1 00:00:00,160 --> 00:00:02,600 Speaker 1: This episode of Stuff You Missed in History Class is 2 00:00:02,640 --> 00:00:05,480 Speaker 1: brought to you by Squarespace, the all in one platform 3 00:00:05,519 --> 00:00:07,640 Speaker 1: that makes it fast and easy to create your own 4 00:00:07,680 --> 00:00:11,480 Speaker 1: professional website, portfolio, and online store. For a free trial 5 00:00:11,560 --> 00:00:15,400 Speaker 1: and ten percent off, visits squarespace dot com, slash history 6 00:00:15,440 --> 00:00:18,680 Speaker 1: and enter offer code history at check out. A better 7 00:00:18,680 --> 00:00:23,279 Speaker 1: web starts with your website. Welcome to Stuff you Missed 8 00:00:23,280 --> 00:00:33,200 Speaker 1: in History Class from how Stuff Works dot com. Hello, 9 00:00:33,280 --> 00:00:35,440 Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Holly Fry and I'm 10 00:00:35,440 --> 00:00:39,800 Speaker 1: Tracy V. Wilson and Uh. Today's topic was inspired by 11 00:00:40,200 --> 00:00:42,400 Speaker 1: an event that I got to go to last week 12 00:00:42,479 --> 00:00:45,000 Speaker 1: because I'm super lucky. I got to go see Neil 13 00:00:45,040 --> 00:00:48,040 Speaker 1: de grass Tyson speak at Georgia Tech, which was sponsored 14 00:00:48,040 --> 00:00:50,600 Speaker 1: I believed, by their physics department. And during his lecture, 15 00:00:50,680 --> 00:00:52,559 Speaker 1: which was spectacular, if you ever get a chance to 16 00:00:52,560 --> 00:00:56,000 Speaker 1: see him speak, I highly recommend it. Uh, he mentioned 17 00:00:56,040 --> 00:00:58,400 Speaker 1: that most people do not realize what an epicenter of 18 00:00:58,440 --> 00:01:02,480 Speaker 1: scientific and mathematical grow with medieval Islam was h So 19 00:01:02,560 --> 00:01:05,160 Speaker 1: naturally I got all excited about it because it was 20 00:01:05,200 --> 00:01:07,759 Speaker 1: fascinating and Neil de Grasse Tyson was saying it, which 21 00:01:07,800 --> 00:01:10,920 Speaker 1: automatically puts it above many other things on the interest scale. 22 00:01:11,240 --> 00:01:13,080 Speaker 1: So we're going to talk about math today. Do not 23 00:01:13,240 --> 00:01:16,000 Speaker 1: become scared or frightened. Like I know Tracy's mentioned before, 24 00:01:16,040 --> 00:01:19,640 Speaker 1: arithmetic is not her jam. I'm not particularly good at 25 00:01:19,680 --> 00:01:24,000 Speaker 1: it well, And what's funny is arithmetic was really the problem. 26 00:01:24,040 --> 00:01:27,240 Speaker 1: Like I loved geometry and I loved doing proofs, but 27 00:01:27,319 --> 00:01:31,880 Speaker 1: when it came to like the arithmetic portions of the proofs, 28 00:01:31,920 --> 00:01:34,960 Speaker 1: I would get things wrong. Same thing with algebra, Like 29 00:01:35,000 --> 00:01:37,640 Speaker 1: my algebra theory would be sound and my arithmetic would 30 00:01:37,680 --> 00:01:41,200 Speaker 1: be faulty. Yeah, I think that's pretty common. So we're 31 00:01:41,200 --> 00:01:43,800 Speaker 1: gonna talk about math, but really only sort of. There 32 00:01:43,800 --> 00:01:46,400 Speaker 1: will be a couple of equations mentioned, but they're super 33 00:01:46,480 --> 00:01:49,440 Speaker 1: duper simple and they stand as examples only. You do 34 00:01:49,520 --> 00:01:51,320 Speaker 1: not have to solve for X or any other letter 35 00:01:51,880 --> 00:01:55,880 Speaker 1: while you're listening. I love math in theory, but like Tracy, 36 00:01:56,120 --> 00:01:58,920 Speaker 1: the actual reality of it is not always my strong suit. 37 00:01:59,640 --> 00:02:01,040 Speaker 1: So but leave me when I say that the math 38 00:02:01,120 --> 00:02:04,560 Speaker 1: that we mentioned is really really basic. And I apologize 39 00:02:04,560 --> 00:02:06,320 Speaker 1: to any mathematicians in the crowd that may have been 40 00:02:06,360 --> 00:02:09,239 Speaker 1: hoping for more, but that's that's not gonna happen on 41 00:02:09,280 --> 00:02:12,360 Speaker 1: this one. So today we are focusing on an Islamic 42 00:02:12,400 --> 00:02:15,600 Speaker 1: mathematician named al khara is Me and his contributions to 43 00:02:15,639 --> 00:02:18,840 Speaker 1: the development of algebra and mathematics in general with his 44 00:02:18,960 --> 00:02:23,240 Speaker 1: ninth ninth century writings. So if you're going to guess 45 00:02:23,600 --> 00:02:28,679 Speaker 1: where algebra originated, you might guess ancient Greece or ancient room. 46 00:02:28,840 --> 00:02:31,360 Speaker 1: Even though we're talking about an Arabic scholar today, it's 47 00:02:31,440 --> 00:02:34,160 Speaker 1: important to remember that algebra does not have just one 48 00:02:34,560 --> 00:02:38,560 Speaker 1: single origin point. It developed over time and in multiple places, 49 00:02:38,600 --> 00:02:42,320 Speaker 1: with lots of different mathematicians contributing to the overall field 50 00:02:42,320 --> 00:02:45,119 Speaker 1: of knowledge. Yeah. I mean, it wasn't like someone woke 51 00:02:45,200 --> 00:02:48,200 Speaker 1: up one day and went, I'm inventing algebra. I'm imagining 52 00:02:48,240 --> 00:02:51,840 Speaker 1: somebody just sitting bolt up right in their bad No. 53 00:02:51,960 --> 00:02:54,200 Speaker 1: It arose out of a need for a way to 54 00:02:54,240 --> 00:02:57,560 Speaker 1: calculate certain things. And we'll talk about that more specifically 55 00:02:57,600 --> 00:03:01,280 Speaker 1: as we go on. The first traces of the concepts 56 00:03:01,280 --> 00:03:04,240 Speaker 1: and fundamental ideas of algebra that we know of are 57 00:03:04,320 --> 00:03:08,280 Speaker 1: from ancient Babylon and these fall around about two thousand BC. 58 00:03:09,200 --> 00:03:13,520 Speaker 1: And then in the third century, Diaphantus of Alexandria, who 59 00:03:13,600 --> 00:03:17,000 Speaker 1: is sometimes called the father of algebra was writing extensively 60 00:03:17,120 --> 00:03:21,480 Speaker 1: about algebraic equations and some of the concepts of algebra. 61 00:03:22,000 --> 00:03:24,920 Speaker 1: Uh there was also an Indian math scholar named Brahmagupta 62 00:03:25,000 --> 00:03:28,120 Speaker 1: who was writing extensively in the six hundreds, and he's 63 00:03:28,200 --> 00:03:32,880 Speaker 1: considered a major influence on al qai is Me. Muhammad 64 00:03:32,960 --> 00:03:35,880 Speaker 1: ibn Musa al quare is Me was born around seven 65 00:03:35,960 --> 00:03:38,480 Speaker 1: eighty and we don't know a lot about his early life, 66 00:03:38,520 --> 00:03:41,320 Speaker 1: as is often a case with figures from that long ago. 67 00:03:41,960 --> 00:03:44,880 Speaker 1: His exact place of birth is also kind of muddled 68 00:03:44,880 --> 00:03:48,160 Speaker 1: by his name because it includes an origin signifier that 69 00:03:48,240 --> 00:03:51,240 Speaker 1: it cited differently in various texts. We do know that 70 00:03:51,280 --> 00:03:54,280 Speaker 1: he's spent a significant amount of his life in Baghdad, 71 00:03:54,960 --> 00:03:56,560 Speaker 1: and he grew up, as we know, to be a 72 00:03:56,600 --> 00:03:59,960 Speaker 1: mathematician and an astronomer, and as an adult he worked 73 00:04:00,000 --> 00:04:03,400 Speaker 1: at the Dar al Hikma or House of Wisdom, and 74 00:04:03,440 --> 00:04:05,520 Speaker 1: the work of the House of Wisdom, which was a 75 00:04:05,560 --> 00:04:08,800 Speaker 1: sort of scholarly academy that's sometimes likened to the Library 76 00:04:08,840 --> 00:04:12,680 Speaker 1: at Alexandria, focused on the acquisition and translation of text 77 00:04:12,760 --> 00:04:15,720 Speaker 1: from throughout the world. The House of Wisdom may have 78 00:04:15,840 --> 00:04:20,839 Speaker 1: been established by Kalif Haroun al Rashid, but Kelif al Mamun, 79 00:04:21,080 --> 00:04:24,320 Speaker 1: who followed him is often recognized as the man who 80 00:04:24,360 --> 00:04:28,000 Speaker 1: really made it into a seat of scholarly discovery. And 81 00:04:28,080 --> 00:04:30,920 Speaker 1: before we get into sort of the most famous book 82 00:04:31,040 --> 00:04:34,839 Speaker 1: that al quires me worked on, we're going to do 83 00:04:34,880 --> 00:04:38,200 Speaker 1: a quick ad. So when that killer idea hits you 84 00:04:38,520 --> 00:04:40,800 Speaker 1: want a snag a domain name and get your web 85 00:04:40,880 --> 00:04:43,559 Speaker 1: hosting squared away really quickly. And with domain dot COM's 86 00:04:43,640 --> 00:04:47,000 Speaker 1: quick domain discovery system and easy checkout process, you'll have 87 00:04:47,040 --> 00:04:49,400 Speaker 1: your website up and running in no time. You've heard 88 00:04:49,400 --> 00:04:51,560 Speaker 1: it here before. Domain dot com makes it easy to 89 00:04:51,600 --> 00:04:54,599 Speaker 1: get your website up and running, blog, create the website 90 00:04:54,640 --> 00:04:57,480 Speaker 1: to show off your film, showcase your portfolio. You can 91 00:04:57,480 --> 00:05:00,160 Speaker 1: make money with your own site. There is no win 92 00:05:00,240 --> 00:05:02,800 Speaker 1: too what you can do. Uh. We like domain dot 93 00:05:02,800 --> 00:05:05,880 Speaker 1: com because they're affordable, reliable, and they're super easy to use. 94 00:05:06,640 --> 00:05:08,800 Speaker 1: With our special offer, you can get fifteen percent off. 95 00:05:08,800 --> 00:05:12,719 Speaker 1: They're already affordable prices by domain names, by web hosting 96 00:05:12,839 --> 00:05:15,840 Speaker 1: or by email when you use coupon code history at 97 00:05:15,839 --> 00:05:18,600 Speaker 1: domain dot COM's check out and when you think domain names, 98 00:05:18,640 --> 00:05:22,440 Speaker 1: think domain dot com. Okay, So now we will get 99 00:05:22,480 --> 00:05:25,479 Speaker 1: back to the work that is primarily talked about when 100 00:05:25,480 --> 00:05:28,839 Speaker 1: people discuss alcoa is Me and his influence on algebra, 101 00:05:29,320 --> 00:05:33,400 Speaker 1: and that was called Alcatab al Muktazar fijis Ab Algebar 102 00:05:33,880 --> 00:05:38,200 Speaker 1: while Muka or the Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion 103 00:05:38,240 --> 00:05:40,520 Speaker 1: and Balancing, and it was written by alcoa is Me 104 00:05:40,600 --> 00:05:43,600 Speaker 1: and published through the House of Wisdom, which produced original 105 00:05:43,600 --> 00:05:45,760 Speaker 1: works as well as working on all of the translations 106 00:05:45,760 --> 00:05:48,960 Speaker 1: we mentioned. The introduction to this book notes that Khalif 107 00:05:49,040 --> 00:05:52,160 Speaker 1: al ma Moon and his thirst for scientific knowledge drove 108 00:05:52,320 --> 00:05:54,840 Speaker 1: al quare is Me to take on this whole project. Yeah, 109 00:05:54,839 --> 00:05:57,159 Speaker 1: that kind of supports the idea that Khalif al Mamon 110 00:05:57,360 --> 00:06:00,080 Speaker 1: was really the one that that made the House of 111 00:06:00,560 --> 00:06:04,560 Speaker 1: Wisdom flourish. And this book addresses the idea of balancing 112 00:06:04,560 --> 00:06:07,760 Speaker 1: and equation across the equal sign in a systematic way 113 00:06:08,080 --> 00:06:10,719 Speaker 1: and it features examples of ways that this can be 114 00:06:10,760 --> 00:06:15,440 Speaker 1: applied to fiscal transactions. And the book's goal was to provide, quote, 115 00:06:15,480 --> 00:06:18,520 Speaker 1: what is easiest and most youthful in arithmetic, such as 116 00:06:18,520 --> 00:06:23,480 Speaker 1: men constantly require in cases of inheritance, legacies, partition, lawsuits 117 00:06:23,480 --> 00:06:26,080 Speaker 1: and trade and in all their dealings with one another. 118 00:06:26,520 --> 00:06:30,640 Speaker 1: Or whether measuring of lands, the digging of canals, geometrical computations, 119 00:06:30,760 --> 00:06:33,799 Speaker 1: and other objects of various sorts and kinds are concerned. 120 00:06:35,120 --> 00:06:38,400 Speaker 1: The algebar portion of the Arabic title is what gave 121 00:06:38,440 --> 00:06:41,119 Speaker 1: algebra it's name. In the Latin translation of the text 122 00:06:41,160 --> 00:06:44,360 Speaker 1: several hundred years later in the twelfth century, the actual 123 00:06:44,400 --> 00:06:48,400 Speaker 1: translation of the Arabic word algebar is reunion or reunion 124 00:06:48,440 --> 00:06:52,640 Speaker 1: of broken parts. Yet also algebra. The word is also 125 00:06:52,680 --> 00:06:56,400 Speaker 1: associated with bone setters. Uh so if you ever hear 126 00:06:56,440 --> 00:06:59,440 Speaker 1: it used in that terminology, that's why they both share 127 00:06:59,440 --> 00:07:06,279 Speaker 1: the same words, and the words jabar andabla signify operations 128 00:07:06,360 --> 00:07:11,560 Speaker 1: in this early state algebraic problem solving of quadratic equations. 129 00:07:12,640 --> 00:07:16,280 Speaker 1: Jabar names the operation where a numerical value is eliminated 130 00:07:16,360 --> 00:07:19,440 Speaker 1: from one side of an equation and incorporated onto the 131 00:07:19,480 --> 00:07:22,960 Speaker 1: other side to solve for an unknown So, for example, 132 00:07:23,480 --> 00:07:26,200 Speaker 1: if x plus four equals nine, then the act of 133 00:07:26,280 --> 00:07:29,400 Speaker 1: subtracting four from both sides to solve for X is 134 00:07:29,440 --> 00:07:34,120 Speaker 1: the Jabar step, and muccabla is an operation which cancels 135 00:07:34,160 --> 00:07:38,760 Speaker 1: out duplicate elements of an equation to balance it. So again, 136 00:07:38,800 --> 00:07:40,960 Speaker 1: for an example, if you start with X minus y 137 00:07:41,080 --> 00:07:43,880 Speaker 1: equals twelve minus why y can be eliminated from both 138 00:07:43,920 --> 00:07:47,320 Speaker 1: sides of the equation to solve for X equals twelve. Again, 139 00:07:47,360 --> 00:07:49,800 Speaker 1: I apologize to the mathematicians in the crowd, because I'm 140 00:07:49,800 --> 00:07:53,080 Speaker 1: sure they're like, this is the silliest way to explain this, 141 00:07:53,640 --> 00:07:57,520 Speaker 1: but we're giving it very, very simple. In this book Alcorism. 142 00:07:57,560 --> 00:08:00,600 Speaker 1: He also establishes that all the problems that talks about 143 00:08:00,720 --> 00:08:03,920 Speaker 1: can be reduced down to one of six forms. We 144 00:08:03,960 --> 00:08:06,320 Speaker 1: should really note that he's speaking about them in terms 145 00:08:06,360 --> 00:08:09,640 Speaker 1: of rhetoric and not as hard equation. Yeah, you don't 146 00:08:09,640 --> 00:08:13,200 Speaker 1: actually see a lot of mathematical equations in some of 147 00:08:13,240 --> 00:08:17,000 Speaker 1: the translations they come about, but he basically was writing 148 00:08:17,000 --> 00:08:20,160 Speaker 1: out like how to divide a thing by another thing? 149 00:08:20,280 --> 00:08:23,240 Speaker 1: And it's not numeracle at this point. And the book 150 00:08:23,280 --> 00:08:26,160 Speaker 1: is laid out in three separate sections, and the first 151 00:08:26,200 --> 00:08:29,600 Speaker 1: section is really the only one that speaks of algebraic concepts, 152 00:08:29,640 --> 00:08:32,920 Speaker 1: though again they're not represented with figures, but they're written out. 153 00:08:33,800 --> 00:08:35,840 Speaker 1: The second portion of the book, which is headed on 154 00:08:35,960 --> 00:08:41,559 Speaker 1: business transactions, includes practical examples of measuring out ownership and proportions, 155 00:08:41,640 --> 00:08:44,920 Speaker 1: and also includes guides for measuring out geometrical shapes such 156 00:08:44,920 --> 00:08:48,440 Speaker 1: as cones and pyramids for the calculation of volumes and 157 00:08:48,480 --> 00:08:51,760 Speaker 1: also for surveying needs. The third section of the book 158 00:08:51,800 --> 00:08:57,199 Speaker 1: deals entirely with legacies, in other words, inheritances. Islamic inheritance 159 00:08:57,320 --> 00:09:00,319 Speaker 1: law can be extremely complex and it involves value wation 160 00:09:00,360 --> 00:09:04,720 Speaker 1: of all the airs proportionate entitlement shares in relation to 161 00:09:04,760 --> 00:09:07,840 Speaker 1: one another. So this last section of the book is 162 00:09:08,040 --> 00:09:13,120 Speaker 1: composed entirely of example problems about dealing with inheritances. Yeah, 163 00:09:13,120 --> 00:09:16,920 Speaker 1: it's I've read a little bit about Islamic inheritance law, 164 00:09:17,080 --> 00:09:21,080 Speaker 1: and I'm admittedly coming at it from a completely green perspective. 165 00:09:21,920 --> 00:09:25,640 Speaker 1: It is so complex, Uh, the way they sort of 166 00:09:26,200 --> 00:09:30,760 Speaker 1: measure out different people's what they're entitled to based on 167 00:09:30,800 --> 00:09:33,720 Speaker 1: who else is in the family, the sex of people 168 00:09:33,720 --> 00:09:36,800 Speaker 1: in the family. Uh, and it's all, you know, based 169 00:09:36,840 --> 00:09:39,520 Speaker 1: in religious texts. So it's something that is very serious, 170 00:09:39,679 --> 00:09:42,360 Speaker 1: but it is very hard to figure out. So this 171 00:09:42,440 --> 00:09:45,960 Speaker 1: was really hugely helpful. And I have to giggle a 172 00:09:45,960 --> 00:09:49,040 Speaker 1: little bit at the fact that most school students today 173 00:09:49,120 --> 00:09:52,080 Speaker 1: learning algebra and I did it too, So I apologized 174 00:09:52,120 --> 00:09:55,400 Speaker 1: to my many fabulous math teachers. Is that they will 175 00:09:55,520 --> 00:09:59,160 Speaker 1: never need this stuff in real life. But the whole 176 00:09:59,160 --> 00:10:02,680 Speaker 1: point of al core Me's text is designed entirely to 177 00:10:02,800 --> 00:10:07,320 Speaker 1: solve practical, day to day problems that require mathematical computation. 178 00:10:08,120 --> 00:10:10,240 Speaker 1: So it just kind of made me laugh that the 179 00:10:10,240 --> 00:10:13,640 Speaker 1: origins of algebra are entirely in real life needs, not 180 00:10:13,720 --> 00:10:17,400 Speaker 1: in abstract things that you feel like you're learning in school. 181 00:10:17,440 --> 00:10:20,640 Speaker 1: I will say I've used algebra in my day to 182 00:10:20,720 --> 00:10:23,840 Speaker 1: day life sometimes. Yeah, I use it in my day 183 00:10:23,880 --> 00:10:26,840 Speaker 1: to day life in the podcast to calculate how many 184 00:10:26,920 --> 00:10:30,520 Speaker 1: more things we have than we did a month ago, 185 00:10:30,720 --> 00:10:36,040 Speaker 1: because I am interested in that as trivia. Yeah, But 186 00:10:36,120 --> 00:10:39,040 Speaker 1: that was not the only book written by alcoa is Me. No, 187 00:10:39,280 --> 00:10:42,520 Speaker 1: there was another mathematical book. Although we don't have the 188 00:10:42,559 --> 00:10:45,640 Speaker 1: original text. The earliest example we have is a twelfth 189 00:10:45,679 --> 00:10:50,800 Speaker 1: century Latin translation. It boils down to alcoa is Me 190 00:10:51,840 --> 00:10:55,800 Speaker 1: concerning the Hindu art of reckoning. Yeah, and the original 191 00:10:55,840 --> 00:10:59,760 Speaker 1: title was Algorithm Numero indorham And this work was largely 192 00:10:59,800 --> 00:11:02,680 Speaker 1: bay based on the work of an Indian mathematician, Brahmagupta, 193 00:11:02,679 --> 00:11:07,000 Speaker 1: who we mentioned earlier, who lived from five to six seventy. Roughly, 194 00:11:07,960 --> 00:11:10,720 Speaker 1: there isn't always consensus about the order in which alcoris 195 00:11:10,800 --> 00:11:13,600 Speaker 1: Meet wrote his books because the historical record is unclear. 196 00:11:13,720 --> 00:11:16,119 Speaker 1: But we do know that the book on Hindu Numerals 197 00:11:16,200 --> 00:11:20,240 Speaker 1: came after the compendious book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, 198 00:11:20,520 --> 00:11:23,320 Speaker 1: because it refers to the algebra in that volume. Yeah, 199 00:11:23,320 --> 00:11:26,120 Speaker 1: it refers to that earlier book. Uh. And you likely 200 00:11:26,200 --> 00:11:29,480 Speaker 1: noticed similarity between the first word of the Latin title 201 00:11:29,800 --> 00:11:33,960 Speaker 1: algorithmy and the word algorithm, and that is absolutely no accident. 202 00:11:34,600 --> 00:11:38,520 Speaker 1: Algorithm came from the translation of Alcorism's name, so he's 203 00:11:38,559 --> 00:11:43,000 Speaker 1: responsible for two pretty big, fundamental important words in mathematics. 204 00:11:43,679 --> 00:11:47,000 Speaker 1: This book introduced the Indian numerical system into the Arabic 205 00:11:47,080 --> 00:11:51,200 Speaker 1: world and eventually to a greater audience. It features the 206 00:11:51,280 --> 00:11:54,839 Speaker 1: numerals one through nine, plus The concept of zero zero 207 00:11:54,920 --> 00:11:56,640 Speaker 1: as an idea had been toyed with by a few 208 00:11:56,640 --> 00:12:00,199 Speaker 1: different cultures by this time, including the Maya and the Babylonians, 209 00:12:00,200 --> 00:12:03,040 Speaker 1: so it's not as though Alcorismy just invented it out 210 00:12:03,040 --> 00:12:08,240 Speaker 1: of whole cloth, but his translated texts identifying it in 211 00:12:08,360 --> 00:12:11,120 Speaker 1: the Indian mathematical system made their way across Europe in 212 00:12:11,120 --> 00:12:13,720 Speaker 1: the twelfth century and helped cement the concept of a 213 00:12:13,800 --> 00:12:16,920 Speaker 1: numeral to represent nothing. Yeah, there wasn't always a zero 214 00:12:17,600 --> 00:12:21,240 Speaker 1: in competition. And if you're into the cultural identity of 215 00:12:21,360 --> 00:12:23,960 Speaker 1: zero in its place in history, which is to me 216 00:12:24,080 --> 00:12:26,839 Speaker 1: really fascinating. Uh. There's a great book that I highly 217 00:12:26,840 --> 00:12:29,680 Speaker 1: recommend called The Nothing that is a natural history of zero, 218 00:12:29,720 --> 00:12:32,600 Speaker 1: and it's written by Robert Kaplan. I didn't really use 219 00:12:32,640 --> 00:12:34,000 Speaker 1: it as a source for this, so it's not going 220 00:12:34,040 --> 00:12:35,360 Speaker 1: to be in the source notes, but I wanted to 221 00:12:35,400 --> 00:12:38,360 Speaker 1: mention it. I think we have how zero works as 222 00:12:38,400 --> 00:12:41,720 Speaker 1: an article on how st works also we do. Additionally, 223 00:12:41,800 --> 00:12:45,320 Speaker 1: the Indian concept of decimal numbers is discussed in the 224 00:12:45,320 --> 00:12:48,320 Speaker 1: book and eventually leads to the idea spreading as the 225 00:12:48,320 --> 00:12:51,360 Speaker 1: work is translated and shared. Once again, this is an 226 00:12:51,400 --> 00:12:55,440 Speaker 1: idea that had been blossoming in other places, including China. Yeah, 227 00:12:55,480 --> 00:12:59,880 Speaker 1: I mean he uh, neither Brahmagupta nor alcorism really the 228 00:13:00,200 --> 00:13:05,040 Speaker 1: to recognize that we needed some way to identify smaller 229 00:13:05,080 --> 00:13:09,280 Speaker 1: parts of things. But this really kind of gave it 230 00:13:10,240 --> 00:13:15,080 Speaker 1: a foothold in mathematical texts. And while we're focusing on 231 00:13:15,120 --> 00:13:19,599 Speaker 1: mathematics and how alcors may contributed to that field, we 232 00:13:19,640 --> 00:13:22,160 Speaker 1: should also take a quick moment to discuss his work 233 00:13:22,320 --> 00:13:27,680 Speaker 1: in geography and astronomy. A writing entitled kitab Surat Alided, 234 00:13:27,760 --> 00:13:30,680 Speaker 1: which translates to the image of the Earth, was a 235 00:13:30,720 --> 00:13:33,600 Speaker 1: geography book based largely on the work of Ptolemy in 236 00:13:33,640 --> 00:13:38,000 Speaker 1: his book Geographia. Algorithm built on what Ptolemy had established 237 00:13:38,040 --> 00:13:42,040 Speaker 1: by calculating significantly improved measurements for several parts of the globe, 238 00:13:42,960 --> 00:13:46,040 Speaker 1: and the Arabic scholar was also instrumental in creating what 239 00:13:46,120 --> 00:13:49,080 Speaker 1: was one of the first world maps. His astronomy work 240 00:13:49,200 --> 00:13:54,319 Speaker 1: encompassed calendars, the positions of heavenly bodies, and even eclipse calculations. 241 00:13:54,640 --> 00:13:57,520 Speaker 1: He compiled a book of astronomical tables which was translated 242 00:13:57,559 --> 00:14:02,040 Speaker 1: into multiple languages, including Chinese. Uh. And before we talk 243 00:14:02,120 --> 00:14:04,360 Speaker 1: about sort of how his work spread through Europe, we're 244 00:14:04,360 --> 00:14:07,160 Speaker 1: gonna take a quick pause for a moment, So back 245 00:14:07,200 --> 00:14:11,440 Speaker 1: to Alcorismy. Yeah, Alcorismi died in eight fifty, so he 246 00:14:11,520 --> 00:14:13,880 Speaker 1: never saw the introduction of his work to the European 247 00:14:13,880 --> 00:14:17,200 Speaker 1: scholarly community. There's not much in the way of record 248 00:14:17,240 --> 00:14:20,240 Speaker 1: of what he died from. He's believed to have died 249 00:14:20,240 --> 00:14:22,360 Speaker 1: in Baghdad, where he had been living but that's kind 250 00:14:22,360 --> 00:14:25,040 Speaker 1: of all we know. Robert of Chester, who was an 251 00:14:25,120 --> 00:14:29,280 Speaker 1: Englishman working in Spain at the time, translated alcorithms algebra 252 00:14:29,320 --> 00:14:32,000 Speaker 1: text in the eleven forties, and this translation, with a 253 00:14:32,080 --> 00:14:34,760 Speaker 1: very lengthy intro, is on archive dot org and we 254 00:14:34,800 --> 00:14:37,360 Speaker 1: will put it in the show notes. It, as well 255 00:14:37,400 --> 00:14:41,000 Speaker 1: as Alcorithm's other work, was also translated by Gerard of 256 00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:45,800 Speaker 1: Cremona around eleven fifty and Gugliemo de Lunis around twelve fifty. 257 00:14:46,120 --> 00:14:49,640 Speaker 1: And once it was translated, Alcorismy's work became a significant 258 00:14:49,640 --> 00:14:53,200 Speaker 1: influence on the European development of mathematics, and it was 259 00:14:53,280 --> 00:14:56,320 Speaker 1: used as a standard textbook on algebra throughout Europe well 260 00:14:56,400 --> 00:14:59,720 Speaker 1: into the sixteenth century. What made the introduction of algebra 261 00:14:59,760 --> 00:15:02,720 Speaker 1: inda Europe at this time so significant is that it 262 00:15:02,760 --> 00:15:05,920 Speaker 1: moved away from the geometry based mathematics of Greece, and 263 00:15:05,920 --> 00:15:10,640 Speaker 1: it also expanded the mathematical landscape significantly, so rational interrrational 264 00:15:10,760 --> 00:15:13,760 Speaker 1: numbers were welcome at the algebra table, and that allowed 265 00:15:13,840 --> 00:15:16,520 Speaker 1: math to flourish in new ways. Yeah, it kind of 266 00:15:16,560 --> 00:15:19,360 Speaker 1: just was a whole new gear of thinking about math 267 00:15:19,400 --> 00:15:22,840 Speaker 1: and how numbers could be used. And I feel like 268 00:15:22,880 --> 00:15:26,120 Speaker 1: I should mention a thing that I discovered while I 269 00:15:26,160 --> 00:15:29,600 Speaker 1: was researching that was unbeknownst to me before we had 270 00:15:29,600 --> 00:15:32,920 Speaker 1: gotten into this topic. There are some very vehement folks 271 00:15:32,960 --> 00:15:36,400 Speaker 1: in the world with Internet presences who really really want 272 00:15:36,440 --> 00:15:41,360 Speaker 1: to discredit Alcorithmy's contributions, and they're coming at it from 273 00:15:41,400 --> 00:15:44,080 Speaker 1: an anti Islamic mindset, and they seemed to use the 274 00:15:44,120 --> 00:15:47,640 Speaker 1: fact that Alcorismi was building on the work of mathematicians 275 00:15:47,680 --> 00:15:50,320 Speaker 1: that came before him as some sort of like gotcha, 276 00:15:50,480 --> 00:15:54,560 Speaker 1: like they caught him plagiarizing, And it kind of ignores 277 00:15:54,600 --> 00:15:57,360 Speaker 1: the fact that virtually every line of academic research and 278 00:15:57,400 --> 00:16:00,640 Speaker 1: discovery builds on what has come before and preceded it, 279 00:16:01,080 --> 00:16:04,479 Speaker 1: and also the fact that sometimes certain concepts are developing 280 00:16:04,520 --> 00:16:08,680 Speaker 1: independently in multiple places and cultures at one time, or 281 00:16:08,720 --> 00:16:11,560 Speaker 1: even at different times, but that aren't communicated. And I 282 00:16:11,600 --> 00:16:13,400 Speaker 1: wanted to bring this up as I found it very 283 00:16:13,440 --> 00:16:17,160 Speaker 1: troubling and it's really bizarre because some of these are 284 00:16:17,240 --> 00:16:22,800 Speaker 1: kind of cloaked in a seeming academia layout, Like I 285 00:16:23,080 --> 00:16:25,320 Speaker 1: find these websites that I was like, oh, this is interesting, 286 00:16:25,360 --> 00:16:27,200 Speaker 1: and I'm trying to fact check it, and some of 287 00:16:27,240 --> 00:16:29,240 Speaker 1: this checks out and then it would suddenly become like 288 00:16:29,920 --> 00:16:34,680 Speaker 1: sort of really racist and weird, very like this proves 289 00:16:34,760 --> 00:16:36,760 Speaker 1: that nothing good ever came from this part of the world. 290 00:16:36,800 --> 00:16:38,880 Speaker 1: And I'm like, whoa, back at the truck, what is 291 00:16:38,880 --> 00:16:41,240 Speaker 1: going on here? Well, And I alluded to listener mail 292 00:16:41,280 --> 00:16:43,520 Speaker 1: that we get like that sometimes in a recent when 293 00:16:43,520 --> 00:16:48,280 Speaker 1: we were discussing, uh, the response to our Crucifixion episode 294 00:16:48,440 --> 00:16:53,360 Speaker 1: of episodes back, Um, we will get listener emails from 295 00:16:53,360 --> 00:16:56,840 Speaker 1: people sometimes who are wanting us, They like want us 296 00:16:56,880 --> 00:17:00,240 Speaker 1: to debunk the contributions of George Washington car of her 297 00:17:00,320 --> 00:17:02,760 Speaker 1: because he was really building on the work of people 298 00:17:02,760 --> 00:17:05,760 Speaker 1: who came before him. And I'm like, number one, that 299 00:17:05,920 --> 00:17:11,080 Speaker 1: sounds extremely racist when you say that. Number Two, all 300 00:17:11,160 --> 00:17:13,520 Speaker 1: scientists are building on the work of the people who 301 00:17:13,520 --> 00:17:16,159 Speaker 1: came before them. That is how science works. Like there 302 00:17:16,160 --> 00:17:19,239 Speaker 1: are extremely few discoveries that come from a bolt from 303 00:17:19,240 --> 00:17:22,840 Speaker 1: the blue, and eurica moments are far and few between. 304 00:17:23,280 --> 00:17:26,600 Speaker 1: Even when they are Eureka moments, they're Eureka moments, as 305 00:17:26,960 --> 00:17:29,640 Speaker 1: the saying goes from on the shoulders of giants, They're 306 00:17:29,640 --> 00:17:32,679 Speaker 1: not from nowhere. Yeah. Yeah, it was very I mean 307 00:17:32,720 --> 00:17:36,119 Speaker 1: I was actually quite startled at some of it. Um, 308 00:17:36,680 --> 00:17:41,480 Speaker 1: because it it really the focus is so laser sharp 309 00:17:41,640 --> 00:17:45,320 Speaker 1: that they really wanted to prove that the Arab world 310 00:17:45,359 --> 00:17:49,720 Speaker 1: contributed to mathematics. Now, I will say this, there are 311 00:17:49,840 --> 00:17:53,679 Speaker 1: debates among modern math historians about how much of al 312 00:17:53,720 --> 00:17:57,080 Speaker 1: Korismi's work was original, how much of it was taken 313 00:17:57,119 --> 00:18:01,760 Speaker 1: directly from Indian and Greek scholars who proceeded him. But 314 00:18:01,920 --> 00:18:05,000 Speaker 1: I feel like that doesn't take away the historical significance 315 00:18:05,119 --> 00:18:08,360 Speaker 1: of his works. Whether they were you know, how much 316 00:18:08,440 --> 00:18:10,600 Speaker 1: was him building on things and how much of him 317 00:18:10,640 --> 00:18:14,000 Speaker 1: was repeating things, These were still really important texts that 318 00:18:14,080 --> 00:18:16,240 Speaker 1: spread through Europe and really changed the way people looked 319 00:18:16,240 --> 00:18:20,440 Speaker 1: at numbers. So they're significant in that regard, regardless of 320 00:18:20,800 --> 00:18:23,119 Speaker 1: whether he was using the work of other people. Let 321 00:18:23,119 --> 00:18:26,400 Speaker 1: me also have other historical figures like their their role 322 00:18:26,400 --> 00:18:29,000 Speaker 1: in the world of history was archiving and preserving other 323 00:18:29,080 --> 00:18:32,440 Speaker 1: language or other discoveries for later generations. Like a lot 324 00:18:32,520 --> 00:18:37,320 Speaker 1: of us Alexandria's scholars weren't really putting out new discoveries 325 00:18:37,320 --> 00:18:40,560 Speaker 1: of their own. They're notable for having preserved all of 326 00:18:40,600 --> 00:18:45,199 Speaker 1: this stuff that has value. Yeah, yeah, it was just 327 00:18:45,560 --> 00:18:48,400 Speaker 1: it struck me. It took me by so by surprise 328 00:18:48,440 --> 00:18:50,840 Speaker 1: and struck me as so odd and troubling that I 329 00:18:50,880 --> 00:18:52,920 Speaker 1: wanted to mention it, particularly of any of our listeners. 330 00:18:52,960 --> 00:18:56,639 Speaker 1: I know our listeners, like us, usually like to research 331 00:18:56,680 --> 00:18:59,439 Speaker 1: things on their own. And should you run across this, 332 00:19:00,040 --> 00:19:02,160 Speaker 1: I want you to be prepared. It is out there 333 00:19:02,200 --> 00:19:03,879 Speaker 1: and you will find it accidentally and I be like, 334 00:19:03,920 --> 00:19:08,080 Speaker 1: what this took a left turn? H so be smart. 335 00:19:08,800 --> 00:19:10,639 Speaker 1: Do you have listener mails? I do. I sort of 336 00:19:10,680 --> 00:19:14,400 Speaker 1: have a few different ones. Um that all some. I'm 337 00:19:14,440 --> 00:19:16,600 Speaker 1: not reading all of them, but I wanted to discuss 338 00:19:16,640 --> 00:19:18,520 Speaker 1: a couple of them because there were several that kind 339 00:19:18,520 --> 00:19:21,560 Speaker 1: of popped up that were either short or as something interesting. 340 00:19:21,600 --> 00:19:24,160 Speaker 1: And I feel bad because when we only do one 341 00:19:24,160 --> 00:19:29,080 Speaker 1: per episode, that's hundreds and hundreds that never get a moment, right. Uh. 342 00:19:29,240 --> 00:19:32,879 Speaker 1: First ours from our listener Nancy, who said, I just 343 00:19:32,880 --> 00:19:35,920 Speaker 1: listened to the Crucifixion episode in your conversation about mimographing 344 00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:38,439 Speaker 1: and that memorable smell, which led me to search the 345 00:19:38,480 --> 00:19:41,040 Speaker 1: Internet for more information about this, since the only smell 346 00:19:41,080 --> 00:19:44,080 Speaker 1: I remember from my mimograph tests is a paper smell. 347 00:19:44,480 --> 00:19:46,560 Speaker 1: And after a little digging, I discovered that the smelling 348 00:19:46,640 --> 00:19:49,439 Speaker 1: machine was actually the spirit duplicator a k a. The 349 00:19:49,520 --> 00:19:53,400 Speaker 1: Ditto machine, and apparently the mimograph did not produce that smell. Yeah, 350 00:19:53,440 --> 00:19:55,800 Speaker 1: I think people are using the words interchangeably. I know, 351 00:19:55,880 --> 00:19:58,879 Speaker 1: I am, I do, but it didn't even occur to 352 00:19:58,880 --> 00:20:01,240 Speaker 1: me that there's a separation of the two. Well, and 353 00:20:01,280 --> 00:20:03,800 Speaker 1: now I wonder which exact machine, whether it was a 354 00:20:03,800 --> 00:20:06,800 Speaker 1: colloquial use of memo graph or whether it was an 355 00:20:06,800 --> 00:20:10,240 Speaker 1: actual mimi And she also says that she's glad that 356 00:20:10,320 --> 00:20:13,520 Speaker 1: as a teacher today we have photocopy here. Well, we 357 00:20:13,560 --> 00:20:17,560 Speaker 1: also got somebody on Twitter was like, hey, mimo graph 358 00:20:17,680 --> 00:20:21,560 Speaker 1: is still around them, and I said, I said, genuine question, 359 00:20:22,320 --> 00:20:26,720 Speaker 1: who is buying memograph nowadays? The tattoo industry, it makes 360 00:20:26,720 --> 00:20:30,600 Speaker 1: complete sense because they'll usually do like the someone who 361 00:20:31,000 --> 00:20:33,119 Speaker 1: knows more about tattoos will know this better than I. 362 00:20:33,200 --> 00:20:35,840 Speaker 1: But they do the like um sort of tests version 363 00:20:35,880 --> 00:20:38,960 Speaker 1: that they'll transfer on before they actually ink, and I'm 364 00:20:38,960 --> 00:20:43,280 Speaker 1: sure that's part of that. So so cool. And also 365 00:20:43,320 --> 00:20:46,160 Speaker 1: thank you for being a teacher, Nancy. That's a thankless 366 00:20:46,200 --> 00:20:48,840 Speaker 1: job and it's very hard. And my second one is 367 00:20:48,880 --> 00:20:50,399 Speaker 1: also from a teacher that I just wanted to call 368 00:20:50,440 --> 00:20:54,080 Speaker 1: out because I love teachers. It's funny because I feel 369 00:20:54,119 --> 00:20:58,760 Speaker 1: like talking about math today. Some of uh my favorite 370 00:20:58,760 --> 00:21:02,480 Speaker 1: teachers looking back on high school specifically, we're math teachers, 371 00:21:02,480 --> 00:21:04,679 Speaker 1: even though I was probably the biggest pain in their 372 00:21:04,680 --> 00:21:06,760 Speaker 1: butt because I didn't understand what was going on half 373 00:21:06,800 --> 00:21:09,359 Speaker 1: the time. And I think I kept getting put in 374 00:21:09,400 --> 00:21:11,880 Speaker 1: classes for advanced mathematics to keep my best friend, who 375 00:21:11,920 --> 00:21:14,480 Speaker 1: was a total brainiac happy, and I was like the 376 00:21:14,520 --> 00:21:17,600 Speaker 1: struggling monster. I was like the bull in the China 377 00:21:17,640 --> 00:21:19,800 Speaker 1: shop of mathematics. I was like, I don't understand any 378 00:21:19,840 --> 00:21:21,800 Speaker 1: of this, but I had so many great teachers who 379 00:21:21,840 --> 00:21:24,879 Speaker 1: would really take time and and really cared about their 380 00:21:24,960 --> 00:21:27,240 Speaker 1: jobs and they were amazing. So thank you all. But 381 00:21:27,359 --> 00:21:29,800 Speaker 1: we also got a letter from a teacher named Colleen. 382 00:21:30,320 --> 00:21:32,800 Speaker 1: But she has taught high school French for twenty years 383 00:21:32,840 --> 00:21:36,679 Speaker 1: and loves her job. Those two things together are like magic. 384 00:21:36,720 --> 00:21:39,600 Speaker 1: I think you're a unicorn, Colleen, because twenty years and 385 00:21:39,640 --> 00:21:42,359 Speaker 1: still loving your job is cool. And also, yeah, for 386 00:21:42,440 --> 00:21:46,280 Speaker 1: teaching French. I probably horrify you many times, um with 387 00:21:46,480 --> 00:21:51,000 Speaker 1: my awkward pronunciation, which used to be I think much 388 00:21:51,040 --> 00:21:53,920 Speaker 1: better and I have gotten quite rusty. And our third 389 00:21:53,960 --> 00:21:56,399 Speaker 1: listener mail is from our listener Bill, and this is 390 00:21:56,440 --> 00:21:59,160 Speaker 1: the last one, And he says, one of the episodes 391 00:21:59,200 --> 00:22:01,359 Speaker 1: that really inspired you while listening was the two part 392 00:22:01,400 --> 00:22:05,680 Speaker 1: Lions of TSAVO podcast. The unfortunate circumstances and often ridiculous 393 00:22:05,720 --> 00:22:08,800 Speaker 1: situations that Patterson found himself in while hunting these beasts 394 00:22:09,080 --> 00:22:11,359 Speaker 1: led to a one act play, which I've just finished writing. 395 00:22:11,600 --> 00:22:12,920 Speaker 1: I went out of my way to see the film 396 00:22:12,920 --> 00:22:15,399 Speaker 1: adaptation when was not impressed at the liberties they took 397 00:22:15,440 --> 00:22:17,560 Speaker 1: and telling the story. They do, of course, play up 398 00:22:17,600 --> 00:22:21,080 Speaker 1: certain things for drama, add in a whole romantical thing 399 00:22:21,119 --> 00:22:24,040 Speaker 1: that happens. I know that's not a real word. Um, 400 00:22:24,240 --> 00:22:26,320 Speaker 1: And he says, I'm currently looking for smaller venues in 401 00:22:26,400 --> 00:22:28,760 Speaker 1: Chicago to workshop the play, but I thought I would 402 00:22:28,760 --> 00:22:31,240 Speaker 1: share my story of inspiration and I look forward to 403 00:22:31,280 --> 00:22:34,200 Speaker 1: more episodes. Bill. That's so cool. I hope you keep 404 00:22:34,240 --> 00:22:37,119 Speaker 1: us updated on how your play goes, because I love it. 405 00:22:37,240 --> 00:22:42,840 Speaker 1: I'm thinking about ways you would stage that involving lions, 406 00:22:43,560 --> 00:22:49,680 Speaker 1: but then I think it's done indoor running of the bulls. Yes, 407 00:22:50,000 --> 00:22:53,160 Speaker 1: And then of course I think of Julie Taymore's designs 408 00:22:53,200 --> 00:22:54,960 Speaker 1: for the Lion King, which is a much different and 409 00:22:55,000 --> 00:22:58,159 Speaker 1: bigger you know, thing than a one act But I 410 00:22:58,560 --> 00:23:00,560 Speaker 1: do hope he keeps us posted and it gets stage 411 00:23:00,600 --> 00:23:03,080 Speaker 1: that we'll get pictures or something, because it sounds fabulous. 412 00:23:03,920 --> 00:23:05,600 Speaker 1: If you would like to write to us, you can 413 00:23:05,600 --> 00:23:09,080 Speaker 1: do so at History Podcast at Discovery dot com. You 414 00:23:09,080 --> 00:23:11,520 Speaker 1: can also connect with us on Facebook at Facebook dot 415 00:23:11,520 --> 00:23:14,520 Speaker 1: com slash missed in History, on Twitter at missed in 416 00:23:14,600 --> 00:23:17,479 Speaker 1: History at missed in History dot tumbler dot com, and 417 00:23:17,560 --> 00:23:20,320 Speaker 1: on Pinterest at pinterest dot com slash missed in History. 418 00:23:20,840 --> 00:23:25,520 Speaker 1: We are also happily still tagging all of our episodes 419 00:23:25,560 --> 00:23:28,439 Speaker 1: on are still fairly newish website, which is missed in 420 00:23:28,520 --> 00:23:32,240 Speaker 1: History dot com. As of this episode, we are halfway 421 00:23:32,320 --> 00:23:35,439 Speaker 1: through the tag whoo. Tracy is really like the champion 422 00:23:35,480 --> 00:23:37,040 Speaker 1: of tag. I do a couple here and there when 423 00:23:37,040 --> 00:23:39,120 Speaker 1: they come up, especially when someone emails us and asked 424 00:23:39,119 --> 00:23:42,240 Speaker 1: about an episode that that already exists that they haven't 425 00:23:42,240 --> 00:23:43,879 Speaker 1: found because we don't have the tags. I'll seek it 426 00:23:43,920 --> 00:23:48,720 Speaker 1: out sometimes, But you're the champion of all things. Uh. 427 00:23:48,760 --> 00:23:50,480 Speaker 1: And if you would like to learn a little bit 428 00:23:50,560 --> 00:23:52,719 Speaker 1: more about what we talked about today, you can go 429 00:23:52,840 --> 00:23:55,840 Speaker 1: to how stuff Works dot com and type in the 430 00:23:55,880 --> 00:23:57,720 Speaker 1: word math and you will come up with an article 431 00:23:57,760 --> 00:24:01,240 Speaker 1: called how math Works, which is written by uh Robert 432 00:24:01,280 --> 00:24:03,240 Speaker 1: of stuff to blow your mind, and it is a 433 00:24:03,359 --> 00:24:05,520 Speaker 1: very cool article. And if you would like to learn 434 00:24:05,560 --> 00:24:08,359 Speaker 1: about math or anything else that your mind can conjure, 435 00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:11,080 Speaker 1: because I know not everybody loves the math, you can 436 00:24:11,119 --> 00:24:13,080 Speaker 1: do that at how stuff works dot com as well 437 00:24:18,359 --> 00:24:20,800 Speaker 1: for more on this and thousands of other topics because 438 00:24:20,840 --> 00:24:35,760 Speaker 1: it how stuff works dot com. Netflix streams TV shows 439 00:24:35,880 --> 00:24:39,080 Speaker 1: and movies directly to your home, saving you time, money, 440 00:24:39,080 --> 00:24:42,359 Speaker 1: and hassle. As a Netflix member, you can instantly watch 441 00:24:42,400 --> 00:24:46,560 Speaker 1: TV episodes and movies streaming directly to your PC, Mac, 442 00:24:46,720 --> 00:24:49,200 Speaker 1: or right to your TV with your Xbox three, sixty 443 00:24:49,480 --> 00:24:52,920 Speaker 1: P S three or Nintendo we console, plus Apple devices, 444 00:24:53,080 --> 00:24:56,240 Speaker 1: Kindle and Nook. Get a free thirty day trial membership. 445 00:24:56,359 --> 00:24:59,920 Speaker 1: Go to www dot Netflix dot com and sign up now.