WEBVTT - Evolution in Action

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<v Speaker 1>Welcome to Stuff from the Science Lab from how stuff

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<v Speaker 1>works dot com. Wow, hey guys, and welcome to the podcast.

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<v Speaker 1>This is also and I don't know, the science editor

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<v Speaker 1>how stuff works dot com. And this is Robert Lamb,

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<v Speaker 1>science writer at how stuff works dot com. Uh, tell

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<v Speaker 1>me something else. And have you ever stared in the

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<v Speaker 1>mirror and tried to watch yourself aging? Um? Not really

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<v Speaker 1>because aging is kind of hard to detect, and you know,

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<v Speaker 1>apart from rooting around and seeing if there are any

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<v Speaker 1>gray hairs or whatever. Yeah, I know there's that one.

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<v Speaker 1>Um no because it sounds kind of boring, you know, Um,

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<v Speaker 1>But but no, But I mean there's there's like a

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<v Speaker 1>YouTube video that the guy who like took a picture

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<v Speaker 1>of himself like regular increments and then like put them

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<v Speaker 1>all together in like a like a slide show, you know,

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<v Speaker 1>and like like that's an example where you could you

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<v Speaker 1>could actually watch yourself age a little. But but but

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<v Speaker 1>not by just looking into the mirror, right right, It's

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<v Speaker 1>hard to detect, but we know what's going on. I

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<v Speaker 1>remember going to an exhibit at the Moment in New

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<v Speaker 1>York City a while back, and I got this book

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<v Speaker 1>and it was a photography exhibit and the photographer took

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<v Speaker 1>pictures every year of these four sisters, and so flipping

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<v Speaker 1>through the book, um, you could see these women aging,

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<v Speaker 1>you know, just as you've flipped. And it was so

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<v Speaker 1>cool and it was so interesting. I really, I really

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<v Speaker 1>dug that. But yeah, aging is definitely hard to to

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<v Speaker 1>notice unless you've had a couple of gray hairs poking

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<v Speaker 1>out over Now, how do you know people were actually aging?

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<v Speaker 1>How do you you know you're actually aging? Let's see

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<v Speaker 1>the proof of it. I don't see aging right now? Right,

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<v Speaker 1>you look like you're getting a little older doing this podcast.

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<v Speaker 1>It wasn't that makes it sound like your hair sprouting

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<v Speaker 1>out of those earphones. Yeah, well that just means I

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<v Speaker 1>need a haircut. But but the point I'm trying to

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<v Speaker 1>make here is that another area that is very difficult

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<v Speaker 1>to observe, and one of the criticisms often thrown at

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<v Speaker 1>it is how do you know there's evolution? Like like

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<v Speaker 1>we can see it. Yeah, we're let's see some evolution.

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<v Speaker 1>I don't. I don't believe in evolution. Puts some on

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<v Speaker 1>the table, dish out some evolution. Let's yeah, get put

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<v Speaker 1>in a bag. You can't do it, you know, because

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<v Speaker 1>it's uh, because evolution occurs at increments over a very

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<v Speaker 1>long period of time from generation to generation, right, And

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<v Speaker 1>if you consider that Darwin's origin is species hasn't even

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<v Speaker 1>been in print a mere hundred fifty one years, which is,

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<v Speaker 1>you know, kind of a trap in the bucket. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>that's nothing on on an evolutionary scale, right, So consider

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<v Speaker 1>you know, how short of a time period we've been looking.

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<v Speaker 1>And that's not to discount the fossil record, because of

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<v Speaker 1>course the fossil record does in fact provide us a

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<v Speaker 1>good understanding of what's gone on in the past for organisms. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>but one of the things with with looking back at

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<v Speaker 1>fossils as you have like definite frozen moments in time,

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<v Speaker 1>you know, in these different forms. But but it's it's

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<v Speaker 1>much harder to see the movement, to see like the

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<v Speaker 1>change from one form to the next, you know. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>So we thought we'd cover a couple of evolution in

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<v Speaker 1>action studies today. Yeah. Yeah, these are examples of evolution

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<v Speaker 1>in action and they're they're just great examples to really,

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<v Speaker 1>you know, make evolution come alive to a certain extent,

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<v Speaker 1>and they're occurring today. Yeah, So let's talk about the lizards.

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<v Speaker 1>I feel like we always talk about lizards. Yeah, well

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<v Speaker 1>lizards are great, pretty great, and uh yeah, we have

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<v Speaker 1>a couple of studies. The first one is really cool.

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<v Speaker 1>This was a two thousand nine Pin State study and

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<v Speaker 1>it dealt with these little fence lizards, you know, kind

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<v Speaker 1>of like these little dudes you see running around, you know, everywhere. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>and they're suffering from an invasion from the south fire

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<v Speaker 1>ants guys. Yeah. And and they're they're in an area

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<v Speaker 1>where they've just over the several decades have suddenly had

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<v Speaker 1>to deal with fire ants and they've never had to

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<v Speaker 1>deal with them before. Um, and so this is this

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<v Speaker 1>is a hallmark of evolution. You know, you have a

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<v Speaker 1>species and suddenly the game has changed. You know, we

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<v Speaker 1>have new food, we have new enemies, we have conflict. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>because the the food thing is key, because it's not

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<v Speaker 1>what you think the fire ants can eat the lizards.

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<v Speaker 1>I was surprised by that. I mean you would think,

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<v Speaker 1>obviously the lizards are going to come out on top here,

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<v Speaker 1>but they're not, at least not the ones that are

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<v Speaker 1>newly exposed to the fire ants. So let's get into

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<v Speaker 1>the details of the study. Yeah, so what what they

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<v Speaker 1>decided to do was was to look at these like,

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<v Speaker 1>not all the lizards are have encountered fire ants, yet

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<v Speaker 1>some have been dealing with them for as long as

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<v Speaker 1>like sixty eight years. Yeah. So they had four different groups, right,

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<v Speaker 1>and they were looking at four different groups of lizards

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<v Speaker 1>that had been exposed to fire ants in different increments.

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<v Speaker 1>One group had never encountered fire ants, and then like

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<v Speaker 1>one had encountered them for like twenty three years, another

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<v Speaker 1>encountered them for somewhere they were like forty something years,

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<v Speaker 1>and then the fire extrain. There's the group that had

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<v Speaker 1>been dealing with them for sixty eight years. They were

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<v Speaker 1>sixty eight long years of fire ants veterans of the

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<v Speaker 1>Great Lizard fire ant War right there. So the researchers

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<v Speaker 1>were trying to figure out, with time as a factor,

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<v Speaker 1>how yeah, how they've adapted to this this new stimuli,

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<v Speaker 1>you know, and which ones are going to be better

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<v Speaker 1>situated to deal with it. And apparently like the main

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<v Speaker 1>defense against fire ants is too is to basically move

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<v Speaker 1>your butt because because in the in the group that

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<v Speaker 1>it like never encountered them before, like they will just

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<v Speaker 1>sit there apparently, and the fire ants will crawl over

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<v Speaker 1>them and the lizards defense is like, oh, I'm just

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<v Speaker 1>gonna be real still still and shut my eyes. Yeah.

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<v Speaker 1>And they took it. Yeah, and then they just get

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<v Speaker 1>them Yeah. Whereas the ones that are used to it,

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<v Speaker 1>they'll know, hey, I need to move and or they

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<v Speaker 1>flick them off. They flick them off or the leap away,

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<v Speaker 1>you know, et cetera. Um, they have learned to deal

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<v Speaker 1>with it. So they the researchers observed this behavior whether

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<v Speaker 1>the lizards could you know, take it or get the

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<v Speaker 1>heck out of there, But they also were interested in

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<v Speaker 1>looking at the hind leg lengths of all the lizards.

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<v Speaker 1>Would they find Roberts Well, they found that lizards living

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<v Speaker 1>near fire ants are they're developing behaviors to increase their

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<v Speaker 1>survival and and evolving longer hind legs in response to

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<v Speaker 1>the attacks from the fire ants. Okay, and so that

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<v Speaker 1>was that was their exposure. It was the exposure the

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<v Speaker 1>length of exposure that correlated. Yeah, And I should also

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<v Speaker 1>mention that I believe one of the details in the

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<v Speaker 1>study was that they didn't like kill a whole lot

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<v Speaker 1>of lizards in this like I think they were. They

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<v Speaker 1>were like saving the lizards before they could be stung

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<v Speaker 1>to death. That's nice. Yeah, but so as cool as

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<v Speaker 1>the study is, it's not quite speciation now. It's more

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<v Speaker 1>like these are the movements though that that can lead

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<v Speaker 1>to it. But yeah, this is not These lizards aren't

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<v Speaker 1>becoming a new breed of lizard, a new species of lizard. Um.

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<v Speaker 1>But let's talk about where speciation may be occurring, in

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<v Speaker 1>fact in White Sands, New Mexico. Yeah, this is another

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<v Speaker 1>lizard study. This is a two thousand ten University of

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<v Speaker 1>Idaho study. And I actually talked to one of the

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<v Speaker 1>people tied up in the research for this for this

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<v Speaker 1>a story for Discovery News January UM. And this one

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<v Speaker 1>deals with these brown lizards. Traditionally brown lizards. Uh that

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<v Speaker 1>they but they live in an area called White Sands,

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<v Speaker 1>New Mexico. And why do you think it's called White Sands,

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<v Speaker 1>New Mexico because there's white sand everywhere. Sounds kind they're

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<v Speaker 1>a brown lizard though, Yeah, And what is a lizard

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<v Speaker 1>and what is a lizard? One of the lizards traditional

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<v Speaker 1>defense mechanisms camouflage, camouflage, so the the but they, of course,

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<v Speaker 1>these lizards have changed over time over the course of

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<v Speaker 1>say two to five thousand years, right, since they arrived

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<v Speaker 1>there a couple of thousand years ago. Yeah, so so

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<v Speaker 1>they were they were exploring how they've they've changed pigment

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<v Speaker 1>during this time. They've they've become these like white lizards

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<v Speaker 1>and white sands. Yeah and uh. Anyway, they made the

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<v Speaker 1>argument that that this is really one of the they're

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<v Speaker 1>hit they've hit several of the road stops on the

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<v Speaker 1>way to speciation. Um and uh. And you know, they've

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<v Speaker 1>they've changed their color, that's a big one. But also

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<v Speaker 1>they've started, uh having a preference for light colored lizards

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<v Speaker 1>when it comes to breeding. Really. Yeah, so it's like there,

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<v Speaker 1>you know, it's sort of like imagine you know, it's

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<v Speaker 1>like a line, you know, and one line is diverging

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<v Speaker 1>slowly from the other. So you know, have you know,

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<v Speaker 1>another ten thousand years, you know, you might have the white,

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<v Speaker 1>the whitelizard, and the brown lizard of separate species entirely.

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<v Speaker 1>So that's pretty cool, but not as cool as the

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<v Speaker 1>equal I. Yeah, this this is a fantastic study and

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<v Speaker 1>you guys may have heard it. It goes back to

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<v Speaker 1>what we were talking about with the generations. You know,

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<v Speaker 1>it's like human generations. Um, it's hard, it's hard to

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<v Speaker 1>really you know, we can't really watch it spread from

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<v Speaker 1>generation generation. There haven't been that many generations since origin

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<v Speaker 1>of species, you know, et cetera. But if you can

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<v Speaker 1>find a species that has really small generations, a short

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<v Speaker 1>life cycle, short lived, it's like pushing the fast forward

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<v Speaker 1>button right right, And a lot of times that the

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<v Speaker 1>choice organisms might be drosophilia, your fruit flies, or or

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<v Speaker 1>planel bacteria. And in this case in back in it

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<v Speaker 1>was equally a single equally bacterium that in Michigan State

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<v Speaker 1>University biologists used and he started twelve laboratory populations with it. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>this is Professor Richard Lynsky. Twenty years time. Lensky had

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<v Speaker 1>generations on his hands. So if we were studying humans,

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<v Speaker 1>this would be a phenomenal amount of time. Yeah, we'd

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<v Speaker 1>be talking something in the neighborhood of like three million

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<v Speaker 1>years of human evolution. So Lensky observed the bacteria as

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<v Speaker 1>they grew larger and faster in response to the lab diets.

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<v Speaker 1>Then what happened, Well, you hit around the thirty one

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<v Speaker 1>five generations, something special happens. Suddenly they're able to this

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<v Speaker 1>one population of them are able to consume citrate, which

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<v Speaker 1>is as nutrient that they've they've been surrounded by the

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<v Speaker 1>whole time as as part of their medium. Yeah, their medium. Um,

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<v Speaker 1>it's kind of like like imagine if you were like,

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<v Speaker 1>it's like that they're gonna bring up the cats. That

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<v Speaker 1>was one of my more way too complicated metaphor. Probert

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<v Speaker 1>has to find a way to work in cats into

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<v Speaker 1>every podcast. It was just kind of like the buffet

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<v Speaker 1>bar was there and they were eating most of it,

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<v Speaker 1>and then one day suddenly they were able to eat

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<v Speaker 1>the seafood portion of the buffet. Good. Good for them.

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<v Speaker 1>But in this case it was the sit rate. So

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<v Speaker 1>suddenly you had situate plus E. Coli. Yeah, so you

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<v Speaker 1>went up with the population of mutated sitrate consuming bacteria

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<v Speaker 1>and as you can imagine, that was a pretty handy

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<v Speaker 1>ability to have, and so the population of that bacteria skyrocketed.

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<v Speaker 1>And now they call these sitrate plus equally. So here's

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<v Speaker 1>also something very interesting about this experiment. You know, somebody's

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<v Speaker 1>going to dismiss it as a one time thing, oh,

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<v Speaker 1>as a fluke or whatever it as well, Lensky had

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<v Speaker 1>a solution for this. So the whole time he and

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<v Speaker 1>his team had been freezing samples every five hundred generations,

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<v Speaker 1>so he was able to do a rewind and he

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<v Speaker 1>was actually able to go back and replace some of

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<v Speaker 1>the experiment and see if they could catch it again.

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<v Speaker 1>I mean, this is so cool. Yeah. Yeah, And and

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<v Speaker 1>apparently they were like when they went back and they

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<v Speaker 1>like replayed it, they were they found it like something

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<v Speaker 1>was occurring in this in this one population at like

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<v Speaker 1>the at the twenty thousand or so generation, like some

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<v Speaker 1>small changes that were leading up to this ability to

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<v Speaker 1>metabolize sits. Right. Yeah, and they're still working to figure

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<v Speaker 1>out exactly what. Okay, so that's the question. Yeah, you know,

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<v Speaker 1>what is the mechanism way? I mean, if they could

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<v Speaker 1>pinpoint it just a little bit more, that would be great. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>I just get down to the we have the fine

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<v Speaker 1>changes that are occurring. It reminds me a lot. I

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<v Speaker 1>think there was like a Twilight Zone where like like

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<v Speaker 1>the humans were observing the evolution of like a micro

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<v Speaker 1>biological so it wasn't it was more than micro biological.

0:11:33.720 --> 0:11:36.480
<v Speaker 1>It's like a tiny little civilization and like they watched

0:11:36.520 --> 0:11:39.480
<v Speaker 1>them grow, you know, developed like spaceships and stuff. And

0:11:39.480 --> 0:11:44.520
<v Speaker 1>I think the Simpsons, so on a more sobering note, um,

0:11:44.840 --> 0:11:48.559
<v Speaker 1>the ability of bacteria to evolve, or any organism to

0:11:48.640 --> 0:11:52.400
<v Speaker 1>evolve has pretty important implications, as you guys know. Um,

0:11:52.440 --> 0:11:54.840
<v Speaker 1>you know, especially when you're talking about our fifty plus

0:11:54.920 --> 0:11:58.600
<v Speaker 1>year war against harmful bacteria, when you're talking about things

0:11:58.600 --> 0:12:03.280
<v Speaker 1>like extensively drug res stant tuberculosis UM, and then there

0:12:03.320 --> 0:12:06.560
<v Speaker 1>are other So that's that's definitely yeah, in the in

0:12:06.600 --> 0:12:09.480
<v Speaker 1>the same way that these citrate plus a cool I

0:12:09.600 --> 0:12:12.360
<v Speaker 1>were suddenly able to deal with something in their environment

0:12:12.440 --> 0:12:15.160
<v Speaker 1>that they hadn't you been around for too terribly long.

0:12:15.559 --> 0:12:19.760
<v Speaker 1>You know, we're having having some very harmful microbes out

0:12:19.760 --> 0:12:21.480
<v Speaker 1>there that are you know, figuring how to out how

0:12:21.480 --> 0:12:23.800
<v Speaker 1>to deal with the situations that we're throwing at them.

0:12:23.840 --> 0:12:26.120
<v Speaker 1>I will tell you as a parent, it's sometimes terrifying

0:12:26.160 --> 0:12:29.320
<v Speaker 1>to give your kid antibiotics. You know, I wonder, you know,

0:12:29.480 --> 0:12:32.240
<v Speaker 1>is my kid going to evolve resistance to this? You know,

0:12:32.480 --> 0:12:35.760
<v Speaker 1>I it's it's just a little terrifying. And and then

0:12:35.760 --> 0:12:38.280
<v Speaker 1>there's a there's a whole side with insects and pesticides

0:12:38.320 --> 0:12:41.120
<v Speaker 1>as well, you know, where insects developing a resistance to

0:12:41.160 --> 0:12:44.040
<v Speaker 1>certain pesticides over time. We you know, we throw out

0:12:44.080 --> 0:12:47.960
<v Speaker 1>these solutions and we don't really realize that that nature

0:12:48.040 --> 0:12:50.400
<v Speaker 1>is pretty good at evolving. It's pretty much all it does,

0:12:50.520 --> 0:12:55.160
<v Speaker 1>you know, So given enough time, you know, it's it's

0:12:55.200 --> 0:12:59.160
<v Speaker 1>remarkable what people think, you know, especially micro organisms will

0:12:59.160 --> 0:13:01.040
<v Speaker 1>be able to do. Like I was reading something of

0:13:01.120 --> 0:13:05.120
<v Speaker 1>the day researching stuff about plastics, and there are some

0:13:05.120 --> 0:13:08.000
<v Speaker 1>some predictions that like you know, you know, like tens

0:13:08.000 --> 0:13:10.520
<v Speaker 1>and thousands of years, like you know, you'll you'll eventually

0:13:10.600 --> 0:13:13.719
<v Speaker 1>have microbes that can can really break down plastics in

0:13:13.760 --> 0:13:16.600
<v Speaker 1>a way that we can't. We don't see today because

0:13:16.600 --> 0:13:19.320
<v Speaker 1>it's some new material. But give him enough time, they'll

0:13:19.320 --> 0:13:21.760
<v Speaker 1>figure it out. Yeah. In the meantime, maybe just bring

0:13:21.760 --> 0:13:26.120
<v Speaker 1>your bags off to use plastic. Yeah, yeah, that's always

0:13:26.160 --> 0:13:28.640
<v Speaker 1>always a good idea. So, speaking of plastic bags, we've

0:13:28.640 --> 0:13:35.319
<v Speaker 1>got a plastic bag here full of reader mail. Let

0:13:35.320 --> 0:13:37.920
<v Speaker 1>me grab when happen. They didn't really readers, some of

0:13:37.960 --> 0:13:42.520
<v Speaker 1>them are readers, but listeners primarily listeners, I guess. Um. Yeah,

0:13:42.600 --> 0:13:46.800
<v Speaker 1>so we got one here from Alicia. Oh. Alicia, she

0:13:46.960 --> 0:13:49.400
<v Speaker 1>was the one who wrote into for to share her

0:13:49.520 --> 0:13:52.280
<v Speaker 1>favorite bit of cosmos. Yeah. Yeah, she's one of She's

0:13:52.280 --> 0:13:56.599
<v Speaker 1>a fan of some of our more cosmic entries in

0:13:56.640 --> 0:13:59.600
<v Speaker 1>the podcast series. Here and she says, Hey, Alison and Robert,

0:14:00.440 --> 0:14:02.520
<v Speaker 1>this is a little something that I remembered after listening

0:14:02.559 --> 0:14:05.040
<v Speaker 1>to your podcasts about the birth of stars and planets.

0:14:05.360 --> 0:14:07.520
<v Speaker 1>Though this one this is more relevant to the death

0:14:07.600 --> 0:14:10.080
<v Speaker 1>of stars. I just wanted to share my favorite factoid

0:14:10.200 --> 0:14:14.320
<v Speaker 1>ever from cosmology. It was on casts the quote plasma

0:14:14.360 --> 0:14:17.280
<v Speaker 1>soup unquote that resulted from the Big Bang consisted of

0:14:17.440 --> 0:14:20.720
<v Speaker 1>only very small particles like protons, electrons, et cetera. But

0:14:20.800 --> 0:14:24.120
<v Speaker 1>there weren't any heavier elements that would have higher atomic numbers.

0:14:24.440 --> 0:14:28.120
<v Speaker 1>But from what I can tell from my simplistic understanding

0:14:28.200 --> 0:14:31.560
<v Speaker 1>of physics, when stars began to coalesce, the force of

0:14:31.600 --> 0:14:33.720
<v Speaker 1>gravity pulling on the outside of the stars would cause

0:14:33.720 --> 0:14:36.080
<v Speaker 1>immense amounts of pressure on the particles in the middle,

0:14:36.160 --> 0:14:40.280
<v Speaker 1>causing the nuclear fusion reactions and creating heavier and heavy elements. Thus,

0:14:40.480 --> 0:14:43.320
<v Speaker 1>large stars will be able to create heavier, large, heavier

0:14:43.400 --> 0:14:46.280
<v Speaker 1>elements closer to their centers. Then, if the star dies

0:14:46.400 --> 0:14:49.480
<v Speaker 1>and becomes a supernova, it sends its particles scattering far

0:14:49.640 --> 0:14:52.440
<v Speaker 1>and wide throughout the galaxy to later clampman become part

0:14:52.640 --> 0:14:55.120
<v Speaker 1>of other stars, planets, and what have you. While I'm

0:14:55.160 --> 0:14:57.800
<v Speaker 1>normally not a romantic. This literally means that we are

0:14:57.840 --> 0:15:01.320
<v Speaker 1>all made of star dust. So yeah, that's that's awesome.

0:15:01.360 --> 0:15:04.640
<v Speaker 1>You know, we're all we're all star stuff. So that's

0:15:04.720 --> 0:15:06.320
<v Speaker 1>that's kind of meat. It kind of you know, builds

0:15:06.400 --> 0:15:08.200
<v Speaker 1>the soul like community of the universe. You know, we

0:15:08.320 --> 0:15:12.640
<v Speaker 1>are the universe and the universe is us. Yeah, thanks

0:15:12.640 --> 0:15:15.280
<v Speaker 1>Felicia and uh oh, and then we have another one

0:15:15.320 --> 0:15:18.680
<v Speaker 1>here from uh oh thoughts from Alison ladder Milk. At first,

0:15:18.840 --> 0:15:21.120
<v Speaker 1>that would really be cheap. You're writing in your own

0:15:21.160 --> 0:15:27.120
<v Speaker 1>fan now sending anything listener will This one's from Natalie. Oh, Natalie,

0:15:27.120 --> 0:15:29.200
<v Speaker 1>we even about right. Oh yeah, this's a long one.

0:15:29.280 --> 0:15:31.280
<v Speaker 1>There we go. Not as long as someone and if

0:15:31.280 --> 0:15:33.400
<v Speaker 1>you just read some of the highlighted carts, okay, um,

0:15:34.000 --> 0:15:35.880
<v Speaker 1>she says, first of all, I just want to say

0:15:35.880 --> 0:15:37.680
<v Speaker 1>I'm a big fan of the show. I'm addicted to

0:15:37.880 --> 0:15:40.720
<v Speaker 1>listening to the podcast just before bed or in the

0:15:40.800 --> 0:15:42.840
<v Speaker 1>quiet moments of my free time. So we should really

0:15:42.880 --> 0:15:45.080
<v Speaker 1>keep the yelling down. You might be trying to get

0:15:45.120 --> 0:15:51.440
<v Speaker 1>to sleep. Um, that's I'll keep paying money. Your topics

0:15:51.480 --> 0:15:54.560
<v Speaker 1>are always very engaging and informative. Whenever I listen, I

0:15:54.600 --> 0:15:56.560
<v Speaker 1>feel like I'm getting a brush up on concepts I

0:15:56.640 --> 0:15:59.440
<v Speaker 1>missed while zoning out in high school science classes. Which

0:15:59.440 --> 0:16:01.200
<v Speaker 1>is great, that's totty much as part of the whole

0:16:01.280 --> 0:16:04.240
<v Speaker 1>mission Here, she says, I just finished listening to your podcast,

0:16:04.280 --> 0:16:07.200
<v Speaker 1>A World Changing Science Experiments, Part two and was very

0:16:07.240 --> 0:16:10.280
<v Speaker 1>interested in section on Pavlov and his experiments with dogs,

0:16:10.600 --> 0:16:14.320
<v Speaker 1>but had to send any meddle. Let you know I side. Now,

0:16:14.680 --> 0:16:16.400
<v Speaker 1>let you know a side of path Law that is

0:16:16.400 --> 0:16:19.000
<v Speaker 1>generally unknown to most. I just graduated in May two

0:16:19.360 --> 0:16:21.960
<v Speaker 1>ten from CVE Denver with a bachelor's degree in psychology,

0:16:22.040 --> 0:16:24.440
<v Speaker 1>and during my history of psychology class, we discussed path

0:16:24.480 --> 0:16:28.000
<v Speaker 1>Law's work in great detail. I was surprised and disturbed

0:16:28.200 --> 0:16:31.200
<v Speaker 1>to find that Pavlov used children orphans in fact, in

0:16:31.280 --> 0:16:33.960
<v Speaker 1>the same manner as dogs and his experiments. I had

0:16:34.000 --> 0:16:37.080
<v Speaker 1>never heard. Yeah, and once he discovered that he could

0:16:37.120 --> 0:16:40.600
<v Speaker 1>condition any unconditioned response, he wanted to see if humans

0:16:40.840 --> 0:16:42.760
<v Speaker 1>humans would react in the same way. She goes on

0:16:42.880 --> 0:16:44.880
<v Speaker 1>to say, much of my surprise, my professor showed a

0:16:44.960 --> 0:16:48.040
<v Speaker 1>video of path Law working with both his children and

0:16:48.240 --> 0:16:51.200
<v Speaker 1>his dogs, or both his dogs and these children. Despite

0:16:51.240 --> 0:16:53.480
<v Speaker 1>this discovery, I'm still a fan of Pavlov's as his

0:16:53.560 --> 0:16:56.640
<v Speaker 1>work was pivotal and understanding learning and behavior in humans

0:16:56.720 --> 0:16:59.520
<v Speaker 1>and other animals. Again, I love the show and that's

0:16:59.520 --> 0:17:02.400
<v Speaker 1>great because that's I mean, that's always my experience with

0:17:02.520 --> 0:17:05.800
<v Speaker 1>finding out more about science and science experiments is that

0:17:06.040 --> 0:17:08.479
<v Speaker 1>it's always a little bit amazing and a little bit creepy,

0:17:08.960 --> 0:17:11.680
<v Speaker 1>depends on which side you look at it, you know. Yeah,

0:17:11.840 --> 0:17:14.320
<v Speaker 1>So share your amazing stories or creepy stories with us,

0:17:14.600 --> 0:17:16.960
<v Speaker 1>whether you're on Facebook, we're at a stuff from the

0:17:17.000 --> 0:17:20.400
<v Speaker 1>science Lab, or Twitter we're on lab stuff, or send

0:17:20.480 --> 0:17:22.200
<v Speaker 1>us an email and science stuff it has stuff first

0:17:22.240 --> 0:17:24.840
<v Speaker 1>dot com. Yeah, let us know what you're up to

0:17:24.960 --> 0:17:26.680
<v Speaker 1>and check out those sites and you'll be able to

0:17:26.680 --> 0:17:28.880
<v Speaker 1>see what we're up to. All right, thanks for listening,

0:17:28.920 --> 0:17:39.199
<v Speaker 1>Guys for more on this and thousands of other topics

0:17:39.280 --> 0:17:42.320
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0:17:42.440 --> 0:17:45.080
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0:17:45.080 --> 0:17:46.320
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