,080 --> 00:26:13,560
Speaker 1: at least initially received it that way, and many Jewish

431
00:26:13,560 --> 00:26:17,080
Speaker 1: publications were frank in their assessment that, regardless of what

432
00:26:17,200 --> 00:26:20,359
Speaker 1: she intended, her work had the potential to be damaging

433
00:26:20,400 --> 00:26:24,520
Speaker 1: to their culture within the larger field of London. When

434
00:26:24,600 --> 00:26:27,760
Speaker 1: Ruben Sacks came out, Levy was in Paris. She soon

435
00:26:27,800 --> 00:26:30,200
Speaker 1: returned to her parents home in London a few days

436
00:26:30,200 --> 00:26:33,080
Speaker 1: after the first bad reviews came out, and it may

437
00:26:33,119 --> 00:26:35,359
Speaker 1: seem as though she was hiding out, But while she

438
00:26:35,440 --> 00:26:37,679
Speaker 1: may have sought some comfort in the family home, she

439
00:26:37,760 --> 00:26:40,920
Speaker 1: was also working on another novel titled Miss Meredith, which

440
00:26:40,920 --> 00:26:44,560
Speaker 1: she completed in just six weeks. Ms Meredith was not

441
00:26:44,680 --> 00:26:47,159
Speaker 1: so ambitious as Ruben Sacks, and it was written to

442
00:26:47,240 --> 00:26:50,439
Speaker 1: appeal to a wider audience. It tells the story of

443
00:26:50,480 --> 00:26:53,280
Speaker 1: a young english woman named Elsie Meredith, who moves to

444
00:26:53,359 --> 00:26:56,200
Speaker 1: Italy for a governess job, and there is a fairly

445
00:26:56,240 --> 00:27:00,119
Speaker 1: predictable romance plot with the family's adult son. Le v

446
00:27:00,240 --> 00:27:03,719
Speaker 1: had a lot of social engagements in eighteen eighty nine.

447
00:27:03,960 --> 00:27:06,919
Speaker 1: She visited with her siblings and their children regularly, and

448
00:27:07,000 --> 00:27:11,359
Speaker 1: she met up with Vernon Lee Ruben Sacks was controversial initially,

449
00:27:11,400 --> 00:27:14,000
Speaker 1: but it also made her famous and she made a

450
00:27:14,040 --> 00:27:18,240
Speaker 1: lot of new, high profile friends. The short story Cohen

451
00:27:18,280 --> 00:27:21,240
Speaker 1: of Trinity came out in May of eighteen eighty nine,

452
00:27:21,680 --> 00:27:23,439
Speaker 1: and it kind of reads as a reflection of the

453
00:27:23,480 --> 00:27:27,000
Speaker 1: turmoil in Levy's own professional life with the fallout from

454
00:27:27,000 --> 00:27:29,920
Speaker 1: Reuben Sacks. It is told from the point of view

455
00:27:29,960 --> 00:27:33,920
Speaker 1: of a gentile narrator, describing the character Cohen in very

456
00:27:34,040 --> 00:27:39,399
Speaker 1: stereotypical and anti Semitic terms. In this exaggerated lens, Levy

457
00:27:39,440 --> 00:27:43,359
Speaker 1: offers an insight into the impossibility of representing Jewish life

458
00:27:43,359 --> 00:27:46,720
Speaker 1: and culture. Here, the narrator is doing what she was

459
00:27:46,760 --> 00:27:51,080
Speaker 1: accused of doing in Reuben Sacks, and the contrast is obvious.

460
00:27:51,119 --> 00:27:53,920
Speaker 1: She also includes the character of Leopold Lineager from her

461
00:27:53,920 --> 00:27:57,280
Speaker 1: early work as an example of an anglicized Jew who

462
00:27:57,320 --> 00:28:02,360
Speaker 1: finds Cohen as alien. As the gentile Rader does like Levy,

463
00:28:02,440 --> 00:28:04,960
Speaker 1: Cohen in this story has written a book that made

464
00:28:05,040 --> 00:28:09,720
Speaker 1: him famous, but that is deeply misunderstood. Levy also assembled

465
00:28:09,760 --> 00:28:13,160
Speaker 1: another book of poetry in eighty nine that was A

466
00:28:13,200 --> 00:28:16,760
Speaker 1: London Plane, Tree and Other Verse. It was dedicated to

467
00:28:16,800 --> 00:28:20,480
Speaker 1: her friend Clementina Black. Three of the poems were definitely

468
00:28:20,520 --> 00:28:23,600
Speaker 1: written in April and May of that year, as reflected

469
00:28:23,640 --> 00:28:26,439
Speaker 1: in her calendar, but it's unclear when she wrote the

470
00:28:26,480 --> 00:28:30,960
Speaker 1: other poems. These works reflect a writer who feels somewhat lost,

471
00:28:31,040 --> 00:28:35,920
Speaker 1: perhaps and definitely exhausted. The poem End of Day ends

472
00:28:35,960 --> 00:28:39,600
Speaker 1: with the lines, oh, sweeter far than strain and stress

473
00:28:39,720 --> 00:28:44,160
Speaker 1: is the slow creeping weariness, and better far than thought.

474
00:28:44,160 --> 00:28:48,320
Speaker 1: I find the drowsy blankness of the mind more than

475
00:28:48,400 --> 00:28:52,640
Speaker 1: all joys of soul or sense. Is this divine indifference,

476
00:28:52,680 --> 00:28:57,200
Speaker 1: where grief a shadow grows to be, and peace a possibility.

477
00:28:57,600 --> 00:29:02,240
Speaker 1: On September nine, Levy died by suicide. Her cause of

478
00:29:02,280 --> 00:29:06,400
Speaker 1: death was recorded as asphyxia from the inhalation of carbonic

479
00:29:06,440 --> 00:29:10,080
Speaker 1: oxide gas from the burning of charcoal. She had seen

480
00:29:10,080 --> 00:29:12,680
Speaker 1: her sister, Katie and Katie's family just a few days

481
00:29:12,760 --> 00:29:14,920
Speaker 1: before her death, and then it spent the next several

482
00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:19,400
Speaker 1: days alone before ending her life. Her body was cremated

483
00:29:19,480 --> 00:29:23,280
Speaker 1: and interred at Balls Pond Cemetery, a London plane tree

484
00:29:23,320 --> 00:29:25,880
Speaker 1: and other verse. Although it was completed had not yet

485
00:29:25,960 --> 00:29:29,480
Speaker 1: been published when she died, it was released shortly after that.

486
00:29:30,440 --> 00:29:33,760
Speaker 1: It's sometimes tempting to point to the negative reviews of

487
00:29:33,880 --> 00:29:37,200
Speaker 1: Ruben Sacks as the catalyst for this tragedy, but really,

488
00:29:37,320 --> 00:29:40,640
Speaker 1: like anyone, Levy was dealing with a lot more than that.

489
00:29:41,320 --> 00:29:44,840
Speaker 1: She had struggled with her personal life, harboring a belief

490
00:29:44,880 --> 00:29:49,000
Speaker 1: that she was unattractive and couldn't find a lasting, fulfilling relationship.

491
00:29:49,640 --> 00:29:52,239
Speaker 1: She also had hearing loss and that had progressed, and

492
00:29:52,320 --> 00:29:55,400
Speaker 1: of course she had depression throughout her life. That's come

493
00:29:55,480 --> 00:29:58,800
Speaker 1: up several times during the episode. Yeah. One of the

494
00:29:58,800 --> 00:30:01,719
Speaker 1: most telling pieces of writing about Amy Levy from her

495
00:30:01,720 --> 00:30:05,720
Speaker 1: contemporaries is a sort of memorial obituary penned by Oscar

496
00:30:05,760 --> 00:30:09,640
Speaker 1: Wilde for Women's World volume three, which wild edited and

497
00:30:09,680 --> 00:30:13,360
Speaker 1: which Amy had written for. He wrote very honestly of

498
00:30:13,400 --> 00:30:15,600
Speaker 1: her work that he felt might be lacking, but also

499
00:30:15,720 --> 00:30:19,560
Speaker 1: praised her deeply, writing especially glowing words about her fiction.

500
00:30:19,720 --> 00:30:23,160
Speaker 1: Quote MS. Levies two novels, The Romance of a Shop

501
00:30:23,160 --> 00:30:26,600
Speaker 1: and Reuben Sacks were both published last year. The first

502
00:30:26,680 --> 00:30:29,880
Speaker 1: is a bright and clever story full of sparkling touches.

503
00:30:30,480 --> 00:30:33,440
Speaker 1: The second is a novel that probably no other writer

504
00:30:33,520 --> 00:30:38,720
Speaker 1: could have produced. Its directness, it's uncompromising truth, its depth

505
00:30:38,760 --> 00:30:41,880
Speaker 1: of feeling, and above all its absence of any single

506
00:30:41,960 --> 00:30:46,360
Speaker 1: superfluous word, make it in some sort a classic. Like

507
00:30:46,440 --> 00:30:49,080
Speaker 1: all her best work, it is sad, but the sadness

508
00:30:49,120 --> 00:30:53,000
Speaker 1: is by no means morbid. The strong undertone of moral

509
00:30:53,040 --> 00:30:56,680
Speaker 1: earnestness never preached, gives the stability and force to the

510
00:30:56,760 --> 00:31:00,600
Speaker 1: vivid portraiture, and prevents the satiric touches from the generating

511
00:31:00,600 --> 00:31:05,200
Speaker 1: into mere malice. Truly, the book is an achievement to write.

512
00:31:05,200 --> 00:31:08,040
Speaker 1: Thus at six and twenty is given to very few,

513
00:31:08,120 --> 00:31:11,120
Speaker 1: and from the few thus endowed, their readers may safely

514
00:31:11,160 --> 00:31:14,720
Speaker 1: hope for yet greater things later on. But later on

515
00:31:14,800 --> 00:31:17,280
Speaker 1: has not come for the writer of Reuben Sachs, and

516
00:31:17,320 --> 00:31:20,000
Speaker 1: the world must forego the full fruition of her power.

517
00:31:21,200 --> 00:31:24,680
Speaker 1: The loss is the world's, but perhaps not hers. She

518
00:31:24,760 --> 00:31:28,440
Speaker 1: was never robust, not often actually ill, but seldom well

519
00:31:28,560 --> 00:31:31,040
Speaker 1: enough to feel life a joy instead of a burden,

520
00:31:31,600 --> 00:31:34,160
Speaker 1: And her work was not poured out lightly, but drawn

521
00:31:34,240 --> 00:31:36,920
Speaker 1: drop by drop from the very depth of her own feeling.

522
00:31:37,680 --> 00:31:39,640
Speaker 1: We may say of it that it was, in truth

523
00:31:39,760 --> 00:31:43,800
Speaker 1: her life's blood. In the weeks following Levy's death, there

524
00:31:43,880 --> 00:31:47,080
Speaker 1: was speculation about what had led her to take her

525
00:31:47,120 --> 00:31:50,120
Speaker 1: own life that circulated in the press. A lot of

526
00:31:50,240 --> 00:31:54,000
Speaker 1: theories were repeated as facts, and finally, her friend Clementine A.

527
00:31:54,040 --> 00:31:56,600
Speaker 1: Black stept in to try to set the records straight.

528
00:31:57,120 --> 00:31:59,440
Speaker 1: She wrote to the athena Um quote, will you spare

529
00:31:59,480 --> 00:32:02,160
Speaker 1: me a few lines? In order to do justice both

530
00:32:02,200 --> 00:32:05,200
Speaker 1: to the dead and the living. I have lately learned

531
00:32:05,240 --> 00:32:10,040
Speaker 1: that various reports, some exaggerated and some holly untrue, have

532
00:32:10,240 --> 00:32:14,680
Speaker 1: been made in various papers concerning the late miss Amy Levy,

533
00:32:14,720 --> 00:32:18,200
Speaker 1: and are being largely copied by the provincial press. I

534
00:32:18,280 --> 00:32:20,680
Speaker 1: was a close friend of miss Levy for many years,

535
00:32:20,800 --> 00:32:24,080
Speaker 1: and my testimony is out of personal knowledge. It is

536
00:32:24,120 --> 00:32:27,160
Speaker 1: not true that she never left her father's house otherwise

537
00:32:27,160 --> 00:32:30,640
Speaker 1: than on visits to friends or holiday journeys, nor that

538
00:32:30,720 --> 00:32:34,040
Speaker 1: she suffered from failing eyesight, nor from the loss of

539
00:32:34,080 --> 00:32:37,080
Speaker 1: her sense of humor, nor that she devoted herself to

540
00:32:37,120 --> 00:32:40,560
Speaker 1: work in the East End. She did suffer for several

541
00:32:40,640 --> 00:32:44,200
Speaker 1: years from slight deafness and from fits of extreme depression,

542
00:32:44,720 --> 00:32:49,360
Speaker 1: the result not of unhappy circumstances or of unkind treatment, but,

543
00:32:49,520 --> 00:32:52,360
Speaker 1: as those believe who know her best, her lack of

544
00:32:52,360 --> 00:32:56,720
Speaker 1: physical robustness and the exhaustion produced by strenuous rain work

545
00:32:57,480 --> 00:33:01,600
Speaker 1: most emphatically. It is not true that her family or

546
00:33:01,640 --> 00:33:05,280
Speaker 1: her personal friends among the Jewish community treated her coldly

547
00:33:05,360 --> 00:33:08,480
Speaker 1: on account of the publication of Ruben Sacks, and thus

548
00:33:08,560 --> 00:33:12,840
Speaker 1: indirectly hastened her death. Her parents were justly proud of her.

549
00:33:13,280 --> 00:33:17,200
Speaker 1: I cannot imagine anything which would have caused more pain

550
00:33:17,440 --> 00:33:21,960
Speaker 1: and indignation to Miss Levy than the circulation of such reports,

551
00:33:22,320 --> 00:33:24,160
Speaker 1: and it is in her name that I make this

552
00:33:24,280 --> 00:33:28,160
Speaker 1: protest against them. After Levy's death, her family and in

553
00:33:28,200 --> 00:33:31,160
Speaker 1: particular her sisters, tried to ensure that her work would

554
00:33:31,200 --> 00:33:34,760
Speaker 1: not be forgotten. As late as nineteen thirty two, her

555
00:33:34,800 --> 00:33:37,680
Speaker 1: sister Katie reached out to publisher McMillan to see if

556
00:33:37,680 --> 00:33:41,080
Speaker 1: there was any interest in Amy's unpublished work. So for

557
00:33:41,160 --> 00:33:43,440
Speaker 1: a long time her work faded from view, but in

558
00:33:43,720 --> 00:33:47,200
Speaker 1: the late nineteen nineties her papers were auctioned and became

559
00:33:47,280 --> 00:33:50,600
Speaker 1: publicly available. Soon after and that really started a new

560
00:33:50,640 --> 00:33:54,000
Speaker 1: wave of interest in her work. I'm so glad that

561
00:33:54,080 --> 00:33:56,800
Speaker 1: I had this random conversation with my friend Bernadette which

562
00:33:56,840 --> 00:33:59,880
Speaker 1: led to this episode. Yeah, I've got things to tack

563
00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:05,240
Speaker 1: about on that front and behind menes. Yes, um listen

564
00:34:05,360 --> 00:34:07,040
Speaker 1: is a little bit of a downer since she was

565
00:34:07,240 --> 00:34:09,840
Speaker 1: We didn't mention it specifically, but she was not quite

566
00:34:09,840 --> 00:34:12,480
Speaker 1: twenty eight when she died, so very young. Um and

567
00:34:12,560 --> 00:34:15,400
Speaker 1: so I thought I would do two pretty light listener

568
00:34:15,480 --> 00:34:19,799
Speaker 1: males that are very to me, funny and sweet. One

569
00:34:20,160 --> 00:34:22,680
Speaker 1: is from our listener Mickey, and it is from our

570
00:34:22,840 --> 00:34:27,960
Speaker 1: episode about the Exorcism case which inspired The Exorcist, and

571
00:34:27,960 --> 00:34:30,080
Speaker 1: he said, let me start out by saying, love your show.

572
00:34:30,400 --> 00:34:32,600
Speaker 1: I wanted to share my first experience with the movie

573
00:34:32,640 --> 00:34:35,160
Speaker 1: The Exorcist. At the time the movie came out, I

574
00:34:35,200 --> 00:34:38,200
Speaker 1: was nine years old. My parents wanted to go to

575
00:34:38,239 --> 00:34:40,839
Speaker 1: a drive in movie double feature to see The Exorcist

576
00:34:41,160 --> 00:34:43,720
Speaker 1: and could not find a babysitter, so they took me along.

577
00:34:44,239 --> 00:34:47,440
Speaker 1: They let me watch the first feature, The Abominable Dr Phebes,

578
00:34:47,520 --> 00:34:49,560
Speaker 1: but did not want me to see The Exorcist, so

579
00:34:49,600 --> 00:34:51,840
Speaker 1: they made me lay down in the back seat. I

580
00:34:51,880 --> 00:34:54,400
Speaker 1: can tell you from personal experience that the sound of

581
00:34:54,400 --> 00:34:57,840
Speaker 1: the Exorcist is absolutely terrifying. Thank you for such an

582
00:34:57,920 --> 00:35:02,680
Speaker 1: entertaining and informative podcast. UM. I believe it because that movie,

583
00:35:03,239 --> 00:35:05,560
Speaker 1: I said in the episode, some of the best sound

584
00:35:05,600 --> 00:35:11,640
Speaker 1: design ever, and it is terrifying. So um, but it

585
00:35:11,680 --> 00:35:15,280
Speaker 1: will stick with Mickey forever, I'm sure. Our other email

586
00:35:16,080 --> 00:35:20,160
Speaker 1: UM is from our listener Steve and writes, Hi, Holly

587
00:35:20,200 --> 00:35:22,239
Speaker 1: and Tracy, I really enjoy your show and it keeps

588
00:35:22,239 --> 00:35:24,680
Speaker 1: me company on my drive to and from work. I

589
00:35:24,760 --> 00:35:27,520
Speaker 1: often bring home interesting tidbits from the show to chat

590
00:35:27,560 --> 00:35:30,680
Speaker 1: about during dinner. One of my favorite websites has daily

591
00:35:30,680 --> 00:35:33,440
Speaker 1: posts that bring forward eclectic mixes of art, science, and

592
00:35:33,520 --> 00:35:37,239
Speaker 1: exceptional photography. November one, it posted a video created by

593
00:35:37,239 --> 00:35:40,000
Speaker 1: someone who took out the Tyrannosaurus Rex from Jurassic Park

594
00:35:40,320 --> 00:35:42,399
Speaker 1: and replaced it with a large black cat. It made

595
00:35:42,400 --> 00:35:44,040
Speaker 1: me laugh, and I hope it does the same for you,

596
00:35:44,320 --> 00:35:46,160
Speaker 1: and he sends the link. I have seen it. My

597
00:35:46,280 --> 00:35:49,400
Speaker 1: husband and I watched it about one hundred times, marveling

598
00:35:49,400 --> 00:35:51,760
Speaker 1: at how good it was for just a spoofy video,

599
00:35:52,160 --> 00:35:54,600
Speaker 1: and laughing and laughing and laughing because it's really quite

600
00:35:54,600 --> 00:35:58,040
Speaker 1: good and Uh. Steve mentions if you're worried about hyper lengths,

601
00:35:58,040 --> 00:35:59,839
Speaker 1: don't worry about it, but um and that he has

602
00:35:59,880 --> 00:36:02,520
Speaker 1: no affiliation with them, but small joys is what life

603
00:36:02,560 --> 00:36:05,120
Speaker 1: is all about. And I couldn't agree more. And then

604
00:36:05,719 --> 00:36:08,560
Speaker 1: the real reason I wanted to read this he attest

605
00:36:08,640 --> 00:36:11,320
Speaker 1: a photo of Jackson, our devon rex. He is a

606
00:36:11,360 --> 00:36:14,120
Speaker 1: cuddler who loves to play with paperballs and hair elastics.

607
00:36:14,200 --> 00:36:18,360
Speaker 1: Keep safe, Steve, I, UM, I love a Devon rex.

608
00:36:19,400 --> 00:36:23,520
Speaker 1: I'm not a breed obsessive person, but if if I am,

609
00:36:23,560 --> 00:36:28,120
Speaker 1: that's the breed of cat that I love. Um. All

610
00:36:28,120 --> 00:36:30,239
Speaker 1: the Rexis are cute, but there's nothing like a devon

611
00:36:30,320 --> 00:36:34,759
Speaker 1: and they are usually very cuddly and very hilarious. So

612
00:36:34,880 --> 00:36:37,440
Speaker 1: thank you both to Mickey and Steve for writing us

613
00:36:37,480 --> 00:36:40,719
Speaker 1: those funny emails. I am still gazing at this cat

614
00:36:40,760 --> 00:36:45,719
Speaker 1: and his little broken whiskers, which I adore. Uh. If

615
00:36:45,719 --> 00:36:47,080
Speaker 1: you would like to write to us, you can do

616
00:36:47,120 --> 00:36:49,560
Speaker 1: so at History Podcast at i heeart radio dot com.

617
00:36:49,600 --> 00:36:52,320
Speaker 1: You can also find us as Missed in History Everywhere

618
00:36:52,360 --> 00:36:55,000
Speaker 1: on social media. If you would like to subscribe to

619
00:36:55,000 --> 00:36:56,920
Speaker 1: the show and you haven't done that yet, we've made

620
00:36:56,920 --> 00:36:58,840
Speaker 1: it super easy You can do that on the IHR

621
00:36:58,920 --> 00:37:01,960
Speaker 1: radio app or any where you listen to your favorite podcasts.

622
00:37:07,360 --> 00:37:09,520
Speaker 1: Stuff you Missed in History Class is a production of

623
00:37:09,600 --> 00:37:12,800
Speaker 1: I heart Radio. For more podcasts from I heart Radio,

624
00:37:13,000 --> 00:37:16,000
Speaker 1: visit the i heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever

625
00:37:16,080 --> 00:37:21,520
Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows. H