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Speaker 1: If you want to talk about your sincere awe and

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Speaker 1: wonder at the incredible physical universe, I'm here for that.

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Speaker 1: If you want to have cold water throne of your

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Speaker 1: dreams of space colonization, Kelly is at your service. Today

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Speaker 1: we're going to flip that script a little bit. It's

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Speaker 1: my turn to be a wet blanket about overhyped technology.

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Speaker 1: But along the way you learn just how amazing and

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Speaker 1: weird our universe really is. No hype necessary, that's right.

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Speaker 1: Today we are tackling physics buzzwords two of my favorites, actually, quantum,

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Speaker 1: probably the most overused word in pop side journalism, and

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Speaker 1: the Internet, the classic woid make anything sound more high

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Speaker 1: tech Internet of Things was supposed to make your toaster

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Speaker 1: seem like something from the future. Right, So today we'll

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Speaker 1: explore the science and the hype and the actual amazing,

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Speaker 1: beautiful physics behind a pair of buzzwords that have come

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Speaker 1: together to make a splash in the news. The quantum Internet.

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Speaker 1: It's not the latest ant Man movie, it's today's topic.

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Speaker 1: Welcome to Daniel and Kelly's Extraordinary quantum Universe.

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Speaker 2: Hello, I'm Kelly Wiener Smith. I study parasites and space

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Speaker 2: and when we come up with quantum parasites, you all

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Speaker 2: better be worried.

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Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Daniel, I'm a particle physicist, and the only

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Speaker 1: kind of parasite I want is a quantum one. I

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Speaker 1: don't want two point seventy two tapeworms. I want zero

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Speaker 1: or one, preferably zero.

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Speaker 2: Oh, but you really don't know until you actually look.

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Speaker 2: You know, until you put the scope down your digestive system,

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Speaker 2: you don't actually know if there's one in there or not.

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Speaker 1: That's true Schrodinger's tapeworm.

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Speaker 2: Oh fantastic.

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Speaker 1: But now I have a real question for you. Can

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Speaker 1: you have a non integer number of parasites? They pit

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Speaker 1: in some weird way where you're like, hm, I'm not

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Speaker 1: really sure if that's another one, But.

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Speaker 2: You gotta have hard to count things. So, the way

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Speaker 2: tapeworms work is they've got a head. The head holds

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Speaker 2: onto part of your body, and then they form segments

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Speaker 2: called proglottieds, and each proglotted makes its own sets of eggs,

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Speaker 2: And sometimes the proglotted dissolves away and the eggs pass

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Speaker 2: with your feces into the environment. Other times, the proglotted

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Speaker 2: just pops off and passes with your feces, and sometimes

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Speaker 2: it looks like pieces of rice walking around in your feces,

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Speaker 2: and that's proglotted, and so you can have you know,

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Speaker 2: like pieces of the tapeworm that sort of like separate

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Speaker 2: but are still moving. But we usually count how many

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Speaker 2: tapeworms an organism has based on the number of heads

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Speaker 2: that you find. So that's pretty straightforward.

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Speaker 1: So parasites are quantized. There you go, amazing. We went

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Speaker 1: from quantum physics to parasites to poop in record time

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Speaker 1: on the podcast. That's what happens when you have a

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Speaker 1: particle physicist and a parasitologist.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, but you're right, we got there pretty fast. Today.

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Speaker 2: I'm having a good day. We're having a good.

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Speaker 1: Day, all right, and we are moving at the speed

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Speaker 1: of information, trying to understand how the universe works and

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Speaker 1: sending it to you down the Internet tubes.

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Speaker 2: So there's a lot of misinformation out there about parasites.

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Speaker 2: So there's also a lot of misinformation out there about

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Speaker 2: what the word quantum means. So, Daniel, today we're talking

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Speaker 2: about quantum Internet.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right, the latest word to have quantum slapped

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Speaker 1: in front.

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Speaker 2: Of it, that's right. So today we're gonna find out

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Speaker 2: if that makes any sense, and if it's nearly as

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Speaker 2: exciting as it sounds like it is on social media.

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Speaker 1: And I'm not actually that upset about the misinformation about

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Speaker 1: quantum mechanics because it gives me an opportunity to clarify

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Speaker 1: how amazing the universe actually is. It's not really a

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Speaker 1: wet blanket moment where you're like, this sounded amazing, but

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Speaker 1: it's really actually boring and nothing. It's like this sounds amazing,

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Speaker 1: but the reality is even more cool.

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Speaker 2: I mean, I don't know why you gotta sound so

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Speaker 2: down on wet blanket people, but all right, fine, I

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Speaker 2: know you like to keep things upbeat around here.

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Speaker 1: Oh I see you thought I was throwing a wet

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Speaker 1: blanket on the wet blanket people.

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Speaker 2: Well, on me in particular. I felt seen, but not

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Speaker 2: in no way.

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Speaker 1: I wasn't talking about you, but I think it says something.

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Speaker 1: He responded that way.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, you might be right.

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Speaker 1: All right, So let's hear how our listeners responded. I

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Speaker 1: went out there and asked them if they knew anything

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Speaker 1: about the quantum Internet, if you would like to contribute

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Speaker 1: your thoughts for future episodes, we would love to hear

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Speaker 1: from you. Please write to us two questions at Danielankelly

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Speaker 1: dot org and you can join the choir. In the meantime,

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Speaker 1: think about it for a minute. What is the quantum Internet?

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Speaker 1: What does it mean? Here's what our listeners had to say.

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Speaker 2: What is the quantum Internet? Now you're just making stuff up.

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Speaker 3: I have no idea, but I'm willing to learn.

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Speaker 1: I assume the quantum Internet is the Internet that joins

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Speaker 1: together quantum computers. Well, it sounds like the interconnected web

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Speaker 1: of sub atomic consciousness, or maybe where Antman hangs out.

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Speaker 2: The quantum Internet is great and all, but every time

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Speaker 2: I check my emails they're both read and unread at

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Speaker 2: the same time. I would guess that's internet that can

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Speaker 2: travel the quantum realm to go faster than the speed

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Speaker 2: of light.

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Speaker 3: I would assume that it is a network of computers

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Speaker 3: that have all been based on quantum computing infrastructure and

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Speaker 3: quantum computing nodes.

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Speaker 1: Maybe the quantum Internet is to do with the Internet

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Speaker 1: being both truthful and untruthful at the same time. I

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Speaker 1: suspect mostly untruthful. The quantum Internet will know what you're

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Speaker 1: searching for before you type it in. If someone asks

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Speaker 1: me what quantum Internet is.

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Speaker 2: I would say that that is the current structure of

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Speaker 2: our Internet.

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Speaker 1: It's either your email sent or not sent. At the

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Speaker 1: same time, It's probably a place where astiophysicists and people

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Speaker 1: who use quantum data exchange information.

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Speaker 3: I've never heard of the quantum internet before, but perhaps

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Speaker 3: use of quantum computers on the Internet. I'm assuming it

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Speaker 3: could do all sorts of neat things that we can't

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Speaker 3: even imagine now. It could just be an entire Internet

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Speaker 3: filled with cats in boxes, and I'm okay with that.

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Speaker 3: The quantum Internet is a marketing term that's really just us.

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Speaker 1: I can't say what the quantum Internet is, but I

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Speaker 1: can calculate various probabilities of what it might be. The

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Speaker 1: quantum Internet is the name for the observation that any

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Speaker 1: fact you find on the Internet is equally likely to

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Speaker 1: be true or untrue.

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Speaker 2: There were some really fantastic answers here where your emails

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Speaker 2: are both read and unread at the same time. I

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Speaker 2: love that. I wonder if you get out of trouble

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Speaker 2: if you're like, well, I know it was read and

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Speaker 2: it was unread, and so I answered it and didn't

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Speaker 2: answer it, but like, you know, move on.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, as usual, people either knew the answer, were wildly

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Speaker 1: off or hilarious. I love this mixture. I always look

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Speaker 1: forward to listening to these. There's so much fun.

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Speaker 2: Yep, I love y'all.

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Speaker 1: Thanks everybody.

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Speaker 2: This I think gave a really nice overview of the

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Speaker 2: various thoughts that people have about quantum internet, what it does,

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Speaker 2: or whether or not they have any idea at all

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Speaker 2: what it does. So let's just start from the beginning, like,

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Speaker 2: what is quantum internet.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, quantum internet is actually a real thing. It's not

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Speaker 1: total nonsense. It's the idea that you could take quantum computers,

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Speaker 1: which we'll dig into in a minute, and you could

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Speaker 1: connect them in a quantum mechanical way, not in the

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Speaker 1: same way that we connect normal classical computers that ship

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Speaker 1: bits back and forth, but you could connect them using

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Speaker 1: a fancy technology called quantum teleportation, which helps you move

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Speaker 1: quantum information between one computer and another. And it makes

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Speaker 1: sort of sense, like we used to develop computers, and

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Speaker 1: then we networked all the computers together because that has

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Speaker 1: obvious advantages, sharing information, working in parallel, et cetera. And

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Speaker 1: now we're developing quantum computers, and so you might think, oh,

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Speaker 1: it could be beneficial to connect quantum computers to each

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Speaker 1: other because maybe they could take over the world and

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Speaker 1: enslave us. No, I mean calculate our taxes faster, whatever

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Speaker 1: quantum computers are supposed to do. So the quantum Internet

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Speaker 1: really is two different ideas. It's quantum computers connected together

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Speaker 1: with quantum teleportation.

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Speaker 2: Oh that sounds very star treky. But so my understanding

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Speaker 2: of quantum computers is that we sort over getting a

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Speaker 2: handle on it. But this is not something that you use,

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Speaker 2: like every day to solve normal problems. Yep, connecting quantum

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Speaker 2: computers it feels like you're jumping ahead five or six steps, Like,

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Speaker 2: shouldn't we get the computers to work first?

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Speaker 1: Well, I don't know. I think we should work on

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Speaker 1: all the problems at the same time. Right, It's not

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Speaker 1: like we should finish physics before we get started on biology,

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Speaker 1: because it's the colvision of everything, right, right, I'm agreeing

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Speaker 1: with you.

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Speaker 2: I mean, you need to be motivated, and how can

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Speaker 2: you stay motivated if you're just doing physics. You need

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Speaker 2: the good stuff too.

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Speaker 1: You're right, we can't use the quantum Internet without quantum computers.

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Speaker 1: But we also don't want to wait until quantum computers

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Speaker 1: are a full fledged thing before we start thinking about

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Speaker 1: how to connect them. And you know, everybody out there

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Speaker 1: is excited about different stuff. So there's a group out

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Speaker 1: there that recently made a splash because of their advance

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Speaker 1: in quantum connection quantum computers, and we're going to talk

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Speaker 1: about that in a minute, and that's why it's in

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Speaker 1: the news. But I think it's a good idea to

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Speaker 1: push on all fronts simultaneously.

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Speaker 2: All right, fair enough, there's enough people excited about the question.

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Speaker 2: You can work on more than one front. Can you

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Speaker 2: give us a quick explanation of what a quantum computer is?

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Speaker 1: Right? So, the quantum Internet is a quantum connected bunch

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Speaker 1: of quantum computers. The core that is a quantum computer.

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Speaker 1: What is a quantum computer? And so there is so

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Speaker 1: much misunderstanding and misinformation about quantum computers, especially recently because

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Speaker 1: of Microsoft results and Google's claims and clickbait writing articles.

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Speaker 1: Quantum computers are not computers that do infinite number of

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Speaker 1: computations in parallel. They are not computers that tap into

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Speaker 1: the multiverse. There are computers that use quantum mechanics to

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Speaker 1: do calculations instead of using classical physics. Or just normal bits. Right,

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Speaker 1: So in a classical computer, the one that I'm using

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Speaker 1: right now to record this podcast episode, and the one

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Speaker 1: that's inside your phone or whatever device you're listening on,

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Speaker 1: there's a bunch of bits. There's zeros and ones, and

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Speaker 1: all of computation involves calculating new bits and flipping bits.

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Speaker 1: You know. For example, when you take a picture, it's

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Speaker 1: stored in terms of those bits. When you add two numbers,

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Speaker 1: it expresses those numbers in binary form, where every digit

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Speaker 1: is a bit, a zero or one, and it adds

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Speaker 1: them in binary form. So the lifeblood of normal computers

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Speaker 1: are these bits that are zero or one, and we

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Speaker 1: use the rules of logic to build up a bunch

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Speaker 1: of stuff that computers can do. But that's just one

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Speaker 1: kind of computer, right. Technically, anything is a computer, like

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Speaker 1: a baseball is a computer. It just calculates only one thing,

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Speaker 1: like what a baseball can do. The cool thing about

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Speaker 1: digital computers, the ones we know and love, is that

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Speaker 1: they're programmable. We figure it out a way to take

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Speaker 1: advantage of this very basic operation and map into lots

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Speaker 1: and lots of really interesting problems. Cool, but there's some

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Speaker 1: things that classical computers are slow at you know, just

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Speaker 1: because you can map them into lots of things doesn't

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Speaker 1: mean that they're very good at things. You know, like

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Speaker 1: counting to a super high number. It can take a while.

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Speaker 1: Anybody who is like run a piece of code over

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Speaker 1: massive data that knows it can take a day or something,

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Speaker 1: even on fast computers. And so quantum computers say, well,

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Speaker 1: what if there's another way to do computation. Instead of

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Speaker 1: starting from something like a zero or one, let's start

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Speaker 1: from a state that's more ambiguous, like a cubebit. A

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Speaker 1: cubit is something that doesn't have to be zero or one.

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Speaker 1: It can have a probability to be zero and a

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Speaker 1: probably to be one, and so there's like more fuzz there.

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Speaker 1: And the rules of quantum mechanics are different from the

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Speaker 1: rules of digital logic, and so that maps to a

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Speaker 1: different set of problems that quantum computers can do quickly

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Speaker 1: or do slowly.

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Speaker 2: Maybe this was when we were talking to Scott Arenson

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Speaker 2: the other day. He said something about how quantum computers

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Speaker 2: are better when you want to solve quantumy problems or

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Speaker 2: things like protein folding, Like if I have a question

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Speaker 2: about parasites, I wouldn't make a computer out of parasites.

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Speaker 2: Why is using cubits make it easier to solve those

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Speaker 2: kinds of problems?

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Speaker 1: Well, actually, I disagree with you, Kelly. I think you

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Speaker 1: should build a parasite computer. And let me tell you why.

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Speaker 1: You know, Let's say you wanted to know what happens

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Speaker 1: on a certain quantum process, right, Well, one thing you

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Speaker 1: could do is you could try to simulate that process

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Speaker 1: on a classical computer. You could like represent it abstractly

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Speaker 1: using zeros and ones, and then encode the rules of

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Speaker 1: quantum physics into that digital logic and run it. It might

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Speaker 1: be kind of slow, or you could just ask the

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Speaker 1: quantum object itself. You're going to do the experiment, right, say, oh,

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Speaker 1: I'm just going to ask the universe. I'm gonna put

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Speaker 1: the quantum objects in that situation. I'm going to see

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Speaker 1: what happens, and then behind the scenes, the universe is

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Speaker 1: following those rules of quantum mechanics for you, and the

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Speaker 1: universe of the computation is free and kind of infinitely fast,

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Speaker 1: and so in comparison, if you wanted to know, Kelly,

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Speaker 1: like what happens if you drop a tapeworm into a

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Speaker 1: can of coke, Just drop the tapeworm into a can

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Speaker 1: of coke. That's a parasite computer right there. We think

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Speaker 1: about computing sort of narrowly, like what it can be

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Speaker 1: done in Excel. But computing is really just like getting

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Speaker 1: the answer to a question, and sometimes building the system

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Speaker 1: itself that you have a question about is the most

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Speaker 1: natural way to get the answer.

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Speaker 2: Okay, so one, I don't expect that Coke is going

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Speaker 2: to be running any ads on our website for our

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Speaker 2: podcast for the foreseeable future.

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Speaker 1: You don't think tapeworms like coke? What you think they

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Speaker 1: prefer something else? Are they pepsi fans?

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Speaker 2: I was going to make a joke about coke being

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Speaker 2: no worse once a tapeworm has dropped in there, But

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Speaker 2: I'm just kidding. I'm just kidding.

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Speaker 1: Wait, have you done that experiment? Do you know the

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Speaker 1: answer to that calculation?

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Speaker 2: I would never do something like that to a parasite.

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Speaker 2: Do I have dropped some ethanol and formaline?

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Speaker 1: So then, backing up to Scott's comment, is natural to

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Speaker 1: calculate quantum things using a quantum computer because it's simpler

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Speaker 1: to express them. It's likely to be fast. Now, in principle,

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Speaker 1: anything you can calculate on a quantum computer, you can

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Speaker 1: also calculate on a normal computer. Why because you can

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Speaker 1: simulate a quantum computer on a normal computer. Right, just

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Speaker 1: design one in your symbolic logic and let it run

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Speaker 1: and simulate the laws of quantum mechanics. It's going to

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Speaker 1: be slower the same way, like calculating exactly what happens

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Speaker 1: to a baseball could be slower than just throwing the baseball. Right,

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Speaker 1: let the universe do the computation. So the thing they

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Speaker 1: know about quantum computers is that it's a different way

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Speaker 1: to represent problems we might want to solve, and they're

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Speaker 1: fast or slow at different things than baseballs or tapeworms

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Speaker 1: or normal digital computers. So they're like a radically different

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Speaker 1: way to do computation, and potentially they're very powerful at

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Speaker 1: some problems. So, you know, there's some problems that we

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Speaker 1: think classical computers are going to be very very bad at.

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Speaker 1: For example, finding out if a number is prime. If

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Speaker 1: I give you a number, how do you know if

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Speaker 1: it's prime? Like if I ask you ninety seven, is

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Speaker 1: it prime? Well, technically you have to check all the

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Speaker 1: factors that might go into it. Well, undt a time.

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Speaker 1: I mean, there's some clever ways to do it to

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Speaker 1: be a little bit more efficient, but it's slow, and

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Speaker 1: as the number gets big, that stays slow. And amazingly,

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Speaker 1: there's a guy who figured out an algorithm to do

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Speaker 1: that on quantum computers much more rapidly than on digital computers.

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Speaker 1: So that's an example of a kind of problem which

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Speaker 1: for weird reasons, because of the way quantum bits come

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Speaker 1: together and the way we can map that problem to

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Speaker 1: mathematical problems, there are some things that would happen fast

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Speaker 1: on a quantum computer than on digital computers, but there's

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Speaker 1: a very small number of those problems. People think like, oh,

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Speaker 1: quantum computers can solve anything, you know, they can break

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Speaker 1: into anything, and they're often used as like the mcguffin

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Speaker 1: on these action movies, Right, don't let the terrorists get

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Speaker 1: the quantum computer, or they'll get your bank account. In reality,

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Speaker 1: cryptography is better protected than is often described in those movies,

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Speaker 1: and nobody has a quantum computer that's powerful enough really

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Speaker 1: to do anything more quickly than classical computers. So quantum

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Speaker 1: computers are a real thing. They're awesome in the future,

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Speaker 1: and we have bigger quantum computers with more bits, they

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Speaker 1: can maybe solve really interesting problems that otherwise would be

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Speaker 1: very slow on normal computers. But no, they're not proof

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Speaker 1: that the multiverse exists. They can do infinite computation in parallel,

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Speaker 1: and they're currently not really useful for anything.

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Speaker 2: A couple questions, all right, First, so you were talking

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Speaker 2: about bits being zero in one, and you're like, so

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Speaker 2: we're going to use something a little fuzzier that to

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Speaker 2: me doesn't necessarily seem like an easy way to get

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Speaker 2: a better answer. So our quantum computers. You said they're

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Speaker 2: better for some questions. Are they worse for a lot

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Speaker 2: of other questions?

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Speaker 3: Oh?

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Speaker 2: Yeah, okay, so they don't always beat classical computers. No, okay,

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Speaker 2: all right? And then you said they're not necessarily computing

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Speaker 2: in the multiverse. Do all of the quantum computer people

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Speaker 2: believe you, because I feel like I've heard some who

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Speaker 2: are like, maybe this does prove the existence of the multiverse.

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Speaker 2: Are you not teaching the controversy here, Daniel.

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Speaker 1: That's a fair question. I don't know anybody who I

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Speaker 1: take seriously in quantum mechanics who thinks that quantum computers

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Speaker 1: prove that the multiverse exists. I mean, how would you

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Speaker 1: even steal man that argument? I think the argument is

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Speaker 1: that quantum computers require superposition of multiple states. You know,

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Speaker 1: for example, like your baseball can only have one energy,

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Speaker 1: but an electron maybe it has a probability to have

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Speaker 1: two different energies. It could have this energy or the

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Speaker 1: other energy, or maybe it has two possible spins. It

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Speaker 1: can simultaneously be in two states, or more accurately, you

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Speaker 1: can say you can have the probability to be in

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Speaker 1: two states at the same time. This is something weird

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Speaker 1: that quantum objects can do. Quantum computation relies on this

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Speaker 1: because the law of quantum physics predicts what will happen

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Speaker 1: to each of those probabilities, and we map our problems

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Speaker 1: onto those quantum physics and use the outcomes of those

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Speaker 1: probabilities to get the answer. So it relies on superpositions existing.

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Speaker 1: But we've known superpositions exist for a long long time,

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Speaker 1: you know, like we have obvious examples of quantum superposition,

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Speaker 1: all the Bells experiments about quantum entanglement that we'll talk about,

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Speaker 1: the interferometer experiment, the double slid experiment, Like we have

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Speaker 1: proof that superposition is a real thing before quantum computers,

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Speaker 1: So like, I don't think because superposition is real, that

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Speaker 1: means there's any strong argument that the multiverse is real.

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Speaker 1: So I'm ninety nine point nine numb percent sure that

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Speaker 1: quantum computing folks would say that this is just hype.

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Speaker 2: Have you let the Marvel folks.

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Speaker 1: Know there's a universe in which the Marvel folks have

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Speaker 1: reached out to me for physics consulting, But it's not

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Speaker 1: this universe.

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Speaker 2: Oh bummer, bummer, all right, that might have been the

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Speaker 2: best universe to live in. But okay, so we've wrapped

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Speaker 2: our heads around quantum compute. So let's take a break

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Speaker 2: and when we get back, we're going to talk about

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Speaker 2: quantum teleportation. All right, and we're back, Daniel in Star

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Speaker 2: Trek is quantum teleportation how they move people from one

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Speaker 2: place to another?

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Speaker 1: You're gonna ask me about the physics of something totally fictional.

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Speaker 2: I love that.

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Speaker 1: That reminds me of when I used to give presentations

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Speaker 1: in elementary schools, and my favorite part about that was

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Speaker 1: always opening the Florida questions.

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Speaker 2: Uh huh.

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Speaker 1: And I remember one day getting a question that totally

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Speaker 1: stumped me, and the question was just very similar to

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Speaker 1: your question. Actually, it was Hey everyone, just a note.

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Speaker 1: While we were recording this episode, a minor earthquake hit

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Speaker 1: southern California and my office shook a little bit. We

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Speaker 1: decided to keep that audio in the record for the

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Speaker 1: sake of transparency about life in California.

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Speaker 2: They just got quake, Aleric, Oh do you feel it?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I'm like literally shaking.

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Speaker 2: Are you still shaking?

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Speaker 1: Nope? We're done. Wow, that was cool.

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Speaker 2: Do you need to check in with anyone?

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Speaker 1: No, just run in the mid day in California. Some

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Speaker 1: kidner gardener asked me if lightsabers were real, would they

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Speaker 1: be made of liquid nitrogen?

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Speaker 2: Wow?

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Speaker 1: Wow, I don't even know how to answer that.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, where do you start.

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Speaker 1: Here's a kyber crystal, Like you want to walk you

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Speaker 1: through the physics of kyber crystals? Like, I don't know anyway,

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Speaker 1: I don't know how they do it in Star Trek.

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Speaker 1: But teleportation is a really interesting question philosophically, and you

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Speaker 1: probably know that because every time we have a science

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Speaker 1: fiction author on I ask them what they think teleportation means.

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Speaker 1: Even does teleportation mean like your actual bits disappear and

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Speaker 1: appear somewhere else, like these atoms are now there? Or

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Speaker 1: is it enough to tear you apart and rebuild you

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Speaker 1: at of different atoms with the same arrangement. Right, Is

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Speaker 1: it like a cut and paste? Is it like an

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Speaker 1: email of what's going on? What is required for teleportation? Anyway,

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Speaker 1: it's kind of a deep philosophical question. Where do you

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Speaker 1: stand on that, Kelly.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, you're dead?

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Speaker 1: Yeah?

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Speaker 2: Yeah, No, you die and you get brought back somewhere else.

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Speaker 2: You couldn't get me in one of those.

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Speaker 1: But that's only because I think you're assuming that they

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Speaker 1: get torn apart and rebuilt. What if there was an

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Speaker 1: actual teleportation device that took your actual atoms and appeared

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Speaker 1: them somewhere else, would you get into that?

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Speaker 2: I would be the one millionth person in line for that.

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Speaker 1: Okay, that was a yes. I heard a yes. We

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Speaker 1: have it on the air.

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Speaker 2: If you're in line in front of me, Daniel, then

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Speaker 2: I will give it a shot.

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Speaker 1: I would like my ashes teleported into the center of

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Speaker 1: the sun. How about that?

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Speaker 2: Oh? Interesting? All right, quantum teleportation. Let's step out of

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Speaker 2: Star Trek and into the real world. How does quantum

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Speaker 2: teleportation work?

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Speaker 1: Right? So, quantum teleportation is arguably not teleportation. I mean,

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Speaker 1: it depends again exactly what do you mean by teleportation

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Speaker 1: in that sense? But quantum teleportation is a way to

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Speaker 1: transmit a quantum state. You know, there's a difficulty here,

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Speaker 1: which is, like, let's say I have a particle in

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Speaker 1: some quantum state, And by a quantum state, I mean

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Speaker 1: like it has a probability to be this and a

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Speaker 1: probability to be that. Right, take an electron, for example,

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Speaker 1: and say it can just have two states up or down.

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Speaker 1: So let's say I have an electron and I've done

438
00:21:24,160 --> 00:21:26,119
Speaker 1: some complicated thing to it so that it has a

439
00:21:26,160 --> 00:21:28,320
Speaker 1: seventy percent chance of being up and the thirty percent

440
00:21:28,400 --> 00:21:29,200
Speaker 1: chance of being down.

441
00:21:29,520 --> 00:21:32,399
Speaker 2: Can you actually do that? Like, you can tinker with

442
00:21:32,440 --> 00:21:34,000
Speaker 2: the probability that it's up or down.

443
00:21:34,320 --> 00:21:36,240
Speaker 1: You can do lots of different stuff. Yeah, you can

444
00:21:36,280 --> 00:21:39,359
Speaker 1: construct an experiment so that electrons have whatever probability you

445
00:21:39,359 --> 00:21:43,560
Speaker 1: want of doing basically whatever. That's what experimentalists do. Yeah, exactly. Wow,

446
00:21:43,680 --> 00:21:46,720
Speaker 1: force the universe to do something cool. And so let's

447
00:21:46,720 --> 00:21:50,080
Speaker 1: say that's like the outcome of your calculation or whatever. Now,

448
00:21:50,240 --> 00:21:53,200
Speaker 1: maybe you want that information somewhere else, right, Maybe you

449
00:21:53,240 --> 00:21:56,160
Speaker 1: want this quantum state to exist not here in California,

450
00:21:56,200 --> 00:21:59,520
Speaker 1: but in some quantum computer in Virginia right where you're

451
00:21:59,560 --> 00:22:02,360
Speaker 1: gonna use that as the basis of your next colcolition

452
00:22:02,560 --> 00:22:04,400
Speaker 1: or I don't know whatever you folks do in Virginia

453
00:22:04,400 --> 00:22:05,200
Speaker 1: with quantum states.

454
00:22:05,320 --> 00:22:07,320
Speaker 2: I know that we don't get earthquake alerts.

455
00:22:11,680 --> 00:22:15,679
Speaker 1: Wow, too soon to superpoint. I'm sorry, No, it's fine.

456
00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:17,680
Speaker 1: And so if you want to copy a quantum state

457
00:22:17,720 --> 00:22:20,280
Speaker 1: from here to there, it's a little tricky because if

458
00:22:20,320 --> 00:22:23,400
Speaker 1: I interact with that electron, if I like measure it,

459
00:22:23,840 --> 00:22:25,080
Speaker 1: or if I touch it, or if I put in

460
00:22:25,119 --> 00:22:29,200
Speaker 1: a box, I risk collapsing its state. Right, the universe

461
00:22:29,240 --> 00:22:32,520
Speaker 1: allows things to stay in superposition till they interact with

462
00:22:32,640 --> 00:22:35,359
Speaker 1: something that can't be in superposition, like a classical object

463
00:22:35,400 --> 00:22:37,919
Speaker 1: like my eyeball or my detector or whatever, and then

464
00:22:37,960 --> 00:22:40,760
Speaker 1: the universe picks okay, spin up or okay spin down.

465
00:22:41,440 --> 00:22:43,080
Speaker 1: And that could be fine. But if what you want

466
00:22:43,119 --> 00:22:46,840
Speaker 1: to do is preserve the quantum superposition, not to collapse it,

467
00:22:47,119 --> 00:22:49,439
Speaker 1: and to copy that information somewhere else, then you do

468
00:22:49,520 --> 00:22:53,199
Speaker 1: something called quantum teleportation. So that's really what quantum teleportation

469
00:22:53,320 --> 00:22:56,320
Speaker 1: is is it transmits a quantum state from one system

470
00:22:56,359 --> 00:22:59,600
Speaker 1: to another without collapsing it, which is pretty cool. I

471
00:22:59,600 --> 00:23:01,960
Speaker 1: don't know over it really qualifies as teleportation.

472
00:23:02,160 --> 00:23:05,840
Speaker 2: Are you actually moving the electron from one place to another.

473
00:23:06,040 --> 00:23:08,600
Speaker 1: You're not at all moving the electron. You're moving the arrangement,

474
00:23:08,640 --> 00:23:11,160
Speaker 1: the quantum state. And so I have an electron here

475
00:23:11,160 --> 00:23:13,440
Speaker 1: in California, you have an electron in Virginia. I want

476
00:23:13,440 --> 00:23:15,560
Speaker 1: to get your electron in Virginia to have the same

477
00:23:15,640 --> 00:23:18,359
Speaker 1: quantum state as my electron. I'm not like putting it

478
00:23:18,400 --> 00:23:20,840
Speaker 1: on a ups truck and driving across the country. I

479
00:23:20,840 --> 00:23:22,800
Speaker 1: could do that, that's no big deal. But if I

480
00:23:22,840 --> 00:23:25,960
Speaker 1: just want to transmit the information the arrangement the quantum state,

481
00:23:26,400 --> 00:23:29,320
Speaker 1: that's what we call quantum teleportation. And some of the

482
00:23:29,359 --> 00:23:32,040
Speaker 1: folks I know in the foundations of quant mechanics really

483
00:23:32,080 --> 00:23:35,040
Speaker 1: hate that name. They're like, why they call it teleportation? Okay,

484
00:23:35,119 --> 00:23:36,919
Speaker 1: I know why, because it sounds cool, but it's not

485
00:23:36,920 --> 00:23:40,199
Speaker 1: really teleportation. It's misleading, and so it's important to understand

486
00:23:40,240 --> 00:23:42,520
Speaker 1: like what it actually means. But it kind of makes sense, right,

487
00:23:42,600 --> 00:23:44,879
Speaker 1: Like if you have a network of quantum computer it's

488
00:23:44,920 --> 00:23:46,680
Speaker 1: one basic thing you're going to want to do is

489
00:23:46,760 --> 00:23:48,880
Speaker 1: take a quantum state from one and copy it over

490
00:23:48,920 --> 00:23:51,120
Speaker 1: to another one so it can like continue the calculation

491
00:23:51,320 --> 00:23:54,120
Speaker 1: or whatever. So whatever you call it, it's an important

492
00:23:54,160 --> 00:23:56,400
Speaker 1: part of having networked quantum computers.

493
00:23:56,480 --> 00:23:58,080
Speaker 2: I feel like it's one of those darned if you do,

494
00:23:58,200 --> 00:24:00,119
Speaker 2: darned if you don't situations. You know, like you call

495
00:24:00,160 --> 00:24:02,080
Speaker 2: it teleportation and now it's awesome and I want to

496
00:24:02,119 --> 00:24:04,840
Speaker 2: hear more. Or you could be like, oh, Jupiter's rings

497
00:24:04,920 --> 00:24:06,680
Speaker 2: or ABC and D and I know I keep using

498
00:24:06,680 --> 00:24:08,919
Speaker 2: it as an example, but like that is so boring.

499
00:24:09,000 --> 00:24:11,040
Speaker 2: You've got to be kidding me. So trying to find

500
00:24:11,040 --> 00:24:13,160
Speaker 2: the sweet spot for naming these things is tough.

501
00:24:13,520 --> 00:24:15,560
Speaker 1: What would you call Jupiter's rings, Kelly.

502
00:24:15,560 --> 00:24:17,320
Speaker 2: Well, I'm going to need some time to think about that.

503
00:24:17,359 --> 00:24:17,800
Speaker 2: I don't know.

504
00:24:18,000 --> 00:24:20,400
Speaker 1: I'm sorry you've been complaining about the name for weeks.

505
00:24:20,640 --> 00:24:23,320
Speaker 2: You're right, oh, man, putting me on the spot.

506
00:24:23,680 --> 00:24:25,120
Speaker 1: I'm just calling your bluff, that's all.

507
00:24:25,240 --> 00:24:27,640
Speaker 2: Yeah, you are calling my bluff. Hmm. What's the name

508
00:24:27,640 --> 00:24:31,280
Speaker 2: of the ring and Lord of the rings? Crashous that's

509
00:24:31,280 --> 00:24:32,240
Speaker 2: what Gollum calls it.

510
00:24:32,400 --> 00:24:34,919
Speaker 1: That's what Gollum calls it. Yeah. The efficient name is

511
00:24:35,160 --> 00:24:36,359
Speaker 1: something in Elvish, isn't it.

512
00:24:36,520 --> 00:24:36,560
Speaker 3: No?

513
00:24:36,720 --> 00:24:40,720
Speaker 2: Yeah, anyway, all right, focusing again, Okay, quantum teleportation we

514
00:24:40,800 --> 00:24:42,919
Speaker 2: understand what that is now. And you said that we

515
00:24:42,960 --> 00:24:47,680
Speaker 2: can connect an electron in California to an electron in Virginia.

516
00:24:47,960 --> 00:24:49,960
Speaker 2: Mm hmmm, how does that process work?

517
00:24:50,200 --> 00:24:52,119
Speaker 1: Yeah, so to do that, we're gonna have to use

518
00:24:52,160 --> 00:24:56,080
Speaker 1: something called quantum entanglement. So we're three layers deep. Now.

519
00:24:56,400 --> 00:25:00,520
Speaker 1: Quantum Internet requires quantum computers connected by quantum teleport rotation,

520
00:25:01,040 --> 00:25:04,160
Speaker 1: which rests on the principle of quantum entanglement. All right,

521
00:25:04,200 --> 00:25:05,760
Speaker 1: So now we're going to dig into what is quantum

522
00:25:05,880 --> 00:25:08,920
Speaker 1: entanglement fundamentally, and then we'll come back and explain how

523
00:25:08,960 --> 00:25:12,240
Speaker 1: you use quantum entanglement to do quantum teleportation to connect

524
00:25:12,240 --> 00:25:15,680
Speaker 1: your quantum computers on the quantum Internet and play quantum

525
00:25:15,720 --> 00:25:17,160
Speaker 1: doom with your quantum friends.

526
00:25:17,440 --> 00:25:19,480
Speaker 2: Oh nice, but that probably would be easier on a

527
00:25:19,480 --> 00:25:20,320
Speaker 2: classical computer.

528
00:25:21,400 --> 00:25:23,280
Speaker 1: You can put doom on anything, though, right the day

529
00:25:23,320 --> 00:25:24,880
Speaker 1: they pour doom to something, that's how you know it's

530
00:25:24,880 --> 00:25:25,520
Speaker 1: a real computer.

531
00:25:25,760 --> 00:25:26,000
Speaker 3: Yep.

532
00:25:26,200 --> 00:25:26,560
Speaker 2: Amen.

533
00:25:26,800 --> 00:25:29,560
Speaker 1: All right, So what is quantum entanglement? And this is

534
00:25:29,640 --> 00:25:32,040
Speaker 1: again something you hear a lot about in the Internet,

535
00:25:32,359 --> 00:25:34,199
Speaker 1: and I know people are confused about because I get

536
00:25:34,240 --> 00:25:36,960
Speaker 1: lots of emails from people saying like, why can't you

537
00:25:37,040 --> 00:25:39,800
Speaker 1: use quantum entanglement to transmit information faster than light, and

538
00:25:39,840 --> 00:25:42,000
Speaker 1: you can't. And we'll talk about why that is. But

539
00:25:42,040 --> 00:25:44,639
Speaker 1: you should also understand the quantum teleportation is not faster

540
00:25:44,720 --> 00:25:48,800
Speaker 1: than light. It's slower than light transmission of quantum information.

541
00:25:49,040 --> 00:25:51,119
Speaker 1: But before we get to that, let's understand what is

542
00:25:51,240 --> 00:25:54,960
Speaker 1: quantum entanglement. Quantum entanglement has to do with the superpositions

543
00:25:55,000 --> 00:25:58,480
Speaker 1: we talked about earlier, the probabilities for various outcomes. So

544
00:25:58,600 --> 00:26:01,040
Speaker 1: let's say we have, instead of just one particle that

545
00:26:01,080 --> 00:26:03,240
Speaker 1: can be spin up or spined down, say we have

546
00:26:03,280 --> 00:26:06,280
Speaker 1: two electrons in California. Each one can be spin up

547
00:26:06,440 --> 00:26:09,280
Speaker 1: or spin down. So how many possible states can they

548
00:26:09,280 --> 00:26:13,320
Speaker 1: be in. Well, there's four. There's plus plus, plus minus,

549
00:26:13,520 --> 00:26:18,280
Speaker 1: minus plus and minus minus, right, so there's four possible states. Cool.

550
00:26:18,320 --> 00:26:20,159
Speaker 1: And if you just like scrambled the electrons, they can

551
00:26:20,160 --> 00:26:22,719
Speaker 1: be in any of those states with equal probability. Cool.

552
00:26:22,840 --> 00:26:25,359
Speaker 1: But let's say we've done something clever. We're an experimentalist,

553
00:26:25,680 --> 00:26:28,399
Speaker 1: and we've prepared these electrons in such a way that

554
00:26:28,440 --> 00:26:30,560
Speaker 1: there's a constraint on them, like they have to have

555
00:26:30,640 --> 00:26:33,280
Speaker 1: opposite spins. And this isn't so hard to do. If

556
00:26:33,280 --> 00:26:35,720
Speaker 1: they come from some state that has a total spin zero.

557
00:26:36,160 --> 00:26:39,720
Speaker 1: The universe conserves angular momentum, and so when you create

558
00:26:39,760 --> 00:26:42,359
Speaker 1: these two electrons, their spin has to add up to zero.

559
00:26:42,640 --> 00:26:44,640
Speaker 1: It's not so hard. And so if you do that,

560
00:26:44,680 --> 00:26:46,840
Speaker 1: it means that only two of the states are possible,

561
00:26:47,000 --> 00:26:49,679
Speaker 1: the one that is plus minus or minus plus the

562
00:26:49,680 --> 00:26:52,800
Speaker 1: plus plus state and the minus minus state no longer allowed.

563
00:26:53,000 --> 00:26:54,960
Speaker 1: So we've crossed two of the states off the list,

564
00:26:55,240 --> 00:26:59,199
Speaker 1: and boom, those two particles are now entangled. Why do

565
00:26:59,280 --> 00:27:02,440
Speaker 1: we say they're entangled because their faiths are connected? Right?

566
00:27:02,480 --> 00:27:04,320
Speaker 1: If one is plus, the other one is minus. If

567
00:27:04,359 --> 00:27:06,760
Speaker 1: one is minus, the other one's plus. And this is

568
00:27:06,800 --> 00:27:09,880
Speaker 1: not some mystical thing where like you force one particle

569
00:27:09,880 --> 00:27:12,040
Speaker 1: to be minus and it reaches out through the universe

570
00:27:12,080 --> 00:27:14,280
Speaker 1: and makes the other one plus. It's just that you

571
00:27:14,320 --> 00:27:16,320
Speaker 1: have a list of options, and that list is limited,

572
00:27:16,359 --> 00:27:19,680
Speaker 1: and in every possible outcome they have the opposite spin.

573
00:27:20,080 --> 00:27:23,240
Speaker 2: I'm keeping track of, like how complicated all of these

574
00:27:23,240 --> 00:27:25,800
Speaker 2: steps are. So you said it's pretty easy to get

575
00:27:26,440 --> 00:27:29,159
Speaker 2: an electron that's entangled, so that one is plus and

576
00:27:29,160 --> 00:27:32,439
Speaker 2: one is minus. What does pretty easy mean? Do you

577
00:27:32,480 --> 00:27:35,080
Speaker 2: have to like go into the lac after spending billions

578
00:27:35,080 --> 00:27:37,320
Speaker 2: of dollars, or is this something that can happen in

579
00:27:37,520 --> 00:27:39,880
Speaker 2: a lab on a UC campus.

580
00:27:40,080 --> 00:27:43,119
Speaker 1: This happens all the time, like every time a photon

581
00:27:43,359 --> 00:27:47,040
Speaker 1: turns into an electron and a positron. Those are entangled,

582
00:27:47,359 --> 00:27:50,280
Speaker 1: like it's constantly happening all of the time, and it's

583
00:27:50,280 --> 00:27:52,520
Speaker 1: not actually that hard to do in the lab. The

584
00:27:52,560 --> 00:27:54,840
Speaker 1: thing that's tricky to do in the lab, and the

585
00:27:54,880 --> 00:27:59,359
Speaker 1: thing that's important is separating those two and maintaining their entanglement.

586
00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:02,800
Speaker 1: You create those particles, they're entangled, and it's a really

587
00:28:02,800 --> 00:28:05,480
Speaker 1: cool state because it's not yet determined. Right, they could

588
00:28:05,480 --> 00:28:07,840
Speaker 1: be plus minus, so they could be minus plus. But

589
00:28:07,960 --> 00:28:10,520
Speaker 1: then you could separate the particles. You can say, i'm

590
00:28:10,520 --> 00:28:13,280
Speaker 1: gonna take particle B and i'm gonna drive it to Virginia.

591
00:28:13,400 --> 00:28:17,560
Speaker 1: I'm gonna leave particle A in California. They're still entangled, right,

592
00:28:17,760 --> 00:28:19,919
Speaker 1: And then if I measure particle A when it's in

593
00:28:19,960 --> 00:28:23,200
Speaker 1: California and I get plus, then I know instantly what

594
00:28:23,240 --> 00:28:26,520
Speaker 1: particle B in Virginia has to be. Because they're entangled.

595
00:28:26,760 --> 00:28:30,200
Speaker 1: The thing that's hard is keeping them entangled, because to

596
00:28:30,280 --> 00:28:32,639
Speaker 1: keep them entangled, you have to avoid them interacting with

597
00:28:32,680 --> 00:28:35,640
Speaker 1: anything else. Like these electrons, they like to interact with stuff.

598
00:28:35,640 --> 00:28:37,200
Speaker 1: You put them in a box, they'll interact with the box.

599
00:28:37,200 --> 00:28:38,880
Speaker 1: You put them on a truck, they'll interact with a truck.

600
00:28:39,040 --> 00:28:42,280
Speaker 1: So keeping these particles in that state while separating them

601
00:28:42,440 --> 00:28:45,600
Speaker 1: means isolating them from everything else, because if they touch

602
00:28:45,680 --> 00:28:47,760
Speaker 1: or interact with anything else, then they get entangled with

603
00:28:47,840 --> 00:28:50,080
Speaker 1: that thing, or they get entangled with you. And now

604
00:28:50,160 --> 00:28:53,080
Speaker 1: you were part of that quantum entanglement state to do

605
00:28:53,160 --> 00:28:54,640
Speaker 1: the things that we want to do in a minute

606
00:28:54,640 --> 00:28:57,280
Speaker 1: to transmit information, and we need them entangled with each

607
00:28:57,320 --> 00:28:59,760
Speaker 1: other and with nothing else. And that's where the sort

608
00:28:59,760 --> 00:29:02,560
Speaker 1: of onto magic comes from. Right, these two particles are

609
00:29:02,560 --> 00:29:05,080
Speaker 1: now really far apart. They can be a kilometer apart,

610
00:29:05,080 --> 00:29:08,240
Speaker 1: a light year apart, and they both maintain the uncertainty

611
00:29:08,240 --> 00:29:11,240
Speaker 1: of being in plus minus or minus plus. Then you

612
00:29:11,320 --> 00:29:13,800
Speaker 1: measure one of them, you get a minus boom. The

613
00:29:13,840 --> 00:29:16,120
Speaker 1: other one is a plus. You know it, it's gone

614
00:29:16,120 --> 00:29:21,000
Speaker 1: from uncertain to certain. That's the incredible thing about quantum entanglement,

615
00:29:21,120 --> 00:29:24,280
Speaker 1: so that you can maintain the connection across distances, that's

616
00:29:24,320 --> 00:29:26,720
Speaker 1: the non local part of quantum mechanics.

617
00:29:26,920 --> 00:29:28,520
Speaker 2: Can we dig in a little bit more about how

618
00:29:28,600 --> 00:29:30,880
Speaker 2: you make them not interact with anything. Do you use

619
00:29:31,000 --> 00:29:34,000
Speaker 2: like electric fields to hold them in the center of

620
00:29:34,040 --> 00:29:34,560
Speaker 2: a box?

621
00:29:34,920 --> 00:29:36,440
Speaker 1: Electric fields are an interaction?

622
00:29:36,640 --> 00:29:39,320
Speaker 2: Oh man, yeah, exactly what do you do?

623
00:29:41,360 --> 00:29:43,200
Speaker 1: It's very hard. I mean, with the simplest way you

624
00:29:43,200 --> 00:29:45,120
Speaker 1: can think about it as a thought experiment. It's like

625
00:29:45,360 --> 00:29:48,280
Speaker 1: you're out in space. You have a photon. It turns

626
00:29:48,320 --> 00:29:50,640
Speaker 1: into an electron and a positron, and they're going in

627
00:29:50,680 --> 00:29:53,520
Speaker 1: opposite directions already naturally, right, Like if it had a

628
00:29:53,520 --> 00:29:55,760
Speaker 1: lot of energy, then that energy is going to get

629
00:29:55,760 --> 00:29:57,760
Speaker 1: transmitted to those particles. They're just going to fly apart,

630
00:29:58,320 --> 00:30:00,560
Speaker 1: and so along the way they're not they interact with

631
00:30:00,560 --> 00:30:03,120
Speaker 1: anything if it's really empty, and so they'll get further

632
00:30:03,160 --> 00:30:05,800
Speaker 1: and further apart and still stay entangled. So on Earth,

633
00:30:05,800 --> 00:30:09,120
Speaker 1: of course, it's much more complicated, and people have all

634
00:30:09,160 --> 00:30:12,520
Speaker 1: sorts of tricks for keeping these things separated and keeping

635
00:30:12,560 --> 00:30:14,960
Speaker 1: them isolated. It's not easy. It depends a lot on

636
00:30:15,000 --> 00:30:18,280
Speaker 1: the details of the quantum system exactly the particles. We

637
00:30:18,320 --> 00:30:20,000
Speaker 1: can dig into that in a future episode. I think

638
00:30:20,000 --> 00:30:22,440
Speaker 1: that's a cool idea, but it's not easy. Right. The

639
00:30:22,480 --> 00:30:26,440
Speaker 1: particles like to interact with everything else. And to decohere,

640
00:30:26,600 --> 00:30:28,680
Speaker 1: this quantum state is very very fragile.

641
00:30:28,920 --> 00:30:31,560
Speaker 2: All right, So that is really awesome. You mentioned that

642
00:30:31,680 --> 00:30:35,160
Speaker 2: this can't be used for faster than light communication. Could

643
00:30:35,160 --> 00:30:37,000
Speaker 2: you dig into that a little bit more.

644
00:30:37,400 --> 00:30:40,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, it sounds like you should be able to use

645
00:30:40,040 --> 00:30:42,600
Speaker 1: it for faster than like communication because there is something

646
00:30:43,040 --> 00:30:47,280
Speaker 1: non local and instantaneous happening. Particle a's in California, particle

647
00:30:47,280 --> 00:30:50,160
Speaker 1: b's in Virginia. Both of them are maintaining their superposition.

648
00:30:50,240 --> 00:30:52,640
Speaker 1: Both of them could still be plus or still be minus.

649
00:30:52,840 --> 00:30:55,120
Speaker 1: The entanglement just says they have to be opposite. Both

650
00:30:55,160 --> 00:30:57,560
Speaker 1: of them could still be plus or minus. Right, I

651
00:30:57,640 --> 00:31:00,800
Speaker 1: make a measurement in California, I get plus instantly know

652
00:31:01,400 --> 00:31:03,520
Speaker 1: that you would get a minus if you measured yours

653
00:31:03,560 --> 00:31:07,200
Speaker 1: in Virginia. So there is some sort of instantaneous across

654
00:31:07,240 --> 00:31:10,200
Speaker 1: space and time thing happening there, which is very very cool,

655
00:31:10,240 --> 00:31:12,080
Speaker 1: and it sounds like you should be able to use

656
00:31:12,120 --> 00:31:14,640
Speaker 1: that for faster than like communication. And a lot of

657
00:31:14,640 --> 00:31:17,400
Speaker 1: people write it and say, well, what if Daniel measures

658
00:31:17,440 --> 00:31:20,360
Speaker 1: his and Kelly is watching, and so she knows, and

659
00:31:20,400 --> 00:31:22,720
Speaker 1: you have a series of these things and Daniel measures

660
00:31:22,720 --> 00:31:24,400
Speaker 1: them at a certain time, and Kelly is watching the

661
00:31:24,400 --> 00:31:26,720
Speaker 1: pattern or something. It feels like you should be able

662
00:31:26,720 --> 00:31:29,280
Speaker 1: to maybe use that for faster than like communication. The

663
00:31:29,360 --> 00:31:31,960
Speaker 1: problem is if I measure mine in California and I

664
00:31:32,000 --> 00:31:34,840
Speaker 1: get plus, I know that you're going to get a minus,

665
00:31:35,240 --> 00:31:37,880
Speaker 1: but you don't know that. The Only thing you can

666
00:31:37,920 --> 00:31:40,120
Speaker 1: do is look at your particle and measure it, and

667
00:31:40,200 --> 00:31:42,160
Speaker 1: you don't know if it's collapsed or not. You can't

668
00:31:42,280 --> 00:31:44,440
Speaker 1: tell that it's collapsed. I know that it's collapsed, but

669
00:31:44,440 --> 00:31:47,080
Speaker 1: there's nothing about the particle itself that shows you that

670
00:31:47,120 --> 00:31:49,960
Speaker 1: it's collapsed. You can measure it and get a minus. Cool,

671
00:31:50,160 --> 00:31:51,920
Speaker 1: but you don't know if you got a minus because

672
00:31:51,960 --> 00:31:55,080
Speaker 1: I already collapsed it, or because it was not collapsed

673
00:31:55,120 --> 00:31:58,240
Speaker 1: and you collapsed. It's no like your particle has been collapsed.

674
00:31:58,320 --> 00:32:01,720
Speaker 1: Light that goes on. There's no way to manipulate these things.

675
00:32:01,760 --> 00:32:03,480
Speaker 1: And I also can't change it. It's not like I

676
00:32:03,520 --> 00:32:05,280
Speaker 1: can say, oh, I have a plus, I'm gonna flip

677
00:32:05,320 --> 00:32:07,520
Speaker 1: it to a minus to make Kelly's go the opposite.

678
00:32:07,560 --> 00:32:10,760
Speaker 1: And as soon as I've measured mine, I break the entanglement.

679
00:32:10,880 --> 00:32:13,520
Speaker 1: Right it's over. It's interactive with something that was a

680
00:32:13,560 --> 00:32:16,520
Speaker 1: one time deal. So in science fiction novels where they

681
00:32:16,560 --> 00:32:18,120
Speaker 1: have like entangled particles and they put one on a

682
00:32:18,160 --> 00:32:19,880
Speaker 1: ship and they take them to Alpha's centauri and then

683
00:32:19,920 --> 00:32:21,720
Speaker 1: they can use it as the basis of some answerable

684
00:32:21,760 --> 00:32:25,120
Speaker 1: technology where they do FTL communication. Yeah, that's pure nonsense.

685
00:32:25,280 --> 00:32:27,400
Speaker 1: It's fun. I'd love it, but it doesn't work.

686
00:32:27,640 --> 00:32:30,640
Speaker 2: Okay, so it can't be used for helpful communication. But

687
00:32:30,880 --> 00:32:35,280
Speaker 2: does the bit flip at a rate that's faster than light?

688
00:32:35,400 --> 00:32:37,440
Speaker 2: So you bring them to opposite sides of the universe,

689
00:32:37,840 --> 00:32:39,720
Speaker 2: do they communicate faster than light?

690
00:32:40,920 --> 00:32:43,720
Speaker 1: Great question, Yes, but I wouldn't say bitflip. So the

691
00:32:43,800 --> 00:32:47,120
Speaker 1: collapse is instantaneous, right, If I measure mine in California,

692
00:32:47,280 --> 00:32:50,120
Speaker 1: then instantaneously yours collapses faster than light.

693
00:32:50,320 --> 00:32:51,120
Speaker 2: Okay. Wow.

694
00:32:51,280 --> 00:32:53,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, and that's weird and that's cool. And that's the

695
00:32:53,600 --> 00:32:56,479
Speaker 1: thing about quantum mechanics that we call non local, right,

696
00:32:56,520 --> 00:32:59,760
Speaker 1: there's something global that's happening there, and people who've heard

697
00:32:59,800 --> 00:33:02,720
Speaker 1: of Bell's experiment. Bell's experiment proves to us that it's

698
00:33:02,720 --> 00:33:04,840
Speaker 1: not like one particle was always plus and the other

699
00:33:04,880 --> 00:33:07,160
Speaker 1: one was always minus. We just don't know it. It

700
00:33:07,200 --> 00:33:09,600
Speaker 1: means that this uncertainty is real, that they really do

701
00:33:09,720 --> 00:33:13,600
Speaker 1: maintain the possibility of both outcomes until you do measure it.

702
00:33:13,720 --> 00:33:17,200
Speaker 1: Bell's experiment proved that there's no like hidden information there

703
00:33:17,280 --> 00:33:20,160
Speaker 1: that determines the outcome. It really is uncertain or at

704
00:33:20,280 --> 00:33:22,440
Speaker 1: least and this is important, but it proved that there's

705
00:33:22,480 --> 00:33:25,840
Speaker 1: no local hidden information. Quantum mechanics has to be non

706
00:33:26,000 --> 00:33:30,440
Speaker 1: local in some way either. It really is probabilistic, and

707
00:33:30,480 --> 00:33:34,120
Speaker 1: it maintains these probabilities and collapses instantaneously across space time

708
00:33:34,160 --> 00:33:36,160
Speaker 1: when one of them is measured. So you should really

709
00:33:36,160 --> 00:33:38,320
Speaker 1: think of it as like not two particles but one

710
00:33:38,440 --> 00:33:41,360
Speaker 1: big quantum state. You collapse it anywhere, the whole thing

711
00:33:41,400 --> 00:33:45,320
Speaker 1: collapses or there are some other crazy theories about global

712
00:33:45,560 --> 00:33:49,760
Speaker 1: quantum information, you know, like super determinism or whatever that

713
00:33:49,760 --> 00:33:51,520
Speaker 1: we can get into another time. But you know, the

714
00:33:51,560 --> 00:33:53,920
Speaker 1: way most people think about it is that it does

715
00:33:54,000 --> 00:33:57,640
Speaker 1: collapse instantaneously across space and time, which is crazy. But

716
00:33:57,720 --> 00:34:00,640
Speaker 1: you can't use it to transmit information because you can't

717
00:34:00,680 --> 00:34:03,640
Speaker 1: control it. Right. You can ask it, you can query it,

718
00:34:03,640 --> 00:34:05,720
Speaker 1: you can collapse it. I can't even tell whether you've

719
00:34:05,720 --> 00:34:07,480
Speaker 1: collapsed it or not. And you can't tell whether I've

720
00:34:07,520 --> 00:34:08,359
Speaker 1: collapsed it or not.

721
00:34:08,719 --> 00:34:11,960
Speaker 2: Okay, so it's not useful for faster than light communication,

722
00:34:12,640 --> 00:34:17,920
Speaker 2: but it is useful for quantum teleportation. So after the break,

723
00:34:18,000 --> 00:34:20,960
Speaker 2: let's jump back up a level to quantum teleportation and

724
00:34:20,960 --> 00:34:40,239
Speaker 2: try to understand that. All right, we're back. So we

725
00:34:40,600 --> 00:34:45,440
Speaker 2: now have a firm understanding of quantum entanglement. Maybe we

726
00:34:45,480 --> 00:34:47,480
Speaker 2: have a firm understanding, and then we have two quantum

727
00:34:47,480 --> 00:34:49,960
Speaker 2: computers and we want them to be able to communicate

728
00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:52,960
Speaker 2: with quantum teleportation. Yes, tell us some more about how

729
00:34:52,960 --> 00:34:53,400
Speaker 2: that works.

730
00:34:53,600 --> 00:34:55,440
Speaker 1: Right, So remember the problem we want to solve is

731
00:34:55,520 --> 00:34:58,200
Speaker 1: I have my electron. It's in some state, maybe it's

732
00:34:58,200 --> 00:35:00,400
Speaker 1: like seventy thirty plus or minus or whatever, and you

733
00:35:00,400 --> 00:35:01,960
Speaker 1: have an electron in Virginia, and I want to put

734
00:35:02,000 --> 00:35:04,560
Speaker 1: your electron in the same state as my electron, and

735
00:35:04,600 --> 00:35:06,759
Speaker 1: I don't want to collapse it, and I also don't

736
00:35:06,760 --> 00:35:08,120
Speaker 1: want to put in a truck and drive it across

737
00:35:08,160 --> 00:35:11,160
Speaker 1: the country. How do I get that quantum information without

738
00:35:11,160 --> 00:35:14,279
Speaker 1: collapsing it and make your electron have it? Right? And

739
00:35:14,320 --> 00:35:17,480
Speaker 1: so the way we do that is through quantum entanglement,

740
00:35:17,680 --> 00:35:20,239
Speaker 1: because I can interact with my electron without collapsing it

741
00:35:20,280 --> 00:35:23,319
Speaker 1: if I use with another quantum particle. So if I

742
00:35:23,400 --> 00:35:25,239
Speaker 1: touch the electron, or if I poke it with something

743
00:35:25,239 --> 00:35:28,120
Speaker 1: classical that can't be in a superposition, it will collapse

744
00:35:28,120 --> 00:35:30,839
Speaker 1: the electron. But if I let that electron interact with

745
00:35:30,880 --> 00:35:33,520
Speaker 1: some other quantum thing that can be in a superposition,

746
00:35:33,960 --> 00:35:36,520
Speaker 1: it'll get entangled with that quantum thing. So I have

747
00:35:36,520 --> 00:35:39,840
Speaker 1: my electronics in the special state. I bring in another particle,

748
00:35:40,120 --> 00:35:43,000
Speaker 1: and I have those two interacts somehow, and now they're entangled.

749
00:35:43,160 --> 00:35:45,440
Speaker 1: You have the particle we want to copy and some

750
00:35:45,600 --> 00:35:48,840
Speaker 1: other particle entangled with it. Now if I planned ahead

751
00:35:48,920 --> 00:35:52,480
Speaker 1: and had entangled this other particle with a third particle

752
00:35:52,840 --> 00:35:55,440
Speaker 1: that we then sent to Virginia, we'd be ready to

753
00:35:55,480 --> 00:35:58,400
Speaker 1: do quantum teleportation. So here's the setup. I have the

754
00:35:58,440 --> 00:36:01,520
Speaker 1: original source particle I want to copy, and a pair

755
00:36:01,560 --> 00:36:04,520
Speaker 1: of particles that are entangled with each other but separated,

756
00:36:04,760 --> 00:36:08,200
Speaker 1: one in California and one in Virginia. I entangle my

757
00:36:08,400 --> 00:36:12,800
Speaker 1: California particle with the source particle without breaking the entanglement

758
00:36:13,080 --> 00:36:16,120
Speaker 1: because it's a quantum particle, and so the entanglement just spreads.

759
00:36:16,239 --> 00:36:18,319
Speaker 1: It doesn't break like it would if it interacted with

760
00:36:18,360 --> 00:36:21,680
Speaker 1: a classical object or with the whole environment. So I

761
00:36:21,719 --> 00:36:25,200
Speaker 1: have my California end of our entangled particle pair, and

762
00:36:25,320 --> 00:36:27,879
Speaker 1: now I've entangled that with the source particle I want

763
00:36:27,880 --> 00:36:30,279
Speaker 1: to copy, and I can see what happens to the

764
00:36:30,280 --> 00:36:33,600
Speaker 1: California end of the entangled pair. They can use the

765
00:36:33,600 --> 00:36:36,360
Speaker 1: information in that new special particle. I can read that

766
00:36:36,520 --> 00:36:39,960
Speaker 1: off and send you some information. I can email it

767
00:36:39,960 --> 00:36:41,480
Speaker 1: to you, or I can send it to be a

768
00:36:41,520 --> 00:36:45,479
Speaker 1: carrier pigeon or whatever some slower then like process, because

769
00:36:45,520 --> 00:36:48,280
Speaker 1: everything is slower than night. I send you that information,

770
00:36:48,560 --> 00:36:51,480
Speaker 1: and there's a recipe for using that information to copy

771
00:36:51,520 --> 00:36:54,840
Speaker 1: the state of my particle onto your electron. I'm telling

772
00:36:54,840 --> 00:36:56,440
Speaker 1: you what you have to do to your end of

773
00:36:56,480 --> 00:37:00,000
Speaker 1: the California Virginia entangled pair to make it a quantum

774
00:37:00,239 --> 00:37:03,960
Speaker 1: copy of my original source particle. So, to summarize, we

775
00:37:04,120 --> 00:37:08,280
Speaker 1: entangled two particles, separate them while keeping them entangled, entangle

776
00:37:08,440 --> 00:37:11,319
Speaker 1: my California end of it with the source particle, read

777
00:37:11,360 --> 00:37:13,680
Speaker 1: off some information about that, and send it to you,

778
00:37:14,040 --> 00:37:16,799
Speaker 1: so you know how to manipulate your Virginia end to

779
00:37:16,880 --> 00:37:18,880
Speaker 1: make it a copy of my source particle.

780
00:37:19,080 --> 00:37:21,960
Speaker 2: Okay, so you have something going on in your computer

781
00:37:22,000 --> 00:37:26,239
Speaker 2: where you've got entangled cubits, Yes, and you send me

782
00:37:26,280 --> 00:37:28,080
Speaker 2: an email with instructions for how to do that on

783
00:37:28,160 --> 00:37:32,520
Speaker 2: my computer. Yes exactly, and now my computer has the

784
00:37:32,560 --> 00:37:35,520
Speaker 2: same entanglement stuff going on as your computer.

785
00:37:35,800 --> 00:37:38,640
Speaker 1: Yes exactly. There's a lot of little bits that we've

786
00:37:38,640 --> 00:37:40,960
Speaker 1: skipped over because the math is a little complicated. But

787
00:37:41,040 --> 00:37:44,120
Speaker 1: the crucial thing to understand is that I've avoided collapsing

788
00:37:44,280 --> 00:37:47,759
Speaker 1: my cubit by interacting with a quantum particle, which now

789
00:37:47,840 --> 00:37:50,799
Speaker 1: stores the information from it. And I can extract that

790
00:37:50,840 --> 00:37:53,560
Speaker 1: information from my quantum particle and send it to you,

791
00:37:53,960 --> 00:37:56,319
Speaker 1: so you can reverse the process. If we have kept

792
00:37:56,320 --> 00:37:59,680
Speaker 1: our entangled pair nicely entangled, you can prepare some fond

793
00:37:59,680 --> 00:38:01,640
Speaker 1: of part of in that state, have it interact with

794
00:38:01,680 --> 00:38:04,319
Speaker 1: your electron, and then your electron will be in the

795
00:38:04,360 --> 00:38:07,239
Speaker 1: same state as my original one was. And so this

796
00:38:07,320 --> 00:38:10,800
Speaker 1: is what quantum teleportation is. It's a way to interact

797
00:38:10,800 --> 00:38:13,759
Speaker 1: with the quantum objects, extract their information without collapsing it,

798
00:38:13,960 --> 00:38:16,759
Speaker 1: encode it into something that we can transmit across the

799
00:38:16,800 --> 00:38:19,160
Speaker 1: world or whatever, and then reverse the process.

800
00:38:19,600 --> 00:38:23,239
Speaker 2: But when your quantum particle entangles with an electron in

801
00:38:23,280 --> 00:38:25,520
Speaker 2: your computer, and then you look at what the quantum

802
00:38:25,520 --> 00:38:28,360
Speaker 2: particle is doing, so that you can tell my computer

803
00:38:28,440 --> 00:38:30,880
Speaker 2: what to do. When you look at your quantum particle

804
00:38:30,920 --> 00:38:33,520
Speaker 2: because it was entangled, doesn't it mess up the system?

805
00:38:33,640 --> 00:38:36,120
Speaker 1: It does actually mess up the system. And so when

806
00:38:36,160 --> 00:38:39,120
Speaker 1: you copy the state, it destroys the original state. So

807
00:38:39,320 --> 00:38:42,360
Speaker 1: the electron that I had in California is no longer

808
00:38:42,400 --> 00:38:44,160
Speaker 1: going to be in that state that we both wanted.

809
00:38:44,360 --> 00:38:47,520
Speaker 1: So I extract that information, I send it to you.

810
00:38:47,520 --> 00:38:49,480
Speaker 1: You use that to create the quantum state over there

811
00:38:49,480 --> 00:38:52,279
Speaker 1: in Virginia. But there's a no cloning theorem that says

812
00:38:52,320 --> 00:38:55,400
Speaker 1: that you can't extract that information without also destroying it.

813
00:38:55,440 --> 00:38:57,399
Speaker 1: But here we are extracting it in such a way

814
00:38:57,440 --> 00:39:00,799
Speaker 1: that we can recreate the state in Virginia. Yes, we've

815
00:39:00,840 --> 00:39:03,279
Speaker 1: destroyed the state of the California electron. So I'm not

816
00:39:03,320 --> 00:39:05,920
Speaker 1: like just emailing you a PDF where like I also

817
00:39:05,920 --> 00:39:08,680
Speaker 1: still have it. I have to like shred that PDF

818
00:39:08,760 --> 00:39:11,680
Speaker 1: somehow and send it to you so you can recreate it.

819
00:39:11,840 --> 00:39:14,600
Speaker 2: So the teleportation, and maybe this is where we discovered

820
00:39:14,600 --> 00:39:17,919
Speaker 2: that teleportation actually wasn't a great term for this, But okay,

821
00:39:17,960 --> 00:39:21,680
Speaker 2: so the teleportation is actually just that you've used entanglement

822
00:39:22,120 --> 00:39:24,399
Speaker 2: to figure out what's happening with another electron. You're sending

823
00:39:24,480 --> 00:39:27,200
Speaker 2: me that information and you are like teleporting it by

824
00:39:27,239 --> 00:39:31,440
Speaker 2: email quote unquote, and that's where the teleportation is happening.

825
00:39:31,600 --> 00:39:34,759
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's very equivalent to saying, like, hey, Kelly, I

826
00:39:34,840 --> 00:39:37,399
Speaker 1: built a really cool Lego house over here, and I'm

827
00:39:37,400 --> 00:39:39,319
Speaker 1: going to send you the recipe to do so. I

828
00:39:39,320 --> 00:39:41,120
Speaker 1: need to like tear apart my Lego house so I

829
00:39:41,120 --> 00:39:43,680
Speaker 1: can keep track of exactly how you're going to build it.

830
00:39:43,880 --> 00:39:45,680
Speaker 1: Then I'm email you the recipe and you guys are

831
00:39:45,680 --> 00:39:48,000
Speaker 1: going to build the same Lego house over there. I

832
00:39:48,040 --> 00:39:50,480
Speaker 1: had to destroy my Lego house to develop the recipe,

833
00:39:50,719 --> 00:39:52,480
Speaker 1: and I just emailed it to you, or I send

834
00:39:52,480 --> 00:39:54,200
Speaker 1: it to you via mail or whatever. But now you

835
00:39:54,239 --> 00:39:56,879
Speaker 1: have the recipe to create exactly the same thing. And

836
00:39:57,160 --> 00:39:59,480
Speaker 1: this is tricky only because these are quantum particles and

837
00:39:59,520 --> 00:40:02,120
Speaker 1: it's not to read them off and to create these states.

838
00:40:02,160 --> 00:40:04,960
Speaker 1: But this essentially is quantum teleportation. And I'll kind of

839
00:40:05,040 --> 00:40:06,960
Speaker 1: argue the teleportation it's not a terrible name for it.

840
00:40:07,000 --> 00:40:10,520
Speaker 1: I mean, if the Star Trek teleporter is scanning you

841
00:40:10,680 --> 00:40:12,880
Speaker 1: and reading the quantum state of all your particles and

842
00:40:12,880 --> 00:40:15,560
Speaker 1: then beaming that information to another machine that can reverse

843
00:40:15,600 --> 00:40:17,879
Speaker 1: that process, then Yeah, that's kind of what we're talking

844
00:40:17,920 --> 00:40:18,399
Speaker 1: about here.

845
00:40:18,600 --> 00:40:22,920
Speaker 2: So everything we've just talked about sounds pretty complicated. Can

846
00:40:22,960 --> 00:40:24,960
Speaker 2: you give me some situations where you would want to

847
00:40:25,000 --> 00:40:27,680
Speaker 2: go through that process? Like, why would you create something

848
00:40:27,680 --> 00:40:29,839
Speaker 2: in one computer destroy it just so you can create

849
00:40:29,840 --> 00:40:32,520
Speaker 2: it on another computer. Couldn't you just create it and

850
00:40:32,600 --> 00:40:36,080
Speaker 2: the second computer from scratch without making it on the

851
00:40:36,200 --> 00:40:36,960
Speaker 2: other one first?

852
00:40:37,440 --> 00:40:41,120
Speaker 1: Yeah? Maybe, but perhaps it's the outcome of a very complicated,

853
00:40:41,280 --> 00:40:45,160
Speaker 1: very expensive quantum computation, you know. And like, let's say

854
00:40:45,200 --> 00:40:47,920
Speaker 1: I have a quantum supercomputer and you ask me to

855
00:40:47,960 --> 00:40:50,360
Speaker 1: do some calculation about your tapeworm simulation.

856
00:40:50,480 --> 00:40:51,760
Speaker 2: I don't know, you have my attention.

857
00:40:53,040 --> 00:40:54,319
Speaker 1: I do it for you, and I want to send

858
00:40:54,320 --> 00:40:56,920
Speaker 1: you the result, right, I want to use the quantum

859
00:40:57,000 --> 00:40:59,760
Speaker 1: Internet to send you this quantum answer to your quantum

860
00:40:59,760 --> 00:41:02,440
Speaker 1: could computer from my quantum computer. And yeah, you could

861
00:41:02,480 --> 00:41:04,880
Speaker 1: recreate it, but it might be really really slow, and

862
00:41:04,920 --> 00:41:07,080
Speaker 1: so might well just copy the answer in the same

863
00:41:07,080 --> 00:41:09,879
Speaker 1: way that your computer can calculate your taxes much much

864
00:41:09,920 --> 00:41:11,920
Speaker 1: faster than you can. And you might think, well, why

865
00:41:11,920 --> 00:41:14,439
Speaker 1: do I need that? I can just do it myself. Yeah,

866
00:41:14,480 --> 00:41:15,920
Speaker 1: but you might as well skip ahead and get the

867
00:41:15,960 --> 00:41:18,920
Speaker 1: answer so in that way, the quantum information here represents

868
00:41:18,920 --> 00:41:22,879
Speaker 1: the results of a quantum computation, which could be extraordinarily valuable, right,

869
00:41:22,920 --> 00:41:25,200
Speaker 1: and so you might want to save that. And people

870
00:41:25,320 --> 00:41:28,319
Speaker 1: thought about ways to build super powerful quantum computers by

871
00:41:28,360 --> 00:41:33,080
Speaker 1: tying together quantum bits across the quantum cloud, right the

872
00:41:33,120 --> 00:41:36,040
Speaker 1: way you like, we make very powerful computers by spreading

873
00:41:36,040 --> 00:41:39,080
Speaker 1: information and computation across them. You ask Amazon to do

874
00:41:39,120 --> 00:41:42,080
Speaker 1: a complicated calculation, it doesn't just run in a one computer.

875
00:41:42,120 --> 00:41:44,480
Speaker 1: It runs on ten fifty one hundred, so that you

876
00:41:44,520 --> 00:41:46,880
Speaker 1: get the answer faster. In the same way, maybe you

877
00:41:46,920 --> 00:41:49,280
Speaker 1: take a big quantum problem, you break it into pieces.

878
00:41:49,560 --> 00:41:51,359
Speaker 1: Each quantum computer does a piece of it, and then

879
00:41:51,360 --> 00:41:53,160
Speaker 1: they want to send the answer back to some central

880
00:41:53,200 --> 00:41:55,600
Speaker 1: node which puts it together to get the final answer.

881
00:41:55,880 --> 00:41:59,319
Speaker 1: That requires a quantum internet of quantum computers that can

882
00:41:59,400 --> 00:42:02,600
Speaker 1: send quant states back and forth to each other. And

883
00:42:02,680 --> 00:42:05,120
Speaker 1: so that's why this is a stepping stone to some

884
00:42:05,480 --> 00:42:08,000
Speaker 1: future awesome globally linked quantum computer.

885
00:42:08,239 --> 00:42:10,799
Speaker 2: And so where are we now? Has somebody recently done

886
00:42:10,840 --> 00:42:12,160
Speaker 2: this quantum teleportation thing?

887
00:42:12,360 --> 00:42:14,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, so people have been working on this for a while.

888
00:42:14,200 --> 00:42:16,320
Speaker 1: And the bit that we talked about the quantum entanglement

889
00:42:16,320 --> 00:42:21,120
Speaker 1: and sending information usually requires really specialized hardware. Keeping our

890
00:42:21,160 --> 00:42:23,839
Speaker 1: two particles entangled is hard because we have to keep

891
00:42:23,880 --> 00:42:27,600
Speaker 1: them isolated from any classical object. And what happened recently

892
00:42:27,800 --> 00:42:30,440
Speaker 1: is a lab at Northwestern in northern Chicago managed to

893
00:42:30,480 --> 00:42:34,720
Speaker 1: do quantum teleportation over normal fiber optics. Right, So usually

894
00:42:34,719 --> 00:42:39,359
Speaker 1: like keeping that information pristine and clean is very very hard, Right,

895
00:42:39,560 --> 00:42:42,360
Speaker 1: you have specialized hardware to transmit this information because it

896
00:42:42,360 --> 00:42:44,160
Speaker 1: has to be just right. But they were able to

897
00:42:44,239 --> 00:42:47,719
Speaker 1: use fiber optic cables that were thirty kilometers long that

898
00:42:47,880 --> 00:42:51,560
Speaker 1: already also had normal Internet traffic, so like people randomly

899
00:42:51,560 --> 00:42:54,360
Speaker 1: emailing and texting pictures of their cats and whatever, and

900
00:42:54,400 --> 00:42:56,800
Speaker 1: they were able to send this information to do quantum

901
00:42:56,880 --> 00:43:02,239
Speaker 1: teleportation across this noisy, totally and fiber optic cable. And

902
00:43:02,280 --> 00:43:04,800
Speaker 1: so that was the excitement recently about the quantum Internet,

903
00:43:04,880 --> 00:43:08,040
Speaker 1: is that we went from like you need specialized, dedicated

904
00:43:08,080 --> 00:43:10,480
Speaker 1: hardware to do it for a single electron, to like,

905
00:43:10,560 --> 00:43:12,800
Speaker 1: oh no, we can do it over long distances using

906
00:43:13,080 --> 00:43:15,400
Speaker 1: standard equipment that already exists.

907
00:43:15,719 --> 00:43:20,439
Speaker 2: But you're not sending entangled electrons through fiber optics. You're

908
00:43:20,480 --> 00:43:23,600
Speaker 2: just sending instructions through fiber optics that then set up

909
00:43:23,640 --> 00:43:25,120
Speaker 2: the next computer on the other side.

910
00:43:25,160 --> 00:43:27,040
Speaker 1: Is that right, Yes, that's exactly right.

911
00:43:27,120 --> 00:43:29,200
Speaker 2: Okay, still totally awesome. I just wanted to make sure

912
00:43:29,200 --> 00:43:30,960
Speaker 2: I was understanding all right, awesome.

913
00:43:31,360 --> 00:43:34,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, And so this is the first demonstration of quantum

914
00:43:34,160 --> 00:43:38,000
Speaker 1: teleportation of entangled photons through busy optical fibers that are

915
00:43:38,040 --> 00:43:42,680
Speaker 1: also carrying conventional telecommunications traffic. So, you know, it brings

916
00:43:42,760 --> 00:43:45,200
Speaker 1: us a step closer. It's not like we have the

917
00:43:45,239 --> 00:43:47,640
Speaker 1: quantum Internet. It's not like you can log on right

918
00:43:47,640 --> 00:43:49,880
Speaker 1: now to the quantum Internet and do your quantum taxes

919
00:43:50,160 --> 00:43:52,200
Speaker 1: or anything like that. But you know, this is an

920
00:43:52,239 --> 00:43:55,560
Speaker 1: important step forward in making this realistic because if we

921
00:43:55,600 --> 00:43:57,640
Speaker 1: want to build a bunch of quantum computers and connect them,

922
00:43:57,680 --> 00:44:00,200
Speaker 1: it'd be nice if we could use standard equipment to

923
00:44:00,239 --> 00:44:02,400
Speaker 1: do so and not have to build a whole separate

924
00:44:02,480 --> 00:44:06,520
Speaker 1: quantum Internet. So it's cool, it's like, very experimentally awesome.

925
00:44:06,760 --> 00:44:09,520
Speaker 2: Taxes are so complicated it wouldn't surprise me if next

926
00:44:09,560 --> 00:44:12,839
Speaker 2: year we need to be doing our taxes on quantum computers.

927
00:44:12,840 --> 00:44:14,120
Speaker 2: But I hope we're not getting there.

928
00:44:14,280 --> 00:44:15,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, well, you should think about whether you want to

929
00:44:15,680 --> 00:44:17,720
Speaker 1: pay your taxes or not pay them or both.

930
00:44:18,080 --> 00:44:21,640
Speaker 2: Whoa, I know which one I'd rather do. But on

931
00:44:21,680 --> 00:44:24,800
Speaker 2: the other hand, I really like my government services, so

932
00:44:25,280 --> 00:44:26,600
Speaker 2: I feel complicated and.

933
00:44:26,560 --> 00:44:27,880
Speaker 1: I like not being in jail.

934
00:44:28,239 --> 00:44:30,319
Speaker 2: Yeah, me too, Me too. There's a lot of things

935
00:44:30,360 --> 00:44:33,319
Speaker 2: that would be hard to do from jail, like this podcast.

936
00:44:34,520 --> 00:44:36,560
Speaker 1: Actually that might be possible. We'll find out maybe.

937
00:44:36,600 --> 00:44:37,000
Speaker 2: Yeah.

938
00:44:37,040 --> 00:44:39,480
Speaker 1: So the quantum Internet is a real thing, right. Quantum

939
00:44:39,520 --> 00:44:42,360
Speaker 1: computers are real and they're awesome, not always in the

940
00:44:42,360 --> 00:44:44,600
Speaker 1: way people say they are. They're not the multiverse, but

941
00:44:44,640 --> 00:44:47,320
Speaker 1: they are a new way to do computation. And quantum

942
00:44:47,320 --> 00:44:50,560
Speaker 1: teleportation is a real thing. It's not faster than light,

943
00:44:50,640 --> 00:44:52,680
Speaker 1: it's not Star Trek, but it is a way to

944
00:44:52,760 --> 00:44:56,400
Speaker 1: transmit quantum states across vast distances, which is very cool.

945
00:44:56,640 --> 00:44:59,480
Speaker 1: Bring them together and you get the quantum Internet. Quantum

946
00:44:59,520 --> 00:45:04,440
Speaker 1: computers connected through quantum teleportation to do massive quantum problem solving.

947
00:45:04,680 --> 00:45:05,640
Speaker 1: I think it's pretty cool.

948
00:45:05,800 --> 00:45:07,680
Speaker 2: The future is now, and so.

949
00:45:07,640 --> 00:45:09,399
Speaker 1: I hope I didn't throw too much of a wet

950
00:45:09,440 --> 00:45:12,080
Speaker 1: blanket on the quantum Internet. There is really a lot

951
00:45:12,120 --> 00:45:14,719
Speaker 1: of awesome physics happening there. And if one day we

952
00:45:14,760 --> 00:45:17,719
Speaker 1: do have very powerful quantum computers. They may be able

953
00:45:17,719 --> 00:45:20,160
Speaker 1: to solve problems that do stomp us today. So I

954
00:45:20,160 --> 00:45:22,000
Speaker 1: look forward to the first time an episode of this

955
00:45:22,040 --> 00:45:24,360
Speaker 1: podcast is released on the quantum Internet.

956
00:45:24,520 --> 00:45:26,920
Speaker 2: Well, you are now a member of the Wet Blanket Club.

957
00:45:26,960 --> 00:45:28,720
Speaker 2: But it's going to be a while before your president.

958
00:45:29,320 --> 00:45:31,319
Speaker 2: But I enjoyed spending this time with you.

959
00:45:32,160 --> 00:45:33,839
Speaker 1: Are you dictator for lives that hot works?

960
00:45:33,920 --> 00:45:39,880
Speaker 2: Yeah? Yeah, that's right, and Zach's first husband of the Dictator.

961
00:45:41,440 --> 00:45:43,239
Speaker 1: I'll start as as secretary, work my way up.

962
00:45:43,320 --> 00:45:44,080
Speaker 2: Oh right, good luck?

963
00:45:44,520 --> 00:45:46,560
Speaker 1: All right, thanks everybody for listening. I hope we didn't

964
00:45:46,680 --> 00:45:49,320
Speaker 1: entangle your minds at least not too much.

965
00:45:56,360 --> 00:46:00,200
Speaker 2: Daniel and Kelly's Extraordinary Universe is produced by iHeartRadio. We

966
00:46:00,239 --> 00:46:02,640
Speaker 2: would love to hear from you, We really would.

967
00:46:02,800 --> 00:46:05,440
Speaker 1: We want to know what questions do you have about

968
00:46:05,440 --> 00:46:07,440
Speaker 1: this Extraordinary Universe.

969
00:46:07,560 --> 00:46:10,520
Speaker 2: We want to know your thoughts on recent shows, suggestions

970
00:46:10,520 --> 00:46:13,520
Speaker 2: for future shows. If you contact us, we will get

971
00:46:13,560 --> 00:46:13,960
Speaker 2: back to you.

972
00:46:14,200 --> 00:46:17,680
Speaker 1: We really mean it. We answer every message. Email us

973
00:46:17,719 --> 00:46:20,560
Speaker 1: at Questions at Danielankelly dot.

974
00:46:20,360 --> 00:46:22,200
Speaker 2: Org, or you can find us on social media. We

975
00:46:22,280 --> 00:46:26,160
Speaker 2: have accounts on x, Instagram, Blue Sky, and on all

976
00:46:26,200 --> 00:46:28,480
Speaker 2: of those platforms. You can find us at D and

977
00:46:28,920 --> 00:46:29,920
Speaker 2: K universe.

978
00:46:30,080 --> 00:46:31,600
Speaker 1: Don't be shy, write to us.