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Speaker 1: You're listening to part Time Genius, the production of Kaleidoscope

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Speaker 1: and iHeartRadio. Guess what Will?

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Speaker 2: What's that mango? So you know what's funny? You know

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Speaker 2: what's funny. Your headband is funny. But sorry it interrupt

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Speaker 2: Go ahead.

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Speaker 1: Well, we've been friends for a little over twenty five

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Speaker 1: years now.

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Speaker 2: I think we actually known each other for twenty seven

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Speaker 2: years now, if I'm not mistake, but I said friend, right, gotcha, gotcha.

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Speaker 1: But think of all the fun things that have happened

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Speaker 1: in the last twenty five years, right, Like this's the

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Speaker 1: launch of the iPod, thousands of songs in your pocket.

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Speaker 1: Social media exploited with Facebook. People started dancing Gungnam style

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Speaker 1: and we're taught how to duggy for some reason. There's

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Speaker 1: planking and photos that became a fad, and Lady Gaga

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Speaker 1: wore a meat dress to the MTV video War.

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Speaker 2: I think that summed it up. I think you actually

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Speaker 2: covered everything.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, I mean we also had a block president,

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Speaker 1: our first black president, gay marriage became legal, and people

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Speaker 1: challenge each other with ice buckets. But for me, everything

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Speaker 1: really starts with that meat dress.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, and don't forget we launched a little magazine from

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Speaker 2: our drm room called Mental Flaws way back in the

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Speaker 2: year two thousand. Yeah, I can't believe.

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Speaker 1: It's been almost twenty five years since that first issue

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Speaker 1: hit newsstands. But this week's super special edition of Part

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Speaker 1: Time Genius is all about celebrating this last quarter century.

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Speaker 1: Every day this week, we're gonna be counting down the

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Speaker 1: twenty five greatest science ideas of the past twenty five years,

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Speaker 1: and we are sending out lots of fun prizes to

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Speaker 1: our listeners too.

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Speaker 2: But I've just got one question for you, mego, why

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Speaker 2: are you wearing a velord tracksuit and a homemade headband? Again,

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Speaker 2: I don't really understand what's happening.

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Speaker 1: Here because I am pump Oh got it, Okay, so

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Speaker 1: let's dive in.

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Speaker 2: Hey, their podcast listeners, Welcome to Part Time Genius. I'm

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Speaker 2: Will Pearson, and of course I'm here with my friend

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Speaker 2: Mangesh hot Ticketter and over there attending to what I

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Speaker 2: thought was a Bob Ross chia pet but is actually

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Speaker 2: a vintage, discontinued Albert Einstein chia pet. Is our pal

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Speaker 2: and producer Dylan Fagan and Mengo. I think Einstein with

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Speaker 2: sprouts for his hair is exactly the energy we're trying

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Speaker 2: to pull for this week's twenty five list.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right. Well, so I kind of want to

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Speaker 1: start by having you tell our listeners about how we

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Speaker 1: became friends, because I was definitely trivia obsessed as a kid.

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Speaker 1: I think I've mentioned that when cable came to my

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Speaker 1: neighborhood in third grade, my friends and I were obsessed

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Speaker 1: with doubledare and every day in the summer we would

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Speaker 1: practice drilling each other with trivia questions and setting up

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Speaker 1: these challenges all over our houses and the creek in

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Speaker 1: the backyard, and you know, we're just trying to get

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Speaker 1: ourselves physically prepped for this thing. We want to be

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Speaker 1: ready in case a producer just called us up to

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Speaker 1: be on the show. Yeah, but you were obviously obsessed

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Speaker 1: with lists. I was very much obsessed with lists. I

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Speaker 1: think this started when I was probably eleven or twelve

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Speaker 1: years old.

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Speaker 2: I just love making lists. They all started as pretty basic.

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Speaker 2: It's like, here's my list of presidents, here's my list

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Speaker 2: of state capitals. And then it got a little weirder

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Speaker 2: over the years. It was like, here's a list of

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Speaker 2: my favorite left handed artists and favorite you know books

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Speaker 2: with more than four hundred pages or whatever it might

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Speaker 2: have been. It was just fun to keep lists, and

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Speaker 2: people would ask like, why do you do this, and

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Speaker 2: I didn't really know the answer, other than it just

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Speaker 2: felt good to collect this information, you know, and to

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Speaker 2: just know this information, So anyway was what I did.

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Speaker 1: I love it, and so when we started Mental Fluss,

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Speaker 1: we were definitely list obsessed. And one of my favorite

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Speaker 1: annual things that we do was we would declare the

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Speaker 1: most important books of the last twenty five years for

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Speaker 1: the most important music of the last time five years

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Speaker 1: of TV shows, And the lists were always so fun

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Speaker 1: and totally unexpected. You came away just appreciating all these

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Speaker 1: other amazing things. I don't know about you, but I

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Speaker 1: think for me, part of the reason I wanted to

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Speaker 1: do a big science list this week was because right now,

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Speaker 1: you know, there's so much talk about AI and gene

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Speaker 1: therapies and those kind of dominate the headlines. Yeah, but

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Speaker 1: I also love the weird, fun inventions and and kind

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Speaker 1: of the joy of Obama at the Science Fair shooting

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Speaker 1: rockets and things. And you know, science is obviously nerdy,

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Speaker 1: but it's also cool and weird and fun, and I

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Speaker 1: thought it would be just really fun to celebrate it.

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Speaker 2: That sounds good, but I feel like before we dive in,

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Speaker 2: we really have to talk about the process and everything

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Speaker 2: that goes into how we choose a list like this.

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Speaker 2: So before we jump in, do you want to start

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Speaker 2: by giving a little rationale of how we chose all

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Speaker 2: of these things?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, totally so, Gabe, Mary, our friend Lucas Riley. They

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Speaker 1: helped us look up a whole bunch of ideas and

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Speaker 1: then we pare them down to things that truly delighted

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Speaker 1: or impressed us. Ideally both of those things. And then

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Speaker 1: you and I picked a bunch and researched some more.

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Speaker 1: And now's the fun part where we get to like

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Speaker 1: take turns presenting the ideas. Plus we are sending part

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Speaker 1: time genius certificates to all of the winners, which they

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Speaker 1: can put on their.

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Speaker 2: Refrigerators, all of the winners.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and also atomic fireballs, the most sciencey candy we

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Speaker 1: could find in honor of this week's Signs special.

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Speaker 2: You know, it's funny that we're choosing fireballs because, as

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Speaker 2: my kids know, I love fireballs. So we have this

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Speaker 2: special cabinet at our house just outside the kitchen called

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Speaker 2: the Center of Excellence, and it's basically where all of

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Speaker 2: my candy obsessions get to be stored because I'll fall

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Speaker 2: in love with the candy. We were at a great

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Speaker 2: sushi restaurant and I love the little treats they bring

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Speaker 2: you at the end of it, and I decided I

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Speaker 2: needed to order those in bulk. I ordered some atomic

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Speaker 2: fireballs in bulk, and then I move on to the

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Speaker 2: next thing, but we just keep them in that collection.

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Speaker 2: So it's a big prize, and we're giving out prizes

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Speaker 2: on our insta all week as well.

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Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, so Mary is running contest for us all

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Speaker 1: week and has a bunch of ridiculous swag to send out.

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Speaker 1: She and the person who manages our social media, our

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Speaker 1: friend Calypso. So after you listen, head over to our

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Speaker 1: Instagram handle at part Time Genius and go win some stuff.

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Speaker 1: Were to send it out, but that is way too

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Speaker 1: much set up. Let's just get into.

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Speaker 2: It all right, Okay, So don't let the number fool you.

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Speaker 2: Our list is kicking off with an innovation that happens

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Speaker 2: to tackle one of the biggest problems in all of society,

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Speaker 2: and that is how to get ketchup out of a bottle. Now,

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Speaker 2: as we all know, there is nothing more frustrating than

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Speaker 2: holding a ketchup bottle at a forty five degree angle

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Speaker 2: over your food, shaking it vigorously and having absolutely nothing

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Speaker 2: come out. And for years there were only two solutions.

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Speaker 2: People would jam a knife in a bottle. I feel

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Speaker 2: like you don't see that as much anymore, remember jamming

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Speaker 2: as a kid. I feel like people just would put

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Speaker 2: that knife in there and then give it a stir

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Speaker 2: and they hope the ketchup would start flowing. Also, there's

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Speaker 2: the smack the number trick, where people figured out that

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Speaker 2: if you give the number fifty seven on the side

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Speaker 2: of a glass bottle of hinds a nice wallap, it

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Speaker 2: would get the ketchup moving. But of course the problem

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Speaker 2: with both of those is that you could end up

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Speaker 2: with way too much ketchup on your fries.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's kind of a ketchup conundrum that we've all experienced.

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Speaker 2: It's exactly right, and one of the biggest leaps forward

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Speaker 2: for all of humanity and our quest board an appropriate

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Speaker 2: amount of ketchup was the upside down ketchup bottle.

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Speaker 1: Right, so you are obviously talking about the ketchup bottles

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Speaker 1: where the dispenser is on the bottom and it's sitting

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Speaker 1: on there and the gravity is just kind of pulling

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Speaker 1: it down.

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Speaker 2: Right, that's exactly right. That bottle, or rather the valve

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Speaker 2: in it, was invented by a gentleman named Paul Brown. Now,

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Speaker 2: his idea wasn't specifically for ketchup. He just thought a

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Speaker 2: better valve would work for most liquids, from dish detergent

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Speaker 2: to hand sanitizers to whatever it may be. This is

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Speaker 2: in the nineteen nineties, so Paul Brown had this dream,

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Speaker 2: but he really struggled to make it a reality. He

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Speaker 2: made one hundred and eleven different prototypes, Wow, maxed out

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Speaker 2: a bunch of credit cards, borrowed money from his folks

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Speaker 2: to you know, make a better valve for dispensing liquid.

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Speaker 2: And while trying to make this valve, like, what was

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Speaker 2: he trying to solve for exactly Well, he realized that

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Speaker 2: to make a better squeeze bottle, you wanted the nozzle

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Speaker 2: to open when you place pressure on it, but then

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Speaker 2: you need it to completely close up when the pressure

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Speaker 2: is removed, so there's no accidental leaking from this Anyway,

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Speaker 2: After years of failures, his one hundred and twelfth prototype work,

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Speaker 2: and once he'd perfected his valve, everyone came calling in,

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Speaker 2: including NASA, who saw I used for the valve in

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Speaker 2: space and was trying to make leak proof cups for astronauts.

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Speaker 2: Wow shampoo bottlers who wanted a more convenient bottle for

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Speaker 2: their soaps and shampoos also came calling on him as well,

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Speaker 2: and eventually, after he pitched it to Hines, they saw

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Speaker 2: his innovation as part of a catch up revolution. They

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Speaker 2: started this ad campaign about the quote waiting man, where

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Speaker 2: a guy is just sitting and holding a glass ketchup

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Speaker 2: bottle vertically over his meal and nothing is moving or

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Speaker 2: happening for like twenty seconds, and then is why comes over,

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Speaker 2: squeezes the perfect amount of ketchup onto his food and

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Speaker 2: solves the problem in a second. And the ad slogan

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Speaker 2: was quote no weight, no mess, no anticipation.

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Speaker 1: It is so funny that as a society we are

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Speaker 1: so impatient that we need our ketchup immediately. Yeah, it's

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Speaker 1: just a condiment.

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Speaker 2: I don't know why you're you really don't get it.

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Speaker 2: It's super important that we get it quickly. But I

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Speaker 2: was actually thinking this too, to be honest, until I

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Speaker 2: read this Malcolm Gladwell piece on ketchup, and this was

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Speaker 2: a piece that he wrote for The New Yorker, and

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Speaker 2: in it he quotes a food professor who calls ketchup

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Speaker 2: the Esperanto of cuisine because it's one of the few

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Speaker 2: foods that satisfies your cravings for salty, sweet, sour, bitter,

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Speaker 2: and dow mommy all at once. If you think about it,

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Speaker 2: that's that's actually true, and that's part of the reason

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Speaker 2: the world loves ketchup so much. But back to Brown.

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Speaker 2: According to the patent professor, this is a website on

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Speaker 2: inventors and patents. Today, about seventy five percent of Hinz

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Speaker 2: bottles that are sold are upside down squeeze bottles now,

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Speaker 2: And it wasn't long before Brown paid off his credit

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Speaker 2: cards and paid his parents back. Of course, I.

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Speaker 1: Mean, I do love this, but this invention is from

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Speaker 1: the nineteen nineties, right, so like it doesn't quite make

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Speaker 1: the twenty five year cut off.

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Speaker 2: Lit. I thought you were going to call me out

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Speaker 2: for that, but I'm actually not done yet. So all

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Speaker 2: of those lay the groundwork for the quote problem of ketchup.

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Speaker 1: Look at me being impatient.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, you're doing that. But even though Paul Brown Squeeze

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Speaker 2: bottle valve helped us get much more ketchup out of bottles,

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Speaker 2: the truth is it's hard to get the last bits

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Speaker 2: of ketchup out of there, and that means there's a

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Speaker 2: lot of food wasts. But that's where some grad students

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Speaker 2: from MIT came in. In twenty twelve, that is, within

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Speaker 2: the last twenty five years here a PhD candidate named

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Speaker 2: Dave Smith and a team of mechanical engineers and nanotechnologists

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Speaker 2: at MIT's Varnacy Research Group had been working on various

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Speaker 2: lubricants and coatings to solve various issues. So they were

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Speaker 2: tackling things like how to coat an oil or gas

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Speaker 2: line so that there's no clogs, or how to cote

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Speaker 2: a windshield so that the water doesn't collect on it

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Speaker 2: and is more easily pushed off by your wipers. But

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Speaker 2: then they started wondering what would happen if they applied

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Speaker 2: some of their technology to consumer packaging. I think the

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Speaker 2: idea started with the frustration of getting honey out of

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Speaker 2: a bottle, you know, because there's still so much in

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Speaker 2: there at that point.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean it's obviously annoying, but why were they

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Speaker 1: putting all this technology towards food bottles.

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Speaker 2: Well, according to Fast Company, that's one of the questions

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Speaker 2: they got asked the most. And the answer is that

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Speaker 2: the market for bottles and I'm just talking sauce bottles

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Speaker 2: here is a seventeen billion dollar market and if you

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Speaker 2: could solve food waste there, you could basically save a

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Speaker 2: million tons of food from being thrown out every single year.

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Speaker 1: That's pretty incredible.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, So they created this coating called liquid glide, and

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Speaker 2: it's really miraculous. Like if you watch the videos, the

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Speaker 2: Ketchup flows out of the bottle almost like a liquid

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Speaker 2: with nothing left in the bottle. As Professor Krippa Varnasi

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Speaker 2: puts it, there's this fundamental friction constraint called no slip

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Speaker 2: boundary condition between a liquid and a solid. And so

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Speaker 2: because they basically created a new surface for the liquid

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Speaker 2: to move on, you can get the product to slide

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Speaker 2: across the surface. And so he continues describing this. He

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Speaker 2: says that, Aha, moment that we could get around a

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Speaker 2: fundamental constraint of fluid dynamics.

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Speaker 1: That's really cool that they can take this like uncooperative

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Speaker 1: fluid like Ketchup and just make a glide out.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, and all the applications for this are actually pretty crazy.

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Speaker 2: It isn't just ketchup or honey that it affects suddenly,

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Speaker 2: Like you can get toothpaste out of a tube more effectively,

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Speaker 2: which makes that recyclable. You can use variations on medical

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Speaker 2: devices to get essential fluids out of bags like. It's

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Speaker 2: really remarkable.

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Speaker 1: I love that. So, of course, congratulations, doctor Varnossi and

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Speaker 1: team will be sending you a part time genius certificate

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Speaker 1: for your achievement and a handful of atomic fireballs for

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Speaker 1: your important work.

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Speaker 2: Such a great price, right.

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Speaker 1: So, sitting at number twenty four is a pretty whimsical

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Speaker 1: invention that maybe means more to me than it means

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Speaker 1: to you. It is a floating hot tub boat invented

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Speaker 1: in Finland called the hot tug, which sounds a little dirty,

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Speaker 1: but this loading tub is actually really wonderful.

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Speaker 2: And there's this story about why you like hot tubs

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Speaker 2: so much. I'm guessing I mean, to.

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Speaker 1: Be clear, I do like hot tubs in the appropriate context.

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Speaker 1: My friend Dave is a hot tub behind his place

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Speaker 1: in Idaho, and you can sit out there when it's

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Speaker 1: snowing and look at the Grand Tetons behind you, and

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Speaker 1: that is incredible. But also there was one time when

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Speaker 1: I was on a work trip and I showed up

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Speaker 1: at a hotel room in a dicey neighborhood that had

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Speaker 1: been booked for me, and there was a giant hot

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Speaker 1: tub in the middle of the hotel room, and that

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Speaker 1: was less appeeling.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, I could see maybe avoiding that.

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Speaker 1: But as you might know, I hate cold water. And

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Speaker 1: part of the reason is that when I was on

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Speaker 1: my study of broad trip, and this is so many

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Speaker 1: years ago in Tibet, we were hunting for this anthropological

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Speaker 1: evidence of a semi nomadic civilization, and there hadn't been

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Speaker 1: a lot of study done in this region of Tibet.

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Speaker 1: It was pretty pristine and hard for academics to get

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Speaker 1: to anyway, my friends and I saw these hots that

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Speaker 1: were set up across this little river, and we knew

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Speaker 1: we wanted to get to it, and there was a

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Speaker 1: bridge about two hours up one way and one hour

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Speaker 1: down the other way, and so my friends were like,

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Speaker 1: we should probably just cross this river. And to be clear,

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Speaker 1: there was snow on the ground at the time and

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Speaker 1: the water was ice cold, and we didn't want to

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Speaker 1: get our clothes wet, so basically we got naked and

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Speaker 1: cross this thing so we'd have dry clothes on the

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Speaker 1: other side. And I just remember getting up to my

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Speaker 1: ankles and being like, I've never been this cold, and

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Speaker 1: then getting up to my knees and being like I've

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Speaker 1: never been this cold, and then getting to my waist.

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Speaker 1: But the current was also crazy strong, and I almost

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Speaker 1: slipped out some moss and somehow caught myself with the

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Speaker 1: stick and it was miserable. But I just remember being

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Speaker 1: so cold for so long, and the worst part was

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Speaker 1: the huts weren't any big discovery, so it was just

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Speaker 1: like a normal settlement. But I was very angry, and

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Speaker 1: since then I don't really go in cold water, but

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Speaker 1: I will go in hot water, and that's where the

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Speaker 1: hot tug comes in.

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Speaker 2: Wow, I'm with you on the cold water. I don't

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Speaker 2: understand people that can do the cold plunge thing. It's

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Speaker 2: just I don't get it. But anyway, tell me more

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Speaker 2: about this invention.

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Speaker 1: So it is the brainchild of a Dutch furniture designer.

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Speaker 1: His name is Frank de Bruyne. And it's not just

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Speaker 1: a barrel with heat under it. So this thing is

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Speaker 1: a beautiful two thousand liter eight seater jacuzzi boat. And

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Speaker 1: according to an interview with the New York Post, Jabrun

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Speaker 1: actually grew up on a barge where his parents were skippers,

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Speaker 1: and he'd always loved campfires and nature and looking up

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Speaker 1: at the stars. And at some point he wondered, like,

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Speaker 1: what if you could have a mobile hot tub, like

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Speaker 1: not just something that was parked in your backyard, but

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Speaker 1: something that would allow you to float out wherever you were,

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Speaker 1: and that could be on a lake or a fjord.

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Speaker 1: And so he created this boat with an electric motor,

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Speaker 1: so it is entirely quiet for the nature aspect, but

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Speaker 1: the hot tub contraption is also entirely stable, so you

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Speaker 1: can sit in the hot tub and then stand up

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Speaker 1: and dive off the side into like a crisp, refreshing

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Speaker 1: lake and you won't tip anything over. To me, it

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Speaker 1: feels like a really beautiful way to float your way

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Speaker 1: through a cold land escape. Like imagine being in one

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Speaker 1: of these off the coast of Alaska or in the

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Speaker 1: Pacific Northwest, And that's kind of de Bruyn's dream too.

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Speaker 1: Right now, the hot tubs are cost prohibitive. They run

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Speaker 1: about fifteen thousand to twenty thousand dollars. But his hope

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Speaker 1: is that national parks and cities will buy fleets of

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Speaker 1: these things and then rent them out to people like me,

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Speaker 1: you know, tourists who hate the cold but love nature.

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Speaker 2: That sounds pretty awesome. I'm on board, Mango. The next

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Speaker 2: one for me is a discovery that deals with one

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Speaker 2: of my biggest pet peeves. Tangled headphones and chords so frustrating.

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Speaker 2: And this comes from a British scientist named Robert Matthews

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Speaker 2: from Aston University. So over the years, people have tried

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Speaker 2: to deal with knots in tons of ways. You can

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Speaker 2: very carefully coil up chords using special reels. They're actually

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Speaker 2: a ton of anti nodding gadgets out there. But Robert

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Speaker 2: Matthews developed a mathematical theory which has an incredibly simple answer.

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Speaker 2: According to his loop conjecture, one of the easiest things

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Speaker 2: you can do is clip the ends of a chord

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Speaker 2: together to form a loop. Based on his mathematical models,

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Speaker 2: forming a simple loop produces a tenfold reduction in the

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Speaker 2: risk of knots forming in the headphone course. That's amazing,

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Speaker 2: But what's also sweet about his theory is that Matthews

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Speaker 2: organized something called the British not Experiment, where, according to

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Speaker 2: Science Daily, kids at schools across the country looked at

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Speaker 2: this phenomena with quote various cord thickness, rigidity, and other

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Speaker 2: parameters likely to affect nodding risk.

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Speaker 1: I mean, tangled chords are definitely one of my biggest

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Speaker 1: pet peeves, and every year I try so many different

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Speaker 1: ways to make sure that my Christmas lights don't get

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Speaker 1: tangled or chords don't get tangled. And I'm just kind

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Speaker 1: of fascinated by this idea that if you just loop

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Speaker 1: the chords, it solves the issue.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, And Matthews points out that even though it feels

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Speaker 2: trivial in nature, quote, the phenomena of spontaneous nodding is

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Speaker 2: of great significance in other areas, including polymer chemistry and

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Speaker 2: molecular biology. Like if you consider there's over a meter

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Speaker 2: of DNA crammed into every one of our selves, and

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Speaker 2: any knots can dramatically increase the risk of genetic malfunction,

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Speaker 2: you can see how there might be some really interesting

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Speaker 2: applications there, Like Matthew's points to some anti cancer drugs

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Speaker 2: that work by affecting not formation. And cancer cells, and

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Speaker 2: he's hoping that the loop conjecture can lead to new

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Speaker 2: approaches in drug design.

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Speaker 1: That's amazing that you can tackle something that's annoying like

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Speaker 1: headphones and it solves genetic problem.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, something almost as important like cancer.

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Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, well that is pretty awesome. I know we've

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Speaker 1: got lots more to cover, from space perfumes to bird esthetics,

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Speaker 1: but before we get to any of that, let's take

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Speaker 1: a quick break.

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Speaker 2: Welcome back to Part Time Genius, where we're talking about

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Speaker 2: twenty five great science ideas over the last twenty five years.

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Speaker 2: And I forgot Mengo. What number are we on? All right,

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Speaker 2: number twenty two? So Mango, what do you have next?

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Speaker 1: Well, let's talk about the sense of smell, because when

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Speaker 1: it comes to memory and emotion, there is no sense

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Speaker 1: quite as powerful as scent. And for me, like a

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Speaker 1: whiff of jasmine takes me to my grandmother's backyard and India,

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Speaker 1: there's a certain wet grass and pavement smell that reminds

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Speaker 1: me of monsoons and also spring in Delaware. Yeah, also

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Speaker 1: lemon pledge weirdly reminds me of when my sister and

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Speaker 1: I used to have to dust wood furniture every Saturday

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Speaker 1: after cartoons. So are there any distinctive sense that you

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Speaker 1: can think of.

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Speaker 2: It's funny that you mentioned your grandmother. I feel like

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Speaker 2: everybody who you know had the benefit of being able

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Speaker 2: to go to a grandmother's house has a certain scent there.

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Speaker 2: For me, it was the smell of bacon, because my

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Speaker 2: granddad cooked bacon every single morning of his life, and

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Speaker 2: so whenever you walk into that house, you're just like bacon.

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Speaker 2: I love that.

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Speaker 1: Mike Myers always talks about like how it smells like soup,

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Speaker 1: whinny he thinks.

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Speaker 2: About old people. This is a little better than that.

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Speaker 1: So our next guest knows a lot about scent. It's

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Speaker 1: what he does for a living. And our pal Mary

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Speaker 1: actually got him on the phone.

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Speaker 3: I'm Steve Pierce. I've worked in the flame room fragrance

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Speaker 3: industry for more than forty years in various roles and

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Speaker 3: now a consult for some companies in that industry. I'm

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Speaker 3: a bit of a jack of all trades, to be honest.

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Speaker 1: So Steve has a degree and applied biochemistry and says

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Speaker 1: he's been interested in smells since he was a kid.

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Speaker 1: So back in the early two thousands, he was approached

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Speaker 1: by a museum curator who wanted to make an exhibit

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Speaker 1: about impossible smells, like smells that were so fleeting or

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Speaker 1: so far in the past that no one's been able

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Speaker 1: to experience them. And one of the impossible smells he

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Speaker 1: developed for this exhibit was the scent of the Mere

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Speaker 1: Space Station as it fell back to Earth. The exhibit

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Speaker 1: was a huge hit and people were fascinated.

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Speaker 3: It made a bit of a splash. It was on

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Speaker 3: TV all the rest of it. And it was a

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Speaker 3: few months after that that I got this call from

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Speaker 3: someone at NASA. He explained his role as having to

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Speaker 3: smell every single component that went into the Space Shuttle

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Speaker 3: to make sure that when astronauts were up there, there

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Speaker 3: was nothing that was going to create an off an

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Speaker 3: unpleasant environment for them to live and work in.

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Speaker 2: So I'm trying to imagine this guy's work day, like

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Speaker 2: he walked around sniffing rocket parts.

436
00:21:21,880 --> 00:21:24,359
Speaker 1: Yeah, I guess something like that, And I guess he

437
00:21:24,440 --> 00:21:27,560
Speaker 1: told Steve that NASA had a smell problem.

438
00:21:28,400 --> 00:21:32,919
Speaker 3: They had astronauts returning to Earth who'd gone for a

439
00:21:33,080 --> 00:21:37,240
Speaker 3: vehicular walk outside. So they'd gone outside to service satellites

440
00:21:37,240 --> 00:21:39,720
Speaker 3: and do all the things they do, and then when

441
00:21:39,760 --> 00:21:43,280
Speaker 3: they got back inside, they were going through the airlock

442
00:21:43,680 --> 00:21:47,280
Speaker 3: and they'd repressurized, take their suit helmet off, and then

443
00:21:47,320 --> 00:21:49,919
Speaker 3: they got hit by this smell. And a number of

444
00:21:49,920 --> 00:21:52,840
Speaker 3: them came back and said, look, we went through all

445
00:21:52,880 --> 00:21:57,080
Speaker 3: this training about fitness, about psychology here, about how to

446
00:21:57,200 --> 00:21:59,800
Speaker 3: fly things, how to service satellites, how to walk as

447
00:21:59,840 --> 00:22:03,159
Speaker 3: they nobody warned us about this smell.

448
00:22:03,520 --> 00:22:06,200
Speaker 2: Never would have thought that space had a smell. Apparently

449
00:22:06,320 --> 00:22:09,160
Speaker 2: NASA hadn't either, So they asked Steve if you could

450
00:22:09,200 --> 00:22:12,840
Speaker 2: recreate the scent of space for training purposes, and he

451
00:22:12,920 --> 00:22:15,119
Speaker 2: was like, sure, I'll give it a try. So NASA

452
00:22:15,119 --> 00:22:17,360
Speaker 2: put him in touch with some astronauts so he could

453
00:22:17,359 --> 00:22:19,919
Speaker 2: get a first hand account of the space smell.

454
00:22:20,280 --> 00:22:23,560
Speaker 3: They were pretty consistent in terms of it, focusing on

455
00:22:23,600 --> 00:22:27,480
Speaker 3: things like hot metal. They said fried steak, but I

456
00:22:27,600 --> 00:22:30,840
Speaker 3: kind of think that was when maybe they were near

457
00:22:30,880 --> 00:22:34,040
Speaker 3: a barbecue which was hot metal, and they were associating

458
00:22:34,080 --> 00:22:37,159
Speaker 3: the fried steak and the hot metal. And one of

459
00:22:37,200 --> 00:22:41,320
Speaker 3: them described it as the scent of the hot metal

460
00:22:41,359 --> 00:22:43,760
Speaker 3: when he was welding on his motorbike as a young

461
00:22:43,800 --> 00:22:47,000
Speaker 3: man and things like this. So that was the description

462
00:22:47,400 --> 00:22:50,360
Speaker 3: that I had to go for and try and recreate

463
00:22:50,440 --> 00:22:53,359
Speaker 3: that in a safe way that could be used during

464
00:22:53,359 --> 00:22:53,920
Speaker 3: the training.

465
00:22:54,359 --> 00:22:56,560
Speaker 1: So around the same time, some other papers came out

466
00:22:56,560 --> 00:23:00,359
Speaker 1: that offered all these hypotheses about what space smell like

467
00:23:00,760 --> 00:23:04,000
Speaker 1: based on beectroscopic analysis, and two of the notes that

468
00:23:04,040 --> 00:23:08,200
Speaker 1: got mentioned were raspberries and rum, which I've read about

469
00:23:08,240 --> 00:23:11,200
Speaker 1: and it sounds really nice. But Steve didn't buy it.

470
00:23:11,680 --> 00:23:14,800
Speaker 1: None of the astronauts he'd interviewed mentioned any of those scents,

471
00:23:14,880 --> 00:23:18,360
Speaker 1: so he stuck to his brief of hot metal and meat.

472
00:23:18,520 --> 00:23:20,439
Speaker 1: And the more he thought about it, the more it

473
00:23:20,480 --> 00:23:23,960
Speaker 1: made sense because when the astronauts were outside, their suits

474
00:23:24,040 --> 00:23:28,080
Speaker 1: were bombarded by high velocity particles and solar wind, so

475
00:23:28,440 --> 00:23:30,960
Speaker 1: when they came back inside, they detected the odor left

476
00:23:31,000 --> 00:23:32,159
Speaker 1: by all that energy.

477
00:23:32,480 --> 00:23:34,800
Speaker 2: So we managed to recreate the smell for NASA.

478
00:23:35,359 --> 00:23:37,119
Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean, it took a couple of months, but

479
00:23:37,359 --> 00:23:40,280
Speaker 1: he did. And unfortunately, in the time he was working,

480
00:23:40,520 --> 00:23:44,280
Speaker 1: his NASA contact had retired or maybe been laid off,

481
00:23:44,320 --> 00:23:46,840
Speaker 1: like to this day Steven in shore, which all he

482
00:23:46,920 --> 00:23:49,240
Speaker 1: knew was that he called NASA to say, hey, I've

483
00:23:49,240 --> 00:23:51,640
Speaker 1: got your space smell, and NASA was like, we don't

484
00:23:51,680 --> 00:23:53,720
Speaker 1: know where you're talking about, man.

485
00:23:54,840 --> 00:23:59,280
Speaker 3: I couldn't find anyone else to want to take it forward,

486
00:23:59,359 --> 00:24:01,320
Speaker 3: so it was a bit disappointing to have done that

487
00:24:01,440 --> 00:24:04,120
Speaker 3: work and then not be able to see it put

488
00:24:04,160 --> 00:24:06,800
Speaker 3: to use. So I kind of parked it.

489
00:24:07,280 --> 00:24:10,159
Speaker 1: The story might have ended there, but the BBC happened

490
00:24:10,200 --> 00:24:14,000
Speaker 1: to visit Steve's lab for a report on fragrance and flavors.

491
00:24:14,400 --> 00:24:17,840
Speaker 1: The reporter asked if he'd worked on anything particularly unusual,

492
00:24:17,960 --> 00:24:20,879
Speaker 1: and Steve said, well, as a matter of fact, I

493
00:24:20,960 --> 00:24:24,200
Speaker 1: made the scent of space for NASA, and that turned

494
00:24:24,240 --> 00:24:26,600
Speaker 1: into the kicker of the piece, and then another media

495
00:24:26,640 --> 00:24:28,960
Speaker 1: storm erupted, so the news traveled to this side of

496
00:24:28,960 --> 00:24:32,240
Speaker 1: the Atlantic and Steve was contacted by an American education

497
00:24:32,440 --> 00:24:35,439
Speaker 1: advocate who wanted to leverage the scent to raise money

498
00:24:35,480 --> 00:24:38,280
Speaker 1: for STEM programs. Right, this is awesome. So the initial

499
00:24:38,280 --> 00:24:41,199
Speaker 1: goal was something like, let's sell two thousand dollars of

500
00:24:41,240 --> 00:24:44,120
Speaker 1: this perfume, and in the end the project raised over

501
00:24:44,359 --> 00:24:46,520
Speaker 1: six hundred thousand dollars on kickstar.

502
00:24:46,680 --> 00:24:47,359
Speaker 2: Isn't that amazing?

503
00:24:47,960 --> 00:24:50,800
Speaker 1: And the idea was that for every bottle someone bought,

504
00:24:50,840 --> 00:24:53,720
Speaker 1: a bottle would get sent to a school. But this

505
00:24:53,760 --> 00:24:55,280
Speaker 1: meant a new challenge for Steve.

506
00:24:55,840 --> 00:24:59,120
Speaker 3: Before, I wasn't worried about skin contact and things like that.

507
00:24:59,160 --> 00:25:01,639
Speaker 3: I was just thinking people would smell it. No, that

508
00:25:01,680 --> 00:25:03,240
Speaker 3: would be the end of it. Now I had to

509
00:25:03,240 --> 00:25:05,879
Speaker 3: go back to the drawing board and reformulate it to

510
00:25:05,960 --> 00:25:10,280
Speaker 3: make sure it was completely safe in case anybody accidentally

511
00:25:10,280 --> 00:25:13,040
Speaker 3: sprayed it in their eye or swallowed it, or make

512
00:25:13,080 --> 00:25:15,160
Speaker 3: sure there were no allergens in there and so on.

513
00:25:15,560 --> 00:25:18,880
Speaker 1: So what's more, Steve had actually developed a second space scent.

514
00:25:19,280 --> 00:25:21,760
Speaker 1: He met the astronaut Charles Duke at a conference, and

515
00:25:21,800 --> 00:25:24,360
Speaker 1: Duke could actually walk down the Moon with the Apollo

516
00:25:24,440 --> 00:25:27,679
Speaker 1: eleven crew, So naturally Steve wanted to know what that

517
00:25:27,800 --> 00:25:28,480
Speaker 1: had smelled like.

518
00:25:29,000 --> 00:25:31,080
Speaker 3: And of course he's, well, of course you can't smell

519
00:25:31,119 --> 00:25:32,960
Speaker 3: anything through the suit, and he's having a joke and

520
00:25:33,000 --> 00:25:35,359
Speaker 3: all that, But then he says, when you get inside

521
00:25:35,680 --> 00:25:38,520
Speaker 3: and you're covered in this fine dust, he starts explaining

522
00:25:38,520 --> 00:25:41,480
Speaker 3: to everyone about it. Takes his helmet off, he says,

523
00:25:41,520 --> 00:25:44,640
Speaker 3: and all you can smell is this smell of the moon,

524
00:25:44,680 --> 00:25:46,720
Speaker 3: he says. And everyone thinks it smells of cheese and

525
00:25:46,760 --> 00:25:48,760
Speaker 3: makes all these jokes about it, but he says, it

526
00:25:48,880 --> 00:25:50,880
Speaker 3: smells like spent gunpowder.

527
00:25:51,480 --> 00:25:53,280
Speaker 1: So the scent of Space and the Scent of the

528
00:25:53,320 --> 00:25:56,600
Speaker 1: Moon became available through this kickstarter. And now Steve does

529
00:25:56,600 --> 00:25:58,280
Speaker 1: want to make it very clear that he is not

530
00:25:58,520 --> 00:26:01,960
Speaker 1: involved in any of the logistics for fulfillment with this

531
00:26:02,119 --> 00:26:04,960
Speaker 1: Space scent product. He just made vats of the stuff

532
00:26:05,000 --> 00:26:07,280
Speaker 1: and had it shift to a distributor. But he is

533
00:26:07,480 --> 00:26:09,919
Speaker 1: really happy about all the bottles that made their way

534
00:26:09,960 --> 00:26:12,480
Speaker 1: to schools and STEM programs, And he told us one

535
00:26:12,520 --> 00:26:15,080
Speaker 1: of his proudest moments was meeting a dad whose son

536
00:26:15,240 --> 00:26:19,439
Speaker 1: had really severe learning disabilities, but he was fascinated by

537
00:26:19,480 --> 00:26:22,040
Speaker 1: space and being able to smell it made it come

538
00:26:22,080 --> 00:26:24,920
Speaker 1: to life in this incredible, vivid way.

539
00:26:25,119 --> 00:26:26,879
Speaker 2: Oh that's so cool. I do have to ask my

540
00:26:27,000 --> 00:26:29,080
Speaker 2: go have you smelled this stuff? And if so, is

541
00:26:29,080 --> 00:26:29,520
Speaker 2: it good?

542
00:26:30,119 --> 00:26:34,840
Speaker 1: I don't think the word is good, like maybe interesting, fascinating, meaty.

543
00:26:36,080 --> 00:26:40,240
Speaker 1: I looked up out to Space on perfume review website

544
00:26:40,320 --> 00:26:42,440
Speaker 1: and a lot of people complained that it didn't smell

545
00:26:42,560 --> 00:26:45,920
Speaker 1: like something you'd wear, which makes sense because that wasn't

546
00:26:45,920 --> 00:26:49,760
Speaker 1: the intention. But what's really interesting is several reviewers mentioned

547
00:26:49,760 --> 00:26:52,800
Speaker 1: that the scent made them feel a sense of loneliness

548
00:26:52,920 --> 00:26:56,200
Speaker 1: or dispair and so we actually asked Steve about this.

549
00:26:56,760 --> 00:27:00,119
Speaker 3: I wouldn't have used words like despair and loneliness. I

550
00:27:00,119 --> 00:27:03,040
Speaker 3: can understand if people are putting that concept of the

551
00:27:03,119 --> 00:27:06,480
Speaker 3: fragrance alongside the fact that you're in an airless and

552
00:27:06,640 --> 00:27:10,280
Speaker 3: void of space and you're weightless. If it manages to

553
00:27:10,320 --> 00:27:13,280
Speaker 3: conjure up those feelings, I can understand why they might

554
00:27:13,320 --> 00:27:18,280
Speaker 3: describe it as that. There's definitely a meaty element to it.

555
00:27:18,280 --> 00:27:21,320
Speaker 3: It is quite harsh and metallic as well. I would

556
00:27:21,320 --> 00:27:23,760
Speaker 3: have said I would have described it as that. The

557
00:27:23,840 --> 00:27:26,000
Speaker 3: other image I had was if you've ever been the

558
00:27:26,680 --> 00:27:30,760
Speaker 3: electrical sparks and you get that blue flash and there's

559
00:27:30,840 --> 00:27:35,000
Speaker 3: that sense of burning although nothing's burning, it's almost like

560
00:27:35,040 --> 00:27:38,720
Speaker 3: the ozone in the air that's created in that high

561
00:27:38,880 --> 00:27:41,439
Speaker 3: energy impact. Those were the kind of images I was

562
00:27:41,440 --> 00:27:44,120
Speaker 3: trying to recreate. I never set out to make anyone

563
00:27:44,200 --> 00:27:47,879
Speaker 3: feel despair, but you know what, when you're working on

564
00:27:47,920 --> 00:27:50,520
Speaker 3: these things on your own and you're sometimes coming up

565
00:27:50,560 --> 00:27:52,879
Speaker 3: against a bit of a block and trying to improve it,

566
00:27:52,960 --> 00:27:55,520
Speaker 3: sometimes that can feel pretty lonely as well.

567
00:27:55,760 --> 00:27:58,120
Speaker 1: And maybe that's the next challenge for a fragrance scientist

568
00:27:58,240 --> 00:28:00,159
Speaker 1: like Steve, like figure out a way to bottle the

569
00:28:00,200 --> 00:28:02,919
Speaker 1: scent of loneliness along with one that makes you feel

570
00:28:03,520 --> 00:28:05,720
Speaker 1: maybe more like you're surrounded by people you love.

571
00:28:06,000 --> 00:28:07,080
Speaker 2: That's a great idea.

572
00:28:07,200 --> 00:28:09,879
Speaker 1: Anyway, I'm sure everyone's wondering, Okay, how can I get

573
00:28:09,880 --> 00:28:12,600
Speaker 1: a whiff of this? Well, we manage to get our

574
00:28:12,640 --> 00:28:14,720
Speaker 1: hands on a bottle of the Space scent and a

575
00:28:14,720 --> 00:28:16,480
Speaker 1: bottle of the Moon scent, and.

576
00:28:16,320 --> 00:28:17,720
Speaker 2: We squirted it on a fire mall.

577
00:28:18,040 --> 00:28:21,960
Speaker 1: So we are giving them away today on our Instagram.

578
00:28:22,000 --> 00:28:24,919
Speaker 1: So go check it out at part time Genius to

579
00:28:24,960 --> 00:28:25,840
Speaker 1: see how you can win.

580
00:28:25,920 --> 00:28:30,520
Speaker 2: I'm gonna apply. So for anyone who's suffered from jet lag,

581
00:28:30,560 --> 00:28:32,439
Speaker 2: you know how hard it can be to try to

582
00:28:32,480 --> 00:28:35,080
Speaker 2: get your body clock to shift time zones. It is

583
00:28:35,200 --> 00:28:38,160
Speaker 2: really not a pleasant process. But for a bunch of hamsters,

584
00:28:38,240 --> 00:28:42,000
Speaker 2: at least one thing has helped, taking viagra. You can

585
00:28:42,080 --> 00:28:46,160
Speaker 2: see any of this coming to do jet lag, Hamsters, viagra?

586
00:28:46,280 --> 00:28:48,440
Speaker 2: Can you work those into the sentence? It's like the

587
00:28:48,480 --> 00:28:51,280
Speaker 2: weirdest success, Mad Live success.

588
00:28:52,640 --> 00:28:54,800
Speaker 1: So why were they giving viagra to hamster?

589
00:28:55,400 --> 00:28:58,360
Speaker 2: What else would you give them? Mango? But anyway, it's

590
00:28:58,400 --> 00:29:01,720
Speaker 2: really only in small doses. So, as the Smithsonian points out,

591
00:29:01,960 --> 00:29:05,000
Speaker 2: since nineteen ninety eight, when viagra was first approved by

592
00:29:05,000 --> 00:29:08,320
Speaker 2: the FDA. Scientists have found all sorts of other uses

593
00:29:08,360 --> 00:29:11,320
Speaker 2: for the drug, including for flowers. Actually, so if you

594
00:29:11,360 --> 00:29:13,840
Speaker 2: crush viagra into a vase, it can help your fresh

595
00:29:13,840 --> 00:29:17,600
Speaker 2: cut flowers last longer. It's also good for treating blood pressure,

596
00:29:17,640 --> 00:29:20,040
Speaker 2: and in two thousand and seven, a trio of Argentinian

597
00:29:20,120 --> 00:29:22,840
Speaker 2: scientists figured out that injecting a small amount of viagra

598
00:29:22,960 --> 00:29:25,960
Speaker 2: into a hamster will help cure it of jet lag.

599
00:29:26,440 --> 00:29:28,400
Speaker 1: I mean, of course it has to be a small dose, right,

600
00:29:28,440 --> 00:29:31,880
Speaker 1: These are hamster. These are also scientists, so they could

601
00:29:31,920 --> 00:29:35,240
Speaker 1: do whatever, but anyway. But it's basically enough viagra to

602
00:29:35,360 --> 00:29:37,720
Speaker 1: affect them, but not enough to get them aroused or

603
00:29:37,760 --> 00:29:38,440
Speaker 1: anything like that.

604
00:29:38,480 --> 00:29:41,880
Speaker 2: But back to the jet lag. Normally, humans tend to

605
00:29:41,920 --> 00:29:45,240
Speaker 2: take a full day to adjust for an hour of change,

606
00:29:45,480 --> 00:29:47,520
Speaker 2: So if you travel to Singapore from New York, it'll

607
00:29:47,520 --> 00:29:50,400
Speaker 2: take your body about twelve days to fully adjust to

608
00:29:50,440 --> 00:29:53,640
Speaker 2: that time change. But with viagra, the hamsters were covered

609
00:29:53,680 --> 00:29:56,480
Speaker 2: in about half of that period. And do we know

610
00:29:56,560 --> 00:29:59,640
Speaker 2: why this is Well, according to the Smithsonian quote, they

611
00:29:59,720 --> 00:30:02,680
Speaker 2: believe even happened because the drug raises levels of a

612
00:30:02,720 --> 00:30:07,680
Speaker 2: molecule called cyclic guanascene monophosphate in the body. cGMP is

613
00:30:07,720 --> 00:30:11,320
Speaker 2: the molecule that expands blood vessels, which helps with getting

614
00:30:11,320 --> 00:30:13,880
Speaker 2: men excited. That's how it works from that purpose. But

615
00:30:14,200 --> 00:30:17,800
Speaker 2: cGMP also speeds up the body's internal clock, which is

616
00:30:17,840 --> 00:30:21,200
Speaker 2: how it combats jet lag. Anyway, the most fascinating thing

617
00:30:21,240 --> 00:30:23,320
Speaker 2: about this study, or to me at least, was that

618
00:30:23,560 --> 00:30:27,120
Speaker 2: the viagra only worked when hamsters were traveling east. Like,

619
00:30:27,160 --> 00:30:29,840
Speaker 2: the viagra helped if you adjusted the time zone from

620
00:30:30,080 --> 00:30:33,040
Speaker 2: New York to London, but if you had them going west,

621
00:30:33,160 --> 00:30:36,760
Speaker 2: it basically had no effect. I heard viagra's the same way, So.

622
00:30:38,640 --> 00:30:42,480
Speaker 1: That is wilds Well, I've got another discovery about animals,

623
00:30:42,480 --> 00:30:47,720
Speaker 1: but before we get to that, let's take one last break.

624
00:31:00,440 --> 00:31:02,480
Speaker 2: Welcome back to Part Time Genius, where we're counting down

625
00:31:02,520 --> 00:31:05,360
Speaker 2: the twenty five greatest science ideas of the past twenty

626
00:31:05,400 --> 00:31:08,640
Speaker 2: five years. All right, mango, we are all the way too.

627
00:31:09,480 --> 00:31:14,360
Speaker 1: Why those sesame street numbers never get old to me?

628
00:31:15,560 --> 00:31:18,360
Speaker 1: And at number twenty, we're going to cover one of

629
00:31:18,400 --> 00:31:22,480
Speaker 1: the most important scientific discoveries of our time, according to me,

630
00:31:23,280 --> 00:31:27,480
Speaker 1: which is why chickens like Denzel Washington more than you.

631
00:31:27,840 --> 00:31:31,080
Speaker 2: More than I like Denzel Washington, or they like Denzel

632
00:31:31,160 --> 00:31:32,080
Speaker 2: more than they like me.

633
00:31:32,320 --> 00:31:34,800
Speaker 1: They like Denzel more than they liked Okay, god, okn me,

634
00:31:35,400 --> 00:31:36,560
Speaker 1: they preferred Denze.

635
00:31:36,440 --> 00:31:37,640
Speaker 2: Making sure I didn't know if I was part of

636
00:31:37,680 --> 00:31:38,160
Speaker 2: this study.

637
00:31:39,360 --> 00:31:41,760
Speaker 1: Now, over the years, there have been lots of discoveries

638
00:31:41,800 --> 00:31:44,120
Speaker 1: about chickens. We know that the color of a chicken's

639
00:31:44,160 --> 00:31:47,600
Speaker 1: eggs often coincides with the color of the bird's ear lobes.

640
00:31:48,200 --> 00:31:51,520
Speaker 1: We know that today's chickens descended from the red jungle

641
00:31:51,560 --> 00:31:54,760
Speaker 1: fowl of Southeast Asia about eight thousand years ago, and

642
00:31:54,800 --> 00:31:58,560
Speaker 1: they were probably first domesticated not for meat, but as

643
00:31:58,720 --> 00:32:04,000
Speaker 1: early alarms systems like watchdogs, but birds right, bird dogs?

644
00:32:04,160 --> 00:32:04,400
Speaker 2: Yeah.

645
00:32:05,840 --> 00:32:10,080
Speaker 1: But perhaps most importantly, chickens can tell other chickens apart,

646
00:32:10,160 --> 00:32:12,600
Speaker 1: and studies have shown they can easily identify up to

647
00:32:12,800 --> 00:32:16,280
Speaker 1: thirty other chickens at a chicken party, but once the

648
00:32:16,360 --> 00:32:19,480
Speaker 1: numbers get to about one hundred, they get more confused.

649
00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:21,720
Speaker 1: They can't keep tracked. I mean, it's like people. Yeah,

650
00:32:22,080 --> 00:32:25,000
Speaker 1: it feels fair. But in two thousand and two, in

651
00:32:25,040 --> 00:32:29,520
Speaker 1: a paper called quote Chickens prefer beautiful humans. This is

652
00:32:29,560 --> 00:32:34,600
Speaker 1: actually the title of the scientist Stefano Ghirlanda Listen, Loote

653
00:32:34,800 --> 00:32:39,560
Speaker 1: Jensen and Magnus Anquist. Don't worry, it'll be spelled properly

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00:32:39,560 --> 00:32:43,080
Speaker 1: on the certificates. They all discovered that much like humans,

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00:32:43,200 --> 00:32:47,240
Speaker 1: chickens are attracted to symmetrical faces, and in the experiment,

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00:32:47,360 --> 00:32:50,640
Speaker 1: chickens pecked more at screens with symmetrical faces, and these

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00:32:50,720 --> 00:32:54,040
Speaker 1: results actually match the results of humans who were asked

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00:32:54,080 --> 00:32:58,000
Speaker 1: to choose between the same faces. According to nat GEO,

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00:32:58,040 --> 00:33:00,360
Speaker 1: the study was limited in that only tests did a

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00:33:00,360 --> 00:33:03,000
Speaker 1: small number of chickens and humans, but the results may

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00:33:03,040 --> 00:33:07,560
Speaker 1: suggest the mutual admiration for symmetry is rooted in the

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00:33:07,600 --> 00:33:11,160
Speaker 1: nervous system. Isn't that awesome? So it's not really based

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00:33:11,160 --> 00:33:13,960
Speaker 1: on cultural influences, but it's triggered by something in the brain.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, well, you said this was only a small number

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00:33:16,280 --> 00:33:18,600
Speaker 2: of chickens, so I'm still not quite on board with

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00:33:18,640 --> 00:33:20,560
Speaker 2: the idea that they like Denzel more than you. But

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00:33:20,640 --> 00:33:23,360
Speaker 2: we'll see. And actually, you know what, you know, I

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00:33:23,400 --> 00:33:26,520
Speaker 2: have chickens and chickens that lay different colored eggs. Huh.

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Speaker 2: I did not know that chickens had ear lobes, much

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00:33:29,320 --> 00:33:31,800
Speaker 2: less ear lobes that you could use to detect what

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00:33:31,840 --> 00:33:33,720
Speaker 2: sort of eggs they would lay. But anyway, it's all

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00:33:33,880 --> 00:33:37,120
Speaker 2: super fascinating. So back to this idea of the chickens

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00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:41,040
Speaker 2: preferring symmetrical faces. Do we know the evolutionary reason for that? Like,

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00:33:41,040 --> 00:33:43,440
Speaker 2: why do humans and chickens prefer these faces?

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00:33:43,680 --> 00:33:46,560
Speaker 1: We don't know yet. But nat Geo did have a

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00:33:46,600 --> 00:33:49,280
Speaker 1: fun kicker to the piece. They wrote, quote, what could

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00:33:49,320 --> 00:33:52,080
Speaker 1: be more humiliating than a chicken who sees your Tinder

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00:33:52,120 --> 00:33:57,560
Speaker 1: profile and swipes left? I think that's a good way

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00:33:57,600 --> 00:33:58,080
Speaker 1: to answer.

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Speaker 2: So that is definitely. We have reached the end of

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00:34:01,640 --> 00:34:03,760
Speaker 2: day one in our countdown of the twenty five best

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00:34:03,800 --> 00:34:06,920
Speaker 2: science ideas from the past twenty five years. Now, remember

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00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:08,799
Speaker 2: we got four more days to go, so be sure

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00:34:08,840 --> 00:34:11,200
Speaker 2: to tune in all week. Don't forget to enter today's

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00:34:11,200 --> 00:34:14,520
Speaker 2: giveaway on our Instagram at part time Genius and Mengo.

686
00:34:14,719 --> 00:34:15,960
Speaker 2: What's the teas up for tomorrow?

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00:34:16,280 --> 00:34:20,760
Speaker 1: So we have got stories about lobsters, dolphins and bike helmets.

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00:34:20,800 --> 00:34:23,520
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, the trio, although unfortunately none of these involve

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00:34:23,600 --> 00:34:26,759
Speaker 1: lobsters and dolphins wearing bike helmets. But it's still going

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00:34:26,800 --> 00:34:29,480
Speaker 1: to be fun, I promise. Anyway, that's it for today's

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00:34:29,480 --> 00:34:33,719
Speaker 1: episode from Gabe, Dylan, Mary, Will and myself. Thank you

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00:34:33,760 --> 00:34:49,120
Speaker 1: so much for listening. Part Time Genius is a production

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00:34:49,160 --> 00:34:52,879
Speaker 1: of Kaleidoscope and iHeartRadio. This show is hosted by Will

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00:34:52,920 --> 00:34:57,239
Speaker 1: Pearson and Me Mongays Chatikler, and research by our good

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00:34:57,320 --> 00:35:01,560
Speaker 1: pal Mary Philip Sandy. Today's EPISO was engineered and produced

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00:35:01,560 --> 00:35:04,880
Speaker 1: by the wonderful Dylan Fagan with support from Tyler Klang.

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00:35:05,320 --> 00:35:08,720
Speaker 1: The show is executive produced for iHeart by Katrina Norvell

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00:35:08,840 --> 00:35:11,879
Speaker 1: and Ali Perry, with social media support from Sasha Gay,

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00:35:11,960 --> 00:35:16,560
Speaker 1: Trustee Dara Potts and Vinny Shorey. For more podcasts from

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00:35:16,600 --> 00:35:21,560
Speaker 1: Kaleidoscope and iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or

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00:35:21,800 --> 00:35:36,640
Speaker 1: wherever you listen to your favorite shows.