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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Should Know from House Stuff Works

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Speaker 1: dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark.

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Speaker 1: There's Charles W. Chuck Bryant. Jerry's over there not paying attention,

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Speaker 1: which means it's time for stuff you should know. She

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Speaker 1: just loved that you like jerked. I'm totally paying attention.

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Speaker 1: I've cooled you in my dreams before Dawn joke the

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Speaker 1: life out of you. You know what a song I've

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Speaker 1: been seeing in my head all day and researching this

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Speaker 1: what stool Boom from Waiting for Guffman. We's here stool Boom.

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Speaker 1: That's all I'll say. But there's more lyrics to it. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I mean the whole joke. Remember, And no, I've never

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Speaker 1: seen that one. Boy, I know. I can't believe I haven't. Guffman,

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Speaker 1: is that invest In show? To me? Your tied for first? Yeah? Um,

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Speaker 1: I could watch those just about any time, even though

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Speaker 1: you haven't seen one of them. If it's anything like

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Speaker 1: Best In Show, I'm sure I can watch it, and

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Speaker 1: I assume it's virtually the same movie. Yeah. The joke

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Speaker 1: in Gouffment is it's the anniversary of the town of

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Speaker 1: this very small town and they weren't, so they do

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Speaker 1: a stage musical about the history of the town and

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Speaker 1: the town was sort of founded on this one guy

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Speaker 1: who invented the stool, So the town had a stool boom,

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Speaker 1: and they have this big number called stool Boom, and

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Speaker 1: you know, of course it's the play on the poop. Well, dude,

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Speaker 1: stool is a word that sticks out to you when

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Speaker 1: you're researching poop. It is a weird word to use,

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Speaker 1: and it's got this definitely quasi medico smack to it.

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Speaker 1: But at the same time, it's also got a droopy,

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Speaker 1: dangly quality to it that makes it like super appropriate stool. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: just the way it sounds. Yeah, it sounds like the

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Speaker 1: sound that poop makes coming out of your rectum stool,

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Speaker 1: you know. And everyone who just turned off by that,

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Speaker 1: you better skip this episode because we're talking about poop, buddy,

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Speaker 1: And if you can't handle it, go hide your head

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Speaker 1: under your bed and pretend you don't do it. You

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Speaker 1: can't handle the poop? Yeah, do you like that famous

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Speaker 1: line movie records? Uh? Yeah, I mean we'll go ahead

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Speaker 1: and give the warning. Surely you're not gonna sit down

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Speaker 1: with your lunch and click on whatever you title this one,

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Speaker 1: it's gonna be poop is going to be in the

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Speaker 1: title What's the Deal with Poop? Yeah, so just you know,

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Speaker 1: we're gonna talk about poop and what it looks like

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Speaker 1: and smells like, and what it should look and smell like,

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Speaker 1: and qualities and and uh properties of its consistency. It's

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Speaker 1: gonna be uh medically disgusting. We're gonna be drowning and

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Speaker 1: poop in this episode. Yeah, but it's important because you

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Speaker 1: can learn a lot from your poop. Yeah, and you

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Speaker 1: should not ignore your poop. You should, um maybe not

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Speaker 1: every time, but you should check in on your poop

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Speaker 1: and look at it. Okay, So there's a couple of

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Speaker 1: things regarding that, because that definitelyly is recommended. We used

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Speaker 1: the um impart of Mercola article and um like, there

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Speaker 1: was a lot of encouragement to stop and turn around

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Speaker 1: and look at your poop before you flush, you know,

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Speaker 1: smell the roses. Stop and take the time to smell

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Speaker 1: the roses. Right, this is sort of like that, but

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Speaker 1: it's poop. But hold your breath. No, you should smell it.

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Speaker 1: I guess you should a little bit. I think it's

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Speaker 1: more if you hold your breath and can still smell it.

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Speaker 1: Then there's a problem. But there's also such a thing

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Speaker 1: I think is paying too much attention to your poop.

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Speaker 1: Like after researching this, I was like, oh, man, am

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Speaker 1: I just letting it go? Is this too hard? Is

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Speaker 1: this straining? Like? What's the problem here? Like, I I

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Speaker 1: feel like I'm freaking out a little bit. So I

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Speaker 1: think there's a certain uh, there's a certain something to

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Speaker 1: be said about just chilling out about your poop. But yeah,

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Speaker 1: keeping an eye on it once in a while, because

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Speaker 1: if I learned one thing from researching this, it's that

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Speaker 1: if suddenly your poop starts falling out of its normal patterns,

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Speaker 1: whatever that may be. I thought you're gonna say, starts

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Speaker 1: like falling out of your ear right, that's a big problem.

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Speaker 1: Or like South Park, remember they pooped out of their mouths. Yeah. There,

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Speaker 1: by the way, there is such a thing as fecal vomiting. Okay,

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Speaker 1: well let's just get to that right now. What is

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Speaker 1: It's when you were so impacted compacted, which which which

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Speaker 1: you would be impacted as well. Um, your poop is

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Speaker 1: so backed up in your colon that you actually regurgitate

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Speaker 1: back up. But it does not come up looking like

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Speaker 1: a stool. It doesn't matter. Um, it's not like you're

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Speaker 1: I mean, it's so gross. I'm so sorry. Yeah, I

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Speaker 1: mean it's it's it's digestive fluids that are behind the

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Speaker 1: poop mainly. So it's not like can I say tired

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Speaker 1: if you want, I find that an unpleasant word, But

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Speaker 1: some people are stool. It's not like a stool comes

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Speaker 1: out of your body. You can say the T word

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Speaker 1: if you want. So, really, how is it just not

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Speaker 1: vomiting then, because it's directly related to the backup of feces. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: well those the ones that were hanging on just to

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Speaker 1: see they're gone. Now it's just you and me, Chuck

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Speaker 1: and Jerry. So anyway, if you if you, if your

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Speaker 1: poop suddenly takes a strange turn and it stays that

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Speaker 1: way for a little while, then it's time to really

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Speaker 1: start paying attention to your poop. Maybe call a doctor

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Speaker 1: if we look into the whole thing. But I don't

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Speaker 1: overthink your poop too much. Just keep an eye on it.

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Speaker 1: Uh yeah, And and it's like you said, there is

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Speaker 1: a tremendous amount to be learned from your poop. As

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Speaker 1: a matter of fact, in two thousand fourteen, some archaeologists

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Speaker 1: in Denmark and Odense, Denmark, which is where Hans Christian

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Speaker 1: Andersen's from, discovered a latrine, a buried latrine of barrels

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Speaker 1: and barrels and barrels of seven hundred year old Danish

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Speaker 1: poop from the town. And you know what, it still smelled. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and there as as a matter of fact, because of that,

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Speaker 1: they're a to really start to dig into this quite

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Speaker 1: literally and find you know, a lot out about their diet,

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Speaker 1: about them, the evolution of human gut microbial Yeah, which

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Speaker 1: we're gonna get into. Um, and there's a lot you

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Speaker 1: can tell from it to you don't have to go

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Speaker 1: digging around Denmark to learn about your own poop. You

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Speaker 1: just have to look through the toilet. So to know

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Speaker 1: what to look for, it's best to understand, well, just

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Speaker 1: what a healthy poops you know. Yeah, well, let's let's

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Speaker 1: get a couple of stats out of the way. Um,

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Speaker 1: the average Joe and Jane produces about ten thousand pounds

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Speaker 1: of poop in a lifetime. It's like five times. Right.

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Speaker 1: Where did you find that? The only place I can

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Speaker 1: find it was uber Facts And then this article that

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Speaker 1: this the article that you said I thought was pretty reputable.

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Speaker 1: I did too, but I couldn't find anywhere else except

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Speaker 1: uber facts. Right, Well, how about this, we'll just caveat

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Speaker 1: that with two people. Say that you produced ten thousand

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Speaker 1: pounds in a lifetime five five tons, and poop is

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Speaker 1: made of well, it's made of about seventy water, fiber,

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Speaker 1: undigested foods. Water. Uh, already said water, fats, cholesterol, salt, phosphates, sollar, waste,

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Speaker 1: dead and live bacteria. Yeah, about is dead bacteria. So

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Speaker 1: that's you know, it's nasty, that's all. It's a lot

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Speaker 1: of bacteria. The nasty stuff is the live stuff that

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Speaker 1: you're shedding because it's not supposed to be in there.

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Speaker 1: M hm. You know. Poop comes in many sizes and

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Speaker 1: shapes and colors. Uh, and we're gonna get into those

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Speaker 1: in more detail. So there's this awesome, awesome thing called

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Speaker 1: the Bristol stool Scale, and it is an illustrative guide

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Speaker 1: to what healthy poop looks like. And it's type one

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Speaker 1: through seven. Type one looks like little deer poops. Uh.

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Speaker 1: They're they're characterized as separate hard lumps like nuts and

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Speaker 1: then in parentheses hard to pass ass and then then

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Speaker 1: in parent seas again you know what I mean. Type two, Uh,

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Speaker 1: sausage shaped but lumpy. That looks sort of like a

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Speaker 1: baby roof, baby Ruth, which is why I think they

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Speaker 1: use that in the movie Caddy shack Um. Type three

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Speaker 1: and types three, four, and five is you ne we're

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Speaker 1: in the sweet spot? Yeah, that's that's the good range

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Speaker 1: of where you want to be. And apparently four is

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Speaker 1: is the best poop of all. Dr Murcola calls it

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Speaker 1: the holy Grail of poops. Type four. The type three

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Speaker 1: is uh like a sausage as well, but with cracks

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Speaker 1: on the surface, So I guess the sausage is not

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Speaker 1: very well made, all right, it's a rustic sausage. Type

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Speaker 1: four is just uh, it's the smooth, consistent surface. It's

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Speaker 1: like a snake between one and two inches in diameter

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Speaker 1: up to eighteen inches long. I hear that in my

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Speaker 1: head spins. Yeah, that's a big it's a big poop. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: And I also read that, um, literally, the perfect stool

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Speaker 1: is the perfect is a number four and S shaped

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Speaker 1: number four. Yeah. And the reason why it's shaped that

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Speaker 1: way is because it's um developed into that S shape

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Speaker 1: in your intestines, right. Yeah. And my brother, my amazing brother. Oh,

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Speaker 1: I'm sure it makes a cash registers sound. When he

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Speaker 1: used to send me pictures of his poops because he

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Speaker 1: was very famous for his long poops and um, post

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Speaker 1: some of those. We should make a gallery. Well, i'll

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Speaker 1: have to. I mean, this is before digital photography. He

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Speaker 1: would take a photo of get it developed and mail

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Speaker 1: it to me in college. Man, that Scott, and one

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Speaker 1: of him was a beautiful, perfectly shaped s. And he

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Speaker 1: was like, look, I put my initial and um. But

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Speaker 1: now I know and I can tell him if he

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Speaker 1: doesn't listen to this one. That dude, you had the

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Speaker 1: whole the Unicorn of poops. The long s. Yeah, he

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Speaker 1: t s two in diameter, perfectly consistent. Exterre was tapered

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Speaker 1: at both ends. It was gorgeous. And the color also

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Speaker 1: is very important. I'm just tittering like a child. A

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Speaker 1: light brown color is really what you're looking for. I

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Speaker 1: think most people understand what poop's supposed to look like,

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Speaker 1: and the reason it has that light brown color is

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Speaker 1: from Bilirubin's, which are from Paul Rubens, from Paul Rubens

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Speaker 1: Paul Billy Rubens um which are it's a pigment that

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Speaker 1: comes from the breakdown of um red blood cells in

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Speaker 1: the liver, so it breaks it down. Get some bilirubens.

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Speaker 1: That's what makes We'll talk about color more in a minute,

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Speaker 1: but I just couldn't wait. Type five, you're still in

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Speaker 1: the pretty good zone if you're if you have soft

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Speaker 1: blobs with clear cut edges. Still it's caused to be like,

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Speaker 1: I can do better than this. If it breaks apart

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Speaker 1: on impact, you're like, I can do better, and I

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Speaker 1: can tell you exactly what you need to do to

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Speaker 1: do better. We'll get to it, fiber man. Sorry. Type six, um,

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Speaker 1: this is when you're heading towards um bad news. Fluffy

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Speaker 1: pieces of poop with ragged edges and mushy means you hungover, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: quite possibly. And number seven finally, watery, entirely liquid, no

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Speaker 1: solid whatsoever, a k A chuck on antibiotics, which I

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Speaker 1: call poop pills, which I've said before on the show.

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Speaker 1: And by the way, the Bristol stool scale, we should

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Speaker 1: give props to Dr Stephen Lewis and Dr Ken Heating

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Speaker 1: of the University of Bristol. Go fighting. Yeah, was when

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Speaker 1: they first published that thing. And you can find those.

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Speaker 1: You see him in doctor's offices, certain kinds of doctors. Sure,

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Speaker 1: my house, do you have one? Is it just right

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Speaker 1: in front of the toilet? It was okay, but you

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Speaker 1: means like, um, so, chuck, you said fiber was a

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Speaker 1: big deal, And we're gonna talk about fiber a little

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Speaker 1: a little more depth later on. But if you do

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Speaker 1: have stool that is not sticking together, and it's really

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Speaker 1: it's really you can't get past it. All you have

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Speaker 1: to do is up your intake of fiber. There's two

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Speaker 1: kinds of fiber. There's soluble fiber, which actually is absorbed

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Speaker 1: and it's that slows down your poop process and it

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Speaker 1: allows more nutrients to be absorbed from food good stuff.

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Speaker 1: Then there's insoluble fiber, which is what most people think

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Speaker 1: of like fiber like grains and things like that, that

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Speaker 1: actually isn't digested by you. It actually becomes food for

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Speaker 1: the gut bacteria later on down the down the road,

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Speaker 1: which is great, but you want to keep them alive.

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Speaker 1: It also has the added benefit of bulking your poop

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Speaker 1: up and acting like a sort of glue that keeps

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Speaker 1: your poop together. You know that one long, perfectly smooth

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Speaker 1: eighteen inch uh two inch diameter as shaped snake. Uh,

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Speaker 1: if it is softer but not completely diarrhea like off

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Speaker 1: serve ice cream. Uh. Maybe lactose intolerance, which is something

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Speaker 1: I suffer from. Really yeah a little bit, not terribly,

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Speaker 1: but you love ice cream? Yeah, I mean it only

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Speaker 1: really hits me hard if I have like a lot

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Speaker 1: of lactose in a single meal. Like if I have

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Speaker 1: a lot of cheese, fight like a cheese pizza and

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Speaker 1: top it off with an ice cream sunday, it's bad news.

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Speaker 1: So I just don't do that, or I do and

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Speaker 1: I know what's coming, but it just can't help myself.

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Speaker 1: Or if you use artificial sweeteners that can cause your

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Speaker 1: stools to be looser than normal, or if you have

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Speaker 1: some sort of gluten gluten intolerance or celiac um that

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Speaker 1: can hurt your make your poop looser as well and

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Speaker 1: wreck all kinds of things in your body. We need

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Speaker 1: to do one artificial sweeteners, man, Yeah, we should probably

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Speaker 1: maybe revisit gluten. I know we did that one, but

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Speaker 1: that was a while ago. Gets done? Is it done? Right?

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Speaker 1: Have we ever done lactose intolerance? I don't. I don't

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Speaker 1: think so now, really, I'm surprised we haven't done milk.

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Speaker 1: There's a lot of cool stuff with that. Like, you know,

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Speaker 1: there's different kinds of milk depending on where you are

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Speaker 1: in the world, and they think that that has to

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Speaker 1: do with lactose intolerance. Is like type A or type

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Speaker 1: B milk. It's pretty interesting stuff. Yeah, And did you

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Speaker 1: know that skim milk has an additional like chemical additive.

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Speaker 1: It has a lot of high freak toast corn syrup

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Speaker 1: in it. Yeah, because when you take that's the whole

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Speaker 1: secret to low fat. That's why low fat stuff made

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Speaker 1: everybody tubby and gave everyone diabetes, because when you take

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Speaker 1: the fat out of stuff, there goes the taste too,

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Speaker 1: So you have to bring some taste back with high

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Speaker 1: freak toast corn syrup. That has nothing to do with

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Speaker 1: the fat content. It just gives it some flavor. But

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Speaker 1: it also is sugar added sugar. Yeah, there's also some

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Speaker 1: other additive that you need. I don't drink a ton

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Speaker 1: of milk anymore, but I started drinking whole milk again

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Speaker 1: and it is so delicious. What is it doing to

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Speaker 1: you if your lactose intolerant? How did you reintroduce milk

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Speaker 1: into your diet. No, that's the thing. Like I can

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Speaker 1: drink a glass of milk or eat a bowl of

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Speaker 1: cereal or something. It doesn't wreck me or anything like

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Speaker 1: it has to be a cheese pizza followed by a

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Speaker 1: Sunday Yeah, just too much, you know, And a glass

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Speaker 1: of milk isn't too much. I'm lactose. Um, I think

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Speaker 1: semi intolerant. Or if you're an optimist, in the glass

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Speaker 1: of milk is half full, your lactose semi toolerant. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: there you go, we'll call you that. All right, Well,

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Speaker 1: let's take a break here, you read my mind. Let's

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Speaker 1: gather ourselves, and we're gonna come back and talk a

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Speaker 1: little bit about, uh, the difference between healthy and unhealthy stools.

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Speaker 1: All right, Josh, you want to talk what a good

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Speaker 1: healthy stool looks like? Yeah, and by proxy, and unhealthy

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Speaker 1: stool as well. So we go back and forth. No,

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Speaker 1: I think we should go healthy unhealthy. Okay, that's that's

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Speaker 1: how I think it'd be best. Alright, are you cool

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Speaker 1: with that? I'm great with it. So healthy stool? Um,

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Speaker 1: you already said medium to light brown. It's pretty good. Um.

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Speaker 1: Different colors can mean different things. Uh, sometimes it's not

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Speaker 1: a big deal. Like if you eight beats the night

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Speaker 1: before you're pooping red, don't fret and think I have

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Speaker 1: internal bleeding. It's just the beats. Have you seen that

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Speaker 1: Portland you or they like dispatchers but they're like, did

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Speaker 1: you have beats? And the person's like yes, They're like

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Speaker 1: it's the beats, Like it's always the beats, yeah, no

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Speaker 1: matter what it is. Like Jeff Goldboom gets in a

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Speaker 1: car wreck and he's like, I need some help and

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Speaker 1: he's like, I'm covered in red stuff and they're like

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Speaker 1: it's beats and he looks and he's like, oh, I

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00:16:48,680 --> 00:16:51,200
Speaker 1: did run into a beat truck. How do you know that?

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Speaker 1: And then they hang up on him and he's like,

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Speaker 1: I still need help. That's a great one. I haven't

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Speaker 1: seen that. Uh, or you know, like, um, I know

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Speaker 1: from experience, too much red wine believe it or not,

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Speaker 1: can cause uh, like black poop a little distressing. If

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Speaker 1: you have black tari poop from what I read um

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Speaker 1: where it's like literally sticky, you probably and it's this

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Speaker 1: is this is something you've started to notice about your poop?

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00:17:19,760 --> 00:17:23,679
Speaker 1: It probably or it could mean that you're bleeding internally

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Speaker 1: and it's not good. That's not good. All right, let's

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Speaker 1: go back to healthy stools. Yeah, I thought that's what

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Speaker 1: we're gonna do. Yeah, I met him to light brown, um,

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Speaker 1: soft and smooth and not a lot of pieces. Like

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Speaker 1: we mentioned that as shape is just amazing. If you

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00:17:39,119 --> 00:17:41,879
Speaker 1: can do that on a regular basis, should keep a

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Speaker 1: little crown in your bathroom. Just don't dole it out

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Speaker 1: all the time. You know, it's not a participant ribbon.

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Speaker 1: I really want to save it for the right one. Uh.

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Speaker 1: And listen up too, because here's something I didn't know.

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Speaker 1: How the poop falls into the toilet, and whether it

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00:17:56,320 --> 00:18:00,600
Speaker 1: floats or not is a thing. So it says in't

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00:18:00,640 --> 00:18:05,080
Speaker 1: here the slightest, little gentle woosh, not a big cannonball

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00:18:05,119 --> 00:18:09,920
Speaker 1: splash like an Olympic diver going into a pool, a

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00:18:10,760 --> 00:18:13,480
Speaker 1: well executed dive, right, not one where they lean a

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00:18:13,520 --> 00:18:16,280
Speaker 1: little too far. No, no, like like just a yeah,

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00:18:16,359 --> 00:18:20,919
Speaker 1: yeah it's supposed to. Uh, And then I think the

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Speaker 1: floating deal. If it floats, it may be that you're

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Speaker 1: eating too much fat, which means could be a sign

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Speaker 1: of malabsorption. Well, yeah, it could mean that you're eating

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Speaker 1: a normal amount of fat, but your body is not

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Speaker 1: absorbing it, and that could be a digestive issue or

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Speaker 1: could be pancreat pancreatitis. It could be some problems again

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Speaker 1: if it's not becoming evident yet. There's a lot of stuff,

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00:18:44,760 --> 00:18:47,600
Speaker 1: a lot of information you can glean from your poop. Yeah,

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00:18:47,640 --> 00:18:50,680
Speaker 1: and if floaters are fun and cute because you can

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Speaker 1: poke them and play with them, right, but you really

325
00:18:53,480 --> 00:18:57,520
Speaker 1: want a sinker? Do you still have that bathroom stick

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00:18:57,560 --> 00:19:02,439
Speaker 1: I got you for Christmas, the poking stick? Oh yeah, yeah,

327
00:19:02,840 --> 00:19:07,560
Speaker 1: I thought that was a backscratcher. It's a boot poker. Yeah,

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00:19:07,920 --> 00:19:11,840
Speaker 1: for floaters. Well I could use it for both were

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00:19:11,920 --> 00:19:18,199
Speaker 1: eight right now? Oh boy? All right, unhealthy poop? Did

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00:19:18,280 --> 00:19:24,120
Speaker 1: we finish healthy? Ribbon like or pencil like? That's not good.

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00:19:24,240 --> 00:19:25,760
Speaker 1: That can be bad news. That could mean you have

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00:19:25,800 --> 00:19:28,280
Speaker 1: some sort of instruction, maybe a tumor sort of matching

333
00:19:28,320 --> 00:19:32,360
Speaker 1: things together. And again, once in a while something happens

334
00:19:32,400 --> 00:19:34,760
Speaker 1: like this. You don't need to go call nine wine,

335
00:19:35,040 --> 00:19:37,360
Speaker 1: but just keep an eye on it. Yeah, because it's

336
00:19:37,359 --> 00:19:39,840
Speaker 1: just the beats. That's what they would tell you. Right

337
00:19:41,320 --> 00:19:44,200
Speaker 1: You covered a black and tari bright red is also

338
00:19:44,320 --> 00:19:48,480
Speaker 1: not a good sign. It could be a medication. Apparently,

339
00:19:48,520 --> 00:19:51,680
Speaker 1: black liquorice can cause black and tory poop. Yeah, if

340
00:19:51,720 --> 00:19:54,560
Speaker 1: you're if you're eating black liquors though, your gross person,

341
00:19:54,920 --> 00:19:56,639
Speaker 1: and you should stop that. I don't like any of

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00:19:56,720 --> 00:20:01,040
Speaker 1: that stuff, black or any like red vines and twizzlers. Uh,

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00:20:01,320 --> 00:20:06,080
Speaker 1: you don't like any liquors. Well, Emily loves which is

344
00:20:06,119 --> 00:20:09,919
Speaker 1: the superior one? Twizzlers. I think it's the twizzlers she loves.

345
00:20:10,000 --> 00:20:12,000
Speaker 1: She may think red vines are there's a lot of

346
00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:17,720
Speaker 1: people that do a twizzler uh twizzler head. Okay, good

347
00:20:17,760 --> 00:20:19,919
Speaker 1: for her, but um, I just I've never gotten it.

348
00:20:19,960 --> 00:20:21,840
Speaker 1: I don't get it. Gummy bears and stuff, they just

349
00:20:21,920 --> 00:20:24,040
Speaker 1: I don't like those. Those are like a totally different

350
00:20:24,040 --> 00:20:26,960
Speaker 1: thing then in the texture kind of the same. No, no,

351
00:20:27,240 --> 00:20:30,080
Speaker 1: not really, I don't like any of it. Chewy, I guess,

352
00:20:30,119 --> 00:20:33,399
Speaker 1: but yeah, no, not really. Not a fan. You should

353
00:20:33,400 --> 00:20:37,479
Speaker 1: try him. You should also try licorice and gummy bears

354
00:20:37,520 --> 00:20:39,760
Speaker 1: next to each other so you can suss out the

355
00:20:39,840 --> 00:20:44,440
Speaker 1: difference because they're not the same thing. Well, the point

356
00:20:44,480 --> 00:20:49,159
Speaker 1: is I don't like either one. Uh No, So white

357
00:20:49,280 --> 00:20:51,840
Speaker 1: pale or gray stools is no good. That may mean

358
00:20:51,960 --> 00:20:55,480
Speaker 1: you have a lack of bile or a variety of diseases,

359
00:20:55,520 --> 00:20:59,160
Speaker 1: from cirrhosis to hepatitis. Yeah, you want to be producing

360
00:20:59,160 --> 00:21:03,480
Speaker 1: bile um. If you have white stool. It could also

361
00:21:03,480 --> 00:21:06,200
Speaker 1: mean that somebody slipped you a little barry Um sulfate

362
00:21:06,280 --> 00:21:09,840
Speaker 1: and gave you an X ray. Oh yeah, okay, So

363
00:21:09,920 --> 00:21:13,679
Speaker 1: if you've drank barry Um self sulfate recently and you

364
00:21:13,720 --> 00:21:16,080
Speaker 1: have white poop, it's probably not cause for alarm. They'll

365
00:21:16,080 --> 00:21:18,760
Speaker 1: probably tell you that I would hope so, but just

366
00:21:18,840 --> 00:21:22,800
Speaker 1: in case somebody got allowsy, medical provider, we're here to

367
00:21:22,840 --> 00:21:28,640
Speaker 1: help you. Yellow is no good, right, yeah, Gilbert syndrome,

368
00:21:29,160 --> 00:21:32,280
Speaker 1: which means that you're um. Your liver is not processing

369
00:21:32,280 --> 00:21:36,639
Speaker 1: the bilirubins, so they're not breaking down and turning your

370
00:21:36,680 --> 00:21:41,679
Speaker 1: poop brown. They're passing through intact and in dyeing your

371
00:21:41,680 --> 00:21:46,960
Speaker 1: poop yellow. Gilbart Huh not Gilbert, Thank goodness for the

372
00:21:47,000 --> 00:21:51,840
Speaker 1: Mayo clinic. Gilbert h Yellow stool could also be giardia

373
00:21:51,960 --> 00:21:57,919
Speaker 1: or problems with your gallbladder, and then mucus chuck. So

374
00:21:57,960 --> 00:22:01,400
Speaker 1: if you look closely at your especially if you open

375
00:22:01,440 --> 00:22:04,359
Speaker 1: it up with your poking stick, you're gonna find that

376
00:22:04,440 --> 00:22:08,639
Speaker 1: there's some mucus associated with it. Um a small amount

377
00:22:08,640 --> 00:22:12,080
Speaker 1: of mucus is totally normal. You're intestines actually produced mucus

378
00:22:12,359 --> 00:22:15,560
Speaker 1: um to coat your colon so that it helps smooth

379
00:22:15,880 --> 00:22:20,280
Speaker 1: the stool through, right, Um, So of course your stool

380
00:22:20,400 --> 00:22:22,360
Speaker 1: is going to be coated in a little bit of mucus.

381
00:22:22,760 --> 00:22:25,720
Speaker 1: If you've noticed that all of a sudden, Um, it

382
00:22:25,800 --> 00:22:28,840
Speaker 1: looks like someone snotted all over your poop. And this

383
00:22:28,920 --> 00:22:32,639
Speaker 1: is a new development that is caused for concern because

384
00:22:32,680 --> 00:22:37,480
Speaker 1: there are conditions where you you can overproduce mucus um

385
00:22:37,560 --> 00:22:42,320
Speaker 1: and it can be a problem odor. Here's what to

386
00:22:42,359 --> 00:22:46,680
Speaker 1: look for. All your poop is gonna sneak somewhat because poop. Yeah,

387
00:22:46,800 --> 00:22:51,520
Speaker 1: bacteria chew on undigestive food and produce gases as a byproduct,

388
00:22:51,520 --> 00:22:54,240
Speaker 1: and that creates the stinky poop smell. That's right. But

389
00:22:54,400 --> 00:22:59,639
Speaker 1: apparently if it is really bad and they qualified quantified

390
00:22:59,640 --> 00:23:04,200
Speaker 1: this as over above and beyond the normal stinky poop smell,

391
00:23:04,600 --> 00:23:08,440
Speaker 1: if it could make a billy go puke very nice

392
00:23:08,440 --> 00:23:12,320
Speaker 1: first blood reference, Um, it could be some other issues

393
00:23:12,359 --> 00:23:16,840
Speaker 1: at play if it's really that bad. Malabsorption again, celiac crones,

394
00:23:17,600 --> 00:23:22,679
Speaker 1: chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis. Yeah, and I don't you know.

395
00:23:23,040 --> 00:23:25,400
Speaker 1: I guess that's subjective. I think the key and all

396
00:23:25,440 --> 00:23:28,240
Speaker 1: of this that I've read is look for big changes.

397
00:23:29,080 --> 00:23:31,960
Speaker 1: So that's the key. Yeah. If if your poop is

398
00:23:32,000 --> 00:23:34,399
Speaker 1: normally just pretty stinky, and then all of a sudden

399
00:23:34,440 --> 00:23:38,400
Speaker 1: you are revolting yourself, then you could have something else

400
00:23:38,440 --> 00:23:41,240
Speaker 1: going on. Or if your pet billy goat is just

401
00:23:41,320 --> 00:23:44,920
Speaker 1: throwing up everywhere every time you go, that's a that's

402
00:23:44,920 --> 00:23:48,159
Speaker 1: a big change too. And again, you yourself, you have

403
00:23:48,280 --> 00:23:50,320
Speaker 1: your own pooping rhythm, you have your own pooping thing,

404
00:23:50,480 --> 00:23:53,359
Speaker 1: and a lot of people wonder how often are you

405
00:23:53,400 --> 00:23:57,879
Speaker 1: supposed to poop, and apparently it's a very wide range,

406
00:23:58,080 --> 00:24:01,160
Speaker 1: anywhere from three times a week, who three times a day?

407
00:24:02,119 --> 00:24:05,640
Speaker 1: So I think that that washes out which one about

408
00:24:05,680 --> 00:24:08,080
Speaker 1: three times a day? Okay, that's yeah, I don't I

409
00:24:08,080 --> 00:24:10,040
Speaker 1: don't have normal. But then again, if you said three

410
00:24:10,040 --> 00:24:12,560
Speaker 1: times a week, that'd be normal too. Yeah. I've never

411
00:24:12,600 --> 00:24:16,120
Speaker 1: had issues with getting backed up and having troubles, which

412
00:24:16,400 --> 00:24:21,040
Speaker 1: it's thank goodness, terrible, you know, I think, Well, never mind,

413
00:24:21,480 --> 00:24:23,840
Speaker 1: so I won't reveal too much about my family. All

414
00:24:23,880 --> 00:24:26,720
Speaker 1: of that washes out to about once a day on average,

415
00:24:26,800 --> 00:24:29,760
Speaker 1: But that's kind of a. Um, that's a that's a

416
00:24:29,880 --> 00:24:32,959
Speaker 1: terrible thing to average out because it makes people think, well,

417
00:24:33,000 --> 00:24:34,359
Speaker 1: I do it three times a day or I do

418
00:24:34,359 --> 00:24:37,000
Speaker 1: it three times a week, So really anywhere between there

419
00:24:37,040 --> 00:24:39,720
Speaker 1: is normal. Yeah, and different things can cause you to

420
00:24:39,760 --> 00:24:44,680
Speaker 1: get backed up. Um, if you're traveling a lot sometimes Uh,

421
00:24:45,040 --> 00:24:46,800
Speaker 1: it hadn't happened to me, but I've seen it before

422
00:24:46,840 --> 00:24:51,720
Speaker 1: on vacations. Um when uh, you know, beloved family members

423
00:24:52,000 --> 00:24:55,760
Speaker 1: have trouble pooping while they travel. Um. Whether that's from

424
00:24:55,800 --> 00:24:58,120
Speaker 1: being in a different you know, not wanting to poop

425
00:24:58,160 --> 00:25:00,320
Speaker 1: in like a public restroom. That's part of it. To

426
00:25:00,640 --> 00:25:04,640
Speaker 1: just changes in your diet and your circadian rhythm because

427
00:25:04,640 --> 00:25:11,200
Speaker 1: of jet light, absolutely, hormonal fluctuations, how much sleep you're getting. Um,

428
00:25:11,400 --> 00:25:15,920
Speaker 1: what else if you're sick right, Um, all those things

429
00:25:15,920 --> 00:25:18,800
Speaker 1: can add up. And apparently age has a lot to

430
00:25:18,840 --> 00:25:21,200
Speaker 1: do with it as well. If you are sixty five

431
00:25:21,200 --> 00:25:25,000
Speaker 1: and over something like people over sixty five have some

432
00:25:25,080 --> 00:25:29,440
Speaker 1: sort of um constipation, it's just part of growing old,

433
00:25:29,480 --> 00:25:33,080
Speaker 1: they think. Um, which sucks because if you can go

434
00:25:33,200 --> 00:25:35,640
Speaker 1: three times a day and you're snapping while you do,

435
00:25:36,440 --> 00:25:39,280
Speaker 1: you're a lot happier than if you are over sixty

436
00:25:39,280 --> 00:25:43,919
Speaker 1: five and constipated. There's a lot of problems with constipation. Initially,

437
00:25:44,000 --> 00:25:47,280
Speaker 1: there's just the problem of straining when you go, which

438
00:25:47,320 --> 00:25:51,000
Speaker 1: is not fun. Um. There is not feeling like you

439
00:25:51,160 --> 00:25:54,359
Speaker 1: have fully eliminated everything that needs to go. Apparently you

440
00:25:54,359 --> 00:25:58,240
Speaker 1: can feel sluggish after you go. It's weird. There's that

441
00:25:58,480 --> 00:26:04,960
Speaker 1: defecation sink peh I said correctly this time. UM. And

442
00:26:05,000 --> 00:26:08,760
Speaker 1: then there's larger, larger problems like after a while, your

443
00:26:08,840 --> 00:26:11,760
Speaker 1: your digestive system is okay to hold about a week's

444
00:26:11,800 --> 00:26:13,879
Speaker 1: worth of food at one time if it needs to,

445
00:26:14,560 --> 00:26:18,199
Speaker 1: it doesn't want to, you can um. Once you go

446
00:26:18,320 --> 00:26:23,119
Speaker 1: beyond that, or even if um, you are eliminating but

447
00:26:23,240 --> 00:26:27,240
Speaker 1: not eliminating everything, it starts to build up and you're constipated.

448
00:26:27,440 --> 00:26:30,680
Speaker 1: You can have an impacted colon, and then the real

449
00:26:30,880 --> 00:26:36,200
Speaker 1: joy begins. Yes and me pain. Yeah. They they will

450
00:26:36,240 --> 00:26:38,520
Speaker 1: go in with a mineral oil and I'm gonna start.

451
00:26:39,119 --> 00:26:41,480
Speaker 1: That doesn't work, they may go in and manually break

452
00:26:41,560 --> 00:26:43,840
Speaker 1: up your poop, which is exactly what it sounds like.

453
00:26:43,960 --> 00:26:47,120
Speaker 1: Thank you for demonstrating that with your hand. You're very welcome. Uh.

454
00:26:47,160 --> 00:26:50,440
Speaker 1: And then if that doesn't work, they may surgically remove

455
00:26:50,560 --> 00:26:55,400
Speaker 1: the poop. From your your digestive syste man, it's not

456
00:26:55,520 --> 00:26:58,879
Speaker 1: good not poop. We're gonna talk about some ways to

457
00:26:59,160 --> 00:27:02,080
Speaker 1: help yourself. If you're one of those people who poops

458
00:27:02,160 --> 00:27:05,840
Speaker 1: less than you'd like to, or you find yourself constipated

459
00:27:05,840 --> 00:27:30,000
Speaker 1: a lot, we're gonna help you out right after this, alright. Uh.

460
00:27:30,040 --> 00:27:34,360
Speaker 1: It takes about um between eighteen and seventy two hours

461
00:27:34,600 --> 00:27:37,040
Speaker 1: for your food to become poop and for you to

462
00:27:37,080 --> 00:27:40,719
Speaker 1: pass it in general. Uh. And if that's shortened, that's

463
00:27:40,720 --> 00:27:42,920
Speaker 1: when you're going to get the diarrhea because that means

464
00:27:43,480 --> 00:27:47,320
Speaker 1: your intestines hasn't uh didn't have enough time to absorb

465
00:27:47,400 --> 00:27:50,159
Speaker 1: the water to make that poop more dense. Yeah, And

466
00:27:50,160 --> 00:27:53,679
Speaker 1: we talked a lot about that in the The Digestive

467
00:27:53,680 --> 00:27:56,239
Speaker 1: System episode, which was great. Yeah. We also did one

468
00:27:56,240 --> 00:28:00,320
Speaker 1: in fecal transplants. Yeah, but we haven't still, in my opinion,

469
00:28:00,440 --> 00:28:02,640
Speaker 1: focused enough on just the poop, which is why we're

470
00:28:02,640 --> 00:28:06,600
Speaker 1: doing this one. Thank you. We need a poop spotlight. Uh.

471
00:28:06,640 --> 00:28:09,120
Speaker 1: And then constipation is the opposite that has when too

472
00:28:09,200 --> 00:28:13,119
Speaker 1: much water has been absorbed, and that's that those hard

473
00:28:13,760 --> 00:28:17,520
Speaker 1: uh hard stools and hard to pass stools, which you

474
00:28:17,520 --> 00:28:22,480
Speaker 1: can lead to uh to Uh, hemorrhoids. It can so. Um.

475
00:28:22,640 --> 00:28:27,359
Speaker 1: Hemorrhoids is the result of swollen veins in your anus

476
00:28:27,359 --> 00:28:31,080
Speaker 1: and wreckthum. Not awesome at all. No, I had them

477
00:28:31,080 --> 00:28:33,000
Speaker 1: bad once. It's no fun so and it can be

478
00:28:33,080 --> 00:28:36,479
Speaker 1: very painful. Uh. And it makes you not want to

479
00:28:36,520 --> 00:28:40,240
Speaker 1: go because you have to strain. It's like a vicious circle, right,

480
00:28:40,720 --> 00:28:43,080
Speaker 1: Like you have to strain, but it hurts to strain

481
00:28:43,600 --> 00:28:46,840
Speaker 1: because it makes your hemorrhoids worse. And then you um

482
00:28:47,120 --> 00:28:49,440
Speaker 1: don't want to go at all, so you avoid going,

483
00:28:49,480 --> 00:28:53,440
Speaker 1: which is a cardinal sin as far as staying regular goes.

484
00:28:53,680 --> 00:28:56,080
Speaker 1: When you get the urge to go, you go. You

485
00:28:56,160 --> 00:28:58,560
Speaker 1: don't hold it. It doesn't matter if you're a truck

486
00:28:58,600 --> 00:29:03,320
Speaker 1: stop or uh at the Queen of England's house, you go.

487
00:29:04,640 --> 00:29:09,880
Speaker 1: I would love to poop there, right So. Um. The

488
00:29:09,920 --> 00:29:13,720
Speaker 1: hemorrhoids will eventually clear up with treatment especially but um,

489
00:29:14,040 --> 00:29:16,160
Speaker 1: it's it's a it's a part of the problem with

490
00:29:16,240 --> 00:29:19,440
Speaker 1: being constipated, as you can very easily get hemorrhoids. Yeah.

491
00:29:19,480 --> 00:29:22,960
Speaker 1: The key is really tried and not strain even though

492
00:29:23,080 --> 00:29:24,800
Speaker 1: you really want to get the poop out is just

493
00:29:24,800 --> 00:29:27,880
Speaker 1: gonna make it all worse. Um. So that's easier said

494
00:29:27,880 --> 00:29:29,680
Speaker 1: than done. Sugar, Like, what do you do if you

495
00:29:29,720 --> 00:29:32,600
Speaker 1: are constipated or you don't poop as often as you'd

496
00:29:32,600 --> 00:29:35,760
Speaker 1: like to. What are some of the fixes for that. Well,

497
00:29:35,800 --> 00:29:38,120
Speaker 1: they don't advise you to run out and start using

498
00:29:38,200 --> 00:29:44,520
Speaker 1: laxatives immediately. Uh, that's sort of a last resort home remedy,

499
00:29:44,640 --> 00:29:47,400
Speaker 1: which is crazy because laxatives are marketed in a way

500
00:29:47,400 --> 00:29:50,200
Speaker 1: that makes it seem like you have trouble poop, take

501
00:29:50,240 --> 00:29:53,640
Speaker 1: a laxative, will be fine, And that's actually they're They're

502
00:29:53,680 --> 00:29:57,720
Speaker 1: supposed to be a last resort option, like a nuclear

503
00:29:57,720 --> 00:30:02,320
Speaker 1: option basically, because well, the they they train your the

504
00:30:02,400 --> 00:30:05,600
Speaker 1: muscles in your intestines to rely on them and to

505
00:30:05,640 --> 00:30:09,680
Speaker 1: basically get weak, and you need to keep those things strong. Yes,

506
00:30:10,840 --> 00:30:16,920
Speaker 1: uh more tipsy eat whole foods. We're talking fresh veggies,

507
00:30:17,360 --> 00:30:21,800
Speaker 1: fresh fruits. Um, fiber is I mean you should have

508
00:30:22,680 --> 00:30:25,320
Speaker 1: I think an adult I think they recommend now between

509
00:30:25,400 --> 00:30:29,160
Speaker 1: twenty five and thirty five grams of fiber per day. Yeah,

510
00:30:29,200 --> 00:30:33,800
Speaker 1: but we're getting like ten yea and Miracola suggests fifty

511
00:30:33,880 --> 00:30:37,760
Speaker 1: grams of fiber per thousand calories we consume a day. Yeah,

512
00:30:37,840 --> 00:30:40,240
Speaker 1: that's a lot. Yeah, that guy's got cold and blow.

513
00:30:41,080 --> 00:30:45,160
Speaker 1: Do you remember that saturright Live commercial? Yeah, that's a classic. Um.

514
00:30:45,560 --> 00:30:48,080
Speaker 1: So the fiber you want should come from not grains,

515
00:30:48,120 --> 00:30:51,840
Speaker 1: but from vegetables. Um. Like we mentioned those artificial sweeteners.

516
00:30:51,880 --> 00:30:56,120
Speaker 1: Too much sugar MSG, too much caffeine, and too much

517
00:30:56,240 --> 00:31:00,360
Speaker 1: processed food that can all reek havoc on your system. Uh.

518
00:31:00,400 --> 00:31:03,520
Speaker 1: And this is all just good for just health and

519
00:31:03,560 --> 00:31:06,960
Speaker 1: digestive health in general. Exactly. You know, Um, did you

520
00:31:07,000 --> 00:31:10,760
Speaker 1: say exercise? Not yet? That's a big one. Exercise not

521
00:31:10,840 --> 00:31:15,120
Speaker 1: only gets things moving, it also um. Usually when you exercise,

522
00:31:15,200 --> 00:31:17,480
Speaker 1: one of the things you're doing is working on your core,

523
00:31:17,520 --> 00:31:19,800
Speaker 1: whether you mean to or not, kind of the center

524
00:31:19,840 --> 00:31:22,280
Speaker 1: of all of the rest of the muscles you're moving.

525
00:31:22,520 --> 00:31:25,520
Speaker 1: And when you're working on your core, you're inadvertently strengthening

526
00:31:25,560 --> 00:31:30,760
Speaker 1: those intestinal muscles that help that choreograph dance of moving

527
00:31:30,760 --> 00:31:33,320
Speaker 1: your food into your poop and along and out of

528
00:31:33,360 --> 00:31:39,080
Speaker 1: your poop shot is what it's called. Uh, staying hydrated.

529
00:31:39,120 --> 00:31:42,080
Speaker 1: If you're not drinking um enough water, that's not gonna

530
00:31:42,080 --> 00:31:45,360
Speaker 1: do any favors in the poop department. Um. If you

531
00:31:45,440 --> 00:31:50,800
Speaker 1: are addicted to pain killers, one of the awful side effects,

532
00:31:50,800 --> 00:31:53,280
Speaker 1: aside from being addicted to a drug, is you're gonna

533
00:31:53,280 --> 00:31:56,320
Speaker 1: have a real hard time pooping. Yeah, because it relaxes

534
00:31:56,360 --> 00:31:59,560
Speaker 1: those muscles too. Yeah, they need that help, they sure do.

535
00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:03,840
Speaker 1: They're they're out there wearing sunglasses, laying on a chaise

536
00:32:03,920 --> 00:32:06,000
Speaker 1: lounge at like two in the afternoon, like the rest

537
00:32:06,080 --> 00:32:08,959
Speaker 1: of your body when you're on those things. Uh, and

538
00:32:09,000 --> 00:32:11,520
Speaker 1: then you look at the let's talk a little bit

539
00:32:11,520 --> 00:32:15,840
Speaker 1: about the toilet, the shape of the modern toilet. By

540
00:32:15,840 --> 00:32:18,000
Speaker 1: the way, Strickland and I did a tech stuff on

541
00:32:18,040 --> 00:32:22,400
Speaker 1: toilets that was really fascinating. Yeah. Yeah, it's it's counterintuitive

542
00:32:22,520 --> 00:32:26,680
Speaker 1: to how your body should be positioned to poop. You

543
00:32:26,720 --> 00:32:29,479
Speaker 1: should not. We did not evolve to poop sitting at

544
00:32:29,520 --> 00:32:33,800
Speaker 1: a ninety degree angle as if on a chair. Um.

545
00:32:33,840 --> 00:32:36,440
Speaker 1: I've said it before on the show. When I go camping,

546
00:32:37,480 --> 00:32:40,640
Speaker 1: you go out in the woods, you know, you walk

547
00:32:40,680 --> 00:32:42,520
Speaker 1: a little bit away from where your friends are at

548
00:32:42,600 --> 00:32:45,640
Speaker 1: least three or four at least three or four. You

549
00:32:45,720 --> 00:32:50,160
Speaker 1: squat down, And that's the most natural way to poop.

550
00:32:50,640 --> 00:32:53,560
Speaker 1: It's effortless. It comes right out there's you don't even

551
00:32:53,640 --> 00:32:57,840
Speaker 1: think about pushing or straining. It just it. I believe

552
00:32:57,840 --> 00:33:00,280
Speaker 1: what it does, doesn't It straightened out the path way,

553
00:33:00,400 --> 00:33:05,880
Speaker 1: so it relaxes your pubo wreck talus muscle, which, yeah,

554
00:33:05,880 --> 00:33:10,240
Speaker 1: which straightens out your your calling which basically says stool

555
00:33:11,680 --> 00:33:15,880
Speaker 1: release right there on the leaves. It's wonderful. And well,

556
00:33:15,960 --> 00:33:19,360
Speaker 1: do you remember when we were talking about India's like

557
00:33:19,440 --> 00:33:24,160
Speaker 1: defication problem like outdoor defication problems on Internet roundup years back,

558
00:33:24,560 --> 00:33:26,160
Speaker 1: and they were saying one of the big things they

559
00:33:26,200 --> 00:33:28,640
Speaker 1: were running up against is that people who live in

560
00:33:28,800 --> 00:33:31,600
Speaker 1: rural areas say this is one of the benefits of

561
00:33:32,160 --> 00:33:36,440
Speaker 1: wholesome rural living. It's getting to poop outside. Man, get

562
00:33:36,480 --> 00:33:40,680
Speaker 1: off my back. I can understand where they're coming from. Yeah,

563
00:33:40,680 --> 00:33:43,480
Speaker 1: So there are are things you can add to your toilets. Now, um,

564
00:33:43,560 --> 00:33:48,720
Speaker 1: a little um to raise your feet stools, Yeah, ironically

565
00:33:48,880 --> 00:33:52,560
Speaker 1: little footstools. Uh, not to buzz market too much, but

566
00:33:52,600 --> 00:33:55,240
Speaker 1: I know the squatty potty is something that it's neatly

567
00:33:55,280 --> 00:33:57,640
Speaker 1: in front of your toilet and basically it just gets

568
00:33:57,640 --> 00:34:00,920
Speaker 1: you more in that squatted position than you are normally

569
00:34:00,960 --> 00:34:03,200
Speaker 1: on your toilet. And this used to be the domain

570
00:34:03,280 --> 00:34:06,040
Speaker 1: of strictly the Whole Earth Catalog or something like that.

571
00:34:06,040 --> 00:34:07,560
Speaker 1: But you can find those things that like bed bath

572
00:34:07,680 --> 00:34:09,480
Speaker 1: and beyond. Now, yeah, I think people are kind of

573
00:34:09,480 --> 00:34:11,960
Speaker 1: catching on. It's it's a better, a better way to poop. Yeah,

574
00:34:12,000 --> 00:34:14,160
Speaker 1: so you can still use your toilet, you know, the

575
00:34:14,239 --> 00:34:17,279
Speaker 1: squat it just it does the squatting for you by

576
00:34:17,320 --> 00:34:20,200
Speaker 1: lifting up your legs. It's like you're giving birth basically,

577
00:34:20,360 --> 00:34:24,480
Speaker 1: it's still no substitution for actually squatting right on the ground,

578
00:34:25,320 --> 00:34:28,600
Speaker 1: which I mean in Japan they have toilets that are

579
00:34:28,640 --> 00:34:31,600
Speaker 1: made for squatting exclusively. Oh, it's it's just like a

580
00:34:31,600 --> 00:34:34,719
Speaker 1: hole in the floor. It's kind of like it's it's

581
00:34:34,760 --> 00:34:39,560
Speaker 1: a lot like a urinal on the ground. Interesting. Yeah,

582
00:34:39,640 --> 00:34:45,279
Speaker 1: so it's not it's not, uh, vertically oriented, it's horizontally oriented,

583
00:34:45,360 --> 00:34:47,440
Speaker 1: but it's it looks just like a urinal. So when

584
00:34:47,440 --> 00:34:49,480
Speaker 1: you go to like an old city park and the

585
00:34:49,640 --> 00:34:52,280
Speaker 1: kernal has fallen off onto the ground and needs squatt

586
00:34:52,280 --> 00:34:54,640
Speaker 1: and poop in that, Japan, it's the same thing, right,

587
00:34:54,800 --> 00:34:58,759
Speaker 1: all right, it's a kind of like that. Imagine that.

588
00:34:58,880 --> 00:35:06,759
Speaker 1: But the cleanest experience you could ever imagine. Even even

589
00:35:06,840 --> 00:35:10,719
Speaker 1: their squatting toilets are clean in Japan, I believe it's uh.

590
00:35:10,719 --> 00:35:13,120
Speaker 1: And here's a little tip if you want to avoid hemorrhoids,

591
00:35:13,160 --> 00:35:15,160
Speaker 1: or if you just want to live a cleaner, more

592
00:35:15,239 --> 00:35:19,720
Speaker 1: sanitary life, get a bid day. I know, I talked

593
00:35:19,719 --> 00:35:22,719
Speaker 1: about it when I installed my little unit. They can

594
00:35:22,800 --> 00:35:25,279
Speaker 1: you know they have them, Well, you can attach them

595
00:35:25,280 --> 00:35:28,040
Speaker 1: to your regular toilet now. Yeah, it's just like with

596
00:35:28,400 --> 00:35:30,319
Speaker 1: like a TA line or something off of your water

597
00:35:30,360 --> 00:35:32,560
Speaker 1: so yeah, and it sits under your toilet seat and

598
00:35:32,600 --> 00:35:35,319
Speaker 1: it's uh, spring loaded, so when you turn the water on,

599
00:35:35,320 --> 00:35:38,640
Speaker 1: this little nozzle pops out right up your right up

600
00:35:38,640 --> 00:35:42,680
Speaker 1: your butt. And um, I've long campaigned against toilet paper,

601
00:35:43,480 --> 00:35:46,280
Speaker 1: and now that I have a baby, it's even more apparent.

602
00:35:46,400 --> 00:35:49,440
Speaker 1: It's just it makes no sense to me that you

603
00:35:49,480 --> 00:35:51,520
Speaker 1: have a baby and you're like, well, yeah, you use

604
00:35:51,600 --> 00:35:54,120
Speaker 1: wet wipes because that's how you should clean poop. And

605
00:35:54,160 --> 00:35:56,040
Speaker 1: then you get to a certain age you're like, all right,

606
00:35:56,120 --> 00:35:59,280
Speaker 1: let's just go with dry paper now, like forget the

607
00:35:59,320 --> 00:36:03,680
Speaker 1: superior wet method. Well, the thing is, it just doesn't

608
00:36:03,680 --> 00:36:06,400
Speaker 1: make any sense. Why would you move to dry wipe

609
00:36:06,800 --> 00:36:10,840
Speaker 1: feces from your butt with a dry piece of paper. Like,

610
00:36:10,880 --> 00:36:14,240
Speaker 1: I understand what you're saying, it's nonsensical, but our sewer

611
00:36:14,360 --> 00:36:16,840
Speaker 1: systems in the United States are not set up to

612
00:36:16,960 --> 00:36:21,240
Speaker 1: accept wet wipes. Well that's why you have the bidet. Okay,

613
00:36:21,400 --> 00:36:24,640
Speaker 1: no wipes, I mean dab dabit dry with a couple

614
00:36:24,680 --> 00:36:27,520
Speaker 1: of squares. But I'm telling you it'll change your life.

615
00:36:27,680 --> 00:36:30,040
Speaker 1: It's it's amazing. I have a feeling the people with

616
00:36:30,120 --> 00:36:31,759
Speaker 1: bid days are going to be the first with their

617
00:36:31,760 --> 00:36:35,160
Speaker 1: backs up against the wall when like resource conflicts breakout

618
00:36:35,160 --> 00:36:37,839
Speaker 1: over water throughout the world. They'll be like, you're doing

619
00:36:37,880 --> 00:36:42,680
Speaker 1: what with that water? Do use toilet paper? Well that's

620
00:36:42,719 --> 00:36:45,160
Speaker 1: what they say. If that happens and it's not a

621
00:36:45,160 --> 00:36:47,320
Speaker 1: ton of water, you'll turn it off, but you'll be crying,

622
00:36:47,400 --> 00:36:50,719
Speaker 1: shutting it tear goodbye by day. See you in a

623
00:36:50,800 --> 00:36:54,239
Speaker 1: hundred and fifty years. Uh, where are you? What else

624
00:36:54,280 --> 00:36:57,920
Speaker 1: we got? We're pretty far off. Oh the microbiome. We

625
00:36:57,960 --> 00:37:00,440
Speaker 1: should talk about that. And we did a great podcast

626
00:37:00,520 --> 00:37:03,239
Speaker 1: on the microbiome, if we do say so ourselves. Yeah,

627
00:37:03,239 --> 00:37:05,799
Speaker 1: it was a good one. And um. What they have

628
00:37:05,880 --> 00:37:09,960
Speaker 1: found is that the modern diet, where you're not eating

629
00:37:10,000 --> 00:37:12,160
Speaker 1: nearly as much fiber as you should and you're eating

630
00:37:12,200 --> 00:37:15,359
Speaker 1: more processed foods, is not only just impacting your short

631
00:37:15,480 --> 00:37:20,839
Speaker 1: term digestive uh, degrading your short term digestive health, but

632
00:37:21,360 --> 00:37:24,200
Speaker 1: it's affecting your microbiome, which you know, if you listen,

633
00:37:24,480 --> 00:37:28,279
Speaker 1: could also affect your children and your children's children's. That

634
00:37:28,400 --> 00:37:31,960
Speaker 1: was another good one. Can your grandfather's diet shorten your life?

635
00:37:32,680 --> 00:37:36,680
Speaker 1: So fiber is great, it's hard to digest um so

636
00:37:36,719 --> 00:37:38,560
Speaker 1: it doesn't break down fully, and that's what you want

637
00:37:38,560 --> 00:37:41,840
Speaker 1: when it's going through your colon because, like you said earlier,

638
00:37:42,280 --> 00:37:44,640
Speaker 1: the bacteria feeds on that, and you want to keep

639
00:37:44,680 --> 00:37:48,920
Speaker 1: that bacteria alive because it's great for you. This is

640
00:37:48,920 --> 00:37:51,239
Speaker 1: a Mental Floss article that we were working off of, right,

641
00:37:51,600 --> 00:37:53,960
Speaker 1: I think. So they were talking about a study from

642
00:37:53,960 --> 00:37:59,200
Speaker 1: Stanford that found that they can they've created mice that

643
00:37:59,239 --> 00:38:03,759
Speaker 1: are are microbe free, which is beyond bizarre. I don't

644
00:38:03,800 --> 00:38:06,920
Speaker 1: understand how they stay alive for even a second. But

645
00:38:07,000 --> 00:38:10,960
Speaker 1: then they fed these these two populations of mice both

646
00:38:11,040 --> 00:38:15,800
Speaker 1: MicroB free UM high fiber diet and the same diet

647
00:38:15,880 --> 00:38:19,239
Speaker 1: with low fiber and no fiber I think, and they

648
00:38:19,280 --> 00:38:24,839
Speaker 1: found that UM the with the microbes in the mice

649
00:38:24,960 --> 00:38:28,240
Speaker 1: that had a high fiber diet, they had like three

650
00:38:28,280 --> 00:38:32,560
Speaker 1: times more UM diversity in their microbiome than the what

651
00:38:32,680 --> 00:38:36,080
Speaker 1: the other mice developed yeah, I think, uh, you to

652
00:38:36,120 --> 00:38:39,480
Speaker 1: mention they were microbe free and then they put human

653
00:38:40,480 --> 00:38:44,800
Speaker 1: microbes in there. So it's so then the human microbiome

654
00:38:45,080 --> 00:38:49,400
Speaker 1: was reduced by in the mice with the low fiber diet,

655
00:38:49,960 --> 00:38:52,480
Speaker 1: and if they if they change that diet after a

656
00:38:52,600 --> 00:38:56,320
Speaker 1: number of weeks, it could partially recover, but only partially.

657
00:38:56,360 --> 00:38:59,359
Speaker 1: It can never fully recover. Yeah, so the upset they

658
00:38:59,400 --> 00:39:03,920
Speaker 1: did say poop transplants are a viable way of taking uh,

659
00:39:04,200 --> 00:39:08,840
Speaker 1: microbial colonies and and like diverse microbial colonies from a

660
00:39:08,840 --> 00:39:12,600
Speaker 1: healthy person and putting them in an unhealthy person, right,

661
00:39:12,640 --> 00:39:14,960
Speaker 1: and then you can get it all back. But the

662
00:39:15,040 --> 00:39:17,880
Speaker 1: point of this was is that like our diet is

663
00:39:18,040 --> 00:39:23,160
Speaker 1: largely based on a almost a fiber free model, Like

664
00:39:23,239 --> 00:39:26,239
Speaker 1: we eat very little fruits and vegetables, and apparently we're

665
00:39:26,239 --> 00:39:29,800
Speaker 1: supposed to be eating something like ten to twenty cups

666
00:39:30,040 --> 00:39:34,160
Speaker 1: of of fruits and vegetables of high fiber um foods

667
00:39:34,200 --> 00:39:37,520
Speaker 1: a day, ten to twenty cups. When's the last time

668
00:39:37,520 --> 00:39:42,640
Speaker 1: you ate twenty cups of fruit and vegetables in a day? So, right,

669
00:39:42,680 --> 00:39:45,120
Speaker 1: and exactly, And then the even the other stuff that

670
00:39:45,280 --> 00:39:47,840
Speaker 1: the bad type of fibers stuff we get from grains,

671
00:39:48,239 --> 00:39:50,920
Speaker 1: the grains that were eating have most of the fiber removed,

672
00:39:51,000 --> 00:39:54,960
Speaker 1: Like bleached flower has virtually no fiber in it, So

673
00:39:55,040 --> 00:39:57,000
Speaker 1: we're not getting a lot of fiber. And it's becoming

674
00:39:57,040 --> 00:39:59,600
Speaker 1: increasingly apparent that not only do we need it so

675
00:39:59,640 --> 00:40:02,640
Speaker 1: we can better our microbiomes, needed so they can make

676
00:40:02,719 --> 00:40:07,359
Speaker 1: us better. Serotonin, higher quality serotonine is what you're looking for. Yeah,

677
00:40:07,400 --> 00:40:12,640
Speaker 1: there's a big push for um against white foods um,

678
00:40:12,800 --> 00:40:18,279
Speaker 1: white flower, just you know, apparently most white things, white

679
00:40:18,360 --> 00:40:22,920
Speaker 1: sugar not great for you. You wanted to cover some

680
00:40:22,920 --> 00:40:25,560
Speaker 1: of these weapons, I really mainly just wanted to talk

681
00:40:25,600 --> 00:40:30,240
Speaker 1: about the guy in Northern Canada, Oh, the Inuit. Yeah,

682
00:40:30,400 --> 00:40:33,160
Speaker 1: all right, well quickly, this is from Vice, and there

683
00:40:33,200 --> 00:40:37,839
Speaker 1: was a list of history Brown Death calling a history

684
00:40:37,880 --> 00:40:40,759
Speaker 1: of poop as a weapon, and they list out some

685
00:40:40,920 --> 00:40:44,160
Speaker 1: times throughout history where people have like put poop on

686
00:40:44,160 --> 00:40:47,560
Speaker 1: the end of their arrows or literally launched poops in

687
00:40:47,600 --> 00:40:51,160
Speaker 1: a like a poop exploding poop bomb to make people

688
00:40:51,200 --> 00:40:56,440
Speaker 1: sick and uh infected poop. The Soviets had a method

689
00:40:56,480 --> 00:41:01,960
Speaker 1: of getting rid of poop in a tank. Basically, you know,

690
00:41:02,000 --> 00:41:03,920
Speaker 1: when you're in the tank and you're going along, you

691
00:41:04,040 --> 00:41:06,239
Speaker 1: got a poop, so they said, well, let's just turn

692
00:41:06,280 --> 00:41:09,439
Speaker 1: it into a weapon. Yeah, pooping the artillery and launch

693
00:41:09,480 --> 00:41:12,040
Speaker 1: it out. But this one about an Inuit man who

694
00:41:12,560 --> 00:41:15,960
Speaker 1: lived in the nineteen fifties. Apparently he appeared in a

695
00:41:16,040 --> 00:41:17,920
Speaker 1: TED talk by Wade Davis and he was the guy

696
00:41:17,920 --> 00:41:20,239
Speaker 1: who did the Serpent in the Rainbow. Okay, I knew

697
00:41:20,239 --> 00:41:25,279
Speaker 1: the name. It's amazing. Um. He said that this guy

698
00:41:25,520 --> 00:41:29,960
Speaker 1: was basically left by some Canadians to starve to death

699
00:41:30,560 --> 00:41:33,840
Speaker 1: in Arctic Bay right in northern Canada. Apparently in the

700
00:41:33,920 --> 00:41:40,120
Speaker 1: nineteen fifties, Canada forced Inuite people into settlement camps way

701
00:41:40,120 --> 00:41:42,480
Speaker 1: in the High Arctic zone and it was basically like

702
00:41:43,280 --> 00:41:47,840
Speaker 1: here's a couple of dogs, good luck dying, and that

703
00:41:47,920 --> 00:41:50,880
Speaker 1: was it. That Inuit all there was like, I'm going

704
00:41:50,920 --> 00:41:53,840
Speaker 1: to survive this one. It's not my first rodeo because

705
00:41:54,040 --> 00:41:56,320
Speaker 1: I'm going to you know how, it's super cold outside.

706
00:41:56,320 --> 00:41:59,440
Speaker 1: I'm gonna go outside and poop, and as my poop freezes,

707
00:41:59,520 --> 00:42:02,719
Speaker 1: I'm gonna fashion it into a knife and then your

708
00:42:02,760 --> 00:42:04,279
Speaker 1: face is going to be red because I'm gonna use

709
00:42:04,280 --> 00:42:06,200
Speaker 1: that knife to kill one of these dogs and use

710
00:42:06,239 --> 00:42:09,120
Speaker 1: it for meat. Yeah, that that part made me sad,

711
00:42:09,200 --> 00:42:12,239
Speaker 1: of course, but it was for survival. And I think

712
00:42:12,560 --> 00:42:14,520
Speaker 1: we didn't mention that they took all of his duels

713
00:42:15,400 --> 00:42:18,560
Speaker 1: um away from him, so he didn't have the knife, right.

714
00:42:18,600 --> 00:42:20,960
Speaker 1: He just had himself, his poop and the two dogs

715
00:42:21,320 --> 00:42:24,319
Speaker 1: until he fashioned his own poop knife frozen poop knife. Yeah,

716
00:42:24,360 --> 00:42:26,400
Speaker 1: and he butchered one of the dogs, used it for

717
00:42:26,440 --> 00:42:29,120
Speaker 1: food for him and the other dog, and basically turned

718
00:42:29,200 --> 00:42:32,840
Speaker 1: that dog into a sled, use the other dog to

719
00:42:32,920 --> 00:42:37,840
Speaker 1: pull said sled, and high tailed it down to saying antone.

720
00:42:38,120 --> 00:42:40,440
Speaker 1: I was waiting for the end when he like then

721
00:42:41,239 --> 00:42:45,120
Speaker 1: stabbed members of Canada's government with poop with the poop knife.

722
00:42:45,520 --> 00:42:49,080
Speaker 1: But that didn't happen. Uh. He didn't have any sour grapes.

723
00:42:49,120 --> 00:42:50,880
Speaker 1: He just said it is what it is. I'm just

724
00:42:50,920 --> 00:42:53,239
Speaker 1: glad I got out and frozen poop Knife is not

725
00:42:53,400 --> 00:42:56,640
Speaker 1: a good band name. Um, And I feel bad for

726
00:42:56,719 --> 00:42:59,719
Speaker 1: saying this because I love these guys. But there's a

727
00:42:59,760 --> 00:43:04,279
Speaker 1: band end called Diarrhea Planet that are great. What do

728
00:43:04,360 --> 00:43:07,280
Speaker 1: they sound like, Oh, it's just a wall of guitar.

729
00:43:07,400 --> 00:43:10,480
Speaker 1: They've got like four guitar players. Uh, and it's just

730
00:43:10,640 --> 00:43:14,200
Speaker 1: really good. But it's the worst name ever. And I

731
00:43:14,239 --> 00:43:16,960
Speaker 1: don't know why someone hasn't said, guys, just do yourself

732
00:43:17,000 --> 00:43:20,000
Speaker 1: a favor, like you're not helping yourselves here in your

733
00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:24,839
Speaker 1: career by calling yourself diarrhea planet. So that just if

734
00:43:24,840 --> 00:43:30,000
Speaker 1: you're listening, guys, change it to frozen poop knife and

735
00:43:30,040 --> 00:43:34,759
Speaker 1: thank me later. Ah. I want to say before we

736
00:43:34,800 --> 00:43:37,920
Speaker 1: sign off, you've got anything else? Nope, I want to say, Um,

737
00:43:38,280 --> 00:43:41,520
Speaker 1: I want to hear your euphemisms for poop, for pooping,

738
00:43:42,040 --> 00:43:44,560
Speaker 1: like dropping a deuce? Yeah, something like that. You've got

739
00:43:44,600 --> 00:43:46,799
Speaker 1: any clever ones that I haven't heard before? Love to

740
00:43:46,800 --> 00:43:50,480
Speaker 1: hear them. Yeah, yeah, I've always thought it take it

741
00:43:50,560 --> 00:43:54,080
Speaker 1: dump was weird? You're leaving a dump? Yeah, but even

742
00:43:54,120 --> 00:43:59,520
Speaker 1: still this is gross? Yet, what do you say? That's

743
00:43:59,560 --> 00:44:03,560
Speaker 1: what you say? I'm going to evacuate my bowels. You've

744
00:44:03,560 --> 00:44:08,279
Speaker 1: heard me say that before. I think I have actually, um, yeah,

745
00:44:08,400 --> 00:44:11,480
Speaker 1: very medical. While you're sending us those, go ahead and

746
00:44:11,520 --> 00:44:13,680
Speaker 1: go on over to how stuff works dot com and

747
00:44:13,719 --> 00:44:16,600
Speaker 1: type in uh poop in the search bar and it'll

748
00:44:16,600 --> 00:44:19,480
Speaker 1: bring up some cool stuff. Uh. And since I said poop,

749
00:44:19,560 --> 00:44:24,839
Speaker 1: it's time for a listener, mate. I'm gonna call this

750
00:44:25,040 --> 00:44:29,680
Speaker 1: um listener mail. The Josh picked out. Hey, guys, started

751
00:44:29,680 --> 00:44:31,279
Speaker 1: listening to you a couple of years ago. Since then,

752
00:44:31,320 --> 00:44:33,879
Speaker 1: I'm blown through almost every episode. The reason to say

753
00:44:33,880 --> 00:44:35,960
Speaker 1: almost is because I didn't keep track of which episodes

754
00:44:36,000 --> 00:44:38,400
Speaker 1: I listened to from the beginning, so I constantly have

755
00:44:38,440 --> 00:44:40,120
Speaker 1: to go through all the old episodes to figure out

756
00:44:40,239 --> 00:44:42,920
Speaker 1: which ones I already heard which ones I hadn't. The

757
00:44:42,920 --> 00:44:45,520
Speaker 1: reason I mentioned this is because I noticed something. What

758
00:44:45,600 --> 00:44:48,839
Speaker 1: he started doing is keeping track basically, and he said

759
00:44:49,000 --> 00:44:51,040
Speaker 1: I noticed something curious is to start listening to only

760
00:44:51,120 --> 00:44:54,959
Speaker 1: new episodes almost exactly the next day after a new show.

761
00:44:55,000 --> 00:44:57,839
Speaker 1: I noticed that whatever topic you covered has made its

762
00:44:58,120 --> 00:45:00,959
Speaker 1: way to me in some other form. Usually this comes

763
00:45:00,960 --> 00:45:03,960
Speaker 1: in the form of a Reddit post or a Mashable,

764
00:45:04,239 --> 00:45:07,839
Speaker 1: uh in Gadget or gives Moto article the latest such

765
00:45:07,960 --> 00:45:11,000
Speaker 1: currencies from your episode on cryotherapy. Go to end Gadget,

766
00:45:11,000 --> 00:45:13,320
Speaker 1: you will find that today there was a post talking

767
00:45:13,320 --> 00:45:16,400
Speaker 1: about the subject. Article covers exactly what you two had

768
00:45:16,400 --> 00:45:20,960
Speaker 1: already covered. I call this the Chuck and Josh effect. Yeah,

769
00:45:21,120 --> 00:45:24,239
Speaker 1: and usually barrate my wife about how I just listen

770
00:45:24,280 --> 00:45:26,560
Speaker 1: to you to talk about the subject. I'm sure it's

771
00:45:26,560 --> 00:45:28,200
Speaker 1: been happening for quite a while, but It's always fun

772
00:45:28,200 --> 00:45:31,080
Speaker 1: to see new articles pop up from subjects you just covered.

773
00:45:31,239 --> 00:45:33,560
Speaker 1: You have a big influence on the interwebs and what

774
00:45:33,600 --> 00:45:35,799
Speaker 1: information gets passed around. I don't know if it's due

775
00:45:35,840 --> 00:45:41,600
Speaker 1: to us or coincidence. I coincidence. We're inspiring. I had

776
00:45:41,600 --> 00:45:43,319
Speaker 1: tickets to see you in New York City last time

777
00:45:43,360 --> 00:45:45,959
Speaker 1: you're here, but unfortunately if beloved dog Henry passed away

778
00:45:46,000 --> 00:45:48,719
Speaker 1: that day. Sorry, I'm sorry to hear that dead. I

779
00:45:48,719 --> 00:45:51,080
Speaker 1: hope you two are planning to make another trip out east.

780
00:45:52,280 --> 00:45:57,400
Speaker 1: It's not out east, it's north. What's up north? Out west?

781
00:45:57,800 --> 00:46:03,720
Speaker 1: Back east and down south? Oh yeah, back east, wagons east.

782
00:46:03,920 --> 00:46:05,600
Speaker 1: But if you live down south and you're going east,

783
00:46:05,600 --> 00:46:07,680
Speaker 1: you don't say I'm going You say you're going up.

784
00:46:07,719 --> 00:46:10,480
Speaker 1: Nor yeah, you go up, you go east, you end

785
00:46:10,520 --> 00:46:13,560
Speaker 1: up in the ocean. And just because we don't hear

786
00:46:13,640 --> 00:46:15,839
Speaker 1: Jerry doesn't mean she shouldn't get recognition for the work

787
00:46:15,920 --> 00:46:18,719
Speaker 1: she does there. Jerry gets enough recognition. Hope to see

788
00:46:18,719 --> 00:46:21,440
Speaker 1: you on the next door. That is Ted Wheeler and

789
00:46:21,480 --> 00:46:24,319
Speaker 1: Ted uh. We read this in the poop article. So

790
00:46:24,360 --> 00:46:26,120
Speaker 1: I don't know how this is going to touch your

791
00:46:26,160 --> 00:46:30,000
Speaker 1: life personally, but you can't wait to hear ted he

792
00:46:30,120 --> 00:46:32,759
Speaker 1: just said poop article and touch your life personally. May

793
00:46:32,760 --> 00:46:40,719
Speaker 1: all your poops be brown S's and Jerry way to go, man. Uh.

794
00:46:40,760 --> 00:46:42,360
Speaker 1: If you want to get in touch of this, you

795
00:46:42,360 --> 00:46:44,520
Speaker 1: can tweet to us that s y s K podcast.

796
00:46:44,600 --> 00:46:46,880
Speaker 1: You can join us on Facebook, dot com, slash stuff

797
00:46:46,880 --> 00:46:48,960
Speaker 1: you Should Know. You can send us an email to

798
00:46:49,120 --> 00:46:52,319
Speaker 1: stuff podcast that how stuff Works dot com and has

799
00:46:52,320 --> 00:46:54,720
Speaker 1: always joined us at our home on the web, Stuff

800
00:46:54,719 --> 00:47:01,840
Speaker 1: you Should Know dot com. For more on this and

801
00:47:01,920 --> 00:47:11,840
Speaker 1: thousands of other topics, visit how stuff Works dot com.

802
00:47:10,360 --> 00:47:10,400
Speaker 1: H