1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,480 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,560 --> 00:00:17,439 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. This is 4 00:00:17,520 --> 00:00:21,040 Speaker 1: part two of our episode on Emily Hobhouse, and in 5 00:00:21,160 --> 00:00:24,040 Speaker 1: part one we talked about her early life. We talked 6 00:00:24,079 --> 00:00:27,760 Speaker 1: about the basic overview of the Second Anglo Boer War 7 00:00:28,080 --> 00:00:31,360 Speaker 1: also called the Second War of Independence from the Borer perspective. 8 00:00:31,960 --> 00:00:36,600 Speaker 1: We talked about her work investigating concentration camps where wars 9 00:00:36,920 --> 00:00:40,520 Speaker 1: being held during the war and her efforts to bring 10 00:00:40,600 --> 00:00:45,879 Speaker 1: relief and improve those conditions in those camps. Um that 11 00:00:46,120 --> 00:00:49,280 Speaker 1: is the work that she is most known for today, 12 00:00:49,400 --> 00:00:52,479 Speaker 1: especially outside of South Africa. But her work in South 13 00:00:52,520 --> 00:00:55,880 Speaker 1: Africa continued after the war was over, and her work 14 00:00:55,920 --> 00:00:59,840 Speaker 1: as a humanitarian and a peace activist continued during an 15 00:00:59,840 --> 00:01:02,560 Speaker 1: hour after World War Once. Let's what we're talking about today. 16 00:01:02,760 --> 00:01:05,640 Speaker 1: I feel like a person who didn't listen to part 17 00:01:05,640 --> 00:01:08,319 Speaker 1: one is probably not going to be totally lost. But 18 00:01:08,400 --> 00:01:10,720 Speaker 1: there's like a lot of stuff in there that we're 19 00:01:10,760 --> 00:01:14,880 Speaker 1: not really gonna go over again. You will miss some context. 20 00:01:15,840 --> 00:01:20,319 Speaker 1: For example, Emily hobhouses work in South Africa during the 21 00:01:20,360 --> 00:01:24,240 Speaker 1: Second Boer War led to her being deeply reviled by 22 00:01:24,240 --> 00:01:27,520 Speaker 1: many British authorities there and by people back in Britain. 23 00:01:28,240 --> 00:01:30,880 Speaker 1: Although there were some people who saw the conditions that 24 00:01:30,920 --> 00:01:33,520 Speaker 1: she had exposed as a moral failure of the British 25 00:01:33,560 --> 00:01:37,880 Speaker 1: Empire which urgently needed to be corrected, others branded her 26 00:01:38,000 --> 00:01:42,400 Speaker 1: as a trader. Lord Horatio Herbert Kitchener, who replaced Lord 27 00:01:42,440 --> 00:01:45,400 Speaker 1: Frederick Roberts as Commander in Chief of the British forces 28 00:01:45,480 --> 00:01:49,080 Speaker 1: during the war, called her that bloody woman. In the 29 00:01:49,160 --> 00:01:52,360 Speaker 1: spring of nineteen o two, Hobhouse went to France to 30 00:01:52,400 --> 00:01:54,640 Speaker 1: try to recover from the time she had spent in 31 00:01:54,680 --> 00:01:58,480 Speaker 1: South Africa, and then also that time she had tried 32 00:01:58,520 --> 00:02:02,120 Speaker 1: to go back and sent back to Britain immediately. Her 33 00:02:02,240 --> 00:02:07,000 Speaker 1: work and that trip had been just physically and psychologically grueling. 34 00:02:07,640 --> 00:02:11,440 Speaker 1: She also had a heart condition. As she recuperated in France, 35 00:02:11,480 --> 00:02:14,320 Speaker 1: she also worked on a book called The Brunt of 36 00:02:14,360 --> 00:02:17,160 Speaker 1: the War and Where It Fell, which came out later 37 00:02:17,200 --> 00:02:22,040 Speaker 1: in nineteen o two. This book contained firsthand accounts from 38 00:02:22,080 --> 00:02:25,760 Speaker 1: the concentration camps for Boors which people dictated to her 39 00:02:25,919 --> 00:02:28,480 Speaker 1: while she was there. A lot of the women in 40 00:02:28,560 --> 00:02:31,919 Speaker 1: the camps didn't know how to write, and the army 41 00:02:32,240 --> 00:02:35,440 Speaker 1: heavily censored the letters of those who did so. This 42 00:02:35,520 --> 00:02:39,559 Speaker 1: became one of the primary historical sources for Boer accounts 43 00:02:39,600 --> 00:02:42,799 Speaker 1: of the camps. Hobhouse heard the announcement that the war 44 00:02:42,960 --> 00:02:45,960 Speaker 1: was over while she was still in France. Under the 45 00:02:46,000 --> 00:02:49,120 Speaker 1: Treaty of Frainaging signed on May thirty one of nineteen 46 00:02:49,120 --> 00:02:53,160 Speaker 1: o two, the Boar Republic became British territory, but with 47 00:02:53,200 --> 00:02:56,800 Speaker 1: the promise that they would become self governing. The treaty 48 00:02:56,880 --> 00:03:00,560 Speaker 1: also included three million pounds sterling to fund re construction 49 00:03:00,600 --> 00:03:06,040 Speaker 1: efforts and another three million pounds in interest free loans. Overwhelmingly, 50 00:03:06,440 --> 00:03:09,919 Speaker 1: the terms of this treaty applied to the Boer population 51 00:03:10,000 --> 00:03:14,000 Speaker 1: of South Africa, in other words, white people, primarily of 52 00:03:14,080 --> 00:03:18,320 Speaker 1: Dutch ancestry. They did not apply to the black population 53 00:03:18,639 --> 00:03:21,320 Speaker 1: of the region or to any other people of color, 54 00:03:21,440 --> 00:03:24,080 Speaker 1: so that relief money was relief money for white people. 55 00:03:24,919 --> 00:03:29,360 Speaker 1: The treaty specified that voting rights for black people would 56 00:03:29,360 --> 00:03:32,600 Speaker 1: not even be discussed in this area until after the 57 00:03:32,639 --> 00:03:35,600 Speaker 1: former South African Republic also called the Transpaal and the 58 00:03:35,640 --> 00:03:39,280 Speaker 1: Orange Free State had become self governing. So it was 59 00:03:39,320 --> 00:03:44,400 Speaker 1: like these two colonial groups had a war with each 60 00:03:44,400 --> 00:03:46,800 Speaker 1: other in someone else's territory, and then in the treaty 61 00:03:46,840 --> 00:03:50,040 Speaker 1: that ended that war not only did not address but 62 00:03:50,120 --> 00:03:53,360 Speaker 1: disenfranchised the local population who had not asked for this 63 00:03:53,480 --> 00:03:57,480 Speaker 1: at all. In nineteen o three, Hobhouse returned to South 64 00:03:57,520 --> 00:04:01,800 Speaker 1: Africa to continue her humanitarian word. She had again raised 65 00:04:01,840 --> 00:04:04,320 Speaker 1: money to buy food and supplies to deliver to the 66 00:04:04,360 --> 00:04:06,880 Speaker 1: Boor people who had been affected by the war and 67 00:04:06,920 --> 00:04:10,360 Speaker 1: the scorched Earth policy. As we discussed in Part one, 68 00:04:10,520 --> 00:04:13,200 Speaker 1: many of the people who were held in concentration camps 69 00:04:13,240 --> 00:04:16,080 Speaker 1: either went there or were forced there after the British 70 00:04:16,160 --> 00:04:19,760 Speaker 1: military had burned down their homes and farms. So hop 71 00:04:19,800 --> 00:04:22,280 Speaker 1: House wanted to see how these people were faring during 72 00:04:22,320 --> 00:04:27,159 Speaker 1: the post war reconstruction. She talked to one Boer family 73 00:04:27,279 --> 00:04:32,680 Speaker 1: after another who was really struggling. Hunger was widespread. The 74 00:04:32,720 --> 00:04:35,080 Speaker 1: people she talked to said that they had not seen 75 00:04:35,200 --> 00:04:38,640 Speaker 1: any of that relief money at all. Part of this 76 00:04:38,720 --> 00:04:41,640 Speaker 1: was because the way the money was being apportioned. People 77 00:04:41,680 --> 00:04:45,040 Speaker 1: who had remained loyal to Britain throughout the war and 78 00:04:45,200 --> 00:04:48,520 Speaker 1: Boor men who had surrendered and signed loyalty oaths, who 79 00:04:48,520 --> 00:04:51,760 Speaker 1: were also known as hands uppers, they were given priority. 80 00:04:51,960 --> 00:04:55,080 Speaker 1: People who had continued to fight were farther down the list, 81 00:04:55,240 --> 00:04:57,640 Speaker 1: and bitter enders, or the people who had fought to 82 00:04:57,640 --> 00:05:02,719 Speaker 1: the better end, they were last aside from that hierarchy 83 00:05:02,760 --> 00:05:06,320 Speaker 1: and who was getting relief, though, Hobhouse thought corruption and 84 00:05:06,440 --> 00:05:09,440 Speaker 1: waste were keeping these funds from getting to the people 85 00:05:09,480 --> 00:05:14,080 Speaker 1: who needed them. Hobhouse distributed as much food and as 86 00:05:14,120 --> 00:05:17,680 Speaker 1: many supplies as she could, but she also just did 87 00:05:17,720 --> 00:05:19,800 Speaker 1: not see a way for the Boers to recover from 88 00:05:19,839 --> 00:05:22,839 Speaker 1: the effects of the scorched earth policy that had led 89 00:05:22,839 --> 00:05:26,760 Speaker 1: to the destruction of so many homes and farms. In 90 00:05:26,800 --> 00:05:30,320 Speaker 1: addition to their homes being burned down, people's animals had 91 00:05:30,320 --> 00:05:33,839 Speaker 1: been confiscated or killed, including the teams that they would 92 00:05:33,839 --> 00:05:36,880 Speaker 1: normally use to plow, so farmers had no way to 93 00:05:36,920 --> 00:05:39,480 Speaker 1: start planting again and to get back on their feet. 94 00:05:40,240 --> 00:05:43,039 Speaker 1: How about realized that it was critical for farmers to 95 00:05:43,160 --> 00:05:46,719 Speaker 1: get some crops into the ground. She thought maybe if 96 00:05:46,760 --> 00:05:51,080 Speaker 1: each district had a plowing team, that team could rotate 97 00:05:51,160 --> 00:05:53,480 Speaker 1: to through the farms to prepare the soil for planting, 98 00:05:53,600 --> 00:05:56,919 Speaker 1: rather than expecting every farm to find the money to 99 00:05:57,120 --> 00:06:01,080 Speaker 1: buy and feed its own team of animals. She thought 100 00:06:01,080 --> 00:06:05,360 Speaker 1: the reconstruction effort needed to include making sure every farm 101 00:06:05,480 --> 00:06:08,599 Speaker 1: family had what they needed to plow and plant for 102 00:06:08,640 --> 00:06:12,919 Speaker 1: the first couple of seasons after the war, after which 103 00:06:13,000 --> 00:06:17,400 Speaker 1: point they should be able to sustain themselves. So Emily 104 00:06:17,480 --> 00:06:20,599 Speaker 1: Hobhouse started raising money to buy teams of oxen that 105 00:06:20,600 --> 00:06:24,040 Speaker 1: could be shared among farmers to get the planting season started. 106 00:06:24,880 --> 00:06:27,239 Speaker 1: Since these animals were going to need to plow multiple 107 00:06:27,279 --> 00:06:31,760 Speaker 1: farms consecutively, she focused on the strongest, healthiest animals she 108 00:06:31,800 --> 00:06:35,279 Speaker 1: could find, and words started to spread about what she 109 00:06:35,360 --> 00:06:38,120 Speaker 1: was doing. In one account, she was at a cattle 110 00:06:38,160 --> 00:06:40,880 Speaker 1: auction and people wondered what in the world this middle 111 00:06:40,920 --> 00:06:44,240 Speaker 1: aged British woman was doing buying all of the best animals, 112 00:06:44,720 --> 00:06:47,000 Speaker 1: and when they realized that she was buying them for 113 00:06:47,000 --> 00:06:51,160 Speaker 1: this relief effort, they stopped bidding against her. Hobhouse strive 114 00:06:51,240 --> 00:06:55,000 Speaker 1: to get churches and other relief organizations and the colonial 115 00:06:55,120 --> 00:06:59,080 Speaker 1: government interested in this plowing program. She knew that she 116 00:06:59,160 --> 00:07:02,320 Speaker 1: couldn't stay in South Africa forever and she didn't want 117 00:07:02,360 --> 00:07:05,159 Speaker 1: it to fall apart without her there to oversee things. 118 00:07:05,279 --> 00:07:08,440 Speaker 1: But for the most part, British authorities still saw her 119 00:07:08,560 --> 00:07:14,000 Speaker 1: as a nuisance at best. They stridently denied her reports 120 00:07:14,040 --> 00:07:16,560 Speaker 1: of hunger and a lack of relief money in the 121 00:07:16,600 --> 00:07:20,239 Speaker 1: former Borer republics, and they denied the idea that relief 122 00:07:20,280 --> 00:07:24,120 Speaker 1: board responsible for distributing the money. We're doing anything wrong. 123 00:07:25,080 --> 00:07:30,880 Speaker 1: Newspapers called her plowing plant absurd and described her as hysterical. 124 00:07:31,840 --> 00:07:35,560 Speaker 1: Her response was this quote. To call a woman hysterical 125 00:07:35,720 --> 00:07:38,640 Speaker 1: because you have not the knowledge necessary to deny her 126 00:07:38,720 --> 00:07:42,560 Speaker 1: facts is the last refuge of the unmanly in the coward. 127 00:07:43,320 --> 00:07:46,960 Speaker 1: I always felt, when termed hysterical, that I had triumphed, 128 00:07:47,000 --> 00:07:49,960 Speaker 1: because it meant my arguments cannot be meant, nor my 129 00:07:50,040 --> 00:07:54,840 Speaker 1: statements denied. Hobhouse returned to Europe in late nineteen o three, 130 00:07:54,960 --> 00:07:58,680 Speaker 1: having spent about six months in South Africa. The plowing 131 00:07:58,800 --> 00:08:02,040 Speaker 1: teams were set to continue in her absence, and her 132 00:08:02,120 --> 00:08:06,200 Speaker 1: next project was an effort to establish educational systems for 133 00:08:06,240 --> 00:08:10,840 Speaker 1: Boer women and girls. Families needed more ways to earn money, 134 00:08:10,960 --> 00:08:14,000 Speaker 1: but a lot of jobs weren't considered appropriate for women 135 00:08:14,400 --> 00:08:17,120 Speaker 1: in Britain. For example, a woman might work as a 136 00:08:17,160 --> 00:08:20,600 Speaker 1: teacher or demand domestic service. Those were considered to be okay, 137 00:08:20,600 --> 00:08:23,360 Speaker 1: but a lot of Boer women did not have the 138 00:08:23,520 --> 00:08:27,080 Speaker 1: education that was required to teach, and in South Africa, 139 00:08:27,160 --> 00:08:30,200 Speaker 1: a lot of white people saw domestic service as black 140 00:08:30,200 --> 00:08:32,720 Speaker 1: women's work, so there was an element of racism in 141 00:08:33,440 --> 00:08:37,400 Speaker 1: the jobs people were willing to do. So hot House 142 00:08:37,520 --> 00:08:41,480 Speaker 1: transformed the South Africa Woman and Children Distress Fund into 143 00:08:41,559 --> 00:08:45,520 Speaker 1: the Boer Home Industries and Aid Society to raise money 144 00:08:45,559 --> 00:08:48,480 Speaker 1: to establish programs that would allow Boer women and girls 145 00:08:48,520 --> 00:08:52,960 Speaker 1: to earn money to support themselves and their families. At first, 146 00:08:53,240 --> 00:08:56,520 Speaker 1: she was focused on the idea of starting lace making schools, 147 00:08:56,679 --> 00:08:59,560 Speaker 1: and she spent some time in Belgium studying lace making. 148 00:09:00,280 --> 00:09:02,800 Speaker 1: But as she discussed her plans with other people, some 149 00:09:02,880 --> 00:09:05,520 Speaker 1: of them pointed out that lace was really a luxury 150 00:09:05,559 --> 00:09:08,600 Speaker 1: item and while it might be possible to export it, 151 00:09:09,040 --> 00:09:11,599 Speaker 1: the market for lace within South Africa was going to 152 00:09:11,679 --> 00:09:15,679 Speaker 1: be limited. So she traveled to Ireland to learn about 153 00:09:15,720 --> 00:09:19,400 Speaker 1: spinning and weaving. This would allow women and girls to 154 00:09:19,440 --> 00:09:22,200 Speaker 1: earn money, and it would also help people deal with 155 00:09:22,240 --> 00:09:27,160 Speaker 1: shortages of practical everyday goods like rugs and towels. She 156 00:09:27,240 --> 00:09:31,839 Speaker 1: started buying spinning wheels and having them shipped to South Africa. 157 00:09:32,200 --> 00:09:34,680 Speaker 1: She had also been keeping up a regular correspondence with 158 00:09:34,760 --> 00:09:37,120 Speaker 1: Yon Smutz who had been a general in the Boer 159 00:09:37,120 --> 00:09:40,840 Speaker 1: forces during the war, Smutz wrote Hobhouse a letter that 160 00:09:41,000 --> 00:09:44,520 Speaker 1: was extremely critical of the British government and of English 161 00:09:44,520 --> 00:09:48,840 Speaker 1: officials in South Africa. Smuts had never intended for this 162 00:09:48,920 --> 00:09:52,640 Speaker 1: letter to become public, but Hobhouse had it published. It 163 00:09:52,720 --> 00:09:56,960 Speaker 1: backed up a lot of what she had been saying. This, naturally, though, 164 00:09:57,040 --> 00:10:00,480 Speaker 1: upset Smooths deeply, and she apologized for her to him, 165 00:10:00,480 --> 00:10:03,720 Speaker 1: but she did not apologize for having published the letter. 166 00:10:04,480 --> 00:10:07,800 Speaker 1: In December of nineteen o four, as Hobhouse was planning 167 00:10:07,840 --> 00:10:11,040 Speaker 1: to return to South Africa and establish a spinning and 168 00:10:11,120 --> 00:10:15,959 Speaker 1: weaving school, her uncle, Lord Alfred Hobhouse died. This was 169 00:10:16,040 --> 00:10:19,240 Speaker 1: an enormous loss for Emily and for her aunt Mary. 170 00:10:19,520 --> 00:10:21,920 Speaker 1: Mary and Alfred had really been devoted to each other, 171 00:10:22,040 --> 00:10:24,760 Speaker 1: and Emily had been really close to both of them, 172 00:10:24,840 --> 00:10:26,880 Speaker 1: and a lot of ways they had been like parents 173 00:10:26,960 --> 00:10:30,720 Speaker 1: to her. Emily considered canceling her trip to stay with 174 00:10:30,760 --> 00:10:34,079 Speaker 1: her aunt, but Mary insisted that she'd go and we'll 175 00:10:34,080 --> 00:10:47,079 Speaker 1: get to what happened. After a sponsor break, Emily Hobhouse 176 00:10:47,240 --> 00:10:50,320 Speaker 1: left for South Africa again in early nineteen o five, 177 00:10:50,440 --> 00:10:54,400 Speaker 1: along with two other women, Adeline Derby, and Margaret Clark. 178 00:10:55,160 --> 00:10:57,559 Speaker 1: Clark was a twenty six year old Quaker who had 179 00:10:57,600 --> 00:11:00,240 Speaker 1: seen Hobhouse speak at a meeting a cup Bull of 180 00:11:00,360 --> 00:11:03,880 Speaker 1: years before, had found her really inspiring and just wanted 181 00:11:03,920 --> 00:11:06,880 Speaker 1: to assist her in her work, including going all the 182 00:11:06,880 --> 00:11:10,120 Speaker 1: way to South Africa. During their voyage to South Africa, 183 00:11:10,200 --> 00:11:14,160 Speaker 1: Hobhouse taught them spinning and weaving and other things associated 184 00:11:14,160 --> 00:11:17,640 Speaker 1: with those tasks, and how to speak boor Dutch, and 185 00:11:17,679 --> 00:11:19,920 Speaker 1: they she had to keep up with those lessons, even 186 00:11:19,920 --> 00:11:22,800 Speaker 1: though Margaret was really seasick. She was like, we were 187 00:11:22,800 --> 00:11:25,160 Speaker 1: on a schedule. We gotta be ready to go and 188 00:11:25,240 --> 00:11:28,320 Speaker 1: we get there. Once they got to South Africa, they 189 00:11:28,320 --> 00:11:31,600 Speaker 1: went to Philipolis in Orange River Colony, where a Jewish 190 00:11:31,600 --> 00:11:34,040 Speaker 1: merchant had offered them a house in a shop that 191 00:11:34,080 --> 00:11:37,680 Speaker 1: he wasn't using. They had help from two black servants 192 00:11:37,760 --> 00:11:40,520 Speaker 1: named Moses and Flora, as well as some assistances from 193 00:11:40,559 --> 00:11:44,720 Speaker 1: people in the Boer community, but still turning a disused 194 00:11:44,720 --> 00:11:47,200 Speaker 1: house and shop into a place they could live and 195 00:11:47,360 --> 00:11:50,760 Speaker 1: a functional weaving school was an enormous amount of work. 196 00:11:51,520 --> 00:11:55,120 Speaker 1: Margaret became exhausted and Emily was starting to feel the strain, 197 00:11:55,320 --> 00:11:58,520 Speaker 1: so she eventually wrote to her friend Constance Cluta in 198 00:11:58,600 --> 00:12:01,160 Speaker 1: Cape Colony to ask her to come and help as well. 199 00:12:02,000 --> 00:12:05,440 Speaker 1: This school opened on March thirteenth, nineteen oh five, with 200 00:12:05,600 --> 00:12:09,000 Speaker 1: room four thirteen students, and within two weeks all those 201 00:12:09,040 --> 00:12:12,800 Speaker 1: slots were filled. Soon Hobhouse was working on getting more 202 00:12:12,880 --> 00:12:15,280 Speaker 1: equipment so they could teach more students, and she was 203 00:12:15,320 --> 00:12:19,400 Speaker 1: getting requests from other towns to start schools there. But 204 00:12:19,640 --> 00:12:22,400 Speaker 1: even when things seem to be going pretty well, they 205 00:12:22,440 --> 00:12:25,280 Speaker 1: were facing a lot of hiccups, like a shipment of 206 00:12:25,480 --> 00:12:30,640 Speaker 1: hundreds of donated spinning wheels from Switzerland arrived broken and 207 00:12:30,679 --> 00:12:32,800 Speaker 1: they had to be repaired before they could be put 208 00:12:32,840 --> 00:12:37,000 Speaker 1: to use. She did, though, eventually get the school in 209 00:12:37,000 --> 00:12:40,640 Speaker 1: Philippola's established enough to turn her attention to opening up 210 00:12:40,640 --> 00:12:44,840 Speaker 1: a second school in Long Late. Over this period, Hobhouse 211 00:12:44,880 --> 00:12:47,120 Speaker 1: was starting to think about whether she should just move 212 00:12:47,200 --> 00:12:51,600 Speaker 1: to South Africa permanently. Each voyage between England and South 213 00:12:51,640 --> 00:12:54,800 Speaker 1: Africa typically took more than twenty days, and she was 214 00:12:54,880 --> 00:12:58,319 Speaker 1: finding it increasingly difficult to divide her time and attention 215 00:12:58,400 --> 00:13:01,679 Speaker 1: between the two places. She didn't want to make that 216 00:13:01,760 --> 00:13:06,240 Speaker 1: decision without seeing her aunt Mary again. But on May fourth, 217 00:13:06,360 --> 00:13:09,200 Speaker 1: nineteen o five, as she was planning to visit home, 218 00:13:09,320 --> 00:13:12,920 Speaker 1: she received word that Lady Mary Hobhouse had died, and 219 00:13:13,240 --> 00:13:17,800 Speaker 1: this was obviously another sorce of heartbreak for her. Emily 220 00:13:17,840 --> 00:13:20,960 Speaker 1: Hobhouse started to feel really lonely during this period of 221 00:13:20,960 --> 00:13:24,200 Speaker 1: her life. Adeline Darby had not really worked out at 222 00:13:24,200 --> 00:13:27,000 Speaker 1: the weaving school and she had gone back to Britain 223 00:13:27,120 --> 00:13:31,520 Speaker 1: once a replacement arrived for her. Margaret Clark eventually went 224 00:13:31,559 --> 00:13:34,840 Speaker 1: back to England as well, and Emily did have other 225 00:13:34,920 --> 00:13:37,920 Speaker 1: friends in South Africa, so she thought maybe having a 226 00:13:38,080 --> 00:13:41,840 Speaker 1: permanent home might help her feel more settled there. She 227 00:13:41,920 --> 00:13:44,240 Speaker 1: had a house built with the help of Jon Smooths, 228 00:13:44,320 --> 00:13:47,760 Speaker 1: but everything still just felt like a struggle. She made 229 00:13:47,800 --> 00:13:50,760 Speaker 1: another trip back to England, but without her aunt living there, 230 00:13:51,080 --> 00:13:53,319 Speaker 1: she just didn't feel like that was home anymore either. 231 00:13:54,320 --> 00:13:57,400 Speaker 1: In nineteen o seven, while back in Europe, Hobhouse travel 232 00:13:57,480 --> 00:14:01,000 Speaker 1: to Switzerland to personally thank the Swiss for their support 233 00:14:01,080 --> 00:14:05,080 Speaker 1: in the home industries project. Funding had primarily come from 234 00:14:05,120 --> 00:14:08,360 Speaker 1: the Bore Home Industries and Aid Society and from local 235 00:14:08,360 --> 00:14:11,640 Speaker 1: fundraising in South Africa, but the Swiss had been really 236 00:14:11,720 --> 00:14:16,080 Speaker 1: instrumental in providing spinning wheels, sending thousands of them, including 237 00:14:16,120 --> 00:14:20,400 Speaker 1: people's donated heirlooms. Before going back to South Africa, she 238 00:14:20,520 --> 00:14:23,520 Speaker 1: got a dog. This was a St. Bernard puppy that 239 00:14:23,640 --> 00:14:26,640 Speaker 1: she named Caro, which had been her nickname for her 240 00:14:26,720 --> 00:14:32,280 Speaker 1: old fiance, John Carr Jackson. She adored that dog, but 241 00:14:32,480 --> 00:14:35,120 Speaker 1: sadly she had him for less than a year. Not 242 00:14:35,240 --> 00:14:37,400 Speaker 1: long after she got back to South Africa, he got 243 00:14:37,400 --> 00:14:41,200 Speaker 1: sick and died. She never got another dog, but after that, 244 00:14:41,360 --> 00:14:43,920 Speaker 1: anytime she saw a person with a St. Bernard, she'd 245 00:14:43,920 --> 00:14:45,600 Speaker 1: stopped and she would talk to both the dog in 246 00:14:45,640 --> 00:14:50,760 Speaker 1: the person to make things worse. This all happened right 247 00:14:50,800 --> 00:14:53,960 Speaker 1: around the same time that another man that Hobhouse had 248 00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:57,640 Speaker 1: been interested in got married to someone else, so she 249 00:14:57,720 --> 00:15:00,680 Speaker 1: focused on her work. The gun a mint of South 250 00:15:00,720 --> 00:15:03,960 Speaker 1: Africa eventually got involved in setting up new spinning and 251 00:15:04,000 --> 00:15:07,800 Speaker 1: weaving schools, with at least twenty six schools established in 252 00:15:07,840 --> 00:15:12,200 Speaker 1: the first decade of the twentieth century. Eventually, oversight boards 253 00:15:12,200 --> 00:15:14,880 Speaker 1: for the schools were established in both the Transvaal and 254 00:15:14,960 --> 00:15:17,680 Speaker 1: the Orange Free State, and while they initially went to 255 00:15:17,720 --> 00:15:21,560 Speaker 1: Hobhouse for advice and guidance, she eventually became less involved 256 00:15:21,560 --> 00:15:25,080 Speaker 1: and less needed, so in October of nineteen o eight, 257 00:15:25,280 --> 00:15:28,720 Speaker 1: she once again left for England. The Orange Free State 258 00:15:28,760 --> 00:15:31,320 Speaker 1: was technically the Orange River College at that point, but 259 00:15:31,360 --> 00:15:33,160 Speaker 1: I feel like the Orange Free State is the name 260 00:15:33,200 --> 00:15:38,160 Speaker 1: that people associate most with it. She needed another project, 261 00:15:38,480 --> 00:15:40,760 Speaker 1: I mean that one that feels like a success for 262 00:15:40,800 --> 00:15:42,840 Speaker 1: the most part. I mean it was a success that 263 00:15:42,880 --> 00:15:45,640 Speaker 1: was focused again on on white people. But like she 264 00:15:45,640 --> 00:15:48,280 Speaker 1: had started these schools and now they were running themselves, 265 00:15:48,280 --> 00:15:50,880 Speaker 1: so she needed something else to do. She turned her 266 00:15:50,920 --> 00:15:54,840 Speaker 1: attention to the suffrage movement. She helped establish the People's 267 00:15:54,880 --> 00:16:01,840 Speaker 1: Suffrage Foundation, which advocated for universal adult suffrage. There were restrictions, Uh, 268 00:16:02,040 --> 00:16:05,040 Speaker 1: it wasn't even that like all men could vote. There 269 00:16:05,040 --> 00:16:07,360 Speaker 1: were property restrictions and things like that. So it was 270 00:16:07,400 --> 00:16:12,880 Speaker 1: a universal adult suffrage organization. Her direct involvement in this 271 00:16:13,000 --> 00:16:16,760 Speaker 1: organization was a little limited, though, because Hobhouse was spending 272 00:16:16,800 --> 00:16:20,200 Speaker 1: a lot of her time in Italy. The milder climate 273 00:16:20,280 --> 00:16:23,920 Speaker 1: there helped improve her health. She thought being in Italy 274 00:16:24,080 --> 00:16:27,680 Speaker 1: also gave her more opportunities to study lace making, and 275 00:16:27,760 --> 00:16:30,360 Speaker 1: she revived her plan to start a lace making school 276 00:16:30,360 --> 00:16:33,480 Speaker 1: in South Africa. This time, though she did not do 277 00:16:33,520 --> 00:16:37,080 Speaker 1: the physical work herself. She met Lucia Starace in Venice, 278 00:16:37,360 --> 00:16:40,400 Speaker 1: and Starace worked with Constance Clute and jan A Rude 279 00:16:40,480 --> 00:16:45,160 Speaker 1: to set up the school. Hobhouse never personally visited this school. 280 00:16:45,280 --> 00:16:48,800 Speaker 1: It wasn't a really remote location. She wasn't physically able 281 00:16:48,840 --> 00:16:52,680 Speaker 1: to make the trip. She was experiencing angina, which people 282 00:16:52,720 --> 00:16:56,680 Speaker 1: also say angela. She also had rheumatoid arthritis. She had 283 00:16:56,720 --> 00:16:58,720 Speaker 1: reached a point where she needed to be carried up 284 00:16:58,720 --> 00:17:01,640 Speaker 1: and down the steps to her apart meant she eventually 285 00:17:01,680 --> 00:17:04,479 Speaker 1: went to Florence for medical treatment, which she paid for 286 00:17:04,640 --> 00:17:08,359 Speaker 1: with a loan from Yon Smoots. Smooths thought this doctor 287 00:17:08,480 --> 00:17:11,320 Speaker 1: was really a quack, but hot House spelt like the 288 00:17:11,359 --> 00:17:14,320 Speaker 1: treatments helped, and it really it does seem like, even 289 00:17:14,359 --> 00:17:17,280 Speaker 1: if his treatments were suspect, she seems to have been 290 00:17:17,320 --> 00:17:20,359 Speaker 1: able to be more active and mobile for a while. Afterward. 291 00:17:21,440 --> 00:17:24,680 Speaker 1: Parliament passed the South Africa Act in nineteen o nine, 292 00:17:24,960 --> 00:17:29,080 Speaker 1: unifying Britain's colonies there by this point known as Cape Colony, 293 00:17:29,240 --> 00:17:33,960 Speaker 1: transval Natal and Orange River. This followed a national Convention 294 00:17:34,000 --> 00:17:36,280 Speaker 1: held in nineteen o seven and nineteen o eight, at 295 00:17:36,320 --> 00:17:39,480 Speaker 1: which all of the delegates were white. South Africa's black, 296 00:17:39,840 --> 00:17:43,800 Speaker 1: multi racial and Asian residents were completely excluded from the process. 297 00:17:44,840 --> 00:17:50,400 Speaker 1: Hobhouse had already witnessed racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa, 298 00:17:50,640 --> 00:17:53,399 Speaker 1: as we talked about in Part one. Her own work 299 00:17:53,520 --> 00:17:56,840 Speaker 1: was part of this. She had known about a separate 300 00:17:56,840 --> 00:17:59,760 Speaker 1: set of concentration camps for black people during the Second 301 00:18:00,040 --> 00:18:02,560 Speaker 1: Lowborer War, and she had tried to get somebody to 302 00:18:02,640 --> 00:18:05,560 Speaker 1: investigate and to bring relief to them, but she had 303 00:18:05,640 --> 00:18:08,760 Speaker 1: never visited them or tried to bring that relief herself. 304 00:18:08,840 --> 00:18:13,280 Speaker 1: Her work was focused on other white people. Similarly, her 305 00:18:13,320 --> 00:18:16,399 Speaker 1: post war work in South Africa was still focused on 306 00:18:16,440 --> 00:18:19,680 Speaker 1: the Boers, not on any people of color whose livelihoods 307 00:18:19,680 --> 00:18:24,320 Speaker 1: were also destroyed in the war. At the same time, though, 308 00:18:24,560 --> 00:18:28,479 Speaker 1: she did not agree with segregation or discrimination, and she 309 00:18:28,640 --> 00:18:32,480 Speaker 1: was just deeply disheartened by the sense that these two 310 00:18:32,480 --> 00:18:34,960 Speaker 1: groups of white people who had fought a war on 311 00:18:35,000 --> 00:18:38,919 Speaker 1: someone else's homeland, had now come together to form a 312 00:18:39,000 --> 00:18:42,960 Speaker 1: new government that excluded and subjugated the black, multi racial, 313 00:18:43,040 --> 00:18:47,320 Speaker 1: and Asian population. Hobhouse carried this feeling into her work 314 00:18:47,320 --> 00:18:50,480 Speaker 1: with sculptor Anton van Wow in the early nineteen teens. 315 00:18:51,240 --> 00:18:53,280 Speaker 1: He had been born in the Netherlands and had later 316 00:18:53,320 --> 00:18:55,840 Speaker 1: moved to South Africa, and he had been commissioned with 317 00:18:55,880 --> 00:18:58,960 Speaker 1: sculpting a monument to commemorate the women and children who 318 00:18:58,960 --> 00:19:01,600 Speaker 1: had died in concentrate Asian camps during the Boer War. 319 00:19:02,680 --> 00:19:05,480 Speaker 1: He worked on the statue in Rome, starting from something 320 00:19:05,520 --> 00:19:08,520 Speaker 1: Hobhouse had seen and recorded in the concentration camp in 321 00:19:08,560 --> 00:19:12,439 Speaker 1: spring Fontaine in nineteen o one. The monument is an 322 00:19:12,440 --> 00:19:15,359 Speaker 1: obelisk with a statue of two women holding a dying 323 00:19:15,440 --> 00:19:18,600 Speaker 1: child at the base. They went back and forth over 324 00:19:18,640 --> 00:19:21,679 Speaker 1: the statues design, but Hobhouse really did not feel that 325 00:19:21,760 --> 00:19:24,359 Speaker 1: he was up to the task, at one point writing 326 00:19:24,359 --> 00:19:27,800 Speaker 1: to Jon Smith's wife Easy in a letter quote, oh why, 327 00:19:27,960 --> 00:19:30,199 Speaker 1: oh why did they not put the thing into the 328 00:19:30,200 --> 00:19:34,160 Speaker 1: hands of Rodents and some really great sculptor. I don't 329 00:19:34,160 --> 00:19:35,879 Speaker 1: know why. It cracks me up so much that she 330 00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:42,080 Speaker 1: was like, obviously Rodent should have done this sculpture. She 331 00:19:42,320 --> 00:19:46,560 Speaker 1: also had some concerns about the monument itself and whether 332 00:19:46,600 --> 00:19:49,800 Speaker 1: it really was commemorating all of the women and children 333 00:19:49,840 --> 00:19:52,440 Speaker 1: who had died in the camps or only the white ones. 334 00:19:53,040 --> 00:19:55,679 Speaker 1: And another letter she asked, quote if this is really 335 00:19:55,720 --> 00:19:59,560 Speaker 1: a national monument provided by a national movement or only 336 00:19:59,600 --> 00:20:03,600 Speaker 1: a free state affair. In spite of her misgivings about 337 00:20:03,600 --> 00:20:06,919 Speaker 1: the inclusivity of the monument, Hobhouse traveled to South Africa 338 00:20:07,000 --> 00:20:11,040 Speaker 1: for its unveiling in nineteen thirteen. She also had misgivings 339 00:20:11,080 --> 00:20:13,800 Speaker 1: about the trip itself. She was worried that she wasn't 340 00:20:13,800 --> 00:20:18,000 Speaker 1: well enough to go. This concern turned out to be warranted. 341 00:20:18,359 --> 00:20:20,879 Speaker 1: Although she did make it to Cape Town, she was 342 00:20:20,960 --> 00:20:23,480 Speaker 1: too ill to make the journey to the monument's location 343 00:20:23,600 --> 00:20:28,280 Speaker 1: in Bloemfonteine. She had her speech translated and printed so 344 00:20:28,359 --> 00:20:31,320 Speaker 1: it could be distributed to people there, and Charles Fischart, 345 00:20:31,760 --> 00:20:35,160 Speaker 1: son of her late friend Caroline Fischart, read her remarks 346 00:20:35,160 --> 00:20:38,479 Speaker 1: at the unveiling. In this address, she talked about what 347 00:20:38,560 --> 00:20:41,359 Speaker 1: she had witnessed in the camps during the war and 348 00:20:41,440 --> 00:20:44,240 Speaker 1: how she had watched the sculpture being created, how she 349 00:20:44,320 --> 00:20:47,280 Speaker 1: had traveled to South Africa for the unveiling. Quote in 350 00:20:47,400 --> 00:20:51,440 Speaker 1: obedience to the solidarity of our womanhood and to those 351 00:20:51,480 --> 00:20:54,680 Speaker 1: nobler traditions of English life in which I was nurtured 352 00:20:54,800 --> 00:20:58,960 Speaker 1: and which, by long inheritance are mine. She described her 353 00:20:59,119 --> 00:21:02,000 Speaker 1: sympathy towards the people who had been held in the camps. 354 00:21:02,040 --> 00:21:05,040 Speaker 1: Both the survivors and those who had died, and she 355 00:21:05,200 --> 00:21:09,080 Speaker 1: cautioned the audience not to open the doors to tyranny 356 00:21:09,160 --> 00:21:13,280 Speaker 1: and selfishness, saying that in England leaders were still struggling 357 00:21:13,280 --> 00:21:17,280 Speaker 1: with this unlearned lesson. She went on to say, quote 358 00:21:17,400 --> 00:21:21,399 Speaker 1: does not justice bid us? Remember today, how many thousands 359 00:21:21,440 --> 00:21:25,119 Speaker 1: of the dark race perished also in concentration camps in 360 00:21:25,160 --> 00:21:29,600 Speaker 1: a chorl not theirs? Did they not thus redeem the past? 361 00:21:30,080 --> 00:21:33,760 Speaker 1: Was it not an instance of that community of interest which, 362 00:21:33,800 --> 00:21:38,240 Speaker 1: binding all in one, roots out racial animosity? And may 363 00:21:38,240 --> 00:21:41,560 Speaker 1: it not come about that the associations with this day 364 00:21:41,560 --> 00:21:44,800 Speaker 1: will change, merging into nobler thoughts as year by year 365 00:21:45,160 --> 00:21:48,720 Speaker 1: you celebrate the more inspiring rowen dog. We now inaugurate 366 00:21:49,359 --> 00:21:52,720 Speaker 1: the plea of Abraham Lincoln for the Black comes echoing 367 00:21:52,760 --> 00:21:55,960 Speaker 1: back to me. They will probably help you, in some 368 00:21:56,040 --> 00:21:59,080 Speaker 1: trying time to come to keep the jewel of liberty 369 00:21:59,160 --> 00:22:03,280 Speaker 1: in the family of freedom. While in Cape Town, Emily 370 00:22:03,359 --> 00:22:07,159 Speaker 1: met another figure whose legacy regarding races complicated, and that 371 00:22:07,240 --> 00:22:11,320 Speaker 1: was Mohandas Gandhi. We talked about how the system of 372 00:22:11,440 --> 00:22:15,320 Speaker 1: racial apartheid developed in South Africa and our prior episode 373 00:22:15,320 --> 00:22:19,119 Speaker 1: on the women's march to Pretoria, and how eventually Indian 374 00:22:19,440 --> 00:22:21,880 Speaker 1: was added to that system as a catch all term 375 00:22:22,320 --> 00:22:26,280 Speaker 1: for anybody from Southeast Asia. There were also laws and 376 00:22:26,440 --> 00:22:30,960 Speaker 1: policies that specifically applied to this community that we're developing 377 00:22:31,200 --> 00:22:36,000 Speaker 1: at this point. For example, Indian and Chinese people living 378 00:22:36,000 --> 00:22:40,439 Speaker 1: in Transvaal had to register, submit their fingerprints, and carry 379 00:22:40,520 --> 00:22:44,080 Speaker 1: paperwork at all times. People who had come to South 380 00:22:44,119 --> 00:22:46,879 Speaker 1: Africa from Asia on an indenture had to pay a 381 00:22:47,000 --> 00:22:49,879 Speaker 1: tax to stay in the country after their indenture ended. 382 00:22:50,720 --> 00:22:54,200 Speaker 1: The Supreme Court had also ruled that only Christian marriages 383 00:22:54,280 --> 00:22:58,960 Speaker 1: were legally recognized, something that disproportionately affected Asians, who were 384 00:22:58,960 --> 00:23:02,879 Speaker 1: more likely to be and do or Muslim. Gandhi was 385 00:23:03,280 --> 00:23:06,760 Speaker 1: trying to address all of this, and hob House heard 386 00:23:06,840 --> 00:23:09,840 Speaker 1: that he was planning a protest march to Pretoria for 387 00:23:09,960 --> 00:23:13,879 Speaker 1: New Year's Day nineteen fourteen. She sent him a telegram 388 00:23:14,000 --> 00:23:16,639 Speaker 1: advising him to hold the march while Parliament was in 389 00:23:16,720 --> 00:23:20,560 Speaker 1: session instead, Otherwise she thought it might just stoke people's 390 00:23:20,600 --> 00:23:26,120 Speaker 1: hostilities rather than spurring the government into action. Gandhi had 391 00:23:26,200 --> 00:23:30,359 Speaker 1: also been trying to meet with various government officials, including 392 00:23:30,480 --> 00:23:33,040 Speaker 1: Jan Smoots, who at this point was Secretary of the 393 00:23:33,119 --> 00:23:37,800 Speaker 1: Interior and Louis Botha, who was the Prime Minister. Gandhi 394 00:23:37,920 --> 00:23:41,840 Speaker 1: later credited Hobhouse was getting both A to finally agree 395 00:23:41,920 --> 00:23:45,360 Speaker 1: to having a meeting, and she also insisted to Spoots 396 00:23:45,400 --> 00:23:50,320 Speaker 1: that he include Indians and discussions of matters that affected them. 397 00:23:50,520 --> 00:23:53,359 Speaker 1: Hobhouse and Gandhi met in person when he came to 398 00:23:53,440 --> 00:23:57,399 Speaker 1: Cape Town, and he described being with her as spiritually uplifting. 399 00:23:58,040 --> 00:24:00,359 Speaker 1: He was there to wish her farewell when she parted 400 00:24:00,400 --> 00:24:03,679 Speaker 1: for England in March of nineteen fourteen, and they continued 401 00:24:03,720 --> 00:24:06,320 Speaker 1: to be friends and correspondents for the rest of her life. 402 00:24:07,440 --> 00:24:09,639 Speaker 1: That meeting was just a few months before the start 403 00:24:09,680 --> 00:24:11,800 Speaker 1: of World War One, which we will get to you 404 00:24:11,840 --> 00:24:25,159 Speaker 1: after a sponsor break. Emily Hobhouse's experience during the Second 405 00:24:25,200 --> 00:24:29,200 Speaker 1: Anglo War War led to her becoming an ardent pacifist. 406 00:24:29,400 --> 00:24:32,879 Speaker 1: Like she had always been against that war, she became 407 00:24:32,920 --> 00:24:36,560 Speaker 1: against all war. She was also opposed to what she 408 00:24:36,640 --> 00:24:40,960 Speaker 1: described as narrow nationalism, which she thought led to conflict 409 00:24:41,040 --> 00:24:44,439 Speaker 1: between nations at the start of World War One. She 410 00:24:44,480 --> 00:24:47,159 Speaker 1: wrote to Jan Smoots, who had been named Minister of 411 00:24:47,200 --> 00:24:50,399 Speaker 1: Defense obviously held a ton of different positions during his 412 00:24:50,520 --> 00:24:54,200 Speaker 1: lifetime she tried to convince him to keep South Africa 413 00:24:54,320 --> 00:24:58,440 Speaker 1: out of the war. This wasn't entirely his decision, since 414 00:24:58,480 --> 00:25:01,320 Speaker 1: South Africa was a British dem Indian, but she was 415 00:25:01,400 --> 00:25:05,199 Speaker 1: incredibly disappointed in him when Britain instructed South Africa to 416 00:25:05,280 --> 00:25:09,480 Speaker 1: invade German Southwest which is now Namibia and South Africa did. 417 00:25:10,520 --> 00:25:14,400 Speaker 1: This also prompted a failed uprising among the Boer population 418 00:25:14,480 --> 00:25:17,360 Speaker 1: of South Africa, who overall did not want to get 419 00:25:17,400 --> 00:25:21,640 Speaker 1: involved in another war. So soon Hubhouse wrote an anti 420 00:25:21,680 --> 00:25:24,440 Speaker 1: war open letter to the women of Europe which read, 421 00:25:24,480 --> 00:25:27,800 Speaker 1: in part quote, a hundred years ago men proclaimed they 422 00:25:27,880 --> 00:25:31,080 Speaker 1: fight as each country asserts that is fighting today to 423 00:25:31,240 --> 00:25:35,679 Speaker 1: secure the rights, the freedoms and the independence of all nations. 424 00:25:36,320 --> 00:25:40,520 Speaker 1: War failed to secure these objects, then can we reasonably 425 00:25:40,600 --> 00:25:44,440 Speaker 1: suppose it will do so now? Past podcast subject Jane 426 00:25:44,440 --> 00:25:48,439 Speaker 1: Adams invited Hobhouse to attend the International Women's Conference for 427 00:25:48,560 --> 00:25:53,040 Speaker 1: Peace and Freedom in nineteen fifteen. Although Hobhouse wrote the 428 00:25:53,080 --> 00:25:55,840 Speaker 1: foreword to the report of the conference proceeding, she did 429 00:25:55,840 --> 00:25:59,560 Speaker 1: not personally attend. She was worried about her health and 430 00:25:59,640 --> 00:26:01,639 Speaker 1: she all so didn't think she'd be able to secure 431 00:26:01,640 --> 00:26:04,520 Speaker 1: the necessary travel documents. To get from Rome to the 432 00:26:04,560 --> 00:26:09,359 Speaker 1: Hague and back. Hobhouses anti war advocacy had also caught 433 00:26:09,400 --> 00:26:12,920 Speaker 1: the attention of authorities and she was being kept under surveillance. 434 00:26:13,720 --> 00:26:16,479 Speaker 1: In spite of that, when she was offered a job 435 00:26:16,520 --> 00:26:20,159 Speaker 1: in Amsterdam working for the International Committee of Women for 436 00:26:20,240 --> 00:26:24,680 Speaker 1: Permanent Peace, she managed to get back into England undetected 437 00:26:24,760 --> 00:26:28,159 Speaker 1: so that she could have her travel documents updated. She 438 00:26:28,280 --> 00:26:31,760 Speaker 1: traveled to Amsterdam by a burn Switzerland, and while she 439 00:26:31,880 --> 00:26:35,160 Speaker 1: was there she met with German ambassador Baron Giesbert von 440 00:26:35,240 --> 00:26:38,760 Speaker 1: Romberg to try to advocate for peace, or at least 441 00:26:38,760 --> 00:26:41,639 Speaker 1: for steps to be taken to minimize the impact of 442 00:26:41,680 --> 00:26:45,639 Speaker 1: the war on the civilian population. How about stayed in 443 00:26:45,680 --> 00:26:49,200 Speaker 1: Amsterdam working for the International Committee of Women for Permanent 444 00:26:49,240 --> 00:26:52,280 Speaker 1: Peace for about three months, but when she went back 445 00:26:52,320 --> 00:26:55,480 Speaker 1: to London in October of nineteen fifteen, she and a 446 00:26:55,600 --> 00:26:59,520 Speaker 1: servant she was traveling with were detained and questioned about 447 00:26:59,520 --> 00:27:04,280 Speaker 1: their activities. They were ultimately released, but only after Hobhouse 448 00:27:04,320 --> 00:27:07,520 Speaker 1: signed a document stating that she would not quote indulge 449 00:27:07,600 --> 00:27:13,080 Speaker 1: in propaganda, especially anti war propaganda. Hob also went back 450 00:27:13,119 --> 00:27:16,520 Speaker 1: to Italy and British authorities decided that if she came 451 00:27:16,600 --> 00:27:19,040 Speaker 1: back into the UK, she was not going to be 452 00:27:19,119 --> 00:27:23,399 Speaker 1: allowed to leave again. She stayed in Italy until April 453 00:27:23,440 --> 00:27:26,160 Speaker 1: of nineteen sixteen, and then she went to Switzerland, where 454 00:27:26,160 --> 00:27:29,359 Speaker 1: she attended a meeting of anti war socialists and a 455 00:27:29,440 --> 00:27:33,840 Speaker 1: meeting of the International Women's Union. When British authorities heard 456 00:27:33,880 --> 00:27:37,520 Speaker 1: about this, I mean they had previously made her say 457 00:27:37,600 --> 00:27:40,280 Speaker 1: she was not going to do any anti war propaganda. 458 00:27:40,480 --> 00:27:43,280 Speaker 1: They ordered for her passport to be withdrawn and for 459 00:27:43,280 --> 00:27:46,280 Speaker 1: her to come back to England. By that point, she'd 460 00:27:46,280 --> 00:27:48,680 Speaker 1: gone back to burn again to try to get permission 461 00:27:48,680 --> 00:27:52,240 Speaker 1: to travel through German occupied Belgium to see what conditions 462 00:27:52,280 --> 00:27:55,959 Speaker 1: there were like. She also wanted to arrange relief efforts 463 00:27:56,040 --> 00:27:59,479 Speaker 1: if she could. When she got a message asking her 464 00:27:59,520 --> 00:28:02,439 Speaker 1: to stop by the British embassy, she suspected there was 465 00:28:02,520 --> 00:28:05,720 Speaker 1: something afoot, so she left for her tour of Belgium 466 00:28:05,720 --> 00:28:09,640 Speaker 1: without doing so. Although she did get to go to Belgium, 467 00:28:09,680 --> 00:28:12,160 Speaker 1: she had a military escort the whole time and her 468 00:28:12,200 --> 00:28:15,280 Speaker 1: movements were tightly controlled, so she didn't feel like she 469 00:28:15,359 --> 00:28:17,840 Speaker 1: got a true sense of what things were actually like there. 470 00:28:18,840 --> 00:28:23,359 Speaker 1: A civilian going into enemy territory without permission in the 471 00:28:23,520 --> 00:28:27,879 Speaker 1: company of members of the enemy military was a big deal, 472 00:28:28,560 --> 00:28:31,480 Speaker 1: but hob houses personal quest for peace during World War 473 00:28:31,520 --> 00:28:35,520 Speaker 1: One did not stop there. She started corresponding with German 474 00:28:35,560 --> 00:28:40,360 Speaker 1: Foreign Minister Gottlie von Jago. She got the sense from 475 00:28:40,480 --> 00:28:43,760 Speaker 1: him that Germany was willing to talk to terms for peace, 476 00:28:43,840 --> 00:28:48,280 Speaker 1: at least in like an unofficial sense. When Hobhouse returned 477 00:28:48,320 --> 00:28:52,360 Speaker 1: to burn, British Ambassador Sir Evelyn Grant Duff questioned her 478 00:28:52,480 --> 00:28:57,680 Speaker 1: about what she'd been doing. Understandably, he founded alarming. He 479 00:28:57,840 --> 00:29:02,280 Speaker 1: berated her about having unauthorized meetings with German officials, traveling 480 00:29:02,280 --> 00:29:06,720 Speaker 1: to German territory without British permission, and basically making herself 481 00:29:06,760 --> 00:29:11,960 Speaker 1: into an unauthorized one person peace delegation. Knowing that she 482 00:29:12,080 --> 00:29:14,360 Speaker 1: was in trouble, Hobhouse tried to make a plan to 483 00:29:14,440 --> 00:29:17,760 Speaker 1: keep a line of communication open to von Jago's office, 484 00:29:18,200 --> 00:29:21,520 Speaker 1: one that was complete with various spy like cryptic instructions 485 00:29:21,560 --> 00:29:26,200 Speaker 1: and vague letters and code words. British authorities discovered some 486 00:29:26,280 --> 00:29:28,880 Speaker 1: of this, they questioned her again. They searched all of 487 00:29:28,920 --> 00:29:33,320 Speaker 1: her belongings, and then sent her back to London. Various 488 00:29:33,480 --> 00:29:37,120 Speaker 1: authorities described her as everything from a silly old woman 489 00:29:37,600 --> 00:29:41,920 Speaker 1: to a German agent and propagandist. In response to her actions, 490 00:29:41,960 --> 00:29:45,680 Speaker 1: the Defense of the Realm Act was amended to specifically 491 00:29:45,760 --> 00:29:50,280 Speaker 1: forbid British subjects from traveling into enemy territory without official permission. 492 00:29:51,160 --> 00:29:55,600 Speaker 1: Hobhouse was never prosecuted for anything, though it's probably because 493 00:29:55,600 --> 00:29:58,480 Speaker 1: there were concerns that it would turn her into a martyr, 494 00:29:58,600 --> 00:30:02,200 Speaker 1: particularly among pe of Dutch descent in South Africa, who 495 00:30:02,320 --> 00:30:07,080 Speaker 1: really saw her as a hero. Hobhouse was already detested 496 00:30:07,120 --> 00:30:10,280 Speaker 1: in many circles in Britain because of her activities during 497 00:30:10,320 --> 00:30:13,920 Speaker 1: the Boer War and because of her pacifism, and at 498 00:30:13,920 --> 00:30:17,479 Speaker 1: this point she was seen as doubly a traitor, first 499 00:30:17,560 --> 00:30:20,960 Speaker 1: for siding with the Boers and then for siding with Germany, 500 00:30:21,000 --> 00:30:24,200 Speaker 1: although she never actually sided with each one. She was 501 00:30:24,280 --> 00:30:27,880 Speaker 1: consistently on the side of civilians who were being harmed, 502 00:30:27,880 --> 00:30:31,720 Speaker 1: and she was against war in general. Her reputation took 503 00:30:31,720 --> 00:30:35,120 Speaker 1: another blow when one of her relatives, Stephen Hobhouse, was 504 00:30:35,160 --> 00:30:39,560 Speaker 1: imprisoned as a conscientious objector. When World War One ended 505 00:30:39,600 --> 00:30:43,600 Speaker 1: in nineteen eighteen, Hobhouse thought the situation in continental Europe 506 00:30:43,720 --> 00:30:45,920 Speaker 1: was probably a lot like what it had been in 507 00:30:45,960 --> 00:30:49,960 Speaker 1: South Africa. After the Second Anglo Boer War, so once 508 00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:53,480 Speaker 1: again she started traveling to assess the situation and raising 509 00:30:53,560 --> 00:30:57,160 Speaker 1: money to try to provide relief. She co founded the 510 00:30:57,200 --> 00:31:01,120 Speaker 1: Swiss Relief Fund for Starving Children, which later became part 511 00:31:01,120 --> 00:31:04,400 Speaker 1: of the Save the Children Fund. She also established the 512 00:31:04,480 --> 00:31:09,480 Speaker 1: Russian Baby's Fund and acted as its chair. Through these organizations, 513 00:31:09,560 --> 00:31:13,200 Speaker 1: she raised money and started distributing things like food and milk. 514 00:31:14,080 --> 00:31:16,920 Speaker 1: In nineteen nineteen, she went to Vienna with a friend 515 00:31:17,000 --> 00:31:20,280 Speaker 1: and found that thousands of children there were still starving. 516 00:31:21,000 --> 00:31:24,280 Speaker 1: She raised more money to try to help, including contacting 517 00:31:24,360 --> 00:31:29,680 Speaker 1: Jane Adams, various Quaker organizations, and other likely supporters for money. 518 00:31:29,840 --> 00:31:32,640 Speaker 1: She got donations from people she had previously helped in 519 00:31:32,680 --> 00:31:35,640 Speaker 1: South Africa, this time to help the children of Europe. 520 00:31:36,320 --> 00:31:40,120 Speaker 1: According to her records, from January nineteen twenty to January 521 00:31:40,200 --> 00:31:44,480 Speaker 1: ninety one, her work provided two point four million hot 522 00:31:44,560 --> 00:31:48,400 Speaker 1: meals for children. This work took a physical toll on her, 523 00:31:48,600 --> 00:31:51,640 Speaker 1: and in ninety one and doctor ordered her to take 524 00:31:51,680 --> 00:31:55,120 Speaker 1: a month of bed rest. She tried to keep working, 525 00:31:55,200 --> 00:31:58,240 Speaker 1: and she started using a wheelchair, but eventually she returned 526 00:31:58,240 --> 00:32:01,280 Speaker 1: to Italy, where she had to be hot bittalized. The 527 00:32:01,360 --> 00:32:04,920 Speaker 1: work she had started continued though, with another one point 528 00:32:04,960 --> 00:32:08,480 Speaker 1: four million meals provided between January of ninety one and 529 00:32:08,600 --> 00:32:14,160 Speaker 1: March of ninet We touched on Hobhouse's suffrage advocacy earlier 530 00:32:14,360 --> 00:32:16,840 Speaker 1: in In In nineteen twenty two, after a change in the law, 531 00:32:17,400 --> 00:32:21,080 Speaker 1: she became eligible to vote because she owned property, but 532 00:32:21,160 --> 00:32:24,080 Speaker 1: we don't know if she actually did. In her early 533 00:32:24,160 --> 00:32:27,280 Speaker 1: life she had generally sided with the Liberal Party, but 534 00:32:27,400 --> 00:32:31,320 Speaker 1: during her work in South Africa she had become increasingly socialist. 535 00:32:32,120 --> 00:32:35,160 Speaker 1: As this election approached, she told her brother Leonard quote, 536 00:32:35,400 --> 00:32:39,360 Speaker 1: who on earth is there to vote? For? Full suffrage? 537 00:32:39,400 --> 00:32:43,400 Speaker 1: Regardless of gender or things like property or ownership wasn't 538 00:32:43,440 --> 00:32:47,360 Speaker 1: granted in the UK until after her death. When Emily 539 00:32:47,440 --> 00:32:50,600 Speaker 1: Hobhouse turned sixty, she started looking for a home where 540 00:32:50,640 --> 00:32:53,640 Speaker 1: she could spend her last years, and she fell in 541 00:32:53,720 --> 00:32:57,200 Speaker 1: love with the house in st Ives this time, not 542 00:32:57,360 --> 00:33:01,320 Speaker 1: St Eve was in Cornwall. I'll be sleep. This was 543 00:33:01,640 --> 00:33:04,960 Speaker 1: much bigger than one person really needed, and it's two 544 00:33:05,000 --> 00:33:08,920 Speaker 1: story layout wasn't entirely practical for her, considering that sometimes 545 00:33:08,920 --> 00:33:11,800 Speaker 1: she was not able to climb stairs. But she really 546 00:33:12,000 --> 00:33:14,920 Speaker 1: really fell in love with it, and it had enough 547 00:33:15,040 --> 00:33:17,520 Speaker 1: room for friends from other parts of Europe and from 548 00:33:17,560 --> 00:33:20,720 Speaker 1: South Africa to stay with her when they visited. It 549 00:33:20,920 --> 00:33:25,240 Speaker 1: was also well beyond her financial means. Her friend to 550 00:33:25,360 --> 00:33:27,880 Speaker 1: be Stained from South Africa took up a collection to 551 00:33:27,920 --> 00:33:31,000 Speaker 1: help her buy it, feeling that South Africa had never 552 00:33:31,040 --> 00:33:33,640 Speaker 1: adequately thanked her and owed her a debt of honor. 553 00:33:34,520 --> 00:33:37,800 Speaker 1: When that collection wasn't enough, Jan Smuts and Annie botha 554 00:33:38,120 --> 00:33:42,280 Speaker 1: widow of the late Louis Botha, contributed the rest. Every 555 00:33:42,400 --> 00:33:45,280 Speaker 1: year on her birthday. Emily got lots of gifts from 556 00:33:45,280 --> 00:33:48,680 Speaker 1: South Africa and she called them wonder boxes, and she 557 00:33:48,720 --> 00:33:51,280 Speaker 1: often held onto things like dried fruits and honey and 558 00:33:51,320 --> 00:33:54,320 Speaker 1: biscuits to serve to friends from South Africa when they 559 00:33:54,360 --> 00:33:59,200 Speaker 1: came to visit. While living in St Ives, Hobhouse started 560 00:33:59,240 --> 00:34:03,440 Speaker 1: putting her personal papers and order and writing an autobiography 561 00:34:03,560 --> 00:34:07,000 Speaker 1: she got through her life from eight until the establishment 562 00:34:07,040 --> 00:34:09,480 Speaker 1: of the weaving schools, but she never finished it and 563 00:34:09,480 --> 00:34:14,240 Speaker 1: it was never published. She also translated the wartime Diary 564 00:34:14,320 --> 00:34:18,759 Speaker 1: of Ali Bodenhorst and published it as Tante Ali of Transvaal. 565 00:34:19,360 --> 00:34:22,719 Speaker 1: Bodenhorst had given Hobhouse this journal with the hope that 566 00:34:22,880 --> 00:34:25,719 Speaker 1: one day it would be published. She was quote desirous 567 00:34:25,760 --> 00:34:29,720 Speaker 1: that future generations should know and avoid the cruelty of war. 568 00:34:30,440 --> 00:34:33,800 Speaker 1: She also translated narratives boor women had written for themselves 569 00:34:33,800 --> 00:34:36,600 Speaker 1: in the camps, or if they were written in English 570 00:34:36,680 --> 00:34:39,239 Speaker 1: by women who didn't actually know English very well, she 571 00:34:39,440 --> 00:34:43,800 Speaker 1: edited them. She published these accounts as War Without Glamour 572 00:34:44,080 --> 00:34:50,520 Speaker 1: or Women's War Experiences Written by Themselves in Eventually hob 573 00:34:50,520 --> 00:34:54,160 Speaker 1: House couldn't handle the stairs anymore. She started living only 574 00:34:54,239 --> 00:34:56,840 Speaker 1: on the bottom floor of the house, using the study 575 00:34:56,880 --> 00:35:00,200 Speaker 1: as her bedroom. She sold that house at nine Team 576 00:35:00,800 --> 00:35:03,640 Speaker 1: and moved to a smaller place. She also made a 577 00:35:03,640 --> 00:35:06,640 Speaker 1: trip to Germany to see how it was recovering from 578 00:35:06,680 --> 00:35:10,279 Speaker 1: the war and how it was faring in light of 579 00:35:10,320 --> 00:35:12,920 Speaker 1: the penalties against it that were part of the Treaty 580 00:35:12,960 --> 00:35:16,880 Speaker 1: of Versailles. She used a wheelchair from Ability on this trip, 581 00:35:16,960 --> 00:35:19,160 Speaker 1: but she had to cut it short after falling down 582 00:35:19,200 --> 00:35:23,720 Speaker 1: some stairs and being seriously injured. After getting home again, 583 00:35:23,800 --> 00:35:26,560 Speaker 1: she issued a plea for relief to be sent to 584 00:35:26,600 --> 00:35:29,359 Speaker 1: the people of Germany. It's come up on the show 585 00:35:29,400 --> 00:35:32,319 Speaker 1: a number of times that like these sanctions that were 586 00:35:32,320 --> 00:35:35,160 Speaker 1: placed after World War One fed into a lot of 587 00:35:35,200 --> 00:35:38,840 Speaker 1: things that led to World War Two. In the last 588 00:35:38,920 --> 00:35:42,360 Speaker 1: years of her life, Emily Hobhouse was increasingly ill and 589 00:35:42,400 --> 00:35:45,520 Speaker 1: she didn't have a permanent place to live. She died 590 00:35:45,560 --> 00:35:49,400 Speaker 1: in London on June at the age of sixty six. 591 00:35:49,760 --> 00:35:53,080 Speaker 1: Her cause of death was listed as pleuritis, heart failure 592 00:35:53,160 --> 00:35:57,520 Speaker 1: and cancer. A funeral service in Kensington was attended mostly 593 00:35:57,560 --> 00:36:02,400 Speaker 1: by family and friends. At her request, Emily Hobhouse's body 594 00:36:02,480 --> 00:36:05,759 Speaker 1: was cremated and her ashes were sent to South Africa. 595 00:36:06,080 --> 00:36:09,239 Speaker 1: She had been made an honorary South African citizen and 596 00:36:09,280 --> 00:36:12,680 Speaker 1: a funeral was held for her in Bloemfonteine on October. 597 00:36:14,520 --> 00:36:17,200 Speaker 1: It was the only state funeral ever held for a 598 00:36:17,239 --> 00:36:21,480 Speaker 1: foreigner in South Africa. Thousands of people came to pay 599 00:36:21,520 --> 00:36:24,719 Speaker 1: their respects. The front rows of the church were filled 600 00:36:24,719 --> 00:36:26,880 Speaker 1: with about four hundred women who had been in the 601 00:36:26,920 --> 00:36:30,360 Speaker 1: concentration camps or who had attended one of the weaving 602 00:36:30,440 --> 00:36:34,240 Speaker 1: schools that Hobhouse had established. Jon Smuts and his wife 603 00:36:34,239 --> 00:36:38,000 Speaker 1: were there, as well as several other government officials. A 604 00:36:38,160 --> 00:36:42,680 Speaker 1: funeral procession escorted hobhouses ashes from the church to the 605 00:36:42,719 --> 00:36:46,719 Speaker 1: women's monument that she had helped design. This procession was 606 00:36:46,800 --> 00:36:49,600 Speaker 1: led by six boys who had been in the concentration 607 00:36:49,680 --> 00:36:53,080 Speaker 1: camps who were now grown men. There were six girls 608 00:36:53,160 --> 00:36:56,719 Speaker 1: who carried the casket containing her ashes, and then six 609 00:36:56,760 --> 00:36:59,520 Speaker 1: people who had been named after her. There was also 610 00:36:59,600 --> 00:37:03,960 Speaker 1: an orchestra, hundreds of women, delegates and official guests as 611 00:37:04,000 --> 00:37:07,560 Speaker 1: part of this procession. Thousands of people were gathered at 612 00:37:07,560 --> 00:37:11,160 Speaker 1: the Women's monument and multiple people gave addresses there, including 613 00:37:11,239 --> 00:37:14,239 Speaker 1: Jon Smuts, the daughter of you On a Rude who 614 00:37:14,280 --> 00:37:16,920 Speaker 1: had helped establish the lace making school and had become 615 00:37:16,960 --> 00:37:20,120 Speaker 1: you Onna Osborne after getting married, released a flock of 616 00:37:20,120 --> 00:37:23,840 Speaker 1: white doves as Emily hobhouses ashes were interred at the monument. 617 00:37:24,920 --> 00:37:28,280 Speaker 1: Gandhi wrote a tribute to Emily Hobhouse shortly after her death, 618 00:37:28,360 --> 00:37:31,160 Speaker 1: and it read, in part quote she worked without ever 619 00:37:31,320 --> 00:37:35,279 Speaker 1: thinking of any reward. Hers was a service of humanity, 620 00:37:35,320 --> 00:37:39,560 Speaker 1: dedicated to God. Describing his own efforts towards the rights 621 00:37:39,600 --> 00:37:42,640 Speaker 1: of Indians in South Africa, he also wrote quote, she 622 00:37:42,719 --> 00:37:46,319 Speaker 1: made my way smooth among them by throwing in the 623 00:37:46,360 --> 00:37:50,600 Speaker 1: whole weight of her influence with the Indian cause. Emily 624 00:37:50,640 --> 00:37:54,760 Speaker 1: Hobhouse was obviously beloved by the Boers of South Africa, 625 00:37:54,840 --> 00:37:56,919 Speaker 1: who she had spent so much of her life trying 626 00:37:56,960 --> 00:38:00,360 Speaker 1: to help The town of Hobhouse in the South African 627 00:38:00,400 --> 00:38:03,759 Speaker 1: province of Free State is named after her. But her 628 00:38:03,840 --> 00:38:08,000 Speaker 1: legacy has not been entirely positive. As we've discussed in 629 00:38:08,040 --> 00:38:11,280 Speaker 1: both parts of this episode, her work in South Africa 630 00:38:11,360 --> 00:38:14,640 Speaker 1: was focused on white people, particularly the Boors, who were 631 00:38:14,680 --> 00:38:18,279 Speaker 1: a tiny minority compared to the native black population and 632 00:38:18,400 --> 00:38:22,680 Speaker 1: it's diverse collection of kingdoms, nations, ethnic groups and languages. 633 00:38:23,520 --> 00:38:26,320 Speaker 1: Apart from her work with Gandhi, she did not focus 634 00:38:26,360 --> 00:38:30,480 Speaker 1: on people of color at all. After her death, Emily 635 00:38:30,560 --> 00:38:34,360 Speaker 1: Hobhouses work with the concentration camps and her documentation of 636 00:38:34,400 --> 00:38:39,319 Speaker 1: the conditions there, which were in many cases legitimately horrifying 637 00:38:39,440 --> 00:38:44,040 Speaker 1: and appalling, they became part of Boor nationalism in South Africa. 638 00:38:44,680 --> 00:38:48,080 Speaker 1: The camps themselves and the scorched earth policy that led 639 00:38:48,120 --> 00:38:51,279 Speaker 1: to their being so many of them both contributed to 640 00:38:51,280 --> 00:38:56,120 Speaker 1: the development of poor and later Afrikaannor as an identity, 641 00:38:56,200 --> 00:38:58,960 Speaker 1: and one aspect of that identity for a lot of 642 00:38:59,000 --> 00:39:02,120 Speaker 1: people was the idea of having been oppressed at the 643 00:39:02,200 --> 00:39:05,560 Speaker 1: hands of the British, which was then used to justify 644 00:39:05,640 --> 00:39:09,680 Speaker 1: a sense of racial superiority. There's a sense of like 645 00:39:09,760 --> 00:39:15,200 Speaker 1: the Boers were the real victims here, ignoring the indigenous 646 00:39:15,200 --> 00:39:19,360 Speaker 1: people of Africa, who are left out of that discussion entirely. 647 00:39:20,200 --> 00:39:23,759 Speaker 1: The focus of Hobhouses work on only white South Africans 648 00:39:23,840 --> 00:39:27,080 Speaker 1: was only one aspect of all of this. Another was 649 00:39:27,120 --> 00:39:31,400 Speaker 1: her focus on white women specifically. Many of the accounts 650 00:39:31,400 --> 00:39:34,920 Speaker 1: she published began with women's experiences on their homes and 651 00:39:35,000 --> 00:39:37,280 Speaker 1: farms and what happened to them as they were fleeing 652 00:39:37,320 --> 00:39:41,560 Speaker 1: toward or being forced into the concentration camps, and some 653 00:39:41,719 --> 00:39:45,280 Speaker 1: of those experiences involved being the victims of violence carried 654 00:39:45,280 --> 00:39:48,560 Speaker 1: out by black men. Many of these men were either 655 00:39:48,640 --> 00:39:52,000 Speaker 1: fighting alongside the British or we're fighting to protect their 656 00:39:52,080 --> 00:39:55,800 Speaker 1: own lands and peoples from encroachment or violence by white people, 657 00:39:56,160 --> 00:40:01,000 Speaker 1: but this context didn't matter. Instead, these counts reinforced a 658 00:40:01,160 --> 00:40:05,239 Speaker 1: narrative of white women needing to be protected, specifically from 659 00:40:05,320 --> 00:40:08,400 Speaker 1: violence at the hands of black men, and that played 660 00:40:08,400 --> 00:40:11,560 Speaker 1: a part into the system of racism and apartheid in 661 00:40:11,600 --> 00:40:14,840 Speaker 1: South Africa. It's the same narrative that was used to 662 00:40:14,880 --> 00:40:17,680 Speaker 1: support white supremacy in the lynching of black men in 663 00:40:17,680 --> 00:40:21,799 Speaker 1: the United States. The idea of the Boors as having 664 00:40:21,840 --> 00:40:26,560 Speaker 1: been violently oppressed by the British fed into African or nationalism. 665 00:40:26,600 --> 00:40:30,400 Speaker 1: Heading into the middle of the twentieth century. The National Party, 666 00:40:30,440 --> 00:40:34,680 Speaker 1: which came to power in really took Emily Hobhouses something 667 00:40:34,719 --> 00:40:38,000 Speaker 1: of an emblem and used her work to justify a 668 00:40:38,040 --> 00:40:42,080 Speaker 1: sense of white racial grievance. The National Party is the 669 00:40:42,120 --> 00:40:45,879 Speaker 1: party that formalized the system of racial apartheid that then 670 00:40:46,000 --> 00:40:49,360 Speaker 1: remained in place in South Africa for almost fifty years. 671 00:40:50,200 --> 00:40:53,839 Speaker 1: Of course, none of this happened in isolation, and Hobhouse's 672 00:40:53,880 --> 00:40:57,239 Speaker 1: work was not the only thing involved. For decades after 673 00:40:57,280 --> 00:41:00,840 Speaker 1: the war, British accounts of it disingenuously also described the 674 00:41:00,880 --> 00:41:04,719 Speaker 1: Boers as dirty and uneducated, including when they were being 675 00:41:04,719 --> 00:41:08,320 Speaker 1: held in concentration camps at which there literally was no soap. 676 00:41:09,160 --> 00:41:13,040 Speaker 1: British accounts also largely glossed over the worst aspects of 677 00:41:13,080 --> 00:41:15,640 Speaker 1: the camps, focusing on the ones that were somewhat better 678 00:41:15,719 --> 00:41:20,680 Speaker 1: provisioned and organized when they were discussed at all. Conversely, 679 00:41:20,760 --> 00:41:22,680 Speaker 1: most writing about the war and the camps from the 680 00:41:22,680 --> 00:41:25,560 Speaker 1: Boer perspective was in the form of things like poetry 681 00:41:25,680 --> 00:41:31,359 Speaker 1: and songs that commemorated and memorialized the hardship. More objective 682 00:41:31,480 --> 00:41:36,840 Speaker 1: historical examination of the war itself and Britain's concentration camps 683 00:41:36,880 --> 00:41:39,040 Speaker 1: for the Boers has been a lot more recent and 684 00:41:39,040 --> 00:41:42,760 Speaker 1: this is also true of research into Britain's concentration camps 685 00:41:42,760 --> 00:41:46,239 Speaker 1: for black South Africans during the war. I mean a 686 00:41:46,280 --> 00:41:48,760 Speaker 1: lot of that research is just within the last couple 687 00:41:48,760 --> 00:41:53,080 Speaker 1: of decades. Even though Emily Hobhouse tried to get someone 688 00:41:53,120 --> 00:41:56,080 Speaker 1: else to visit and investigate those camps, the fact that 689 00:41:56,120 --> 00:41:58,840 Speaker 1: apparently no one did, and that she also did not 690 00:41:58,920 --> 00:42:02,680 Speaker 1: do it herself, and that they were just poorly documented 691 00:42:02,719 --> 00:42:05,560 Speaker 1: to the general public as much of the war was happening. 692 00:42:06,239 --> 00:42:09,000 Speaker 1: That trend continued after the war was over, and then 693 00:42:09,239 --> 00:42:12,319 Speaker 1: as apartheid was implemented in the decades after the war, 694 00:42:13,120 --> 00:42:17,280 Speaker 1: that became the way bigger focus. So when apartheid was dismantled, 695 00:42:17,320 --> 00:42:20,120 Speaker 1: the Truth and Reconciliation Commission that followed it was really 696 00:42:20,160 --> 00:42:24,759 Speaker 1: focused on the period from nineteen sixty until it wasn't 697 00:42:24,800 --> 00:42:27,680 Speaker 1: looking all the way back to the Border War. So 698 00:42:28,880 --> 00:42:33,320 Speaker 1: like as I was researching this, I just kept unearthing 699 00:42:33,360 --> 00:42:38,240 Speaker 1: more and more things about the camps that were specifically 700 00:42:38,320 --> 00:42:41,520 Speaker 1: for black people in South Africa that are just brand 701 00:42:41,520 --> 00:42:44,600 Speaker 1: new written within the last couple of years. So this 702 00:42:44,680 --> 00:42:47,200 Speaker 1: is obviously work that is still ongoing and is still 703 00:42:47,200 --> 00:42:54,960 Speaker 1: important and was delayed in part by Hobhouses decisions. This 704 00:42:55,040 --> 00:42:58,759 Speaker 1: is a heavy duo of episodes. It is do you 705 00:42:58,800 --> 00:43:01,440 Speaker 1: have a listener mail that's less heavy? I have a 706 00:43:01,520 --> 00:43:06,680 Speaker 1: listener tweets. I have a listener tweet from Joseph who 707 00:43:06,719 --> 00:43:10,319 Speaker 1: tweeted at us. Bucky Fuller produced his own world map 708 00:43:10,360 --> 00:43:15,040 Speaker 1: projection called the Dimaxian projection. He really liked the word dimaxion. 709 00:43:16,480 --> 00:43:21,839 Speaker 1: I had never heard of this map projection before I 710 00:43:21,920 --> 00:43:25,120 Speaker 1: locked it up after getting this tweet. Obviously, this is 711 00:43:25,160 --> 00:43:30,520 Speaker 1: this follows our Mercater projection episode that is a fascinating projection. 712 00:43:31,280 --> 00:43:34,920 Speaker 1: We talked about in that episode how the Mercat projection 713 00:43:35,120 --> 00:43:42,760 Speaker 1: is the globe projected onto a cylinder. This is a globe, 714 00:43:42,920 --> 00:43:47,920 Speaker 1: you know, which is normally a sphere projected onto an icosahedron. 715 00:43:49,200 --> 00:43:53,479 Speaker 1: The geometric shape with twenty phases like a twenty side 716 00:43:53,480 --> 00:43:57,839 Speaker 1: and die approximately but not really uh and then just unfolded. 717 00:43:58,640 --> 00:44:03,399 Speaker 1: It is just a fascinating looking one. I guess a 718 00:44:03,440 --> 00:44:07,120 Speaker 1: convex one is roughly like the shape of a twenty 719 00:44:07,200 --> 00:44:12,280 Speaker 1: side and die, but it can also be uh arranged differently. 720 00:44:12,920 --> 00:44:16,080 Speaker 1: Um I'm doing a bad job of explaining what this 721 00:44:17,440 --> 00:44:22,560 Speaker 1: looks like. But anyway, Uh, it is a map projection 722 00:44:22,680 --> 00:44:27,759 Speaker 1: where the relative sizes um of the land masses are 723 00:44:28,280 --> 00:44:32,640 Speaker 1: pretty much preserved, but you have all kinds of disruption 724 00:44:32,680 --> 00:44:35,279 Speaker 1: in the map itself. That's the thing that is sacrificed 725 00:44:35,360 --> 00:44:39,280 Speaker 1: to make up for that. In this tweet, Joseph also 726 00:44:39,920 --> 00:44:44,560 Speaker 1: uh noted that that buck MMR Fuller had thought about 727 00:44:44,560 --> 00:44:47,640 Speaker 1: taking his own life, but then uh did not do 728 00:44:47,680 --> 00:44:50,120 Speaker 1: that and stopped speaking for a year and then invented 729 00:44:50,120 --> 00:44:55,040 Speaker 1: a bunch of amazing things. Buckminster Fuller is of fascinating 730 00:44:55,080 --> 00:44:59,480 Speaker 1: person who maybe someday will be an episode of the show. Um. 731 00:44:59,520 --> 00:45:02,600 Speaker 1: I it was a person. I was like, do we 732 00:45:02,680 --> 00:45:05,080 Speaker 1: not have an episode on him already? I don't think 733 00:45:05,080 --> 00:45:09,640 Speaker 1: we do. Um So anyway, thank you for that tweet 734 00:45:09,800 --> 00:45:11,360 Speaker 1: and for giving me the chance to look at that 735 00:45:11,560 --> 00:45:15,560 Speaker 1: very wild projection of the map. It looks like a 736 00:45:15,680 --> 00:45:20,280 Speaker 1: geometry puzzle to me, yeah, because it does like things 737 00:45:20,640 --> 00:45:22,840 Speaker 1: form into like when you laid out flat they're big 738 00:45:22,880 --> 00:45:24,960 Speaker 1: like sort of you know, angled gaps and stuff, And 739 00:45:24,960 --> 00:45:28,879 Speaker 1: it looks it looks like a puzzle you're supposed to well, 740 00:45:28,920 --> 00:45:34,719 Speaker 1: and he's uh he popularized geodesic domes, and that, like, 741 00:45:34,800 --> 00:45:36,759 Speaker 1: it really makes sense to me that he would have 742 00:45:36,840 --> 00:45:40,400 Speaker 1: a fascination with this. Also like that, oh yeah, the 743 00:45:40,520 --> 00:45:43,400 Speaker 1: DNA is shared between Yeah. When I first looked at it, 744 00:45:43,400 --> 00:45:45,040 Speaker 1: I was like, this looks almost like a map that 745 00:45:45,120 --> 00:45:47,680 Speaker 1: was projected onto a geodesic dome and then taking apart. 746 00:45:48,440 --> 00:45:52,200 Speaker 1: So anyway, thank you again for that tweet. If you 747 00:45:52,200 --> 00:45:53,960 Speaker 1: would like to write to us about this, there any 748 00:45:53,960 --> 00:45:57,239 Speaker 1: other podcast or history podcast at i heart radio dot 749 00:45:57,280 --> 00:46:00,439 Speaker 1: com or also Oliver social media at miss some History 750 00:46:00,440 --> 00:46:03,840 Speaker 1: that Story. We'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram. 751 00:46:03,880 --> 00:46:05,600 Speaker 1: You can subscribe to our show on the I heart 752 00:46:05,680 --> 00:46:13,840 Speaker 1: Radio app where Realty your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in 753 00:46:13,960 --> 00:46:16,680 Speaker 1: History Class is a production of I heart Radio. For 754 00:46:16,760 --> 00:46:19,439 Speaker 1: more podcasts from I heart Radio, visit the i heart 755 00:46:19,520 --> 00:46:22,600 Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 756 00:46:22,640 --> 00:46:23,320 Speaker 1: favorite shows.