WEBVTT - 25 Greatest Science Ideas Countdown: Day 1

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<v Speaker 1>You're listening to part Time Genius, the production of Kaleidoscope

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<v Speaker 1>and iHeartRadio. Guess what Will?

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<v Speaker 2>What's that mango? So you know what's funny? You know

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<v Speaker 2>what's funny. Your headband is funny. But sorry it interrupt

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<v Speaker 2>Go ahead.

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<v Speaker 1>Well, we've been friends for a little over twenty five

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<v Speaker 1>years now.

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<v Speaker 2>I think we actually known each other for twenty seven

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<v Speaker 2>years now, if I'm not mistake, but I said friend, right, gotcha, gotcha.

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<v Speaker 1>But think of all the fun things that have happened

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<v Speaker 1>in the last twenty five years, right, Like this's the

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<v Speaker 1>launch of the iPod, thousands of songs in your pocket.

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<v Speaker 1>Social media exploited with Facebook. People started dancing Gungnam style

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<v Speaker 1>and we're taught how to duggy for some reason. There's

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<v Speaker 1>planking and photos that became a fad, and Lady Gaga

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<v Speaker 1>wore a meat dress to the MTV video War.

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<v Speaker 2>I think that summed it up. I think you actually

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<v Speaker 2>covered everything.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, yeah, I mean we also had a block president,

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<v Speaker 1>our first black president, gay marriage became legal, and people

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<v Speaker 1>challenge each other with ice buckets. But for me, everything

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<v Speaker 1>really starts with that meat dress.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, and don't forget we launched a little magazine from

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<v Speaker 2>our drm room called Mental Flaws way back in the

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<v Speaker 2>year two thousand. Yeah, I can't believe.

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<v Speaker 1>It's been almost twenty five years since that first issue

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<v Speaker 1>hit newsstands. But this week's super special edition of Part

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<v Speaker 1>Time Genius is all about celebrating this last quarter century.

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<v Speaker 1>Every day this week, we're gonna be counting down the

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<v Speaker 1>twenty five greatest science ideas of the past twenty five years,

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<v Speaker 1>and we are sending out lots of fun prizes to

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<v Speaker 1>our listeners too.

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<v Speaker 2>But I've just got one question for you, mego, why

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<v Speaker 2>are you wearing a velord tracksuit and a homemade headband? Again,

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<v Speaker 2>I don't really understand what's happening.

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<v Speaker 1>Here because I am pump Oh got it, Okay, so

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<v Speaker 1>let's dive in.

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<v Speaker 2>Hey, their podcast listeners, Welcome to Part Time Genius. I'm

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<v Speaker 2>Will Pearson, and of course I'm here with my friend

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<v Speaker 2>Mangesh hot Ticketter and over there attending to what I

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<v Speaker 2>thought was a Bob Ross chia pet but is actually

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<v Speaker 2>a vintage, discontinued Albert Einstein chia pet. Is our pal

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<v Speaker 2>and producer Dylan Fagan and Mengo. I think Einstein with

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<v Speaker 2>sprouts for his hair is exactly the energy we're trying

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<v Speaker 2>to pull for this week's twenty five list.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, that's right. Well, so I kind of want to

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<v Speaker 1>start by having you tell our listeners about how we

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<v Speaker 1>became friends, because I was definitely trivia obsessed as a kid.

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<v Speaker 1>I think I've mentioned that when cable came to my

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<v Speaker 1>neighborhood in third grade, my friends and I were obsessed

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<v Speaker 1>with doubledare and every day in the summer we would

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<v Speaker 1>practice drilling each other with trivia questions and setting up

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<v Speaker 1>these challenges all over our houses and the creek in

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<v Speaker 1>the backyard, and you know, we're just trying to get

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<v Speaker 1>ourselves physically prepped for this thing. We want to be

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<v Speaker 1>ready in case a producer just called us up to

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<v Speaker 1>be on the show. Yeah, but you were obviously obsessed

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<v Speaker 1>with lists. I was very much obsessed with lists. I

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<v Speaker 1>think this started when I was probably eleven or twelve

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<v Speaker 1>years old.

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<v Speaker 2>I just love making lists. They all started as pretty basic.

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<v Speaker 2>It's like, here's my list of presidents, here's my list

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<v Speaker 2>of state capitals. And then it got a little weirder

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<v Speaker 2>over the years. It was like, here's a list of

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<v Speaker 2>my favorite left handed artists and favorite you know books

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<v Speaker 2>with more than four hundred pages or whatever it might

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<v Speaker 2>have been. It was just fun to keep lists, and

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<v Speaker 2>people would ask like, why do you do this, and

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<v Speaker 2>I didn't really know the answer, other than it just

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<v Speaker 2>felt good to collect this information, you know, and to

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<v Speaker 2>just know this information, So anyway was what I did.

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<v Speaker 1>I love it, and so when we started Mental Fluss,

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<v Speaker 1>we were definitely list obsessed. And one of my favorite

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<v Speaker 1>annual things that we do was we would declare the

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<v Speaker 1>most important books of the last twenty five years for

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<v Speaker 1>the most important music of the last time five years

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<v Speaker 1>of TV shows, And the lists were always so fun

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<v Speaker 1>and totally unexpected. You came away just appreciating all these

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<v Speaker 1>other amazing things. I don't know about you, but I

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<v Speaker 1>think for me, part of the reason I wanted to

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<v Speaker 1>do a big science list this week was because right now,

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<v Speaker 1>you know, there's so much talk about AI and gene

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<v Speaker 1>therapies and those kind of dominate the headlines. Yeah, but

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<v Speaker 1>I also love the weird, fun inventions and and kind

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<v Speaker 1>of the joy of Obama at the Science Fair shooting

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<v Speaker 1>rockets and things. And you know, science is obviously nerdy,

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<v Speaker 1>but it's also cool and weird and fun, and I

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<v Speaker 1>thought it would be just really fun to celebrate it.

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<v Speaker 2>That sounds good, but I feel like before we dive in,

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<v Speaker 2>we really have to talk about the process and everything

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<v Speaker 2>that goes into how we choose a list like this.

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<v Speaker 2>So before we jump in, do you want to start

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<v Speaker 2>by giving a little rationale of how we chose all

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<v Speaker 2>of these things?

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, totally so, Gabe, Mary, our friend Lucas Riley. They

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<v Speaker 1>helped us look up a whole bunch of ideas and

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<v Speaker 1>then we pare them down to things that truly delighted

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<v Speaker 1>or impressed us. Ideally both of those things. And then

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<v Speaker 1>you and I picked a bunch and researched some more.

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<v Speaker 1>And now's the fun part where we get to like

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<v Speaker 1>take turns presenting the ideas. Plus we are sending part

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<v Speaker 1>time genius certificates to all of the winners, which they

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<v Speaker 1>can put on their.

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<v Speaker 2>Refrigerators, all of the winners.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, and also atomic fireballs, the most sciencey candy we

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<v Speaker 1>could find in honor of this week's Signs special.

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<v Speaker 2>You know, it's funny that we're choosing fireballs because, as

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<v Speaker 2>my kids know, I love fireballs. So we have this

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<v Speaker 2>special cabinet at our house just outside the kitchen called

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<v Speaker 2>the Center of Excellence, and it's basically where all of

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<v Speaker 2>my candy obsessions get to be stored because I'll fall

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<v Speaker 2>in love with the candy. We were at a great

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<v Speaker 2>sushi restaurant and I love the little treats they bring

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<v Speaker 2>you at the end of it, and I decided I

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<v Speaker 2>needed to order those in bulk. I ordered some atomic

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<v Speaker 2>fireballs in bulk, and then I move on to the

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<v Speaker 2>next thing, but we just keep them in that collection.

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<v Speaker 2>So it's a big prize, and we're giving out prizes

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<v Speaker 2>on our insta all week as well.

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<v Speaker 1>Right, Yeah, so Mary is running contest for us all

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<v Speaker 1>week and has a bunch of ridiculous swag to send out.

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<v Speaker 1>She and the person who manages our social media, our

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<v Speaker 1>friend Calypso. So after you listen, head over to our

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<v Speaker 1>Instagram handle at part Time Genius and go win some stuff.

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<v Speaker 1>Were to send it out, but that is way too

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<v Speaker 1>much set up. Let's just get into.

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<v Speaker 2>It all right, Okay, So don't let the number fool you.

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<v Speaker 2>Our list is kicking off with an innovation that happens

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<v Speaker 2>to tackle one of the biggest problems in all of society,

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<v Speaker 2>and that is how to get ketchup out of a bottle. Now,

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<v Speaker 2>as we all know, there is nothing more frustrating than

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<v Speaker 2>holding a ketchup bottle at a forty five degree angle

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<v Speaker 2>over your food, shaking it vigorously and having absolutely nothing

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<v Speaker 2>come out. And for years there were only two solutions.

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<v Speaker 2>People would jam a knife in a bottle. I feel

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<v Speaker 2>like you don't see that as much anymore, remember jamming

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<v Speaker 2>as a kid. I feel like people just would put

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<v Speaker 2>that knife in there and then give it a stir

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<v Speaker 2>and they hope the ketchup would start flowing. Also, there's

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<v Speaker 2>the smack the number trick, where people figured out that

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<v Speaker 2>if you give the number fifty seven on the side

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<v Speaker 2>of a glass bottle of hinds a nice wallap, it

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<v Speaker 2>would get the ketchup moving. But of course the problem

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<v Speaker 2>with both of those is that you could end up

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<v Speaker 2>with way too much ketchup on your fries.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, it's kind of a ketchup conundrum that we've all experienced.

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<v Speaker 2>It's exactly right, and one of the biggest leaps forward

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<v Speaker 2>for all of humanity and our quest board an appropriate

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<v Speaker 2>amount of ketchup was the upside down ketchup bottle.

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<v Speaker 1>Right, so you are obviously talking about the ketchup bottles

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<v Speaker 1>where the dispenser is on the bottom and it's sitting

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<v Speaker 1>on there and the gravity is just kind of pulling

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<v Speaker 1>it down.

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<v Speaker 2>Right, that's exactly right. That bottle, or rather the valve

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<v Speaker 2>in it, was invented by a gentleman named Paul Brown. Now,

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<v Speaker 2>his idea wasn't specifically for ketchup. He just thought a

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<v Speaker 2>better valve would work for most liquids, from dish detergent

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<v Speaker 2>to hand sanitizers to whatever it may be. This is

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<v Speaker 2>in the nineteen nineties, so Paul Brown had this dream,

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<v Speaker 2>but he really struggled to make it a reality. He

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<v Speaker 2>made one hundred and eleven different prototypes, Wow, maxed out

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<v Speaker 2>a bunch of credit cards, borrowed money from his folks

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<v Speaker 2>to you know, make a better valve for dispensing liquid.

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<v Speaker 2>And while trying to make this valve, like, what was

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<v Speaker 2>he trying to solve for exactly Well, he realized that

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<v Speaker 2>to make a better squeeze bottle, you wanted the nozzle

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<v Speaker 2>to open when you place pressure on it, but then

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<v Speaker 2>you need it to completely close up when the pressure

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<v Speaker 2>is removed, so there's no accidental leaking from this Anyway,

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<v Speaker 2>After years of failures, his one hundred and twelfth prototype work,

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<v Speaker 2>and once he'd perfected his valve, everyone came calling in,

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<v Speaker 2>including NASA, who saw I used for the valve in

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<v Speaker 2>space and was trying to make leak proof cups for astronauts.

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<v Speaker 2>Wow shampoo bottlers who wanted a more convenient bottle for

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<v Speaker 2>their soaps and shampoos also came calling on him as well,

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<v Speaker 2>and eventually, after he pitched it to Hines, they saw

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<v Speaker 2>his innovation as part of a catch up revolution. They

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<v Speaker 2>started this ad campaign about the quote waiting man, where

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<v Speaker 2>a guy is just sitting and holding a glass ketchup

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<v Speaker 2>bottle vertically over his meal and nothing is moving or

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<v Speaker 2>happening for like twenty seconds, and then is why comes over,

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<v Speaker 2>squeezes the perfect amount of ketchup onto his food and

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<v Speaker 2>solves the problem in a second. And the ad slogan

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<v Speaker 2>was quote no weight, no mess, no anticipation.

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<v Speaker 1>It is so funny that as a society we are

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<v Speaker 1>so impatient that we need our ketchup immediately. Yeah, it's

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<v Speaker 1>just a condiment.

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<v Speaker 2>I don't know why you're you really don't get it.

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<v Speaker 2>It's super important that we get it quickly. But I

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<v Speaker 2>was actually thinking this too, to be honest, until I

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<v Speaker 2>read this Malcolm Gladwell piece on ketchup, and this was

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<v Speaker 2>a piece that he wrote for The New Yorker, and

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<v Speaker 2>in it he quotes a food professor who calls ketchup

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<v Speaker 2>the Esperanto of cuisine because it's one of the few

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<v Speaker 2>foods that satisfies your cravings for salty, sweet, sour, bitter,

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<v Speaker 2>and dow mommy all at once. If you think about it,

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<v Speaker 2>that's that's actually true, and that's part of the reason

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<v Speaker 2>the world loves ketchup so much. But back to Brown.

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<v Speaker 2>According to the patent professor, this is a website on

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<v Speaker 2>inventors and patents. Today, about seventy five percent of Hinz

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<v Speaker 2>bottles that are sold are upside down squeeze bottles now,

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<v Speaker 2>And it wasn't long before Brown paid off his credit

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<v Speaker 2>cards and paid his parents back. Of course, I.

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<v Speaker 1>Mean, I do love this, but this invention is from

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<v Speaker 1>the nineteen nineties, right, so like it doesn't quite make

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<v Speaker 1>the twenty five year cut off.

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<v Speaker 2>Lit. I thought you were going to call me out

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<v Speaker 2>for that, but I'm actually not done yet. So all

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<v Speaker 2>of those lay the groundwork for the quote problem of ketchup.

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<v Speaker 1>Look at me being impatient.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, you're doing that. But even though Paul Brown Squeeze

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<v Speaker 2>bottle valve helped us get much more ketchup out of bottles,

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<v Speaker 2>the truth is it's hard to get the last bits

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<v Speaker 2>of ketchup out of there, and that means there's a

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<v Speaker 2>lot of food wasts. But that's where some grad students

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<v Speaker 2>from MIT came in. In twenty twelve, that is, within

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<v Speaker 2>the last twenty five years here a PhD candidate named

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<v Speaker 2>Dave Smith and a team of mechanical engineers and nanotechnologists

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<v Speaker 2>at MIT's Varnacy Research Group had been working on various

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<v Speaker 2>lubricants and coatings to solve various issues. So they were

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<v Speaker 2>tackling things like how to coat an oil or gas

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<v Speaker 2>line so that there's no clogs, or how to cote

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<v Speaker 2>a windshield so that the water doesn't collect on it

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<v Speaker 2>and is more easily pushed off by your wipers. But

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<v Speaker 2>then they started wondering what would happen if they applied

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<v Speaker 2>some of their technology to consumer packaging. I think the

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<v Speaker 2>idea started with the frustration of getting honey out of

0:11:12.280 --> 0:11:14.160
<v Speaker 2>a bottle, you know, because there's still so much in

0:11:14.200 --> 0:11:15.160
<v Speaker 2>there at that point.

0:11:15.240 --> 0:11:18.880
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, I mean it's obviously annoying, but why were they

0:11:18.920 --> 0:11:21.040
<v Speaker 1>putting all this technology towards food bottles.

0:11:21.120 --> 0:11:23.360
<v Speaker 2>Well, according to Fast Company, that's one of the questions

0:11:23.440 --> 0:11:26.040
<v Speaker 2>they got asked the most. And the answer is that

0:11:26.120 --> 0:11:29.079
<v Speaker 2>the market for bottles and I'm just talking sauce bottles

0:11:29.080 --> 0:11:32.719
<v Speaker 2>here is a seventeen billion dollar market and if you

0:11:32.720 --> 0:11:35.400
<v Speaker 2>could solve food waste there, you could basically save a

0:11:35.520 --> 0:11:38.200
<v Speaker 2>million tons of food from being thrown out every single year.

0:11:38.240 --> 0:11:39.160
<v Speaker 1>That's pretty incredible.

0:11:39.240 --> 0:11:42.600
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, So they created this coating called liquid glide, and

0:11:42.640 --> 0:11:45.240
<v Speaker 2>it's really miraculous. Like if you watch the videos, the

0:11:45.320 --> 0:11:47.880
<v Speaker 2>Ketchup flows out of the bottle almost like a liquid

0:11:47.960 --> 0:11:51.280
<v Speaker 2>with nothing left in the bottle. As Professor Krippa Varnasi

0:11:51.360 --> 0:11:55.040
<v Speaker 2>puts it, there's this fundamental friction constraint called no slip

0:11:55.120 --> 0:11:58.120
<v Speaker 2>boundary condition between a liquid and a solid. And so

0:11:58.200 --> 0:12:01.040
<v Speaker 2>because they basically created a new surface for the liquid

0:12:01.040 --> 0:12:03.360
<v Speaker 2>to move on, you can get the product to slide

0:12:03.360 --> 0:12:06.080
<v Speaker 2>across the surface. And so he continues describing this. He

0:12:06.120 --> 0:12:08.640
<v Speaker 2>says that, Aha, moment that we could get around a

0:12:08.679 --> 0:12:11.079
<v Speaker 2>fundamental constraint of fluid dynamics.

0:12:11.760 --> 0:12:15.240
<v Speaker 1>That's really cool that they can take this like uncooperative

0:12:15.440 --> 0:12:17.959
<v Speaker 1>fluid like Ketchup and just make a glide out.

0:12:18.080 --> 0:12:21.040
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, and all the applications for this are actually pretty crazy.

0:12:21.240 --> 0:12:23.720
<v Speaker 2>It isn't just ketchup or honey that it affects suddenly,

0:12:23.760 --> 0:12:26.200
<v Speaker 2>Like you can get toothpaste out of a tube more effectively,

0:12:26.320 --> 0:12:29.600
<v Speaker 2>which makes that recyclable. You can use variations on medical

0:12:29.640 --> 0:12:32.440
<v Speaker 2>devices to get essential fluids out of bags like. It's

0:12:32.480 --> 0:12:33.360
<v Speaker 2>really remarkable.

0:12:33.800 --> 0:12:37.320
<v Speaker 1>I love that. So, of course, congratulations, doctor Varnossi and

0:12:37.360 --> 0:12:39.720
<v Speaker 1>team will be sending you a part time genius certificate

0:12:39.720 --> 0:12:43.200
<v Speaker 1>for your achievement and a handful of atomic fireballs for

0:12:43.280 --> 0:12:44.199
<v Speaker 1>your important work.

0:12:44.559 --> 0:12:47.680
<v Speaker 2>Such a great price, right.

0:12:48.920 --> 0:12:51.760
<v Speaker 1>So, sitting at number twenty four is a pretty whimsical

0:12:51.760 --> 0:12:54.199
<v Speaker 1>invention that maybe means more to me than it means

0:12:54.160 --> 0:12:57.840
<v Speaker 1>to you. It is a floating hot tub boat invented

0:12:57.880 --> 0:13:01.840
<v Speaker 1>in Finland called the hot tug, which sounds a little dirty,

0:13:01.880 --> 0:13:04.679
<v Speaker 1>but this loading tub is actually really wonderful.

0:13:04.920 --> 0:13:06.840
<v Speaker 2>And there's this story about why you like hot tubs

0:13:06.840 --> 0:13:08.640
<v Speaker 2>so much. I'm guessing I mean, to.

0:13:08.600 --> 0:13:11.760
<v Speaker 1>Be clear, I do like hot tubs in the appropriate context.

0:13:12.200 --> 0:13:14.120
<v Speaker 1>My friend Dave is a hot tub behind his place

0:13:14.160 --> 0:13:15.960
<v Speaker 1>in Idaho, and you can sit out there when it's

0:13:15.960 --> 0:13:18.360
<v Speaker 1>snowing and look at the Grand Tetons behind you, and

0:13:18.440 --> 0:13:21.719
<v Speaker 1>that is incredible. But also there was one time when

0:13:21.720 --> 0:13:23.320
<v Speaker 1>I was on a work trip and I showed up

0:13:23.320 --> 0:13:26.240
<v Speaker 1>at a hotel room in a dicey neighborhood that had

0:13:26.240 --> 0:13:28.040
<v Speaker 1>been booked for me, and there was a giant hot

0:13:28.040 --> 0:13:30.199
<v Speaker 1>tub in the middle of the hotel room, and that

0:13:30.400 --> 0:13:31.240
<v Speaker 1>was less appeeling.

0:13:31.440 --> 0:13:33.280
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, I could see maybe avoiding that.

0:13:34.000 --> 0:13:36.840
<v Speaker 1>But as you might know, I hate cold water. And

0:13:36.880 --> 0:13:38.440
<v Speaker 1>part of the reason is that when I was on

0:13:38.480 --> 0:13:40.520
<v Speaker 1>my study of broad trip, and this is so many

0:13:40.600 --> 0:13:43.920
<v Speaker 1>years ago in Tibet, we were hunting for this anthropological

0:13:43.960 --> 0:13:48.440
<v Speaker 1>evidence of a semi nomadic civilization, and there hadn't been

0:13:48.440 --> 0:13:50.320
<v Speaker 1>a lot of study done in this region of Tibet.

0:13:50.480 --> 0:13:54.360
<v Speaker 1>It was pretty pristine and hard for academics to get

0:13:54.400 --> 0:13:57.320
<v Speaker 1>to anyway, my friends and I saw these hots that

0:13:57.360 --> 0:13:59.440
<v Speaker 1>were set up across this little river, and we knew

0:13:59.440 --> 0:14:01.320
<v Speaker 1>we wanted to get to it, and there was a

0:14:01.360 --> 0:14:03.960
<v Speaker 1>bridge about two hours up one way and one hour

0:14:04.000 --> 0:14:06.440
<v Speaker 1>down the other way, and so my friends were like,

0:14:06.480 --> 0:14:09.520
<v Speaker 1>we should probably just cross this river. And to be clear,

0:14:09.679 --> 0:14:11.280
<v Speaker 1>there was snow on the ground at the time and

0:14:11.320 --> 0:14:14.200
<v Speaker 1>the water was ice cold, and we didn't want to

0:14:14.200 --> 0:14:16.920
<v Speaker 1>get our clothes wet, so basically we got naked and

0:14:16.960 --> 0:14:19.080
<v Speaker 1>cross this thing so we'd have dry clothes on the

0:14:19.080 --> 0:14:21.960
<v Speaker 1>other side. And I just remember getting up to my

0:14:22.000 --> 0:14:24.520
<v Speaker 1>ankles and being like, I've never been this cold, and

0:14:24.600 --> 0:14:26.200
<v Speaker 1>then getting up to my knees and being like I've

0:14:26.200 --> 0:14:28.520
<v Speaker 1>never been this cold, and then getting to my waist.

0:14:28.880 --> 0:14:31.880
<v Speaker 1>But the current was also crazy strong, and I almost

0:14:31.880 --> 0:14:34.600
<v Speaker 1>slipped out some moss and somehow caught myself with the

0:14:34.640 --> 0:14:38.680
<v Speaker 1>stick and it was miserable. But I just remember being

0:14:38.720 --> 0:14:42.120
<v Speaker 1>so cold for so long, and the worst part was

0:14:42.200 --> 0:14:44.320
<v Speaker 1>the huts weren't any big discovery, so it was just

0:14:44.360 --> 0:14:49.360
<v Speaker 1>like a normal settlement. But I was very angry, and

0:14:49.520 --> 0:14:51.600
<v Speaker 1>since then I don't really go in cold water, but

0:14:52.200 --> 0:14:54.480
<v Speaker 1>I will go in hot water, and that's where the

0:14:54.520 --> 0:14:55.400
<v Speaker 1>hot tug comes in.

0:14:55.480 --> 0:14:57.760
<v Speaker 2>Wow, I'm with you on the cold water. I don't

0:14:57.840 --> 0:15:00.440
<v Speaker 2>understand people that can do the cold plunge thing. It's

0:15:00.520 --> 0:15:02.640
<v Speaker 2>just I don't get it. But anyway, tell me more

0:15:02.680 --> 0:15:03.560
<v Speaker 2>about this invention.

0:15:03.760 --> 0:15:06.960
<v Speaker 1>So it is the brainchild of a Dutch furniture designer.

0:15:07.000 --> 0:15:09.880
<v Speaker 1>His name is Frank de Bruyne. And it's not just

0:15:09.920 --> 0:15:12.400
<v Speaker 1>a barrel with heat under it. So this thing is

0:15:12.440 --> 0:15:16.680
<v Speaker 1>a beautiful two thousand liter eight seater jacuzzi boat. And

0:15:17.040 --> 0:15:19.680
<v Speaker 1>according to an interview with the New York Post, Jabrun

0:15:19.720 --> 0:15:22.240
<v Speaker 1>actually grew up on a barge where his parents were skippers,

0:15:22.480 --> 0:15:25.920
<v Speaker 1>and he'd always loved campfires and nature and looking up

0:15:25.920 --> 0:15:28.480
<v Speaker 1>at the stars. And at some point he wondered, like,

0:15:28.800 --> 0:15:31.040
<v Speaker 1>what if you could have a mobile hot tub, like

0:15:31.120 --> 0:15:32.960
<v Speaker 1>not just something that was parked in your backyard, but

0:15:33.040 --> 0:15:35.440
<v Speaker 1>something that would allow you to float out wherever you were,

0:15:36.120 --> 0:15:38.560
<v Speaker 1>and that could be on a lake or a fjord.

0:15:38.800 --> 0:15:41.680
<v Speaker 1>And so he created this boat with an electric motor,

0:15:41.920 --> 0:15:45.160
<v Speaker 1>so it is entirely quiet for the nature aspect, but

0:15:45.360 --> 0:15:49.480
<v Speaker 1>the hot tub contraption is also entirely stable, so you

0:15:49.480 --> 0:15:51.320
<v Speaker 1>can sit in the hot tub and then stand up

0:15:51.320 --> 0:15:54.239
<v Speaker 1>and dive off the side into like a crisp, refreshing

0:15:54.320 --> 0:15:56.800
<v Speaker 1>lake and you won't tip anything over. To me, it

0:15:56.840 --> 0:15:59.000
<v Speaker 1>feels like a really beautiful way to float your way

0:15:59.040 --> 0:16:02.720
<v Speaker 1>through a cold land escape. Like imagine being in one

0:16:02.720 --> 0:16:05.320
<v Speaker 1>of these off the coast of Alaska or in the

0:16:05.360 --> 0:16:08.680
<v Speaker 1>Pacific Northwest, And that's kind of de Bruyn's dream too.

0:16:09.400 --> 0:16:11.920
<v Speaker 1>Right now, the hot tubs are cost prohibitive. They run

0:16:11.960 --> 0:16:15.280
<v Speaker 1>about fifteen thousand to twenty thousand dollars. But his hope

0:16:15.320 --> 0:16:18.000
<v Speaker 1>is that national parks and cities will buy fleets of

0:16:18.040 --> 0:16:20.240
<v Speaker 1>these things and then rent them out to people like me,

0:16:20.520 --> 0:16:23.520
<v Speaker 1>you know, tourists who hate the cold but love nature.

0:16:23.640 --> 0:16:27.920
<v Speaker 2>That sounds pretty awesome. I'm on board, Mango. The next

0:16:27.960 --> 0:16:29.960
<v Speaker 2>one for me is a discovery that deals with one

0:16:29.960 --> 0:16:35.040
<v Speaker 2>of my biggest pet peeves. Tangled headphones and chords so frustrating.

0:16:35.520 --> 0:16:38.240
<v Speaker 2>And this comes from a British scientist named Robert Matthews

0:16:38.240 --> 0:16:41.080
<v Speaker 2>from Aston University. So over the years, people have tried

0:16:41.080 --> 0:16:43.280
<v Speaker 2>to deal with knots in tons of ways. You can

0:16:43.360 --> 0:16:47.160
<v Speaker 2>very carefully coil up chords using special reels. They're actually

0:16:47.160 --> 0:16:49.960
<v Speaker 2>a ton of anti nodding gadgets out there. But Robert

0:16:50.000 --> 0:16:54.800
<v Speaker 2>Matthews developed a mathematical theory which has an incredibly simple answer.

0:16:55.240 --> 0:16:58.400
<v Speaker 2>According to his loop conjecture, one of the easiest things

0:16:58.440 --> 0:17:00.440
<v Speaker 2>you can do is clip the ends of a chord

0:17:00.480 --> 0:17:04.000
<v Speaker 2>together to form a loop. Based on his mathematical models,

0:17:04.040 --> 0:17:07.480
<v Speaker 2>forming a simple loop produces a tenfold reduction in the

0:17:07.560 --> 0:17:10.480
<v Speaker 2>risk of knots forming in the headphone course. That's amazing,

0:17:10.760 --> 0:17:13.320
<v Speaker 2>But what's also sweet about his theory is that Matthews

0:17:13.400 --> 0:17:16.720
<v Speaker 2>organized something called the British not Experiment, where, according to

0:17:16.760 --> 0:17:19.480
<v Speaker 2>Science Daily, kids at schools across the country looked at

0:17:19.520 --> 0:17:23.560
<v Speaker 2>this phenomena with quote various cord thickness, rigidity, and other

0:17:23.640 --> 0:17:26.120
<v Speaker 2>parameters likely to affect nodding risk.

0:17:27.560 --> 0:17:30.320
<v Speaker 1>I mean, tangled chords are definitely one of my biggest

0:17:30.320 --> 0:17:33.480
<v Speaker 1>pet peeves, and every year I try so many different

0:17:33.480 --> 0:17:36.639
<v Speaker 1>ways to make sure that my Christmas lights don't get

0:17:36.680 --> 0:17:39.720
<v Speaker 1>tangled or chords don't get tangled. And I'm just kind

0:17:39.720 --> 0:17:41.879
<v Speaker 1>of fascinated by this idea that if you just loop

0:17:41.960 --> 0:17:43.760
<v Speaker 1>the chords, it solves the issue.

0:17:43.880 --> 0:17:46.240
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, And Matthews points out that even though it feels

0:17:46.240 --> 0:17:50.280
<v Speaker 2>trivial in nature, quote, the phenomena of spontaneous nodding is

0:17:50.320 --> 0:17:53.760
<v Speaker 2>of great significance in other areas, including polymer chemistry and

0:17:53.800 --> 0:17:57.480
<v Speaker 2>molecular biology. Like if you consider there's over a meter

0:17:57.600 --> 0:18:00.479
<v Speaker 2>of DNA crammed into every one of our selves, and

0:18:00.520 --> 0:18:03.919
<v Speaker 2>any knots can dramatically increase the risk of genetic malfunction,

0:18:04.560 --> 0:18:06.840
<v Speaker 2>you can see how there might be some really interesting

0:18:06.880 --> 0:18:10.600
<v Speaker 2>applications there, Like Matthew's points to some anti cancer drugs

0:18:10.600 --> 0:18:13.960
<v Speaker 2>that work by affecting not formation. And cancer cells, and

0:18:14.000 --> 0:18:16.560
<v Speaker 2>he's hoping that the loop conjecture can lead to new

0:18:16.600 --> 0:18:18.120
<v Speaker 2>approaches in drug design.

0:18:18.520 --> 0:18:21.639
<v Speaker 1>That's amazing that you can tackle something that's annoying like

0:18:21.880 --> 0:18:24.160
<v Speaker 1>headphones and it solves genetic problem.

0:18:24.200 --> 0:18:26.240
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, something almost as important like cancer.

0:18:26.480 --> 0:18:30.160
<v Speaker 1>Right, Yeah, well that is pretty awesome. I know we've

0:18:30.160 --> 0:18:34.119
<v Speaker 1>got lots more to cover, from space perfumes to bird esthetics,

0:18:34.200 --> 0:18:36.239
<v Speaker 1>but before we get to any of that, let's take

0:18:36.280 --> 0:18:39.360
<v Speaker 1>a quick break.

0:18:51.920 --> 0:18:53.880
<v Speaker 2>Welcome back to Part Time Genius, where we're talking about

0:18:53.920 --> 0:18:57.960
<v Speaker 2>twenty five great science ideas over the last twenty five years.

0:18:57.960 --> 0:19:01.840
<v Speaker 2>And I forgot Mengo. What number are we on? All right,

0:19:01.960 --> 0:19:04.200
<v Speaker 2>number twenty two? So Mango, what do you have next?

0:19:05.640 --> 0:19:08.240
<v Speaker 1>Well, let's talk about the sense of smell, because when

0:19:08.240 --> 0:19:11.440
<v Speaker 1>it comes to memory and emotion, there is no sense

0:19:11.560 --> 0:19:14.159
<v Speaker 1>quite as powerful as scent. And for me, like a

0:19:14.200 --> 0:19:17.359
<v Speaker 1>whiff of jasmine takes me to my grandmother's backyard and India,

0:19:17.880 --> 0:19:20.639
<v Speaker 1>there's a certain wet grass and pavement smell that reminds

0:19:20.640 --> 0:19:23.720
<v Speaker 1>me of monsoons and also spring in Delaware. Yeah, also

0:19:24.119 --> 0:19:26.800
<v Speaker 1>lemon pledge weirdly reminds me of when my sister and

0:19:26.840 --> 0:19:29.200
<v Speaker 1>I used to have to dust wood furniture every Saturday

0:19:29.200 --> 0:19:33.800
<v Speaker 1>after cartoons. So are there any distinctive sense that you

0:19:33.800 --> 0:19:34.240
<v Speaker 1>can think of.

0:19:34.240 --> 0:19:36.359
<v Speaker 2>It's funny that you mentioned your grandmother. I feel like

0:19:36.400 --> 0:19:39.160
<v Speaker 2>everybody who you know had the benefit of being able

0:19:39.200 --> 0:19:41.440
<v Speaker 2>to go to a grandmother's house has a certain scent there.

0:19:41.480 --> 0:19:43.840
<v Speaker 2>For me, it was the smell of bacon, because my

0:19:43.840 --> 0:19:48.119
<v Speaker 2>granddad cooked bacon every single morning of his life, and

0:19:48.160 --> 0:19:51.120
<v Speaker 2>so whenever you walk into that house, you're just like bacon.

0:19:53.840 --> 0:19:54.240
<v Speaker 2>I love that.

0:19:54.320 --> 0:19:57.320
<v Speaker 1>Mike Myers always talks about like how it smells like soup,

0:19:57.359 --> 0:19:58.600
<v Speaker 1>whinny he thinks.

0:19:58.400 --> 0:20:01.439
<v Speaker 2>About old people. This is a little better than that.

0:20:02.480 --> 0:20:05.400
<v Speaker 1>So our next guest knows a lot about scent. It's

0:20:05.440 --> 0:20:07.879
<v Speaker 1>what he does for a living. And our pal Mary

0:20:08.000 --> 0:20:09.440
<v Speaker 1>actually got him on the phone.

0:20:09.640 --> 0:20:12.640
<v Speaker 3>I'm Steve Pierce. I've worked in the flame room fragrance

0:20:12.640 --> 0:20:16.240
<v Speaker 3>industry for more than forty years in various roles and

0:20:16.480 --> 0:20:20.160
<v Speaker 3>now a consult for some companies in that industry. I'm

0:20:20.200 --> 0:20:22.399
<v Speaker 3>a bit of a jack of all trades, to be honest.

0:20:22.960 --> 0:20:26.320
<v Speaker 1>So Steve has a degree and applied biochemistry and says

0:20:26.359 --> 0:20:28.720
<v Speaker 1>he's been interested in smells since he was a kid.

0:20:28.800 --> 0:20:31.160
<v Speaker 1>So back in the early two thousands, he was approached

0:20:31.200 --> 0:20:33.800
<v Speaker 1>by a museum curator who wanted to make an exhibit

0:20:33.880 --> 0:20:37.560
<v Speaker 1>about impossible smells, like smells that were so fleeting or

0:20:37.640 --> 0:20:39.400
<v Speaker 1>so far in the past that no one's been able

0:20:39.440 --> 0:20:42.840
<v Speaker 1>to experience them. And one of the impossible smells he

0:20:42.880 --> 0:20:45.440
<v Speaker 1>developed for this exhibit was the scent of the Mere

0:20:45.680 --> 0:20:49.040
<v Speaker 1>Space Station as it fell back to Earth. The exhibit

0:20:49.160 --> 0:20:52.080
<v Speaker 1>was a huge hit and people were fascinated.

0:20:52.400 --> 0:20:53.879
<v Speaker 3>It made a bit of a splash. It was on

0:20:53.960 --> 0:20:56.399
<v Speaker 3>TV all the rest of it. And it was a

0:20:56.440 --> 0:20:58.800
<v Speaker 3>few months after that that I got this call from

0:20:58.880 --> 0:21:03.359
<v Speaker 3>someone at NASA. He explained his role as having to

0:21:03.400 --> 0:21:07.360
<v Speaker 3>smell every single component that went into the Space Shuttle

0:21:07.920 --> 0:21:10.760
<v Speaker 3>to make sure that when astronauts were up there, there

0:21:10.840 --> 0:21:14.320
<v Speaker 3>was nothing that was going to create an off an

0:21:14.359 --> 0:21:17.280
<v Speaker 3>unpleasant environment for them to live and work in.

0:21:17.760 --> 0:21:19.720
<v Speaker 2>So I'm trying to imagine this guy's work day, like

0:21:19.760 --> 0:21:21.679
<v Speaker 2>he walked around sniffing rocket parts.

0:21:21.880 --> 0:21:24.359
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, I guess something like that, And I guess he

0:21:24.440 --> 0:21:27.560
<v Speaker 1>told Steve that NASA had a smell problem.

0:21:28.400 --> 0:21:32.919
<v Speaker 3>They had astronauts returning to Earth who'd gone for a

0:21:33.080 --> 0:21:37.240
<v Speaker 3>vehicular walk outside. So they'd gone outside to service satellites

0:21:37.240 --> 0:21:39.720
<v Speaker 3>and do all the things they do, and then when

0:21:39.760 --> 0:21:43.280
<v Speaker 3>they got back inside, they were going through the airlock

0:21:43.680 --> 0:21:47.280
<v Speaker 3>and they'd repressurized, take their suit helmet off, and then

0:21:47.320 --> 0:21:49.919
<v Speaker 3>they got hit by this smell. And a number of

0:21:49.920 --> 0:21:52.840
<v Speaker 3>them came back and said, look, we went through all

0:21:52.880 --> 0:21:57.080
<v Speaker 3>this training about fitness, about psychology here, about how to

0:21:57.200 --> 0:21:59.800
<v Speaker 3>fly things, how to service satellites, how to walk as

0:21:59.840 --> 0:22:03.159
<v Speaker 3>they nobody warned us about this smell.

0:22:03.520 --> 0:22:06.200
<v Speaker 2>Never would have thought that space had a smell. Apparently

0:22:06.320 --> 0:22:09.160
<v Speaker 2>NASA hadn't either, So they asked Steve if you could

0:22:09.200 --> 0:22:12.840
<v Speaker 2>recreate the scent of space for training purposes, and he

0:22:12.920 --> 0:22:15.119
<v Speaker 2>was like, sure, I'll give it a try. So NASA

0:22:15.119 --> 0:22:17.360
<v Speaker 2>put him in touch with some astronauts so he could

0:22:17.359 --> 0:22:19.919
<v Speaker 2>get a first hand account of the space smell.

0:22:20.280 --> 0:22:23.560
<v Speaker 3>They were pretty consistent in terms of it, focusing on

0:22:23.600 --> 0:22:27.480
<v Speaker 3>things like hot metal. They said fried steak, but I

0:22:27.600 --> 0:22:30.840
<v Speaker 3>kind of think that was when maybe they were near

0:22:30.880 --> 0:22:34.040
<v Speaker 3>a barbecue which was hot metal, and they were associating

0:22:34.080 --> 0:22:37.159
<v Speaker 3>the fried steak and the hot metal. And one of

0:22:37.200 --> 0:22:41.320
<v Speaker 3>them described it as the scent of the hot metal

0:22:41.359 --> 0:22:43.760
<v Speaker 3>when he was welding on his motorbike as a young

0:22:43.800 --> 0:22:47.000
<v Speaker 3>man and things like this. So that was the description

0:22:47.400 --> 0:22:50.360
<v Speaker 3>that I had to go for and try and recreate

0:22:50.440 --> 0:22:53.359
<v Speaker 3>that in a safe way that could be used during

0:22:53.359 --> 0:22:53.920
<v Speaker 3>the training.

0:22:54.359 --> 0:22:56.560
<v Speaker 1>So around the same time, some other papers came out

0:22:56.560 --> 0:23:00.359
<v Speaker 1>that offered all these hypotheses about what space smell like

0:23:00.760 --> 0:23:04.000
<v Speaker 1>based on beectroscopic analysis, and two of the notes that

0:23:04.040 --> 0:23:08.200
<v Speaker 1>got mentioned were raspberries and rum, which I've read about

0:23:08.240 --> 0:23:11.200
<v Speaker 1>and it sounds really nice. But Steve didn't buy it.

0:23:11.680 --> 0:23:14.800
<v Speaker 1>None of the astronauts he'd interviewed mentioned any of those scents,

0:23:14.880 --> 0:23:18.360
<v Speaker 1>so he stuck to his brief of hot metal and meat.

0:23:18.520 --> 0:23:20.439
<v Speaker 1>And the more he thought about it, the more it

0:23:20.480 --> 0:23:23.960
<v Speaker 1>made sense because when the astronauts were outside, their suits

0:23:24.040 --> 0:23:28.080
<v Speaker 1>were bombarded by high velocity particles and solar wind, so

0:23:28.440 --> 0:23:30.960
<v Speaker 1>when they came back inside, they detected the odor left

0:23:31.000 --> 0:23:32.159
<v Speaker 1>by all that energy.

0:23:32.480 --> 0:23:34.800
<v Speaker 2>So we managed to recreate the smell for NASA.

0:23:35.359 --> 0:23:37.119
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, I mean, it took a couple of months, but

0:23:37.359 --> 0:23:40.280
<v Speaker 1>he did. And unfortunately, in the time he was working,

0:23:40.520 --> 0:23:44.280
<v Speaker 1>his NASA contact had retired or maybe been laid off,

0:23:44.320 --> 0:23:46.840
<v Speaker 1>like to this day Steven in shore, which all he

0:23:46.920 --> 0:23:49.240
<v Speaker 1>knew was that he called NASA to say, hey, I've

0:23:49.240 --> 0:23:51.640
<v Speaker 1>got your space smell, and NASA was like, we don't

0:23:51.680 --> 0:23:53.720
<v Speaker 1>know where you're talking about, man.

0:23:54.840 --> 0:23:59.280
<v Speaker 3>I couldn't find anyone else to want to take it forward,

0:23:59.359 --> 0:24:01.320
<v Speaker 3>so it was a bit disappointing to have done that

0:24:01.440 --> 0:24:04.120
<v Speaker 3>work and then not be able to see it put

0:24:04.160 --> 0:24:06.800
<v Speaker 3>to use. So I kind of parked it.

0:24:07.280 --> 0:24:10.159
<v Speaker 1>The story might have ended there, but the BBC happened

0:24:10.200 --> 0:24:14.000
<v Speaker 1>to visit Steve's lab for a report on fragrance and flavors.

0:24:14.400 --> 0:24:17.840
<v Speaker 1>The reporter asked if he'd worked on anything particularly unusual,

0:24:17.960 --> 0:24:20.879
<v Speaker 1>and Steve said, well, as a matter of fact, I

0:24:20.960 --> 0:24:24.200
<v Speaker 1>made the scent of space for NASA, and that turned

0:24:24.240 --> 0:24:26.600
<v Speaker 1>into the kicker of the piece, and then another media

0:24:26.640 --> 0:24:28.960
<v Speaker 1>storm erupted, so the news traveled to this side of

0:24:28.960 --> 0:24:32.240
<v Speaker 1>the Atlantic and Steve was contacted by an American education

0:24:32.440 --> 0:24:35.439
<v Speaker 1>advocate who wanted to leverage the scent to raise money

0:24:35.480 --> 0:24:38.280
<v Speaker 1>for STEM programs. Right, this is awesome. So the initial

0:24:38.280 --> 0:24:41.199
<v Speaker 1>goal was something like, let's sell two thousand dollars of

0:24:41.240 --> 0:24:44.120
<v Speaker 1>this perfume, and in the end the project raised over

0:24:44.359 --> 0:24:46.520
<v Speaker 1>six hundred thousand dollars on kickstar.

0:24:46.680 --> 0:24:47.359
<v Speaker 2>Isn't that amazing?

0:24:47.960 --> 0:24:50.800
<v Speaker 1>And the idea was that for every bottle someone bought,

0:24:50.840 --> 0:24:53.720
<v Speaker 1>a bottle would get sent to a school. But this

0:24:53.760 --> 0:24:55.280
<v Speaker 1>meant a new challenge for Steve.

0:24:55.840 --> 0:24:59.120
<v Speaker 3>Before, I wasn't worried about skin contact and things like that.

0:24:59.160 --> 0:25:01.639
<v Speaker 3>I was just thinking people would smell it. No, that

0:25:01.680 --> 0:25:03.240
<v Speaker 3>would be the end of it. Now I had to

0:25:03.240 --> 0:25:05.879
<v Speaker 3>go back to the drawing board and reformulate it to

0:25:05.960 --> 0:25:10.280
<v Speaker 3>make sure it was completely safe in case anybody accidentally

0:25:10.280 --> 0:25:13.040
<v Speaker 3>sprayed it in their eye or swallowed it, or make

0:25:13.080 --> 0:25:15.160
<v Speaker 3>sure there were no allergens in there and so on.

0:25:15.560 --> 0:25:18.880
<v Speaker 1>So what's more, Steve had actually developed a second space scent.

0:25:19.280 --> 0:25:21.760
<v Speaker 1>He met the astronaut Charles Duke at a conference, and

0:25:21.800 --> 0:25:24.360
<v Speaker 1>Duke could actually walk down the Moon with the Apollo

0:25:24.440 --> 0:25:27.679
<v Speaker 1>eleven crew, So naturally Steve wanted to know what that

0:25:27.800 --> 0:25:28.480
<v Speaker 1>had smelled like.

0:25:29.000 --> 0:25:31.080
<v Speaker 3>And of course he's, well, of course you can't smell

0:25:31.119 --> 0:25:32.960
<v Speaker 3>anything through the suit, and he's having a joke and

0:25:33.000 --> 0:25:35.359
<v Speaker 3>all that, But then he says, when you get inside

0:25:35.680 --> 0:25:38.520
<v Speaker 3>and you're covered in this fine dust, he starts explaining

0:25:38.520 --> 0:25:41.480
<v Speaker 3>to everyone about it. Takes his helmet off, he says,

0:25:41.520 --> 0:25:44.640
<v Speaker 3>and all you can smell is this smell of the moon,

0:25:44.680 --> 0:25:46.720
<v Speaker 3>he says. And everyone thinks it smells of cheese and

0:25:46.760 --> 0:25:48.760
<v Speaker 3>makes all these jokes about it, but he says, it

0:25:48.880 --> 0:25:50.880
<v Speaker 3>smells like spent gunpowder.

0:25:51.480 --> 0:25:53.280
<v Speaker 1>So the scent of Space and the Scent of the

0:25:53.320 --> 0:25:56.600
<v Speaker 1>Moon became available through this kickstarter. And now Steve does

0:25:56.600 --> 0:25:58.280
<v Speaker 1>want to make it very clear that he is not

0:25:58.520 --> 0:26:01.960
<v Speaker 1>involved in any of the logistics for fulfillment with this

0:26:02.119 --> 0:26:04.960
<v Speaker 1>Space scent product. He just made vats of the stuff

0:26:05.000 --> 0:26:07.280
<v Speaker 1>and had it shift to a distributor. But he is

0:26:07.480 --> 0:26:09.919
<v Speaker 1>really happy about all the bottles that made their way

0:26:09.960 --> 0:26:12.480
<v Speaker 1>to schools and STEM programs, And he told us one

0:26:12.520 --> 0:26:15.080
<v Speaker 1>of his proudest moments was meeting a dad whose son

0:26:15.240 --> 0:26:19.439
<v Speaker 1>had really severe learning disabilities, but he was fascinated by

0:26:19.480 --> 0:26:22.040
<v Speaker 1>space and being able to smell it made it come

0:26:22.080 --> 0:26:24.920
<v Speaker 1>to life in this incredible, vivid way.

0:26:25.119 --> 0:26:26.879
<v Speaker 2>Oh that's so cool. I do have to ask my

0:26:27.000 --> 0:26:29.080
<v Speaker 2>go have you smelled this stuff? And if so, is

0:26:29.080 --> 0:26:29.520
<v Speaker 2>it good?

0:26:30.119 --> 0:26:34.840
<v Speaker 1>I don't think the word is good, like maybe interesting, fascinating, meaty.

0:26:36.080 --> 0:26:40.240
<v Speaker 1>I looked up out to Space on perfume review website

0:26:40.320 --> 0:26:42.440
<v Speaker 1>and a lot of people complained that it didn't smell

0:26:42.560 --> 0:26:45.920
<v Speaker 1>like something you'd wear, which makes sense because that wasn't

0:26:45.920 --> 0:26:49.760
<v Speaker 1>the intention. But what's really interesting is several reviewers mentioned

0:26:49.760 --> 0:26:52.800
<v Speaker 1>that the scent made them feel a sense of loneliness

0:26:52.920 --> 0:26:56.200
<v Speaker 1>or dispair and so we actually asked Steve about this.

0:26:56.760 --> 0:27:00.119
<v Speaker 3>I wouldn't have used words like despair and loneliness. I

0:27:00.119 --> 0:27:03.040
<v Speaker 3>can understand if people are putting that concept of the

0:27:03.119 --> 0:27:06.480
<v Speaker 3>fragrance alongside the fact that you're in an airless and

0:27:06.640 --> 0:27:10.280
<v Speaker 3>void of space and you're weightless. If it manages to

0:27:10.320 --> 0:27:13.280
<v Speaker 3>conjure up those feelings, I can understand why they might

0:27:13.320 --> 0:27:18.280
<v Speaker 3>describe it as that. There's definitely a meaty element to it.

0:27:18.280 --> 0:27:21.320
<v Speaker 3>It is quite harsh and metallic as well. I would

0:27:21.320 --> 0:27:23.760
<v Speaker 3>have said I would have described it as that. The

0:27:23.840 --> 0:27:26.000
<v Speaker 3>other image I had was if you've ever been the

0:27:26.680 --> 0:27:30.760
<v Speaker 3>electrical sparks and you get that blue flash and there's

0:27:30.840 --> 0:27:35.000
<v Speaker 3>that sense of burning although nothing's burning, it's almost like

0:27:35.040 --> 0:27:38.720
<v Speaker 3>the ozone in the air that's created in that high

0:27:38.880 --> 0:27:41.439
<v Speaker 3>energy impact. Those were the kind of images I was

0:27:41.440 --> 0:27:44.120
<v Speaker 3>trying to recreate. I never set out to make anyone

0:27:44.200 --> 0:27:47.879
<v Speaker 3>feel despair, but you know what, when you're working on

0:27:47.920 --> 0:27:50.520
<v Speaker 3>these things on your own and you're sometimes coming up

0:27:50.560 --> 0:27:52.879
<v Speaker 3>against a bit of a block and trying to improve it,

0:27:52.960 --> 0:27:55.520
<v Speaker 3>sometimes that can feel pretty lonely as well.

0:27:55.760 --> 0:27:58.120
<v Speaker 1>And maybe that's the next challenge for a fragrance scientist

0:27:58.240 --> 0:28:00.159
<v Speaker 1>like Steve, like figure out a way to bottle the

0:28:00.200 --> 0:28:02.919
<v Speaker 1>scent of loneliness along with one that makes you feel

0:28:03.520 --> 0:28:05.720
<v Speaker 1>maybe more like you're surrounded by people you love.

0:28:06.000 --> 0:28:07.080
<v Speaker 2>That's a great idea.

0:28:07.200 --> 0:28:09.879
<v Speaker 1>Anyway, I'm sure everyone's wondering, Okay, how can I get

0:28:09.880 --> 0:28:12.600
<v Speaker 1>a whiff of this? Well, we manage to get our

0:28:12.640 --> 0:28:14.720
<v Speaker 1>hands on a bottle of the Space scent and a

0:28:14.720 --> 0:28:16.480
<v Speaker 1>bottle of the Moon scent, and.

0:28:16.320 --> 0:28:17.720
<v Speaker 2>We squirted it on a fire mall.

0:28:18.040 --> 0:28:21.960
<v Speaker 1>So we are giving them away today on our Instagram.

0:28:22.000 --> 0:28:24.919
<v Speaker 1>So go check it out at part time Genius to

0:28:24.960 --> 0:28:25.840
<v Speaker 1>see how you can win.

0:28:25.920 --> 0:28:30.520
<v Speaker 2>I'm gonna apply. So for anyone who's suffered from jet lag,

0:28:30.560 --> 0:28:32.439
<v Speaker 2>you know how hard it can be to try to

0:28:32.480 --> 0:28:35.080
<v Speaker 2>get your body clock to shift time zones. It is

0:28:35.200 --> 0:28:38.160
<v Speaker 2>really not a pleasant process. But for a bunch of hamsters,

0:28:38.240 --> 0:28:42.000
<v Speaker 2>at least one thing has helped, taking viagra. You can

0:28:42.080 --> 0:28:46.160
<v Speaker 2>see any of this coming to do jet lag, Hamsters, viagra?

0:28:46.280 --> 0:28:48.440
<v Speaker 2>Can you work those into the sentence? It's like the

0:28:48.480 --> 0:28:51.280
<v Speaker 2>weirdest success, Mad Live success.

0:28:52.640 --> 0:28:54.800
<v Speaker 1>So why were they giving viagra to hamster?

0:28:55.400 --> 0:28:58.360
<v Speaker 2>What else would you give them? Mango? But anyway, it's

0:28:58.400 --> 0:29:01.720
<v Speaker 2>really only in small doses. So, as the Smithsonian points out,

0:29:01.960 --> 0:29:05.000
<v Speaker 2>since nineteen ninety eight, when viagra was first approved by

0:29:05.000 --> 0:29:08.320
<v Speaker 2>the FDA. Scientists have found all sorts of other uses

0:29:08.360 --> 0:29:11.320
<v Speaker 2>for the drug, including for flowers. Actually, so if you

0:29:11.360 --> 0:29:13.840
<v Speaker 2>crush viagra into a vase, it can help your fresh

0:29:13.840 --> 0:29:17.600
<v Speaker 2>cut flowers last longer. It's also good for treating blood pressure,

0:29:17.640 --> 0:29:20.040
<v Speaker 2>and in two thousand and seven, a trio of Argentinian

0:29:20.120 --> 0:29:22.840
<v Speaker 2>scientists figured out that injecting a small amount of viagra

0:29:22.960 --> 0:29:25.960
<v Speaker 2>into a hamster will help cure it of jet lag.

0:29:26.440 --> 0:29:28.400
<v Speaker 1>I mean, of course it has to be a small dose, right,

0:29:28.440 --> 0:29:31.880
<v Speaker 1>These are hamster. These are also scientists, so they could

0:29:31.920 --> 0:29:35.240
<v Speaker 1>do whatever, but anyway. But it's basically enough viagra to

0:29:35.360 --> 0:29:37.720
<v Speaker 1>affect them, but not enough to get them aroused or

0:29:37.760 --> 0:29:38.440
<v Speaker 1>anything like that.

0:29:38.480 --> 0:29:41.880
<v Speaker 2>But back to the jet lag. Normally, humans tend to

0:29:41.920 --> 0:29:45.240
<v Speaker 2>take a full day to adjust for an hour of change,

0:29:45.480 --> 0:29:47.520
<v Speaker 2>So if you travel to Singapore from New York, it'll

0:29:47.520 --> 0:29:50.400
<v Speaker 2>take your body about twelve days to fully adjust to

0:29:50.440 --> 0:29:53.640
<v Speaker 2>that time change. But with viagra, the hamsters were covered

0:29:53.680 --> 0:29:56.480
<v Speaker 2>in about half of that period. And do we know

0:29:56.560 --> 0:29:59.640
<v Speaker 2>why this is Well, according to the Smithsonian quote, they

0:29:59.720 --> 0:30:02.680
<v Speaker 2>believe even happened because the drug raises levels of a

0:30:02.720 --> 0:30:07.680
<v Speaker 2>molecule called cyclic guanascene monophosphate in the body. cGMP is

0:30:07.720 --> 0:30:11.320
<v Speaker 2>the molecule that expands blood vessels, which helps with getting

0:30:11.320 --> 0:30:13.880
<v Speaker 2>men excited. That's how it works from that purpose. But

0:30:14.200 --> 0:30:17.800
<v Speaker 2>cGMP also speeds up the body's internal clock, which is

0:30:17.840 --> 0:30:21.200
<v Speaker 2>how it combats jet lag. Anyway, the most fascinating thing

0:30:21.240 --> 0:30:23.320
<v Speaker 2>about this study, or to me at least, was that

0:30:23.560 --> 0:30:27.120
<v Speaker 2>the viagra only worked when hamsters were traveling east. Like,

0:30:27.160 --> 0:30:29.840
<v Speaker 2>the viagra helped if you adjusted the time zone from

0:30:30.080 --> 0:30:33.040
<v Speaker 2>New York to London, but if you had them going west,

0:30:33.160 --> 0:30:36.760
<v Speaker 2>it basically had no effect. I heard viagra's the same way, So.

0:30:38.640 --> 0:30:42.480
<v Speaker 1>That is wilds Well, I've got another discovery about animals,

0:30:42.480 --> 0:30:47.720
<v Speaker 1>but before we get to that, let's take one last break.

0:31:00.440 --> 0:31:02.480
<v Speaker 2>Welcome back to Part Time Genius, where we're counting down

0:31:02.520 --> 0:31:05.360
<v Speaker 2>the twenty five greatest science ideas of the past twenty

0:31:05.400 --> 0:31:08.640
<v Speaker 2>five years. All right, mango, we are all the way too.

0:31:09.480 --> 0:31:14.360
<v Speaker 1>Why those sesame street numbers never get old to me?

0:31:15.560 --> 0:31:18.360
<v Speaker 1>And at number twenty, we're going to cover one of

0:31:18.400 --> 0:31:22.480
<v Speaker 1>the most important scientific discoveries of our time, according to me,

0:31:23.280 --> 0:31:27.480
<v Speaker 1>which is why chickens like Denzel Washington more than you.

0:31:27.840 --> 0:31:31.080
<v Speaker 2>More than I like Denzel Washington, or they like Denzel

0:31:31.160 --> 0:31:32.080
<v Speaker 2>more than they like me.

0:31:32.320 --> 0:31:34.800
<v Speaker 1>They like Denzel more than they liked Okay, god, okn me,

0:31:35.400 --> 0:31:36.560
<v Speaker 1>they preferred Denze.

0:31:36.440 --> 0:31:37.640
<v Speaker 2>Making sure I didn't know if I was part of

0:31:37.680 --> 0:31:38.160
<v Speaker 2>this study.

0:31:39.360 --> 0:31:41.760
<v Speaker 1>Now, over the years, there have been lots of discoveries

0:31:41.800 --> 0:31:44.120
<v Speaker 1>about chickens. We know that the color of a chicken's

0:31:44.160 --> 0:31:47.600
<v Speaker 1>eggs often coincides with the color of the bird's ear lobes.

0:31:48.200 --> 0:31:51.520
<v Speaker 1>We know that today's chickens descended from the red jungle

0:31:51.560 --> 0:31:54.760
<v Speaker 1>fowl of Southeast Asia about eight thousand years ago, and

0:31:54.800 --> 0:31:58.560
<v Speaker 1>they were probably first domesticated not for meat, but as

0:31:58.720 --> 0:32:04.000
<v Speaker 1>early alarms systems like watchdogs, but birds right, bird dogs?

0:32:04.160 --> 0:32:04.400
<v Speaker 2>Yeah.

0:32:05.840 --> 0:32:10.080
<v Speaker 1>But perhaps most importantly, chickens can tell other chickens apart,

0:32:10.160 --> 0:32:12.600
<v Speaker 1>and studies have shown they can easily identify up to

0:32:12.800 --> 0:32:16.280
<v Speaker 1>thirty other chickens at a chicken party, but once the

0:32:16.360 --> 0:32:19.480
<v Speaker 1>numbers get to about one hundred, they get more confused.

0:32:19.480 --> 0:32:21.720
<v Speaker 1>They can't keep tracked. I mean, it's like people. Yeah,

0:32:22.080 --> 0:32:25.000
<v Speaker 1>it feels fair. But in two thousand and two, in

0:32:25.040 --> 0:32:29.520
<v Speaker 1>a paper called quote Chickens prefer beautiful humans. This is

0:32:29.560 --> 0:32:34.600
<v Speaker 1>actually the title of the scientist Stefano Ghirlanda Listen, Loote

0:32:34.800 --> 0:32:39.560
<v Speaker 1>Jensen and Magnus Anquist. Don't worry, it'll be spelled properly

0:32:39.560 --> 0:32:43.080
<v Speaker 1>on the certificates. They all discovered that much like humans,

0:32:43.200 --> 0:32:47.240
<v Speaker 1>chickens are attracted to symmetrical faces, and in the experiment,

0:32:47.360 --> 0:32:50.640
<v Speaker 1>chickens pecked more at screens with symmetrical faces, and these

0:32:50.720 --> 0:32:54.040
<v Speaker 1>results actually match the results of humans who were asked

0:32:54.080 --> 0:32:58.000
<v Speaker 1>to choose between the same faces. According to nat GEO,

0:32:58.040 --> 0:33:00.360
<v Speaker 1>the study was limited in that only tests did a

0:33:00.360 --> 0:33:03.000
<v Speaker 1>small number of chickens and humans, but the results may

0:33:03.040 --> 0:33:07.560
<v Speaker 1>suggest the mutual admiration for symmetry is rooted in the

0:33:07.600 --> 0:33:11.160
<v Speaker 1>nervous system. Isn't that awesome? So it's not really based

0:33:11.160 --> 0:33:13.960
<v Speaker 1>on cultural influences, but it's triggered by something in the brain.

0:33:14.160 --> 0:33:16.240
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, well, you said this was only a small number

0:33:16.280 --> 0:33:18.600
<v Speaker 2>of chickens, so I'm still not quite on board with

0:33:18.640 --> 0:33:20.560
<v Speaker 2>the idea that they like Denzel more than you. But

0:33:20.640 --> 0:33:23.360
<v Speaker 2>we'll see. And actually, you know what, you know, I

0:33:23.400 --> 0:33:26.520
<v Speaker 2>have chickens and chickens that lay different colored eggs. Huh.

0:33:26.560 --> 0:33:29.200
<v Speaker 2>I did not know that chickens had ear lobes, much

0:33:29.320 --> 0:33:31.800
<v Speaker 2>less ear lobes that you could use to detect what

0:33:31.840 --> 0:33:33.720
<v Speaker 2>sort of eggs they would lay. But anyway, it's all

0:33:33.880 --> 0:33:37.120
<v Speaker 2>super fascinating. So back to this idea of the chickens

0:33:37.200 --> 0:33:41.040
<v Speaker 2>preferring symmetrical faces. Do we know the evolutionary reason for that? Like,

0:33:41.040 --> 0:33:43.440
<v Speaker 2>why do humans and chickens prefer these faces?

0:33:43.680 --> 0:33:46.560
<v Speaker 1>We don't know yet. But nat Geo did have a

0:33:46.600 --> 0:33:49.280
<v Speaker 1>fun kicker to the piece. They wrote, quote, what could

0:33:49.320 --> 0:33:52.080
<v Speaker 1>be more humiliating than a chicken who sees your Tinder

0:33:52.120 --> 0:33:57.560
<v Speaker 1>profile and swipes left? I think that's a good way

0:33:57.600 --> 0:33:58.080
<v Speaker 1>to answer.

0:33:58.440 --> 0:34:01.600
<v Speaker 2>So that is definitely. We have reached the end of

0:34:01.640 --> 0:34:03.760
<v Speaker 2>day one in our countdown of the twenty five best

0:34:03.800 --> 0:34:06.920
<v Speaker 2>science ideas from the past twenty five years. Now, remember

0:34:07.000 --> 0:34:08.799
<v Speaker 2>we got four more days to go, so be sure

0:34:08.840 --> 0:34:11.200
<v Speaker 2>to tune in all week. Don't forget to enter today's

0:34:11.200 --> 0:34:14.520
<v Speaker 2>giveaway on our Instagram at part time Genius and Mengo.

0:34:14.719 --> 0:34:15.960
<v Speaker 2>What's the teas up for tomorrow?

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<v Speaker 1>So we have got stories about lobsters, dolphins and bike helmets.

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<v Speaker 1>Oh yeah, the trio, although unfortunately none of these involve

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<v Speaker 1>lobsters and dolphins wearing bike helmets. But it's still going

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<v Speaker 1>to be fun, I promise. Anyway, that's it for today's

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<v Speaker 1>episode from Gabe, Dylan, Mary, Will and myself. Thank you

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<v Speaker 1>so much for listening. Part Time Genius is a production

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<v Speaker 1>of Kaleidoscope and iHeartRadio. This show is hosted by Will

0:34:52.920 --> 0:34:57.239
<v Speaker 1>Pearson and Me Mongays Chatikler, and research by our good

0:34:57.320 --> 0:35:01.560
<v Speaker 1>pal Mary Philip Sandy. Today's EPISO was engineered and produced

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<v Speaker 1>by the wonderful Dylan Fagan with support from Tyler Klang.

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<v Speaker 1>The show is executive produced for iHeart by Katrina Norvell

0:35:08.840 --> 0:35:11.879
<v Speaker 1>and Ali Perry, with social media support from Sasha Gay,

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<v Speaker 1>Trustee Dara Potts and Vinny Shorey. For more podcasts from

0:35:16.600 --> 0:35:21.560
<v Speaker 1>Kaleidoscope and iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or

0:35:21.800 --> 0:35:36.640
<v Speaker 1>wherever you listen to your favorite shows.