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Speaker 1: Hey there, history fans, We're taking the day off, but

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Speaker 1: don't worry. We've got plenty of classic shows to tide

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Speaker 1: you over. Please enjoy these flashback episodes from the TDI

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Speaker 1: HC Vault. Hello, and welcome to This Day in History Class,

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Speaker 1: a show that takes you on a ride through the

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Speaker 1: ups and downs of everyday history. I'm Gabe Lucier, and

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Speaker 1: today we're talking about a clever innovation that took amusement

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Speaker 1: park thrill rides to a whole new level. The day

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Speaker 1: was August sixteenth, eighteen ninety eight. Inventor and mechanic Edwin

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Speaker 1: Prescott was granted the first US patent for a vertical

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Speaker 1: loop roller coaster. His design became a reality three years

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Speaker 1: later when the Loop the Loop roller coaster installed on

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Speaker 1: Surf Avenue in Coney Island, New York. This dual track

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Speaker 1: steel roller coaster wasn't the first thrill ride to use

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Speaker 1: a loop to flip passengers upside down, but thanks to

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Speaker 1: a key change to the shape of the loop, the

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Speaker 1: coaster was much more comfortable and safer than previous designs.

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Speaker 1: Although warmly embraced by Americans since the eighteen thirties, roller

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Speaker 1: coasters are actually a European invention. The earliest take on

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Speaker 1: the concept dates back to seventeenth century Russia, when thrill

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Speaker 1: seekers started building so called flying mountains, which were basically

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Speaker 1: five story tall ice ramps that featured drops as steep

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Speaker 1: as fifty degrees. Daring riders would climb inside hollowed out

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Speaker 1: blocks of ice and hold on for dear life. Not

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Speaker 1: long after, the attraction was adapted for year round use

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Speaker 1: through the addition of wooden rails and wheeled carts. In

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Speaker 1: the Great Is believed to have commissioned the first such

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Speaker 1: man made coaster, which was built in the gardens of

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Speaker 1: her Palace in Saint Petersburg. Her royal endorsement lent instant

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Speaker 1: appeal to the dangerous contraptions, especially among the upper classes.

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Speaker 1: Soon roller coasters were being built in France, England and

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Speaker 1: other countries throughout Europe. The first American roller coaster is

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Speaker 1: generally considered to be the Mouche Chunk Switchback Railway in Pennsylvania.

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Speaker 1: Originally constructed in eighteen twenty seven as a way to

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Speaker 1: haul coal between mines, the railway quickly caught the eye

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Speaker 1: of local adrenaline junkies and tourists alike. That interest led

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Speaker 1: to a new dual purpose system in which the railway

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Speaker 1: would be used to transport coal in the morning and

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Speaker 1: thrill seeking passengers in the afternoon. The cars were pushed

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Speaker 1: along the downhill track by gravity and could reach speeds

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Speaker 1: of fifty miles per hour and carrying a full load. Unfortunately,

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Speaker 1: powered chain lifts were still a good fifty years or

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Speaker 1: so away, so a team of mules had to pull

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Speaker 1: the empty cars back to their starting point. By eighteen

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Speaker 1: seventy three, the moush Chunk Railway was serving up thrills

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Speaker 1: to more than thirty thousand riders per year at a

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Speaker 1: cost of just seventy five cents each. The success of

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Speaker 1: the gravity railway didn't go unnoticed, and in eighteen eighty four,

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Speaker 1: LaMarcus aDNA Thompson adapted the design to create the first

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Speaker 1: gravity roller coaster, built specifically as an amusement ride. It

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Speaker 1: opened in Brooklyn's Coney Island and provided guests a not

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Speaker 1: so thrilling ride down a six hundred foot long track

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Speaker 1: at the leisurely speed of six miles per hour. Unlike

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Speaker 1: most modern roller coasters, Thompson's cars faced outward instead of forward.

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Speaker 1: This allowed riders to view specially constructed scenes as they

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Speaker 1: rolled along. These included diorama type displays of exotic locations

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Speaker 1: such as Venetian canals and the Swiss Alps. Although it

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Speaker 1: was in a pulse pounding experience, Thompson's railway was still

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Speaker 1: a commercial success, and other entrepreneurs were quick to introduce

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Speaker 1: their own gravity powered coasters. The first of these to

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Speaker 1: feature a loop de loop was Lena Beecher's infamous Flip

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Speaker 1: Flap Railway, which opened at Sea Lion Park on Coney

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Speaker 1: Island in eighteen ninety five. There was a lot of

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Speaker 1: experimentation going on in coaster design at the time, and

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Speaker 1: as a result, many of the early rides were little

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Speaker 1: more than glorified death traps. In the case of the

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Speaker 1: Flip Flap Railway, the danger came from the coaster's trademark loop.

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Speaker 1: Because the loop was perfectly circular, it resulted in g

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Speaker 1: forces three times stronger than the average modern coaster. Riding

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Speaker 1: it felt akin to driving a car straight into a

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Speaker 1: brick wall, so, as you can imagine, it wasn't the

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Speaker 1: most popular ride at Coney Island. Still, the idea of

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Speaker 1: inverting riders with a loop seemed promising, provided you could

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Speaker 1: do it without breaking anyone's neck. That challenge was picked

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Speaker 1: up by Edwin Prescott, a ride designer from Arlington, Massachusetts.

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Speaker 1: His innovation was to swap the circular loop for an

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Speaker 1: elliptical one. That subtle change in shape greatly reduced the

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Speaker 1: g forces, thus providing a much smoother and far less

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Speaker 1: painful ride for passengers. In nineteen oh one, The Loop

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Speaker 1: the Loop became the second looping coaster ever built, but

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Speaker 1: the first one that was actually worth riding. Its breakthrough

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Speaker 1: elliptical shaped loop was later copied by other designers, and

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Speaker 1: today it remains the standard shape for all modern roller

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Speaker 1: coasters that include a loop. Of course, even with the

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Speaker 1: improved loop, Prescott's coaster was still pretty dangers For one thing,

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Speaker 1: the passenger cars used regular tires, which weren't held to

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Speaker 1: the track in any meaningful way. In fact, the only

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Speaker 1: thing preventing the cars from flying off besides momentum, was

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Speaker 1: a small side railing which could easily be jumped at

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Speaker 1: the right speed and angle. As a result, the Loop

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Speaker 1: The Loop brought in more money from spectators who were

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Speaker 1: willing to pay a fee to watch the ride in

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Speaker 1: action than it did from people who actually rode it

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Speaker 1: in the end, though the ride's limited capacity was its

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Speaker 1: biggest drawback. The cars could only fit four people, and

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Speaker 1: only one car was permitted on the track at a

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Speaker 1: time for fear of a collision. A second track was

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Speaker 1: eventually built alongside the first, but even with that additional capacity,

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Speaker 1: the ride barely turned a profit as a result. In

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Speaker 1: nineteen ten, the Loop The Loop closed for good after

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Speaker 1: only nine years in operation. It was soon replaced by

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Speaker 1: a steelcoaster called the Giant Racer. True to its name,

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Speaker 1: the track stretched three hundred yards all the way from

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Speaker 1: Surf Avenue to the beach. Despite its length, the Giant

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Speaker 1: Racer also failed to impress visitors, and it was ultimately

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Speaker 1: torn down in nineteen twenty seven. The famous Cyclone roller

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Speaker 1: coaster took its place that same year, and it remains

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Speaker 1: in operation to this day. Although the first coaster to

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Speaker 1: use Prescott's elliptical loop was a bit of a dud,

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Speaker 1: it still got things rolling in the right direction. To

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Speaker 1: honor that breakthrough, thrillseekers across the country now celebrate National

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Speaker 1: Roller Coaster Day on August sixteenth, the day when Prescott

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Speaker 1: squished a circle into an ellipse and the modern roller

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Speaker 1: coaster was born. I'm Gabe Lucier and hopefully you now

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Speaker 1: know a little more about history today than you did yesterday.

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Speaker 1: If you want to keep up with the show, you

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Speaker 1: can follow us on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram at TDI

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Speaker 1: HC Show and if you have any comments or suggestions,

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Speaker 1: you can always send them my way at this Day

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Speaker 1: at iHeartMedia dot com. Thanks to Chandler Mays for producing

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Speaker 1: the show, and thank you for listening. I'll see you

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Speaker 1: back here again tomorrow for another Day in History Class. Hello,

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Speaker 1: and welcome to This Day in History Class, a show

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Speaker 1: that unmasks history one day at a time. I'm Gabe

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Speaker 1: Lucier and in this episode, we're talking about one of

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Speaker 1: the most disturbing acts of protest ever committed on the

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Speaker 1: White House lawn. The day August sixteenth, eighteen forty one,

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Speaker 1: an angry mob gathered outside the White House and burned

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Speaker 1: an effigy of President John Tyler. Most of the rioters

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Speaker 1: were members of Tyler's own political party, the Whigs. The

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Speaker 1: President had just vetoed their bill to re establish the

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Speaker 1: country's national bank, so they decided to voice their disapproval

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Speaker 1: in the most dramatic fashion they could think of. They

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Speaker 1: gathered on Tyler's front porch and set fire to a crude,

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Speaker 1: scarecrow like figure that was made to look just like him.

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Speaker 1: The first Bank of the United States was championed by

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Speaker 1: Alexander Hamilton, the first Secretary of the Treasury. He believed

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Speaker 1: that establishing a government sponsored national bank was vital to

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Speaker 1: the young country's financial future. According to him, it would

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Speaker 1: stabilize the nation's credit, provide a repository for federal funds,

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Speaker 1: and handle the job of issuing currency. The bank was

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Speaker 1: ultimately chartered by Congress and approved by President Jeorge Washington

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Speaker 1: in seventeen ninety one, but from the very beginning, many

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Speaker 1: in government, including Thomas Jefferson and Washington himself, were wary

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Speaker 1: of the idea of a federal bank. They worried that

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Speaker 1: such a bank was unconstitutional, as it would force the

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Speaker 1: states to host branches of the bank within their borders,

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Speaker 1: in direct competition with banks they chartered themselves. In the end,

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Speaker 1: Washington was swayed by Hamilton's arguments and decided to back

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Speaker 1: the bank bill after all. However, once Thomas Jefferson became president,

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Speaker 1: he and his fellow anti federalists began to undermine the

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Speaker 1: bank by gradually reducing its power and importance. By eighteen eleven,

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Speaker 1: the institution had been so diminished that Congress let the

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Speaker 1: bank's twenty year charter expire and made no attempt to

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Speaker 1: renew it. A second Federal Bank was later established in

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Speaker 1: eighteen nineteen, but multiple Congressional attempts to recharter it were

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Speaker 1: struck down by Presidents Andrew Jackson and Mark and Van Buren.

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Speaker 1: Despite those setbacks, supporters of the National Bank were confident

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Speaker 1: that Van Buren's successor, fellow Whig member William Henry Harrison,

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Speaker 1: would quickly re establish the bank once he took office.

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Speaker 1: But as you probably know, Harrison never got the chance,

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Speaker 1: as he famously died just thirty one days after his inauguration.

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Speaker 1: Upon Harrison's death in eighteen forty one, Vice President John

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Speaker 1: Tyler assumed the presidency, establishing a custom of succession that

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Speaker 1: still followed today. The Whigs expected Tyler to tow the

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Speaker 1: party line and throw his support behind an agenda crafted

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Speaker 1: by Kentucky Senator Henry Clay. However, Tyler, a former Democrat,

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Speaker 1: wasn't a fan of the Whigs policy proposals. He had

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Speaker 1: just inherited a highly unstable economy, and throwing a federal

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Speaker 1: bank into the mix would have only increased that volatility.

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Speaker 1: He believed, as others had before him, that a central

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Speaker 1: bank would violate state's right and would only benefit the

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Speaker 1: financial elite, namely the private investors who would own most

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Speaker 1: of the bank shares. The President voiced his opposition well

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Speaker 1: in advance, but his fellow Whigs and Congress refused to listen.

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Speaker 1: Senator Clay's bill passed both houses that summer, and many

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Speaker 1: hoped its success would compel the President to back down

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Speaker 1: and sign it, but he didn't. On August sixteenth, Tyler

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Speaker 1: vetoed the bank bill and sent a message to Congress

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Speaker 1: explaining why. Before entering upon the duties of the presidential office,

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Speaker 1: he wrote, I took an oath that I would preserve, protect,

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Speaker 1: and defend the Constitution of the United States. He then

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Speaker 1: went on to say that supporting the Whigs bank scheme

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Speaker 1: would be a violation of that oath, something that he

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Speaker 1: considered quote a crime which I would not willfully commit

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Speaker 1: to gain any earthly reward, and which would justly subject

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Speaker 1: me to the ridicule and scorn of all virtuous men.

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Speaker 1: Tyler's veto shouldn't have come as a surprise to the

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Speaker 1: bank's congressional backers, but they had convinced themselves that Tyler,

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Speaker 1: an unelected president, wouldn't dare defy the will of his

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Speaker 1: own party. But it turned out that he did dare,

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Speaker 1: and when the Whigs found out about the veto, they

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Speaker 1: took it as a betrayal and flew into a collective rage.

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Speaker 1: Later that night, after several hours of drinking, some members

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Speaker 1: of Congress decided to pay Tyler a visit. They gathered

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Speaker 1: on the White House lawn and started blowing horns and

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Speaker 1: throwing rocks at the building. Then some men fired guns

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Speaker 1: into the air and shouted down with the veto. The

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Speaker 1: President and his family were awakened by the noise and

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Speaker 1: were said to be quite fearful for their safety, as

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Speaker 1: the residents had minimal security in the district of Columbia

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Speaker 1: did not yet have a police force. Thankfully, someone in

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Speaker 1: the upstairs quarters placed lit candles in the windows, and

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Speaker 1: the light scared off the mob. However, a few hours later,

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Speaker 1: a second, even rout group arrived at the mansion. They

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Speaker 1: brought along a large life sized doll dressed as President Tyler,

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Speaker 1: which they proceeded to hang by the neck from a tree.

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Speaker 1: Then they set the figure on fire and left shortly afterward.

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Speaker 1: Other American figures had been burned in effigy before, including

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Speaker 1: John Jay and President James Madison, but such a display

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Speaker 1: of symbolic violence had never happened on the White House doorstep,

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Speaker 1: and certainly not in clear view of the President and

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Speaker 1: his family. One year later, the incident led Congress to

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Speaker 1: expand the small security force in DC into a proper

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Speaker 1: police force, ensuring that the city would also be patrolled

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Speaker 1: at night. In the weeks that followed the riot, Senator

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Speaker 1: Clay helped put together a new Central Bank Bill with

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Speaker 1: a few minor adjustments. Once again, both houses of Congress

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Speaker 1: passed the bill, and once again President Tyler killed it

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Speaker 1: with a veto. That time, the Whigs didn't form a

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Speaker 1: drunken mob or set any dolls on fire. Instead, they

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Speaker 1: voted to formally expel the president from their ranks, making him,

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Speaker 1: as Henry Clay put it, a president without a party.

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Speaker 1: The hits didn't stop there either, as not long after

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Speaker 1: Tyler's entire cabinet resigned in protest, except that is for

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Speaker 1: Daniel Webster, the Secretary of State. By the time Tyler

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Speaker 1: left office, his political career was essentially over. He had

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Speaker 1: paid a steep price for standing up to his own party,

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Speaker 1: but in doing so, he remained true to his oath

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Speaker 1: and to his own conscience that commitment to country over

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Speaker 1: party is something that every president should strive to live

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Speaker 1: up to, even now, whether the mob likes it or not.

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Speaker 1: I'm Gabe Lucier and hopefully you now know a little

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Speaker 1: more about history today than you did yesterday. You can

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Speaker 1: learn even more about history by following us on Twitter, Facebook,

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Speaker 1: and Instagram at TDI HC Show, and if you have

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Speaker 1: any comments or suggestions, you can send them my way

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Speaker 1: by writing to This Day at iHeartMedia dot com. Thanks

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Speaker 1: to Chandler Mays for producing the show, and thank you

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Speaker 1: for listening. I'll see you back here again tomorrow for

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Speaker 1: another day in History Class