WEBVTT - The Day Polish Pirates Pinched the Last Judgment 0:00:02.320 --> 0:00:06.000 Welcome to Criminalia, a production of Shonda Land Audio in 0:00:06.080 --> 0:00:15.400 partnership with I Heart Radio. The Book of Revelation in 0:00:15.440 --> 0:00:18.360 the New Testament of the Christian Bible is interpreted in 0:00:18.640 --> 0:00:23.360 several ways. For some, it's an apocalyptic prophecy involving the 0:00:23.400 --> 0:00:26.759 second coming of Christ and the rapture of souls, and 0:00:26.800 --> 0:00:30.520 the imagery for that interpretation has been popular among artists 0:00:30.720 --> 0:00:33.920 over centuries, including the piece we're going to talk about 0:00:33.960 --> 0:00:38.360 in this episode, the Last Judgment. Ah ha, But some 0:00:38.479 --> 0:00:42.120 of you may be wondering which one that's right. There 0:00:42.120 --> 0:00:45.279 are a few last judgments, but only one has been 0:00:45.280 --> 0:00:48.600 stolen that we know of, So let's narrow that down. 0:00:48.840 --> 0:00:53.320 Welcome to Criminalia. I'm Rantram Marquis and I'm Holly Fry, 0:00:53.360 --> 0:00:56.760 And actually there are more less judgments than you might expect. 0:00:57.040 --> 0:00:59.720 In fact, we will begin with the first known work. 0:01:00.000 --> 0:01:02.720 Then we'll kind of make our way along the historical timeline. 0:01:03.280 --> 0:01:05.919 With so many out there, you may be wondering, has 0:01:06.120 --> 0:01:09.120 only one ben stolen? We'll find out along the way 0:01:09.160 --> 0:01:10.880 for sure. First we're going to jump back to the 0:01:10.880 --> 0:01:14.760 twelfth century. There is a mural painted from red tempera 0:01:15.000 --> 0:01:17.000 on the west wall of the nave of the Church 0:01:17.040 --> 0:01:20.440 of St. Peter and Paul at Childon Surrey. While it 0:01:20.560 --> 0:01:24.319 is not named the Last Judgment, it depicts various iconographic 0:01:24.400 --> 0:01:27.120 subjects from biblical stories of the end of the world. 0:01:27.840 --> 0:01:31.560 This piece contrasts the ideas of heaven and hell. Its 0:01:31.640 --> 0:01:35.520 upper half depicts the salvation of souls, its lower half 0:01:35.560 --> 0:01:40.000 depicts demons and sinners awaiting judgments. The mural, while it's 0:01:40.000 --> 0:01:42.759 had the most time in history to be injured or stolen, 0:01:43.040 --> 0:01:45.959 never has been. It is no doubt to help that 0:01:46.000 --> 0:01:48.640 it is painted directly onto the wall, and that's the 0:01:48.640 --> 0:01:50.720 case with some of the others on this list as well. 0:01:52.440 --> 0:01:55.440 A money lender named Enrico s Graveni commissioned a series 0:01:55.440 --> 0:01:59.280 of frescoes from Florentine painter Giotto, including a depiction of 0:01:59.320 --> 0:02:02.080 the biblical story of the Last Judgment. For this Scraveny 0:02:02.160 --> 0:02:07.360 chapel in Padua, Italy. Geogo completed the work around thirteen 0:02:07.440 --> 0:02:10.720 o six. In the center of the fresco is Christ 0:02:10.919 --> 0:02:14.440 surrounded by angels. The apostles are depicted on either side 0:02:14.480 --> 0:02:16.800 of him, each on their own throne, and the cross, 0:02:17.000 --> 0:02:19.840 which is seen below. Christ is carried by two angels 0:02:20.080 --> 0:02:23.760 dividing Heaven from Hell. Hell is depicted on the lower right, 0:02:23.800 --> 0:02:26.280 with Satan shown as a large blue figure in the center, 0:02:26.360 --> 0:02:30.000 surrounded by tortured souls and Nope. This one, too has 0:02:30.080 --> 0:02:33.680 been safe since its creation more than seven hundred years ago. 0:02:35.400 --> 0:02:38.560 Commissioned by the Countess of Egremont in eighteen o seven, 0:02:38.600 --> 0:02:43.040 who was inspired by Michelangelo's Last Judgment, William Blake created 0:02:43.040 --> 0:02:46.520 a piece in ink and watercolor entitled A Vision of 0:02:46.560 --> 0:02:50.519 the Last Judgment. Within the notes of his piece, Blake wrote, quote, 0:02:50.760 --> 0:02:55.040 whenever any individual rejects error and embraces truth, a last 0:02:55.120 --> 0:02:59.959 Judgment passes upon that individual his vision of the Last Judgment. 0:03:00.040 --> 0:03:03.520 It has been safe for more than two centuries. And 0:03:03.560 --> 0:03:06.840 then there's Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, who considered 0:03:06.880 --> 0:03:11.040 the artist Jan van Eyke, who was his court painter unequal. 0:03:11.840 --> 0:03:15.200 Van Ike's Crucifixion and Last Judgment Diptic was created in 0:03:15.240 --> 0:03:21.040 four six and consists of two small painted panels. Historians 0:03:21.080 --> 0:03:24.959 believed some areas may have been finished by unidentified members 0:03:24.960 --> 0:03:28.040 of his workshop, which actually wouldn't have been uncommon at 0:03:28.080 --> 0:03:32.560 that time. The idea of the workshop, a type of apprenticeship, 0:03:32.720 --> 0:03:36.000 was at the heart of many industries in the Italian Renaissance, 0:03:36.040 --> 0:03:41.200 including carpentry, baking, cobbling, painting, on and on. Van Ike 0:03:41.320 --> 0:03:44.080 was an innovator of what became known as the Early 0:03:44.280 --> 0:03:48.720 Netherlandish style of painting. There is a common misconception out 0:03:48.720 --> 0:03:51.600 there that seems to date back to a sixteenth century 0:03:51.760 --> 0:03:55.840 artist named Vita of the Tuscan, that van Ike invented 0:03:56.200 --> 0:03:59.800 oil painting, which that's just not true. It is, however, true, 0:04:00.080 --> 0:04:04.360 that he achieved, or you may even be able to say, perfected, 0:04:04.920 --> 0:04:08.960 new ways to develop oil mediums, to use glazes and 0:04:09.040 --> 0:04:12.880 oil resin varnishes as well as drying oils. He's also 0:04:13.000 --> 0:04:16.120 credited with originating a style of painting that relied on 0:04:16.200 --> 0:04:20.280 realistic depictions of surface effects in natural light, all made 0:04:20.279 --> 0:04:23.040 possible with those new ways of building up oil paints 0:04:23.080 --> 0:04:26.719 and translucent layers. So though van Eyek is known to 0:04:26.839 --> 0:04:31.200 have the most stolen art piece of all time, yes, 0:04:31.640 --> 0:04:35.920 of all time, it's not his last judgment that's among 0:04:35.960 --> 0:04:39.920 the thieves most wanted piece of art. That takes us 0:04:39.960 --> 0:04:44.200 to another early Netherlandish painter named Hieronymous Bosch that was 0:04:44.240 --> 0:04:47.960 actually the pseudonym of your own Van Akin Bosch is 0:04:48.040 --> 0:04:51.159 known for his dream like pieces painted in oil on 0:04:51.279 --> 0:04:57.520 oakwood and containing fantastical illustrations of religious concepts and narratives. 0:04:57.600 --> 0:05:00.880 His version of the Last Judgment lies across three panels 0:05:01.200 --> 0:05:03.359 and it takes us from the biblical story of the 0:05:03.400 --> 0:05:06.360 Garden of Eden to a book of revelation hell Escape 0:05:06.560 --> 0:05:10.000 where the damned are punished. The Last Judgment trip Tick, 0:05:10.160 --> 0:05:13.760 created sometime around fourteen two, is part of the permanent 0:05:13.800 --> 0:05:17.960 collection of the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna. While 0:05:18.080 --> 0:05:21.240 Bosh's works have gone missing in the past, including the 0:05:21.400 --> 0:05:25.159 rare piece Temptation of Saint Anthony, stolen from the Chrysler 0:05:25.279 --> 0:05:29.280 Art Museum in Provincetown, Massachusetts in nineteen seventy, as well 0:05:29.320 --> 0:05:31.920 as the Conjuror, which was stolen from the Museum of 0:05:31.960 --> 0:05:36.280 suburban Saint Germain Lay in ninety eight, there is no 0:05:36.360 --> 0:05:40.520 record of his Last Judgment ever having been stolen. And 0:05:40.560 --> 0:05:43.719 then there was Lucas Senior Relli, an Italian Renaissance painter. 0:05:44.080 --> 0:05:46.359 His depiction of the Last Judgment can be found in 0:05:46.400 --> 0:05:49.360 the Chapel of San Brizio and features the Biblical stories 0:05:49.400 --> 0:05:53.719 of bodies of the damned awaiting judgment. Seniorrelli completed more 0:05:53.760 --> 0:05:56.720 than one piece at that chapel, including this one, between 0:05:56.720 --> 0:06:01.240 fourteen and fifteen o nine. His Last Judgment Fresco is 0:06:01.279 --> 0:06:05.120 widely considered the inspiration for the now famous image of 0:06:05.279 --> 0:06:09.680 fearful Souls in another work called The Last Judgment, that 0:06:09.720 --> 0:06:13.760 one created by Michelangelo and unveiled on October thirty one 0:06:14.120 --> 0:06:19.160 fifty one. Each of these works has focused on the 0:06:19.200 --> 0:06:22.320 Book of Revelation in the New Testament of the Christian Bible, 0:06:22.839 --> 0:06:25.720 telling the story of the second Coming of Christ and 0:06:25.800 --> 0:06:30.080 God's eternal judgment of all humanity, and michel Angelo's painting 0:06:30.240 --> 0:06:34.719 is no different. Though his work of Fresco is grand 0:06:34.760 --> 0:06:38.400 in scale, it covers the entire altar wall of the 0:06:38.480 --> 0:06:42.760 Sistine Chapel in the Apostolic Palace in Vatican City. The 0:06:42.800 --> 0:06:46.360 Italian artist was primarily a sculptor and not a painter, 0:06:46.520 --> 0:06:49.960 but he created one of the most well known Renaissance paintings. 0:06:50.640 --> 0:06:54.000 This painting depicts more than three hundred souls surrounding a 0:06:54.120 --> 0:06:58.320 central figure, a depiction of Christ. There is, for those 0:06:58.320 --> 0:07:01.240 of you who like the hidden details, a self portrait 0:07:01.320 --> 0:07:05.160 of Michelangelo sneaked into an unexpected place in this painting, 0:07:05.880 --> 0:07:10.120 the artist rendered himself as the flayed skin of St. Bartholomew, 0:07:10.560 --> 0:07:13.320 who was one of the twelve apostles of Jesus according 0:07:13.360 --> 0:07:16.000 to Christian theology, and who was said to have been 0:07:16.000 --> 0:07:18.800 flayed alive. If you have ever seen this, it is 0:07:18.880 --> 0:07:22.240 quite a striking image, quite an interesting choice to use 0:07:22.280 --> 0:07:26.520 as your self portrait. Renaissance painter and architect Georgio Vasari's 0:07:26.560 --> 0:07:29.280 book The Lives of the Most Excellent was a series 0:07:29.320 --> 0:07:33.120 of artist biographies. The Sari was very prominent on the 0:07:33.200 --> 0:07:36.640 art scene at the time that Michelangelo was working. In it, 0:07:36.840 --> 0:07:40.400 he wrote about Michelangelo and specifically of the last Judgment, 0:07:40.480 --> 0:07:43.120 quote he threw it open to view in the year 0:07:43.160 --> 0:07:46.320 of fifty one, I believe on Christmas Day to the 0:07:46.360 --> 0:07:49.520 marvel of all Rome, nay of the whole world. And 0:07:49.720 --> 0:07:52.120 I who was that year in Venice and went to 0:07:52.240 --> 0:07:55.840 Rome to see it, was struck dumb by its beauty. 0:07:56.280 --> 0:07:59.960 Michel Angelo's contemporary Nino Sernini, reported on this work to 0:08:00.080 --> 0:08:03.000 Cardinal Gonzaga, and in that report he wrote, quote, it 0:08:03.120 --> 0:08:06.000 is of such beauty that your Excellency can imagine that 0:08:06.040 --> 0:08:09.360 there is no lack of those who condemn it, but 0:08:09.440 --> 0:08:12.280 those who condemned it, and there were quite a few, 0:08:13.040 --> 0:08:17.960 did not steal it. The creations of the Last Judgments 0:08:18.040 --> 0:08:22.040 didn't end with Michelangelo's masterpiece. Between eighteen fifty one and 0:08:22.120 --> 0:08:25.680 eighteen fifty three, English Romantic painter John Martin painted a 0:08:25.800 --> 0:08:28.960 Last Judgment triptych depicting the planes of heaven and the 0:08:29.040 --> 0:08:33.120 great day of his wrath. The Christian God is depicted 0:08:33.160 --> 0:08:37.960 sitting on a throne in heaven, surrounded by four archangels Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, 0:08:38.080 --> 0:08:41.800 and Uriel, and by the elders of the Revelation below them. 0:08:41.800 --> 0:08:44.360 On the left you see those saved waiting to ascend 0:08:44.400 --> 0:08:47.160 to heaven. The damned are found on the right, tumbling 0:08:47.160 --> 0:08:50.560 down a bottomless pit. Martin was known to feature real 0:08:50.679 --> 0:08:54.559 life people in his paintings, including this one, and notable 0:08:54.640 --> 0:08:59.360 persons among the saved, for instance, are Copernicus and Shakespeare. Again, 0:08:59.400 --> 0:09:02.440 though this is a depiction of the Last Judgment that's 0:09:02.440 --> 0:09:07.400 been lucky enough to never have been nicked. It keeps going, 0:09:07.440 --> 0:09:09.400 but we are coming to the end of the Last 0:09:09.440 --> 0:09:13.160 Judgment lists. If you were in the market for a 0:09:13.200 --> 0:09:16.040 depiction of the Christian apocalypse, there were a lot to 0:09:16.160 --> 0:09:20.480 choose from. Obviously, Russian artist Viktor Vasnetsov gave us an 0:09:20.520 --> 0:09:23.920 early twentieth century depiction of the Last Judgment that was 0:09:23.960 --> 0:09:27.920 created for St. George's Cathedral and Gus Kristalani and commissioned 0:09:27.920 --> 0:09:32.840 by U. S. Natziev Matzev, who coincidentally had also funded 0:09:32.840 --> 0:09:36.319 the building of the cathedral. That painting, completed in nineteen 0:09:36.320 --> 0:09:38.800 o four, depicts Christ at the top of the piece, 0:09:38.880 --> 0:09:40.800 with the Virgin Mary on the left and John the 0:09:40.840 --> 0:09:44.600 Baptist on the right. Souls are seen waiting for salvation, 0:09:44.760 --> 0:09:47.719 and Satan can be seen taunting those destined for hell. 0:09:48.720 --> 0:09:52.040 Another Russian artist and one of the pioneers of abstract 0:09:52.080 --> 0:09:57.280 modern art, Vasily Kandinsky, created his own Last Judgment. Kandynski's 0:09:57.320 --> 0:10:00.319 features in irregular black shape at the center of the work, 0:10:00.640 --> 0:10:03.880 surrounded by colorful lines and dots, as well as shapes 0:10:03.920 --> 0:10:08.320 of various sizes, some open ended and some closed. That 0:10:08.400 --> 0:10:11.640 piece is part of a series of paintings featuring biblical themes, 0:10:11.679 --> 0:10:15.439 including the Resurrection Jonah and the Whale and the Great Flood, 0:10:15.800 --> 0:10:18.800 and those were produced by Kendynski between nineteen twelve and 0:10:18.920 --> 0:10:22.439 nineteen thirteen. None of the works in that series have 0:10:22.559 --> 0:10:28.640 been stolen, and this leaves us with one more last judgment. 0:10:29.600 --> 0:10:32.400 This one is a triptych painted by Hans Memling, a 0:10:32.480 --> 0:10:35.640 piece he started in fourteen sixty seven and completed in 0:10:35.679 --> 0:10:40.320 fourteen seventy one. Out of so many, yes, this is 0:10:40.360 --> 0:10:43.560 the one. It is the one. This last judgment was 0:10:43.679 --> 0:10:47.079 stolen in the late fifteenth century, but not by sleight 0:10:47.160 --> 0:10:50.440 of hand or by skirting alarm systems or any sort 0:10:50.440 --> 0:10:55.040 of Hollywood like stunt work. It was looted by pirates. 0:10:56.280 --> 0:11:00.080 Oh that's right, there were pirates. We are going to 0:11:00.080 --> 0:11:02.520 take a break for a word from our sponsor, and 0:11:02.600 --> 0:11:05.400 when we're back we will talk about who Hans Memling 0:11:05.640 --> 0:11:09.040 was and how important he was to the early Netherlandish 0:11:09.040 --> 0:11:27.560 painting movement. Welcome back to Criminalia. We've described all the 0:11:27.640 --> 0:11:31.880 other works, so let's talk about what memlings last judgment 0:11:32.160 --> 0:11:36.599 looks like. Memling's Last Judgment, trip Tik is one of 0:11:36.640 --> 0:11:41.679 the world's best preserved examples of early Netherlandish painting. Spanning 0:11:41.679 --> 0:11:44.200 a timeline of more than five hundred years. The work 0:11:44.280 --> 0:11:49.040 has never been severely damaged, despite some pretty thrilling adventures 0:11:49.040 --> 0:11:52.320 it's been on. This is a well traveled piece of art. 0:11:52.480 --> 0:11:54.920 This piece tells the story of the end of days 0:11:55.000 --> 0:11:58.240 as described in Christian theology in the Revelation of St. John. 0:11:58.960 --> 0:12:01.960 It depicts the biblical figures of Christ and the archangel 0:12:02.000 --> 0:12:05.360 Michael during the final Judgment story in the Christian Bible. 0:12:06.240 --> 0:12:09.760 Depicted as the Judge, Christ appears on a rainbow with 0:12:09.800 --> 0:12:13.000 his feet resting on a golden orb, considered a symbol 0:12:13.000 --> 0:12:17.319 of the universe. He is surrounded by the apostles. Michael 0:12:17.440 --> 0:12:20.360 in golden armor is weighing souls of those who have 0:12:20.520 --> 0:12:24.280 risen from the dead. Above them are angels. Below are 0:12:24.320 --> 0:12:27.760 the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist. The right hand 0:12:27.800 --> 0:12:31.240 panel features saved souls walking up to the gates of Heaven. 0:12:31.920 --> 0:12:34.720 The left hand side depicts the scene where the damn 0:12:34.800 --> 0:12:40.760 are cast down into eternal damnation, so Membling himself. Memling 0:12:41.040 --> 0:12:46.160 was most likely born between fourteen thirty five and fourteen 0:12:46.240 --> 0:12:51.080 forty in dot near Frankfurt in today's Germany, and probably 0:12:51.280 --> 0:12:56.360 spent his childhood in Minds. We know he's spent almost 0:12:56.600 --> 0:12:59.280 thirty years of his life as an artist working in Bruge, 0:12:59.320 --> 0:13:02.319 but we only have bits and pieces of information about 0:13:02.320 --> 0:13:05.120 the details of his life there. It's known that he 0:13:05.160 --> 0:13:08.560 became a citizen of Bruges in January of fourteen sixty five. 0:13:09.120 --> 0:13:13.160 We know he married Anna Valkanair sometime between fourteen seventy 0:13:13.240 --> 0:13:16.640 and fourteen eighty, and that the couple had children at 0:13:16.720 --> 0:13:21.160 least three sons. By fourteen eighty, Memmling owned three homes 0:13:21.200 --> 0:13:23.840 and had become one of the wealthiest men in the city. 0:13:24.120 --> 0:13:26.640 He was much acclaimed as an artist in his own lifetime, 0:13:26.720 --> 0:13:30.480 something not every artist gets to enjoy. When recording his 0:13:30.559 --> 0:13:33.920 death in fourteen ninety four, the notary of Bruce described 0:13:34.000 --> 0:13:37.560 Memmling as quote the most skillful painter in the whole 0:13:37.679 --> 0:13:41.280 of Christendom. While there have been ups and downs among 0:13:41.360 --> 0:13:44.240 critics and art historians over the centuries about the validity 0:13:44.280 --> 0:13:47.320 of his works, he is now today considered a major 0:13:47.559 --> 0:13:53.920 Northern Renaissance artist. One problem here that triptych does not 0:13:54.120 --> 0:13:57.160 bear Memling signature, and that has led to it being 0:13:57.200 --> 0:14:02.800 attributed to various Netherlandish painters throughout history, including Jan Vanik, 0:14:02.880 --> 0:14:06.320 who we mentioned creating his own Last Judgment, but also 0:14:06.880 --> 0:14:10.600 Roger van der Veiden, who was Memling's mentor. Hugo van 0:14:10.640 --> 0:14:14.440 der Goes Albert von Uvetter, and Michael Volgemut have all 0:14:14.559 --> 0:14:18.600 been considered at various times. It was German art historian 0:14:18.679 --> 0:14:23.480 Gustav Hodo who in eighteen forty three saw Memling's distinct 0:14:23.600 --> 0:14:26.960 hand in the Last Judgment, though in nineteen o one. 0:14:27.120 --> 0:14:31.080 In nineteen o two, German art historian and cultural theorist 0:14:31.080 --> 0:14:35.200 Abby Warburg added Hotels thesis to his publications, and the 0:14:35.280 --> 0:14:39.160 Memling Triptych has been an undisputed Memling work pretty much 0:14:39.160 --> 0:14:44.040 ever since. Today there are upwards of eighty paintings known 0:14:44.240 --> 0:14:47.240 as his, and the list is growing. Memling is known 0:14:47.240 --> 0:14:50.240 for his work in early Netherlandish art style, as well 0:14:50.280 --> 0:14:53.480 as Flemish art and the gent Bruges school. He was 0:14:53.600 --> 0:14:56.960 likely at least at first schooled in the art styles 0:14:57.000 --> 0:15:00.240 trending in Cologne before he traveled to Bruge. It's in 0:15:00.360 --> 0:15:03.560 Bruge where he trained in the workshop of internationally known 0:15:03.640 --> 0:15:08.480 Flemish painter Rogier vander Widen, probably between fourteen fifty nine 0:15:08.600 --> 0:15:12.760 and fourteen sixty four. Once in Bruge, he quickly began 0:15:12.840 --> 0:15:16.640 receiving commissions from its wealthy and influential residence, and this 0:15:16.680 --> 0:15:19.760 is where he settled. He began to specialize in small 0:15:19.800 --> 0:15:23.720 diptics and triptics for individual devotion, but it was Membling's 0:15:23.880 --> 0:15:28.240 portraits in particular that were popular, and especially popular in Italy. 0:15:28.960 --> 0:15:33.400 According to Paula Natal, an art historian specializing in the Renaissance, 0:15:33.840 --> 0:15:36.720 memlings distinctive style in his portraits came from his use 0:15:36.760 --> 0:15:41.200 of landscape backgrounds by quote, a balanced counterpart between top 0:15:41.240 --> 0:15:44.640 and bottom, foreground and background, the head offset by the 0:15:44.680 --> 0:15:48.120 neutral expanse of sky and the neutral area of the 0:15:48.160 --> 0:15:52.960 shoulders enlivened by the landscape detail beyond. His style influenced 0:15:53.040 --> 0:15:56.280 the work of numerous fifteenth century Italian painters and can 0:15:56.320 --> 0:16:00.440 be seen in pieces such as Raphael's Madelenadoni. But it 0:16:00.520 --> 0:16:05.480 wasn't one of his portraits that was stolen. So we're 0:16:05.480 --> 0:16:07.760 going to take a break for a word from our sponsors, 0:16:07.760 --> 0:16:10.640 and when we return we will talk about who Angelo 0:16:10.720 --> 0:16:15.440 Tani was and why he probably never saw Memlings last judgment, 0:16:30.160 --> 0:16:34.480 Welcome back to Criminalia. Let's talk about how conflict between 0:16:34.560 --> 0:16:40.000 England and the Hanseiotic League led to the perhaps unintentional 0:16:40.320 --> 0:16:45.920 theft of memlings triptic. Angelo Tani, an ancient of the 0:16:45.920 --> 0:16:49.080 Medici Bank in Bruges was the triptics patron, and he 0:16:49.120 --> 0:16:52.920 commissioned it in fourteen sixty five. In fact, when the 0:16:52.920 --> 0:16:56.200 triptic is closed, Tony and his wife are shown kneeling 0:16:56.200 --> 0:16:59.520 in prayer. We read about this piece that it was 0:16:59.560 --> 0:17:02.520 supposed to be hung in a chapel in Florence, but 0:17:03.120 --> 0:17:06.000 though not all reports suggested this, we did see that 0:17:06.080 --> 0:17:08.639 it was intended to hang as the altar piece for 0:17:08.680 --> 0:17:12.119 a new private chapel in Fiesole in Tuscany, near the 0:17:12.160 --> 0:17:16.200 city of Florence, where the Badia Fia Solana is currently located. 0:17:16.840 --> 0:17:23.080 Before April three, you'll find no mention actually of memoins 0:17:23.160 --> 0:17:27.280 last judgment triptych nothing. On that day it was loaded 0:17:27.320 --> 0:17:30.960 under Burgundian flag aboard the San Mateo, a galley bound 0:17:31.000 --> 0:17:34.400 from Bruge to Florence, Italy via the English coast. Two 0:17:34.520 --> 0:17:38.120 days later the San Mateo, when the vessel entered English waters, 0:17:38.880 --> 0:17:41.879 well that's when things went sideways. Here the vessel was 0:17:41.960 --> 0:17:45.640 overtaken by a ship under the Hanseatic League also known 0:17:45.680 --> 0:17:48.800 as the Hansa, which was at the time at war 0:17:48.920 --> 0:17:51.760 with England. So for more than four hundred years, the 0:17:51.800 --> 0:17:57.440 Hanseatic League shaped Northern Europe. It's economy, trade, its politics, 0:17:57.520 --> 0:18:01.879 and this continued well into the seventeenth century. At its peak, 0:18:02.200 --> 0:18:05.320 the network was an alliance of trading guilds that included 0:18:05.359 --> 0:18:08.960 more than two hundred towns, mainly around the Baltic Sea 0:18:09.080 --> 0:18:12.919 and Inland up to Cologne or Hurt and Krakoff. The 0:18:13.000 --> 0:18:17.240 league extended far beyond this area, though, with trading posts 0:18:17.320 --> 0:18:21.840 running on routes from Portugal to Russia, Finland to the Mediterranean. 0:18:22.480 --> 0:18:25.800 In Bruge, London and Bergen, the long distance traders founded 0:18:25.880 --> 0:18:29.920 large foreign trading posts. Smaller ones were established in many 0:18:29.920 --> 0:18:33.160 other cities on their roots. The long distance merchants joined 0:18:33.240 --> 0:18:36.120 forces to boost business, of course, but also to better 0:18:36.160 --> 0:18:41.159 protect themselves against pirates. The conflict that catalyzed the events 0:18:41.280 --> 0:18:45.439 we're talking about was fought between England, specifically against the 0:18:45.480 --> 0:18:50.199 English merchant community's expansion, and the Hanseatic League, and lasted 0:18:50.240 --> 0:18:54.439 from roughly fourteen sixty nine to fourteen seventy four. It 0:18:54.560 --> 0:18:58.760 was during this Anglohnsiatic War when the Membling triptych was 0:18:58.840 --> 0:19:04.640 stolen at So the first recorded artist in history involves 0:19:04.680 --> 0:19:06.919 something that we know a little bit about from one 0:19:06.960 --> 0:19:12.720 of our earlier seasons pirates. Paul Bennicky was a Godons 0:19:12.880 --> 0:19:17.679 town council leader, and he was a pirate. Technically he 0:19:17.760 --> 0:19:20.800 was a privateer because he got paid for his piracy gigs. 0:19:20.840 --> 0:19:23.360 But really I think we all learned a few seasons 0:19:23.359 --> 0:19:25.680 ago that a pirate is a pirate is a pirate. 0:19:26.280 --> 0:19:29.679 He was commissioned by Lubeck, head of the Hanseatic League, 0:19:29.720 --> 0:19:33.159 to captain the ship Peter von Danzig. Danzig is the 0:19:33.240 --> 0:19:36.520 German name for the city of Godons, which throughout history 0:19:36.600 --> 0:19:40.560 has had periods of Polish, Prussian, and German rule. Today 0:19:40.680 --> 0:19:44.080 it is one of the oldest cities in Poland. As 0:19:44.080 --> 0:19:47.399 a result of the conflict between England and the Hanseatic League, 0:19:47.440 --> 0:19:53.040 Captain Bennecky Stalked, attacked, and boarded the Florence boundship transporting 0:19:53.040 --> 0:19:58.080 the Last Judgment. The painting never reached Italy. As this 0:19:58.160 --> 0:20:00.840 is generally accepted as the first document minted instance of 0:20:00.880 --> 0:20:05.600 modern art theft. To some historians, that indicates memlings paintings 0:20:05.600 --> 0:20:08.919 were beginning to be seen as worthy as gold, silver, 0:20:09.240 --> 0:20:12.679 maybe even precious stones, items of value you might find 0:20:12.840 --> 0:20:17.239 in a pirates loot. When private collectors became interested in art, 0:20:17.359 --> 0:20:20.840 which was roughly at the beginning of the sixteenth century. 0:20:20.920 --> 0:20:24.439 Some paintings and works by certain artists became worth the 0:20:24.520 --> 0:20:28.680 steel because of the payoff. Others, though, consider Memlings worked 0:20:28.760 --> 0:20:31.080 to have just been in the wrong place at the 0:20:31.119 --> 0:20:36.359 wrong time. In the North Sea, Bennecky commandeered the galley 0:20:36.480 --> 0:20:39.679 and sailed it and all of its cargo, including the 0:20:39.720 --> 0:20:44.120 membling piece, as well as textiles, leather, furs, valuable album 0:20:44.240 --> 0:20:48.040 and more, back to Poland, specifically to the port city 0:20:48.080 --> 0:20:51.760 of Gdansk on the Baltic coast of Poland. There was 0:20:51.880 --> 0:20:54.760 just to make note, one report that suggested that Bennecky 0:20:55.000 --> 0:20:59.800 alternatively tugged the vessel to the port of Stop. All 0:20:59.840 --> 0:21:02.720 of the stolen cargo fell into the possession of the 0:21:02.760 --> 0:21:07.680 pirates or I'm sorry, the privateers. At first, they gave 0:21:07.720 --> 0:21:10.119 their load to the local nobles, who then in turn 0:21:10.359 --> 0:21:13.320 gave everything to what is now St. Mary's Basilica in 0:21:13.359 --> 0:21:16.960 the center of the city. Angelo Tani, who commissioned the 0:21:17.040 --> 0:21:21.520 last judgment, not surprisingly objected to the seizure, and the 0:21:21.600 --> 0:21:25.199 issue was taken up in papal court. Benniket's looting was 0:21:25.240 --> 0:21:28.040 defended on the basis that the seizure had been a 0:21:28.160 --> 0:21:31.600 legitimate act of war, as the Ansiotic League had been 0:21:31.640 --> 0:21:34.240 at war with England at the time it was taken, 0:21:34.400 --> 0:21:38.320 so case closed. The triptych was hung on one of 0:21:38.320 --> 0:21:41.240 the pillars of the Goddon's Chapel of St. George, where 0:21:41.240 --> 0:21:45.960 it stayed for more than three hundred years. Fast forward 0:21:46.000 --> 0:21:49.159 a little bit to the sixteenth century. Rudolf the second 0:21:49.240 --> 0:21:52.760 Holy Roman Emperor admired Memling's work and wanted to buy 0:21:52.760 --> 0:21:56.639 the triptych for forty thou sailers sailors if you're not 0:21:56.680 --> 0:22:00.159 familiar at the time where large silver coins minted in 0:22:00.200 --> 0:22:03.800 the states and territories of the Holy Roman Empire. But 0:22:03.920 --> 0:22:06.520 that offer, which was pretty generous, was turned down by 0:22:06.560 --> 0:22:10.679 the city of Goadonsk in seventeen Sixteenszar Peter the First 0:22:10.800 --> 0:22:13.679 was not as subtle as to request its purchase. He 0:22:13.840 --> 0:22:16.959 just demanded that Memling's last judgment be handed over as 0:22:16.960 --> 0:22:20.760 a token of gratitude for peace negotiations that had been 0:22:20.800 --> 0:22:25.840 favorable for the city. Goodonsk city officials, though once again decline. 0:22:26.760 --> 0:22:29.880 It wasn't until eighteen o seven when the French, led 0:22:29.920 --> 0:22:33.240 by Martial of Febre, conquered Goadonsk that the painting was 0:22:33.280 --> 0:22:36.720 given a new home, although no it was not returned 0:22:36.760 --> 0:22:39.679 to its owner. The painting was shipped to the newly 0:22:39.800 --> 0:22:43.560 established Napoleon Museum in the Louver in Paris, and it 0:22:43.680 --> 0:22:46.639 was there actually where it was erroneously considered to be 0:22:46.720 --> 0:22:49.560 the work of Jan van Ike. It remained there for 0:22:49.640 --> 0:22:53.040 eight years until it was sent to Berlin. It was 0:22:53.200 --> 0:22:57.119 returned to Goodonsk in eighteen seventeen through diplomatic efforts by 0:22:57.119 --> 0:23:00.919 the city council and an intervention by the King of Prussia. 0:23:01.280 --> 0:23:04.560 It was placed once again in St. Mary's Basilica, where 0:23:04.600 --> 0:23:07.200 it stayed until the final days of the Second World War. 0:23:08.000 --> 0:23:10.520 It was hidden for its safety during the war, but 0:23:10.680 --> 0:23:13.600 was ultimately looted by the Red Army and taken to 0:23:13.640 --> 0:23:18.679 the Hermitage in Leningrad. Post World War Two, Poland became 0:23:18.720 --> 0:23:22.399 the new rightful owner under new international treaties, and in 0:23:23.320 --> 0:23:26.920 y six the last Judgment was at least initially hung 0:23:26.920 --> 0:23:30.760 in the National Museum in Warsaw. It was later moved 0:23:30.760 --> 0:23:33.560 to the Pomeranian Museum, which became the National Museum and 0:23:33.560 --> 0:23:38.080 gnounced in and that's where you can still visit it 0:23:38.119 --> 0:23:41.280 today if you were interested. The Memblane triptych, which we've 0:23:41.359 --> 0:23:44.760 learned should never have actually been in dust to begin with, 0:23:45.440 --> 0:23:48.640 remains the only work of the Flemish artist in any 0:23:48.680 --> 0:23:53.119 collection in museums across all of Poland. And that is 0:23:53.200 --> 0:24:00.000 the story of the second last judgment. There's so many 0:24:00.040 --> 0:24:10.439 any it's time for heist hooch. And the thing that 0:24:10.560 --> 0:24:14.200 of course struck me about this entire story, it's just 0:24:14.320 --> 0:24:18.600 how much this guy moved around, which is a lot. Yes, 0:24:19.480 --> 0:24:21.600 that got me thinking about the idea of so many 0:24:21.640 --> 0:24:24.359 people claiming ownership over it, and the one person who 0:24:24.440 --> 0:24:27.160 actually technically should have owned it never getting to never 0:24:27.240 --> 0:24:30.720 saw it, never even saw it, did not have the Internet, 0:24:30.760 --> 0:24:34.280 then he cannot look it up. I am calling this 0:24:34.320 --> 0:24:39.440 one Tonny's lament. I appreciate that he is being uplifted 0:24:39.520 --> 0:24:42.919 here because he really falls down in the story. He 0:24:43.119 --> 0:24:47.040 is and then there's a spirit I chose to represent 0:24:47.280 --> 0:24:49.159 him in a way and you'll hear what it is 0:24:49.160 --> 0:24:51.840 in a moment and you'll be like predictable, but also 0:24:51.880 --> 0:24:54.800 I hope funny. One of the things that I wanted 0:24:54.880 --> 0:24:58.679 to do was build a drink that represented all of 0:24:58.720 --> 0:25:01.680 the countries where mem his last judgment has lived. Good 0:25:01.760 --> 0:25:06.159 luck getting a glass that big. Well, you gotta be 0:25:06.240 --> 0:25:09.159 a little bit judicious so that you don't just get trash, right, 0:25:09.160 --> 0:25:11.920 because that's a lot of stuff. First, I'm going to 0:25:12.000 --> 0:25:14.320 tell you what gets included to represent eachthing, and then 0:25:14.359 --> 0:25:17.320 we'll do the actual measures of the drink. So, since 0:25:17.359 --> 0:25:21.879 it was intended for either Florence or just outside of it, 0:25:21.920 --> 0:25:24.840 but it never made it there, Mr Tony never got 0:25:24.920 --> 0:25:28.439 what he wanted. The bitter appair tief Campari is going 0:25:28.480 --> 0:25:31.440 to be in the mix because I would be real 0:25:31.520 --> 0:25:34.080 bitter about this whole life. But I weren't telling his wife. 0:25:34.080 --> 0:25:36.320 He's like, when they close it, it's the two of us. 0:25:36.359 --> 0:25:41.439 So beautiful, honey, it's gonna be amazing. I've never seen it, 0:25:42.400 --> 0:25:46.040 so yeah, it's Campari. Also, we did, if you remember, 0:25:46.080 --> 0:25:48.600 a while back, I did a drink that was trying 0:25:48.640 --> 0:25:51.520