1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:13,640 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,680 --> 00:00:17,119 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. It is 4 00:00:17,200 --> 00:00:21,520 Speaker 1: time for Part two of Unearthed. Part one. We just 5 00:00:21,680 --> 00:00:26,319 Speaker 1: talked about updates, shipwrecks, and repatriations, because there was a 6 00:00:26,320 --> 00:00:30,280 Speaker 1: lot of all three of those this time. As is 7 00:00:30,360 --> 00:00:32,559 Speaker 1: often the case, we're starting out with some stuff that 8 00:00:32,600 --> 00:00:34,440 Speaker 1: I just didn't have a category for, but it was 9 00:00:34,520 --> 00:00:38,440 Speaker 1: all very cool, along with some books and letters, some 10 00:00:38,640 --> 00:00:42,839 Speaker 1: edibles and potables, some apparel, including more than one thing 11 00:00:42,880 --> 00:00:46,639 Speaker 1: about blue jeans. I found that little pattern interesting. Uh. 12 00:00:46,640 --> 00:00:49,040 Speaker 1: And we'll start off, as we so often do, with 13 00:00:49,080 --> 00:00:52,440 Speaker 1: the pot pourri, which is stuff like a Jeopardy category, 14 00:00:52,600 --> 00:00:56,360 Speaker 1: just haphazardly thrown together because I liked it all. I 15 00:00:56,440 --> 00:00:59,280 Speaker 1: didn't have a category for it, no pattern to recognize. 16 00:00:59,720 --> 00:01:02,800 Speaker 1: So taking things off, there is a stone structure in 17 00:01:02,880 --> 00:01:06,240 Speaker 1: Cork Harbor in Southern Ireland, shaped like a Dolman. That's 18 00:01:06,319 --> 00:01:09,559 Speaker 1: a monument of large upright stones with a single stone 19 00:01:09,640 --> 00:01:13,000 Speaker 1: lying across them, like an archer roof. And for a 20 00:01:13,000 --> 00:01:15,560 Speaker 1: long time people thought this was something commissioned in the 21 00:01:15,600 --> 00:01:19,040 Speaker 1: eighteenth or nineteenth century by someone at Rostall and Castle 22 00:01:19,160 --> 00:01:22,360 Speaker 1: not far away, kind of as a decorative folly. But 23 00:01:22,400 --> 00:01:26,000 Speaker 1: according to archaeologist Michael Gibbon, this is not a relatively 24 00:01:26,120 --> 00:01:30,119 Speaker 1: new monument made to look prehistoric. It really is a 25 00:01:30,160 --> 00:01:33,120 Speaker 1: megalithic tomb. It sits at the end of a long 26 00:01:33,240 --> 00:01:36,319 Speaker 1: cairn that's partially buried in mud and this type of 27 00:01:36,360 --> 00:01:39,000 Speaker 1: tomb is known as a portal tomb, and there's only 28 00:01:39,080 --> 00:01:42,840 Speaker 1: one other similar tomb known to exist in Ireland. It 29 00:01:42,920 --> 00:01:46,440 Speaker 1: is not totally clear exactly when this tomb was made. 30 00:01:46,760 --> 00:01:49,920 Speaker 1: These were usually built near the coast, but not actually 31 00:01:49,960 --> 00:01:53,360 Speaker 1: in the water, and this is partially submerged. The sea 32 00:01:53,480 --> 00:01:56,240 Speaker 1: levels in the area are believed to have been about 33 00:01:56,240 --> 00:01:58,560 Speaker 1: where they are today for the last two thousand years, 34 00:01:58,680 --> 00:02:02,560 Speaker 1: so probably some time before that, don't really know yet. 35 00:02:03,160 --> 00:02:05,800 Speaker 1: A team in Canada has found the cameras that a 36 00:02:05,840 --> 00:02:09,240 Speaker 1: pair of American mountaineers abandoned during an attempt to summit 37 00:02:09,480 --> 00:02:14,680 Speaker 1: Mount Leukenia in seven The mountaineers were Bradford Washburn and 38 00:02:14,760 --> 00:02:17,000 Speaker 1: Bob Bates, who had planned to fly out of the 39 00:02:17,000 --> 00:02:20,880 Speaker 1: region after summitting the mountain, but the weather was unexpectedly 40 00:02:21,040 --> 00:02:23,960 Speaker 1: warm and stormy. And their plane sank in the slush 41 00:02:24,200 --> 00:02:28,000 Speaker 1: after dropping them off on Walsh Glacier. Although the pilot 42 00:02:28,200 --> 00:02:30,919 Speaker 1: was able to leave. Days later, the duo changed their 43 00:02:30,919 --> 00:02:34,800 Speaker 1: plans to hike out rather than flying. This required a 44 00:02:34,919 --> 00:02:37,680 Speaker 1: hundred mile treks, so they abandoned a lot of their 45 00:02:37,680 --> 00:02:40,880 Speaker 1: heaviest gear on the glacier, planning to come back for 46 00:02:40,919 --> 00:02:44,720 Speaker 1: it later, but that never happened. I haven't done a 47 00:02:44,720 --> 00:02:47,280 Speaker 1: ton of research on this attempts to sum of the glacier. 48 00:02:47,840 --> 00:02:50,680 Speaker 1: Some of the things that I read suggested that the 49 00:02:50,680 --> 00:02:53,280 Speaker 1: pilot was like, I am not risking this again. You 50 00:02:53,320 --> 00:02:56,560 Speaker 1: guys are on your own, uh, And some characterized it 51 00:02:56,639 --> 00:02:58,160 Speaker 1: more as the two of them being like, I think 52 00:02:58,160 --> 00:03:01,080 Speaker 1: it's going to be safer if we do it this way. Regardless, though, 53 00:03:02,080 --> 00:03:07,400 Speaker 1: glaciers move, so while people had a general idea of 54 00:03:07,440 --> 00:03:11,000 Speaker 1: where this gear had been abandoned, that is not where 55 00:03:11,000 --> 00:03:14,559 Speaker 1: it would be anymore. And then, to make things more complicated, 56 00:03:14,880 --> 00:03:18,480 Speaker 1: Walsh Glacier is a surging glacier, meaning that it moves 57 00:03:18,480 --> 00:03:20,800 Speaker 1: the small amount every year, but every once in a 58 00:03:20,800 --> 00:03:24,519 Speaker 1: while it moves a lot farther and faster. Figuring out 59 00:03:24,600 --> 00:03:27,680 Speaker 1: where those cameras might be today turned into a team 60 00:03:27,720 --> 00:03:31,840 Speaker 1: effort involving glaciologists from the University of Ottawa, and in 61 00:03:31,960 --> 00:03:35,400 Speaker 1: the end they did find the cameras. They were more 62 00:03:35,440 --> 00:03:38,960 Speaker 1: than twelve miles from where they had been abandoned. It 63 00:03:39,040 --> 00:03:42,360 Speaker 1: almost didn't happen, though. The first expedition to find the 64 00:03:42,400 --> 00:03:45,880 Speaker 1: gear was unsuccessful, but then the team returned in August 65 00:03:45,880 --> 00:03:49,080 Speaker 1: of last year with a new estimated location, and on 66 00:03:49,120 --> 00:03:54,160 Speaker 1: the last day of that second attempt they found multiple cameras, tents, 67 00:03:54,320 --> 00:03:58,240 Speaker 1: climbing gear, and other equipment spread out over a huge 68 00:03:58,320 --> 00:04:02,360 Speaker 1: swath of glacier. Some of the cameras still contained film, 69 00:04:02,560 --> 00:04:05,760 Speaker 1: although as of working on this episode, it's not really 70 00:04:05,800 --> 00:04:08,280 Speaker 1: known whether that film survived the elements for more than 71 00:04:08,320 --> 00:04:12,000 Speaker 1: eighty years. But even if there's nothing usable on the film, 72 00:04:12,120 --> 00:04:15,160 Speaker 1: this effort has contributed to the understanding of how the 73 00:04:15,200 --> 00:04:18,520 Speaker 1: Walsh Glacier moves and how much ice the region has 74 00:04:18,600 --> 00:04:23,560 Speaker 1: lost since ninety seven. Moving on, researchers in Italy have 75 00:04:23,720 --> 00:04:28,480 Speaker 1: analyzed the finishing treatments of two violins made by Antonio 76 00:04:28,560 --> 00:04:32,240 Speaker 1: Stratavaria in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, and 77 00:04:32,240 --> 00:04:35,120 Speaker 1: then trying to figure out the makeup of a coding 78 00:04:35,320 --> 00:04:38,799 Speaker 1: that was applied in between the wood and the varnish. 79 00:04:39,000 --> 00:04:43,120 Speaker 1: Using a combination of methods and technologies, they eventually identified 80 00:04:43,240 --> 00:04:47,799 Speaker 1: a layer of protein based compounds. These would have smoothed 81 00:04:47,880 --> 00:04:50,600 Speaker 1: out the wood before the varnish was applied, and that 82 00:04:50,680 --> 00:04:54,600 Speaker 1: might have played a role in the instrument's resonance. It 83 00:04:54,680 --> 00:04:58,719 Speaker 1: was already previously known that at least some of Stratibaria's 84 00:04:58,839 --> 00:05:02,279 Speaker 1: instruments had some kind of coding in between the wood 85 00:05:02,320 --> 00:05:04,240 Speaker 1: and the varnish, but we didn't really know what that 86 00:05:04,320 --> 00:05:06,800 Speaker 1: coding was made of. Also, just a shout out to 87 00:05:06,839 --> 00:05:10,320 Speaker 1: Listener Hadley, who wrote a press release about this research 88 00:05:10,360 --> 00:05:13,640 Speaker 1: antagoned us in it on Twitter. Researchers in what is 89 00:05:13,680 --> 00:05:17,720 Speaker 1: now the southwestern US have been examining how different indigenous 90 00:05:17,800 --> 00:05:20,240 Speaker 1: nations who have lived in the area have used fire 91 00:05:20,320 --> 00:05:24,360 Speaker 1: management practices and how those practices have affected the prevalence 92 00:05:24,440 --> 00:05:28,520 Speaker 1: and severity of wildfires. This research was led by Southern 93 00:05:28,520 --> 00:05:32,159 Speaker 1: Methodist University, with a research team that included members of 94 00:05:32,160 --> 00:05:35,440 Speaker 1: the White Mountain Apache Tribe, the Navajo Nation, and the 95 00:05:35,480 --> 00:05:40,720 Speaker 1: Pueblo of Hams. The team studied nearly five thousand fire 96 00:05:40,839 --> 00:05:45,080 Speaker 1: scarred trees in Arizona and New Mexico, and these showed 97 00:05:45,120 --> 00:05:49,080 Speaker 1: some evidence of a regular cycle of rainy periods followed 98 00:05:49,080 --> 00:05:54,560 Speaker 1: by significant drought, but when indigenous people were using burning practices, 99 00:05:54,760 --> 00:05:59,000 Speaker 1: this cycle was often interrupted. The indigenous communities who were 100 00:05:59,040 --> 00:06:02,520 Speaker 1: part of this study all used burning in different ways 101 00:06:02,600 --> 00:06:05,480 Speaker 1: and for different reasons and at different times of the year. 102 00:06:05,560 --> 00:06:09,640 Speaker 1: But regardless of all those differences, at times when indigenous 103 00:06:09,640 --> 00:06:13,600 Speaker 1: communities were carrying out their burning practices, there was often 104 00:06:13,640 --> 00:06:17,760 Speaker 1: an interruption in the more destructive wildfires and the sort 105 00:06:17,800 --> 00:06:22,160 Speaker 1: of cycle of wet weather to drought and burning evidence 106 00:06:22,160 --> 00:06:25,880 Speaker 1: in the trees. This is not the first research involving 107 00:06:25,920 --> 00:06:29,039 Speaker 1: indigenous fire management and the burning practices that we've talked 108 00:06:29,080 --> 00:06:31,360 Speaker 1: about on the show, but it is the first time 109 00:06:31,400 --> 00:06:34,880 Speaker 1: that research has looked more broadly at different communities burning 110 00:06:34,880 --> 00:06:38,360 Speaker 1: practices as part of one study, rather than looking at 111 00:06:38,400 --> 00:06:43,560 Speaker 1: one community's practices and the impact of just those practices. Next, 112 00:06:43,640 --> 00:06:49,039 Speaker 1: we will move on to several pieces of jewelry and apparel. First, 113 00:06:49,320 --> 00:06:52,799 Speaker 1: archaeologists working at the ancient city of Paris and what's 114 00:06:52,800 --> 00:06:55,880 Speaker 1: now Turkya have found a medallion in the shape of 115 00:06:55,920 --> 00:06:59,640 Speaker 1: a medusa head dating back to the first or second century. 116 00:06:59,720 --> 00:07:02,800 Speaker 1: It's believed that this was a military metal, and then 117 00:07:02,839 --> 00:07:05,200 Speaker 1: it would have been worn on the shield or the 118 00:07:05,320 --> 00:07:08,640 Speaker 1: armor of the soldier who received it. This looks a 119 00:07:08,640 --> 00:07:11,080 Speaker 1: little bit different from what you might be imagining when 120 00:07:11,120 --> 00:07:14,280 Speaker 1: someone says the name Medusa. So it is not a 121 00:07:14,320 --> 00:07:18,040 Speaker 1: monstrous face with hair made of snakes. Instead, this face 122 00:07:18,120 --> 00:07:21,559 Speaker 1: is strikingly attractive, with wavy hair that just looks like hair, 123 00:07:22,000 --> 00:07:24,120 Speaker 1: and then a pair of little winglets on top of 124 00:07:24,160 --> 00:07:26,520 Speaker 1: her head. Okay. I stared at this for a while, 125 00:07:26,600 --> 00:07:32,400 Speaker 1: being like, is that hair hair or snakes? Is it? Um? 126 00:07:32,440 --> 00:07:36,480 Speaker 1: And there's an older, an older similar Medusa head that 127 00:07:36,560 --> 00:07:39,640 Speaker 1: it may have been sort of patterned after. Or you 128 00:07:39,680 --> 00:07:44,200 Speaker 1: can clearly see two snakes under the chin of the face. Um, 129 00:07:44,280 --> 00:07:45,640 Speaker 1: And I stared at that for a while to to 130 00:07:45,800 --> 00:07:47,960 Speaker 1: to be like, are those two snakes? Or is that? 131 00:07:48,040 --> 00:07:50,080 Speaker 1: What is that? Um? I spent a whole lot of 132 00:07:50,120 --> 00:07:54,960 Speaker 1: time looking at this Medusa head anyway. A farmer in 133 00:07:55,280 --> 00:08:01,080 Speaker 1: Chia has unearthed a bronze belts happened while harvest beat roots, 134 00:08:01,160 --> 00:08:04,280 Speaker 1: which I don't I found it delightful for some reason. 135 00:08:04,840 --> 00:08:08,200 Speaker 1: This belt is made from very thin gold along with 136 00:08:08,240 --> 00:08:12,160 Speaker 1: some copper and iron, and apart from being somewhat crumpled. 137 00:08:12,200 --> 00:08:14,560 Speaker 1: This was in really good condition. The farmer did not 138 00:08:14,600 --> 00:08:17,480 Speaker 1: crumple it. It was already crumpled when it was found, 139 00:08:17,640 --> 00:08:21,120 Speaker 1: probably because of the agricultural activity that had already been 140 00:08:21,160 --> 00:08:24,800 Speaker 1: going on in this field. This belt is decorated with 141 00:08:24,960 --> 00:08:29,320 Speaker 1: raised concentric circles with rose shaped clasps at each end, 142 00:08:29,400 --> 00:08:32,000 Speaker 1: and due to its size, initially people thought it was 143 00:08:32,040 --> 00:08:35,800 Speaker 1: a tiara. Preliminary dating suggests that this was made in 144 00:08:35,840 --> 00:08:39,040 Speaker 1: the fourteenth century BC, and it's going to be conserved 145 00:08:39,080 --> 00:08:43,520 Speaker 1: and eventually displayed at the Museum of Bruntal. In other 146 00:08:43,720 --> 00:08:48,320 Speaker 1: jewelry news, archaeologists working near Harpol, Northamptonshire have found a 147 00:08:48,360 --> 00:08:51,280 Speaker 1: burial site dating back to between six thirty and six 148 00:08:51,320 --> 00:08:55,360 Speaker 1: seventy C. This whole discovery has been described with a 149 00:08:55,400 --> 00:09:00,320 Speaker 1: lot of superlatives, things like most significant. But thing in 150 00:09:00,320 --> 00:09:03,720 Speaker 1: particular has really gotten special attention, and that is a 151 00:09:03,880 --> 00:09:07,440 Speaker 1: thirty piece necklace made of gold and semi precious stones. 152 00:09:08,400 --> 00:09:12,240 Speaker 1: That necklace has gotten its own superlatives like most ornate 153 00:09:12,280 --> 00:09:16,120 Speaker 1: necklace of its type ever found in Britain. A reconstruction 154 00:09:16,200 --> 00:09:18,080 Speaker 1: of this necklace as it would have looked when it 155 00:09:18,120 --> 00:09:21,640 Speaker 1: was new is really beautiful, with a string of pendants, 156 00:09:21,679 --> 00:09:26,520 Speaker 1: including gold Roman coins interspersed with semi precious stones, and 157 00:09:26,559 --> 00:09:29,920 Speaker 1: then a central pendant with a cross motif. We don't 158 00:09:30,000 --> 00:09:33,560 Speaker 1: really know who this necklace belonged to, though the only 159 00:09:33,640 --> 00:09:36,600 Speaker 1: human remains that were found at this site were some 160 00:09:36,640 --> 00:09:40,720 Speaker 1: fragments of tooth enamel. Everything else seems to have decayed, 161 00:09:41,280 --> 00:09:44,439 Speaker 1: but research just believed this was someone wealthy and powerful. 162 00:09:44,520 --> 00:09:47,599 Speaker 1: She was almost certainly Christian, based on the presence of 163 00:09:47,640 --> 00:09:50,559 Speaker 1: an ornate cross that was buried with her. She might 164 00:09:50,600 --> 00:09:53,400 Speaker 1: have been an abbess or maybe a princess who had 165 00:09:53,440 --> 00:09:56,599 Speaker 1: some kind of a connection to the church. Archaeologists in 166 00:09:56,679 --> 00:10:00,080 Speaker 1: southwestern Sweden have found a late Viking Age ambulant it 167 00:10:00,400 --> 00:10:02,920 Speaker 1: in the shape of Thor's hammer. This dates back to 168 00:10:03,000 --> 00:10:06,600 Speaker 1: the tenth or eleventh century. It's likely made of lead 169 00:10:06,679 --> 00:10:09,760 Speaker 1: and it is embossed with elaborate designs. It may have 170 00:10:09,840 --> 00:10:13,040 Speaker 1: been gilded or silvered, and there's a hole through the shaft, 171 00:10:13,360 --> 00:10:16,839 Speaker 1: suggesting that this piece was worn as a necklace. Had 172 00:10:16,880 --> 00:10:20,120 Speaker 1: not really been thoroughly cleaned or conserved yet when this 173 00:10:20,200 --> 00:10:22,760 Speaker 1: was written up, so we don't quite know about the 174 00:10:22,800 --> 00:10:26,160 Speaker 1: gilding or silver ring if that was there. Now closing 175 00:10:26,200 --> 00:10:29,400 Speaker 1: out our jewelry and apparel. We have two different pairs 176 00:10:29,440 --> 00:10:33,439 Speaker 1: of jeans. The first pair of work pants was salvaged 177 00:10:33,480 --> 00:10:35,719 Speaker 1: from the eighteen fifty seven shipwreck of the S S 178 00:10:35,800 --> 00:10:39,960 Speaker 1: Central America, and it may be the oldest known pair 179 00:10:40,000 --> 00:10:43,600 Speaker 1: of Levi Strouss jeans. These pants were in a trunk 180 00:10:43,679 --> 00:10:46,960 Speaker 1: that belonged to John Demmitt, who survived the wreck of 181 00:10:47,000 --> 00:10:49,920 Speaker 1: the S S Central America. The trunk that the jeans 182 00:10:49,960 --> 00:10:53,559 Speaker 1: were in was recovered from the wreck in and then 183 00:10:53,600 --> 00:10:57,360 Speaker 1: they were sold at auction in December for a hundred 184 00:10:57,360 --> 00:11:01,400 Speaker 1: and fourteen thousand dollars and fluting the auction house fees. 185 00:11:02,400 --> 00:11:06,800 Speaker 1: Whether these really are Levi Strauss jeans is not conclusively proven, 186 00:11:06,800 --> 00:11:10,360 Speaker 1: though Strauss had set up a business in San Francisco 187 00:11:10,440 --> 00:11:13,880 Speaker 1: by this point and the Central America's cargo included gold 188 00:11:13,920 --> 00:11:16,840 Speaker 1: that was on its way to Strouss. But Strauss and 189 00:11:16,920 --> 00:11:19,920 Speaker 1: his colleague Jacob Davis didn't file for a patent on 190 00:11:19,920 --> 00:11:23,080 Speaker 1: their riveted work pants until more than a decade after 191 00:11:23,120 --> 00:11:27,400 Speaker 1: the Central America sank. News reports quoted a historian from 192 00:11:27,400 --> 00:11:30,840 Speaker 1: the Levi Strouss and Company archives as saying a connection 193 00:11:30,920 --> 00:11:35,720 Speaker 1: between these pants and Levi Strousse is speculative, noting several 194 00:11:35,800 --> 00:11:39,439 Speaker 1: key differences between these pants and the first known designs 195 00:11:39,480 --> 00:11:43,920 Speaker 1: by Levi Strauss and Company. Another pair of Levi jeans, 196 00:11:44,040 --> 00:11:48,360 Speaker 1: and this one definitely apparent levis sold at auction in 197 00:11:48,400 --> 00:11:53,200 Speaker 1: October for eighties seven thousand dollars including a buyer's premium. 198 00:11:53,800 --> 00:11:56,600 Speaker 1: These had been found in a mine and they are 199 00:11:56,679 --> 00:11:59,160 Speaker 1: described as dating back to the eighteen eighties and still 200 00:11:59,200 --> 00:12:03,640 Speaker 1: in wearable. Addition, they have the Levi's labeling, so we 201 00:12:03,800 --> 00:12:07,080 Speaker 1: know we know who made these ones for sure. A 202 00:12:07,200 --> 00:12:10,600 Speaker 1: lot of the coverage of this sale also made note 203 00:12:10,640 --> 00:12:12,920 Speaker 1: of the fact that one of the pockets of these 204 00:12:13,000 --> 00:12:16,800 Speaker 1: genes has a label that describes the garment as being 205 00:12:16,800 --> 00:12:20,080 Speaker 1: made by white labor. That is something that we talked 206 00:12:20,120 --> 00:12:23,640 Speaker 1: about in our previous episode on Levi Strouss. We talked 207 00:12:23,679 --> 00:12:26,679 Speaker 1: about that shipwreck of the Central America in that episode. Also, 208 00:12:27,360 --> 00:12:31,920 Speaker 1: a lot of manufacturers, including Strauss, added labels like these 209 00:12:31,960 --> 00:12:35,719 Speaker 1: to their products or used similar phrasing in their advertisements 210 00:12:36,080 --> 00:12:40,320 Speaker 1: during a period of just increasing hostility against Chinese immigrants 211 00:12:40,360 --> 00:12:43,280 Speaker 1: to the United States that ultimately all led into the 212 00:12:43,360 --> 00:12:47,160 Speaker 1: Chinese Exclusion Act of two. We are going to take 213 00:12:47,240 --> 00:12:49,800 Speaker 1: a sponsor break here and when we come back, we're 214 00:12:49,800 --> 00:13:01,840 Speaker 1: going to talk about a little bit of DNA. Now, 215 00:13:01,880 --> 00:13:03,959 Speaker 1: we have some things that are related to d N 216 00:13:04,040 --> 00:13:08,840 Speaker 1: A and genetics. First, according to research published in the 217 00:13:08,920 --> 00:13:14,360 Speaker 1: journal Nature in October, genetic differences may explain why some 218 00:13:14,480 --> 00:13:18,040 Speaker 1: people survived the Black Death and others did not. This 219 00:13:18,200 --> 00:13:21,480 Speaker 1: research looked at genes from two hundred and six ancient 220 00:13:21,640 --> 00:13:26,200 Speaker 1: DNA extracts. These came from two different European populations, and 221 00:13:26,240 --> 00:13:28,760 Speaker 1: the team was looking at genes that were related to 222 00:13:28,760 --> 00:13:32,560 Speaker 1: the immune system and looking at things from before, during, 223 00:13:32,640 --> 00:13:36,240 Speaker 1: and after the Black Death, and they found that some 224 00:13:36,400 --> 00:13:41,520 Speaker 1: genetic differences did seem to offer more protection against the plague. 225 00:13:41,720 --> 00:13:44,840 Speaker 1: People that had these differences seemed to have an odds 226 00:13:44,880 --> 00:13:49,239 Speaker 1: of survival that were as much as forty better. Researchers 227 00:13:49,240 --> 00:13:53,079 Speaker 1: speculate that these differences would protect people from plague if 228 00:13:53,120 --> 00:13:56,480 Speaker 1: there were a large outbreak today. But today, these same 229 00:13:56,559 --> 00:13:59,960 Speaker 1: genes are also correlated with a number of autoimmune disorders. 230 00:14:00,679 --> 00:14:03,560 Speaker 1: It has long been speculated that the massive death toll 231 00:14:03,600 --> 00:14:06,640 Speaker 1: of the Black Death would have altered the genetic makeup 232 00:14:06,679 --> 00:14:09,640 Speaker 1: of Europe, and this is some of the research suggesting 233 00:14:09,720 --> 00:14:14,280 Speaker 1: how moving on in one the body of Gregor Mendel 234 00:14:14,480 --> 00:14:17,920 Speaker 1: was exhumed so his DNA could be studied ahead of 235 00:14:17,920 --> 00:14:23,000 Speaker 1: the two anniversary of his birthday. Mendel is often nicknamed 236 00:14:23,040 --> 00:14:26,680 Speaker 1: the father of genetics thanks to his developing his principles 237 00:14:26,800 --> 00:14:30,960 Speaker 1: of inheritance. He did that based on experiments with breeding 238 00:14:31,120 --> 00:14:34,680 Speaker 1: pea plants. Like tens of thousands of pea plants he 239 00:14:34,760 --> 00:14:40,280 Speaker 1: experimented with. Exhuming him to analyze his DNA required researchers 240 00:14:40,320 --> 00:14:44,200 Speaker 1: to get permission from the Augustinian Religious Order because he 241 00:14:44,320 --> 00:14:48,200 Speaker 1: was an Augustinian Friar and was also buried in a 242 00:14:48,240 --> 00:14:52,840 Speaker 1: tomb with several other friars. The plan was to sequence 243 00:14:52,880 --> 00:14:56,920 Speaker 1: Mendel's entire genome, but researchers also needed to look at 244 00:14:56,960 --> 00:14:59,720 Speaker 1: his DNA to confirm which of the bodies in the 245 00:14:59,760 --> 00:15:03,200 Speaker 1: two was his. It was prior to this already known 246 00:15:03,240 --> 00:15:06,360 Speaker 1: that this tomb contained multiple other people's bodies. That was 247 00:15:06,400 --> 00:15:10,200 Speaker 1: not a surprise. Researchers reported that their analysis of his 248 00:15:10,320 --> 00:15:14,840 Speaker 1: DNA showed that he carried jeanes connected to diabetes, heart problems, 249 00:15:14,920 --> 00:15:20,920 Speaker 1: kidney disease, and epilepsy, and other neurological disorders. The idea 250 00:15:21,000 --> 00:15:24,640 Speaker 1: of exhuming somebody to do DNA tests for a recognition 251 00:15:24,640 --> 00:15:30,800 Speaker 1: of his birthday raised some eyebrows. When asked what they 252 00:15:30,840 --> 00:15:33,880 Speaker 1: thought Mendel might have thought about all this, some of 253 00:15:33,880 --> 00:15:36,920 Speaker 1: the researchers pointed out that it's impossible to ask him, 254 00:15:36,960 --> 00:15:40,320 Speaker 1: but that before his death he did ask to be 255 00:15:40,400 --> 00:15:43,560 Speaker 1: given a thorough autopsy, So some of the folks involved 256 00:15:43,600 --> 00:15:46,720 Speaker 1: concluded that from that they thought he probably would have 257 00:15:46,760 --> 00:15:50,520 Speaker 1: been okay with it. I could see him being completely 258 00:15:50,600 --> 00:15:56,200 Speaker 1: delighted by Yeah, like to think that the science that 259 00:15:56,320 --> 00:16:00,440 Speaker 1: he seeded essentially could then be used to like greatly 260 00:16:00,520 --> 00:16:04,440 Speaker 1: understand humans in general and then specifically reflected back on him. 261 00:16:04,520 --> 00:16:07,200 Speaker 1: I would think that would be cool, Yeah, if I 262 00:16:07,240 --> 00:16:09,840 Speaker 1: were that person. If yeah, then that's one of those 263 00:16:09,840 --> 00:16:12,920 Speaker 1: things where it's like, there's so many different attitudes about 264 00:16:13,040 --> 00:16:15,360 Speaker 1: death and what needs to happen to our bodies after 265 00:16:15,400 --> 00:16:19,560 Speaker 1: we die. It's hard to say sometimes, uh, but yeah. 266 00:16:19,600 --> 00:16:21,760 Speaker 1: The idea of like, so we're gonna do what for 267 00:16:21,840 --> 00:16:25,400 Speaker 1: whose birthday? I see what you're getting at, but should 268 00:16:25,400 --> 00:16:27,120 Speaker 1: we like that seemed to be the tone of some 269 00:16:27,240 --> 00:16:32,720 Speaker 1: of the conversation. Moving on, DNA research has allowed officials 270 00:16:32,720 --> 00:16:35,440 Speaker 1: to identify the body of a boy whose remains were 271 00:16:35,480 --> 00:16:39,920 Speaker 1: discovered in Philadelphia in February of nineteen fifty seven. This 272 00:16:39,960 --> 00:16:43,480 Speaker 1: boy had clearly been the victim of a homicide. Efforts 273 00:16:43,520 --> 00:16:46,040 Speaker 1: to find his identity and figure out what had happened 274 00:16:46,040 --> 00:16:49,200 Speaker 1: to him back in the nineteen fifties were unsuccessful, and 275 00:16:49,240 --> 00:16:52,320 Speaker 1: in the nineteen nineties his body was exhumed so his 276 00:16:52,400 --> 00:16:56,000 Speaker 1: DNA could be analyzed, with a second exhimation taking place 277 00:16:56,000 --> 00:17:02,480 Speaker 1: in an investigative genetic genealogy painstakingly created a family tree 278 00:17:02,840 --> 00:17:07,240 Speaker 1: through mostly distant relatives, including some who had undergone DNA testing, 279 00:17:07,640 --> 00:17:12,960 Speaker 1: and posted their results on a genetic genealogy website. Investigators 280 00:17:13,040 --> 00:17:16,639 Speaker 1: identified this body as that of Joseph Augustus Zarelli in 281 00:17:17,480 --> 00:17:20,240 Speaker 1: one and they publicly announced the name more than a 282 00:17:20,320 --> 00:17:23,919 Speaker 1: year after that. Um this is basically still a cold 283 00:17:23,960 --> 00:17:27,239 Speaker 1: case involving a homicide, and so they released his name 284 00:17:27,240 --> 00:17:29,760 Speaker 1: when they felt like it might help find a break 285 00:17:29,800 --> 00:17:32,280 Speaker 1: in the case. This, of course, though, led to a 286 00:17:32,280 --> 00:17:35,600 Speaker 1: lot of speculation about who the culprit might be in 287 00:17:35,640 --> 00:17:39,119 Speaker 1: this murder. At this point, though that aspect of the 288 00:17:39,160 --> 00:17:44,000 Speaker 1: case is unsolved. And lastly, the Nobel Prize in Physiology 289 00:17:44,080 --> 00:17:47,040 Speaker 1: or Medicine was awarded in October and It was awarded 290 00:17:47,080 --> 00:17:51,399 Speaker 1: to Swedish geneticists Sante Pebo, whose work has included sequencing 291 00:17:51,440 --> 00:17:56,240 Speaker 1: the Neanderthal genome. He also uncovered genetic evidence that Homo 292 00:17:56,280 --> 00:18:00,280 Speaker 1: sapiens and Neanderthal's interbred, with most people living to day 293 00:18:00,400 --> 00:18:05,800 Speaker 1: sharing between one percent and four of their DNA with Neanderthals. 294 00:18:05,840 --> 00:18:08,639 Speaker 1: He also conducted the genetic work used to identify the 295 00:18:08,720 --> 00:18:12,679 Speaker 1: now extinct dennis Ovans, also showing them Modern humans in 296 00:18:12,760 --> 00:18:15,080 Speaker 1: some parts of the world share as much as six 297 00:18:15,119 --> 00:18:19,280 Speaker 1: percent of their DNA with dennis Ovans. Now we are 298 00:18:19,320 --> 00:18:22,159 Speaker 1: moving on from DNA to books and letters, and the 299 00:18:22,200 --> 00:18:25,800 Speaker 1: first several of these involved writing, but they're not on 300 00:18:25,840 --> 00:18:28,360 Speaker 1: paper or parchment or papyrus or any of the other 301 00:18:28,400 --> 00:18:30,800 Speaker 1: writing services that you might be thinking of when we 302 00:18:30,840 --> 00:18:35,199 Speaker 1: say books and letters. First, researchers found a two thousand 303 00:18:35,320 --> 00:18:38,679 Speaker 1: year old flat piece of bronze shaped like a life 304 00:18:38,680 --> 00:18:42,960 Speaker 1: sized hand in northern Spain in one and once this 305 00:18:43,040 --> 00:18:46,600 Speaker 1: piece had been cleaned, there was writing visible. In November, 306 00:18:46,720 --> 00:18:48,960 Speaker 1: it was announced that the writing on this hand maybe 307 00:18:49,000 --> 00:18:52,879 Speaker 1: a precursor to the Bosque language. Specifically, it may be 308 00:18:53,000 --> 00:18:55,360 Speaker 1: an example of written language by a tribe known as 309 00:18:55,359 --> 00:18:58,280 Speaker 1: a Vasconists who lived in what is now Spain and 310 00:18:58,320 --> 00:19:01,840 Speaker 1: whose language may have developed in to Bosque. If that's 311 00:19:01,880 --> 00:19:06,320 Speaker 1: the case, this is a monumental discovery for two reasons. One, 312 00:19:06,440 --> 00:19:10,240 Speaker 1: Before this point, most linguists believed that the Vasconists did 313 00:19:10,280 --> 00:19:14,760 Speaker 1: not develop a written language until after Roman invaders had 314 00:19:14,800 --> 00:19:19,320 Speaker 1: introduced Latin scripts to the area. Instead, it was believed 315 00:19:19,320 --> 00:19:22,200 Speaker 1: that there were only a few written words in that language, 316 00:19:22,240 --> 00:19:24,399 Speaker 1: and that they were mostly used to mark things like 317 00:19:24,520 --> 00:19:29,119 Speaker 1: coins seconds. Although hundreds of thousands of people speak the 318 00:19:29,160 --> 00:19:33,320 Speaker 1: Basque language today, very little is known about how that 319 00:19:33,400 --> 00:19:37,439 Speaker 1: language actually developed, so this could provide some new insight 320 00:19:37,520 --> 00:19:43,000 Speaker 1: into that question. In another potentially notable find, researchers have 321 00:19:43,160 --> 00:19:46,639 Speaker 1: also found what maybe the oldest example of a sentence 322 00:19:47,080 --> 00:19:50,800 Speaker 1: written in the Canaanite language in what's now Israel. There 323 00:19:50,800 --> 00:19:53,840 Speaker 1: are other examples of Canaanite writing from other parts of 324 00:19:53,840 --> 00:19:57,320 Speaker 1: the world, including Syria, but those use a different script. 325 00:19:58,200 --> 00:20:02,160 Speaker 1: This sentence is inscribed on a small ivory comb which 326 00:20:02,280 --> 00:20:05,640 Speaker 1: dates back to about seventeen hundred b C. And it reads, 327 00:20:06,119 --> 00:20:08,560 Speaker 1: may this tusk root out the lice of the hair 328 00:20:08,680 --> 00:20:11,960 Speaker 1: and the beard. Some of the things that I read 329 00:20:12,440 --> 00:20:16,320 Speaker 1: describing this described that sentence as a spell against lice, 330 00:20:16,760 --> 00:20:18,800 Speaker 1: and I'm like, I don't know if it was actually 331 00:20:18,800 --> 00:20:21,840 Speaker 1: a spell, but the fact that somebody just wanted to 332 00:20:21,920 --> 00:20:25,360 Speaker 1: be super clear that their comb needed to take care 333 00:20:25,359 --> 00:20:28,520 Speaker 1: of the lice. I liked that this is a lice comb. 334 00:20:31,960 --> 00:20:36,879 Speaker 1: Uh An inscribed Pictish stone has been unearthed in Scotland, 335 00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:40,720 Speaker 1: one of only about thirty stones found in Scotland sebaron 336 00:20:40,800 --> 00:20:45,600 Speaker 1: inscription in the Oem language. This stone, which also features 337 00:20:45,600 --> 00:20:48,879 Speaker 1: a not work cross an animal imagery, was first found 338 00:20:48,920 --> 00:20:51,800 Speaker 1: in twenty nineteen, but it was not fully excavated for 339 00:20:51,840 --> 00:20:56,040 Speaker 1: another three years. The stone was found in a kirkyard 340 00:20:56,200 --> 00:20:59,080 Speaker 1: or a churchyard, but it may be up to fifteen 341 00:20:59,240 --> 00:21:02,639 Speaker 1: hundred years years old, meaning it would date back to 342 00:21:02,800 --> 00:21:07,080 Speaker 1: before there was a churchyard there. Historians at the University 343 00:21:07,080 --> 00:21:10,159 Speaker 1: of Leicester have found a name repeatedly written in a 344 00:21:10,200 --> 00:21:13,480 Speaker 1: twelve year old copy of the Acts of the Apostles 345 00:21:13,480 --> 00:21:16,480 Speaker 1: from the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It's a 346 00:21:16,520 --> 00:21:20,719 Speaker 1: manuscript formerly known as MS. Selden's Super thirty and that 347 00:21:20,800 --> 00:21:23,600 Speaker 1: name is Edburgh and it's written in the manuscript at 348 00:21:23,640 --> 00:21:28,000 Speaker 1: least fifteen times. Researchers noticed this while using three D 349 00:21:28,080 --> 00:21:33,200 Speaker 1: photography and other imaging techniques to examine this manuscript. There 350 00:21:33,240 --> 00:21:36,400 Speaker 1: are also some doodles that researchers believed to be connected 351 00:21:36,440 --> 00:21:40,720 Speaker 1: to the text and not just random drawings. There were 352 00:21:40,880 --> 00:21:44,240 Speaker 1: nine women with this name known to have lived in 353 00:21:44,240 --> 00:21:47,720 Speaker 1: England from the seventh to the tenth centuries, and there's 354 00:21:47,760 --> 00:21:51,440 Speaker 1: some speculation that this was the one who was known 355 00:21:51,480 --> 00:21:54,399 Speaker 1: to have served as an abbess in Kent during the 356 00:21:54,520 --> 00:22:00,480 Speaker 1: eighth century. Uh. If so, I've I think that's aascinating 357 00:22:00,520 --> 00:22:05,600 Speaker 1: little clue only this person might be. And lastly, researchers 358 00:22:05,760 --> 00:22:09,119 Speaker 1: using multi spectral imaging technology believe that they may have 359 00:22:09,160 --> 00:22:13,720 Speaker 1: found remnants of a star catalog created by Greek astronomer Hipparchus. 360 00:22:14,400 --> 00:22:17,960 Speaker 1: This is in a manuscript called Codex Cleamasira Scriptus, which 361 00:22:18,000 --> 00:22:20,960 Speaker 1: is made from pages that were scrubbed out and reused. 362 00:22:21,320 --> 00:22:24,520 Speaker 1: So the star catalog is earlier writing that was removed 363 00:22:24,560 --> 00:22:27,640 Speaker 1: and then written over, and it contains a passage that's 364 00:22:27,720 --> 00:22:32,440 Speaker 1: usually attributed to Greek astronomer Eratosthenes, but estimates of when 365 00:22:32,440 --> 00:22:35,040 Speaker 1: this work was written down make it more likely to 366 00:22:35,080 --> 00:22:38,240 Speaker 1: be the work of Hipparchus around one b c. E. 367 00:22:39,680 --> 00:22:41,600 Speaker 1: Now we are going to move on to some edibles 368 00:22:41,600 --> 00:22:46,119 Speaker 1: and potables. First, a watermelon seed from a cave in 369 00:22:46,280 --> 00:22:51,240 Speaker 1: Libya has provided some clues about the domestication of watermelons 370 00:22:51,480 --> 00:22:55,200 Speaker 1: and how people ate them in the past. About six 371 00:22:55,200 --> 00:22:58,439 Speaker 1: thousand years ago, people used this cave to take shelter 372 00:22:58,600 --> 00:23:01,640 Speaker 1: with their sheep, and the rye salty air in the 373 00:23:01,680 --> 00:23:06,480 Speaker 1: cave preserved things like watermelon seeds that otherwise would have 374 00:23:06,800 --> 00:23:11,560 Speaker 1: decomposed long long ago. The wild watermelon that the seed 375 00:23:11,640 --> 00:23:15,360 Speaker 1: came from was probably very bitter, so unlike today when 376 00:23:15,400 --> 00:23:18,160 Speaker 1: a lot of people eat watermelon pulp but not the seeds, 377 00:23:18,560 --> 00:23:21,199 Speaker 1: people probably would have been eating the seeds but not 378 00:23:21,280 --> 00:23:25,040 Speaker 1: the pulp. The first evidence of people eating watermelon pulp 379 00:23:25,160 --> 00:23:28,120 Speaker 1: is from Egypt about four thousand years ago, and by 380 00:23:28,160 --> 00:23:31,040 Speaker 1: that point it had likely been cultivated to be sweeter. 381 00:23:31,800 --> 00:23:35,640 Speaker 1: Today's watermelon seeds are actually edible and can be consumed 382 00:23:35,760 --> 00:23:40,480 Speaker 1: raw or roasted. Also sprouted. I think, uh, I do 383 00:23:40,560 --> 00:23:42,840 Speaker 1: not care for watermelons, so I've never tried any of 384 00:23:42,880 --> 00:23:45,480 Speaker 1: these things. You can have all of the watermelon anytime 385 00:23:45,520 --> 00:23:49,879 Speaker 1: we are together. The gasp I just made. Yeah, we 386 00:23:49,880 --> 00:23:55,840 Speaker 1: can talk more about melons on Friday. Maybe. Archaeologists working 387 00:23:55,880 --> 00:23:59,080 Speaker 1: at the Colosseum in Rome have found evidence of what 388 00:23:59,160 --> 00:24:03,120 Speaker 1: people were knacking on during events there. They found traces 389 00:24:03,160 --> 00:24:07,199 Speaker 1: of food dating back nineteen hundred years, including the seeds 390 00:24:07,240 --> 00:24:12,199 Speaker 1: and pits from cherries, peaches, olives, grapes, figs, and blackberries. 391 00:24:13,040 --> 00:24:16,560 Speaker 1: They also found bones from various animals, although in some 392 00:24:16,600 --> 00:24:19,199 Speaker 1: cases these may have been animals that were used as 393 00:24:19,240 --> 00:24:21,959 Speaker 1: part of the entertainment there rather than animals that were 394 00:24:22,040 --> 00:24:27,240 Speaker 1: used as food. Researchers analyzing stone tools from China believe 395 00:24:27,359 --> 00:24:30,040 Speaker 1: they have found the earliest evidence of tools used for 396 00:24:30,160 --> 00:24:33,400 Speaker 1: rice harvesting, and this may feel like gap in knowledge 397 00:24:33,400 --> 00:24:37,000 Speaker 1: of how and when rice was first domesticated in China. 398 00:24:37,320 --> 00:24:40,760 Speaker 1: Rice is a seed, and before rice was domesticated in China, 399 00:24:41,200 --> 00:24:44,480 Speaker 1: the plants dropped their seeds once they were ripe, but 400 00:24:44,560 --> 00:24:48,720 Speaker 1: domesticated plants held onto their seeds until a person harvested them. 401 00:24:49,480 --> 00:24:52,760 Speaker 1: Researchers already knew that people were domesticating rice in China 402 00:24:52,800 --> 00:24:56,320 Speaker 1: by about ten thousand years ago, but there wasn't archaeological 403 00:24:56,359 --> 00:25:00,840 Speaker 1: evidence of tools used to harvest it. But archaeologist had 404 00:25:00,880 --> 00:25:05,320 Speaker 1: found small stone flakes small enough to hold in your hands, 405 00:25:05,400 --> 00:25:08,360 Speaker 1: some of them with sharp edges. They had found these 406 00:25:08,359 --> 00:25:11,520 Speaker 1: that several sites dating back to about that same time 407 00:25:11,560 --> 00:25:14,600 Speaker 1: period when we know people were domesticating rice, but don't 408 00:25:14,640 --> 00:25:16,320 Speaker 1: have a lot of evidence of the tools they were 409 00:25:16,400 --> 00:25:19,359 Speaker 1: using to do it. So this led to the hypothesis 410 00:25:19,400 --> 00:25:22,679 Speaker 1: that at least some of these flaked stones might have 411 00:25:22,760 --> 00:25:25,679 Speaker 1: been used to remove the rice seeds from the plant. 412 00:25:26,359 --> 00:25:29,480 Speaker 1: When examined under a microscope, some of these flakes had 413 00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:32,439 Speaker 1: where patterns similar to the ones that are found on 414 00:25:32,520 --> 00:25:35,840 Speaker 1: tools that we do know are used to harvest plants 415 00:25:35,880 --> 00:25:40,360 Speaker 1: that are rich in silica. Researchers also looked for residues 416 00:25:40,440 --> 00:25:43,600 Speaker 1: on the stones and they found fighterlith residues. There's their 417 00:25:43,680 --> 00:25:46,720 Speaker 1: residues from the silica structures that are found on plants 418 00:25:46,760 --> 00:25:49,560 Speaker 1: like rice. They found those residues on twenty eight of 419 00:25:49,600 --> 00:25:53,840 Speaker 1: the stones. It is possible that these pieces of stone 420 00:25:54,000 --> 00:25:56,960 Speaker 1: were used in a couple of different ways to harvest 421 00:25:57,040 --> 00:25:59,920 Speaker 1: the seeds from the rice plants. They have a couple 422 00:25:59,920 --> 00:26:04,400 Speaker 1: of different general shapes. So we will talk more after 423 00:26:04,440 --> 00:26:07,560 Speaker 1: a sponsor break, including talking about one of my favorite 424 00:26:07,600 --> 00:26:17,000 Speaker 1: subjects art. We are closing out this installment of Earth 425 00:26:17,240 --> 00:26:22,080 Speaker 1: with some arts and then some animals. First, late last year, 426 00:26:22,160 --> 00:26:25,719 Speaker 1: there was a lot of coverage of a group of 427 00:26:25,720 --> 00:26:31,800 Speaker 1: twenty four just beautifully preserved bronze statues found in Italy. 428 00:26:32,680 --> 00:26:35,959 Speaker 1: The coverage about that was not just because the statues 429 00:26:36,000 --> 00:26:39,520 Speaker 1: themselves were so well preserved, but because they may shed 430 00:26:39,600 --> 00:26:43,280 Speaker 1: some new light on the historical relationship between the Etruscan 431 00:26:43,400 --> 00:26:47,680 Speaker 1: and Roman civilizations. These date back to the period when 432 00:26:47,720 --> 00:26:52,200 Speaker 1: this region was transitioning from Etruscan rule to Roman rule, 433 00:26:52,920 --> 00:26:57,760 Speaker 1: and these statues show both Etruscan and Roman influence, including 434 00:26:58,040 --> 00:27:01,840 Speaker 1: some of them depicting Greca Roman odds and some of 435 00:27:01,880 --> 00:27:06,119 Speaker 1: them being inscribed with the names of prominent Etruscan families. 436 00:27:06,760 --> 00:27:10,000 Speaker 1: This area is home to thermal springs, and the statues 437 00:27:10,040 --> 00:27:13,440 Speaker 1: had been placed in the thermal waters. It's not entirely 438 00:27:13,440 --> 00:27:16,360 Speaker 1: clear why. One idea is that they may have been 439 00:27:16,400 --> 00:27:19,480 Speaker 1: meant as some kind of offering. It's also not clear 440 00:27:19,520 --> 00:27:22,720 Speaker 1: why this site wasn't destroyed or converted to a church 441 00:27:23,040 --> 00:27:27,640 Speaker 1: after Christianity became the Roman Empire's official religion and bathing 442 00:27:27,680 --> 00:27:31,679 Speaker 1: sites like this one we're all shut down regardless, The 443 00:27:31,760 --> 00:27:34,840 Speaker 1: statues wound up covered in mud and then left undisturbed, 444 00:27:34,920 --> 00:27:38,440 Speaker 1: which kept them well preserved for more than two thousand years. 445 00:27:38,960 --> 00:27:40,520 Speaker 1: There are a lot of pictures of them, and they 446 00:27:40,520 --> 00:27:46,240 Speaker 1: really aren't gorgeous. Next up, I'm already laughing because this 447 00:27:46,320 --> 00:27:48,680 Speaker 1: is funny to me. The National Gallery of Art has 448 00:27:48,720 --> 00:27:52,400 Speaker 1: concluded that the painting Girl with a Flute, which has 449 00:27:52,480 --> 00:27:56,200 Speaker 1: long been credited to Johannes's vermir and it sure looks 450 00:27:56,240 --> 00:27:59,920 Speaker 1: like a Vermiir, is not really a Vermier. This came 451 00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:03,520 Speaker 1: about after conservators and scientists took advantage of the galley's 452 00:28:03,600 --> 00:28:07,080 Speaker 1: closure during the early months the COVID nineteen pandemic to 453 00:28:07,280 --> 00:28:10,880 Speaker 1: analyze paintings in the collection, including four paintings that were 454 00:28:10,880 --> 00:28:16,120 Speaker 1: attributed to Vermer. Imaging technology revealed that while the painting 455 00:28:16,359 --> 00:28:22,120 Speaker 1: pretty outwardly resembles Vermeer's work, its brush strokes are messier 456 00:28:22,160 --> 00:28:26,480 Speaker 1: and less precise. Conservators believed that the painting was made 457 00:28:26,520 --> 00:28:30,320 Speaker 1: by someone who worked with Vermeer, but that raises even 458 00:28:30,359 --> 00:28:32,800 Speaker 1: more questions since he is not known to have worked 459 00:28:32,800 --> 00:28:36,760 Speaker 1: with assistants or students. Another possibility is that it was 460 00:28:36,800 --> 00:28:39,040 Speaker 1: made by his daughter Maria, who would have been between 461 00:28:39,080 --> 00:28:42,280 Speaker 1: the ages of fifteen and twenty one when this painting 462 00:28:42,360 --> 00:28:46,480 Speaker 1: was made, and in almost a reverse of that scenario, 463 00:28:46,800 --> 00:28:49,840 Speaker 1: an oil sketch known as The Raising of the Cross 464 00:28:50,160 --> 00:28:54,160 Speaker 1: was long attributed to Rembrandt, but about fifty years ago 465 00:28:54,360 --> 00:28:57,240 Speaker 1: art historians started to suspect that it was really someone 466 00:28:57,240 --> 00:29:00,480 Speaker 1: else's work. Some went so far as to call it 467 00:29:00,560 --> 00:29:04,760 Speaker 1: a crude imitation of a Rembrandt, but a two year 468 00:29:04,800 --> 00:29:07,160 Speaker 1: study of this sketch has concluded that yes, it really 469 00:29:07,200 --> 00:29:10,360 Speaker 1: actually is a Rembrandt. To be clear, this is not 470 00:29:10,440 --> 00:29:14,560 Speaker 1: to be confused with rembrandt sixty three painting The Raising 471 00:29:14,560 --> 00:29:17,640 Speaker 1: of the Cross, which has not been in question. Although 472 00:29:17,760 --> 00:29:20,200 Speaker 1: this might seem like it could have been a preliminary 473 00:29:20,240 --> 00:29:23,040 Speaker 1: sketch for the sixteen thirty three work, it seems to 474 00:29:23,080 --> 00:29:27,640 Speaker 1: have been created about a decade afterward. And lastly, conservators 475 00:29:27,640 --> 00:29:31,040 Speaker 1: at the Cincinnati Art Museum have found what maybe a 476 00:29:31,160 --> 00:29:35,440 Speaker 1: self portrait of Paul says On hidden under his eighteen 477 00:29:35,440 --> 00:29:39,600 Speaker 1: sixty five still life with Bread and Eggs. This came 478 00:29:39,640 --> 00:29:42,320 Speaker 1: about after one of the conservators noticed that there were 479 00:29:42,400 --> 00:29:46,520 Speaker 1: cracks clustered in two particular areas of the canvas, and 480 00:29:46,560 --> 00:29:50,720 Speaker 1: that there was quite paint underneath that looked quite different 481 00:29:50,840 --> 00:29:53,560 Speaker 1: from the paint in the visible painting, which is very dark. 482 00:29:54,280 --> 00:29:58,600 Speaker 1: An X ray revealed a portrait underneath the visible paint layers. 483 00:29:59,200 --> 00:30:01,200 Speaker 1: The museum is where King with experts to try to 484 00:30:01,280 --> 00:30:04,680 Speaker 1: learn more about the portrait, and if it is indeed 485 00:30:04,760 --> 00:30:08,840 Speaker 1: a self portrait, it's probably one of the earliest depictions 486 00:30:08,880 --> 00:30:13,520 Speaker 1: of says On. And to close out our Unearthed, we 487 00:30:13,600 --> 00:30:18,200 Speaker 1: have a few finds about animals. First, genetic analysis of 488 00:30:18,200 --> 00:30:22,200 Speaker 1: a bone that was discovered in Aralla Cave in Bosque Country, 489 00:30:22,280 --> 00:30:26,120 Speaker 1: Spain in five has confirmed that it was the bone 490 00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:29,760 Speaker 1: of a domestic dog and carbon fourteen dating puts its 491 00:30:29,800 --> 00:30:33,560 Speaker 1: age at roughly seventeen thousand years old. That makes it 492 00:30:33,640 --> 00:30:36,480 Speaker 1: one of the earliest domesticated dog bones to be found 493 00:30:36,520 --> 00:30:39,760 Speaker 1: so far in Europe. It also suggests that at least 494 00:30:39,760 --> 00:30:43,040 Speaker 1: in Western Europe, dog domestication may have started a bit 495 00:30:43,080 --> 00:30:47,560 Speaker 1: earlier than previously believed. We've mentioned on Unearthed before there's 496 00:30:47,640 --> 00:30:51,960 Speaker 1: constantly new stuff being discovered about dog domestication. So now 497 00:30:52,000 --> 00:30:54,880 Speaker 1: we know this was a seventeen thousand year old good 498 00:30:54,880 --> 00:31:00,920 Speaker 1: boy or girl. Speaking of good boys and girls being dogs, 499 00:31:01,560 --> 00:31:06,560 Speaker 1: archaeologists unearthed several dog bones at the Jamestown Colonial site 500 00:31:06,600 --> 00:31:09,640 Speaker 1: in Virginia over a period of three years starting in 501 00:31:09,680 --> 00:31:14,720 Speaker 1: two thousand seven. Researchers have extracted mitochondrial DNA from these 502 00:31:14,800 --> 00:31:18,240 Speaker 1: bones and found that these animals were more closely related 503 00:31:18,280 --> 00:31:22,240 Speaker 1: to indigenous North American dogs than two dogs that the 504 00:31:22,320 --> 00:31:26,360 Speaker 1: colonists would have brought with them from Europe. We already 505 00:31:26,400 --> 00:31:28,840 Speaker 1: knew that there were dogs in the Americas before the 506 00:31:28,960 --> 00:31:31,800 Speaker 1: arrival of colonists from Europe, but there are no known 507 00:31:31,880 --> 00:31:36,360 Speaker 1: living descendants of these dogs today. Preliminary analysis of this 508 00:31:36,480 --> 00:31:39,320 Speaker 1: find suggests that the dogs that were indigenous to the 509 00:31:39,320 --> 00:31:43,720 Speaker 1: Americas were genetically diverse. The dogs at Jamestown don't seem 510 00:31:43,760 --> 00:31:46,240 Speaker 1: to be related to dogs whose bones were found in 511 00:31:46,280 --> 00:31:50,800 Speaker 1: another nearby colonial village. Researchers hope to fully sequence the 512 00:31:50,880 --> 00:31:56,560 Speaker 1: Jamestown dogs DNA to learn more. And lastly, in ninety four, 513 00:31:56,720 --> 00:32:01,080 Speaker 1: archaeologists unearthed artwork dating back to the fourteenth century BC 514 00:32:01,280 --> 00:32:04,840 Speaker 1: from the North Palace at Amara in Egypt, and one 515 00:32:04,840 --> 00:32:07,520 Speaker 1: of the most striking pieces was found in a room 516 00:32:07,680 --> 00:32:11,760 Speaker 1: called the green Room. It's a really beautiful picture of birds, 517 00:32:11,920 --> 00:32:16,160 Speaker 1: lots of different birds and a marsh full of wild papyrus. 518 00:32:16,200 --> 00:32:20,160 Speaker 1: These birds are really beautiful and detailed, but until now 519 00:32:20,200 --> 00:32:24,640 Speaker 1: it has not been exactly clear which type of birds 520 00:32:24,720 --> 00:32:27,640 Speaker 1: they all were. Some of the birds have been identified, 521 00:32:27,760 --> 00:32:32,000 Speaker 1: including some of them being identified as kingfishers and pigeons, 522 00:32:32,000 --> 00:32:35,800 Speaker 1: but others were more of a mystery. Conservators who were 523 00:32:35,840 --> 00:32:40,920 Speaker 1: trying to preserve this painting in accidentally discolored it. So 524 00:32:41,360 --> 00:32:44,040 Speaker 1: researchers worked from a copy that had been made before 525 00:32:44,080 --> 00:32:47,800 Speaker 1: that happened. They cross reference the depictions of the artwork 526 00:32:48,080 --> 00:32:52,280 Speaker 1: with modern ornithological research and factored in things like artistic license. 527 00:32:53,120 --> 00:32:57,080 Speaker 1: I feel like that's a funny thing. There's a mathematical 528 00:32:57,120 --> 00:33:00,680 Speaker 1: factor for artistic license. Um, it's not. And they believe 529 00:33:00,760 --> 00:33:04,680 Speaker 1: they have pinpointed the species of several previously unidentified birds, 530 00:33:04,720 --> 00:33:08,760 Speaker 1: including shrikes and wagtails. They also believe that the artist 531 00:33:08,960 --> 00:33:11,720 Speaker 1: marked my greeting birds with a triangle on their tails, 532 00:33:12,080 --> 00:33:15,760 Speaker 1: which don't exist on the birds in nature. That's the 533 00:33:15,840 --> 00:33:21,000 Speaker 1: end of our unearthed for dogs and birdles, digs and birds. 534 00:33:24,440 --> 00:33:28,200 Speaker 1: I have just a great email from Ryan to take 535 00:33:28,320 --> 00:33:32,200 Speaker 1: us out. I love this email so much, I'm just 536 00:33:32,200 --> 00:33:34,480 Speaker 1: gonna read it. Ryan said, Hi, Holly and Tracy, my 537 00:33:34,480 --> 00:33:36,760 Speaker 1: wife introduced me to the podcast way back when we 538 00:33:36,760 --> 00:33:39,600 Speaker 1: were dating, and you have become staples of our listening lives, 539 00:33:39,680 --> 00:33:43,760 Speaker 1: especially on long road trips. While this probably isn't an 540 00:33:43,760 --> 00:33:46,600 Speaker 1: exciting enough tidbit to warrant being read on the show, 541 00:33:46,680 --> 00:33:48,920 Speaker 1: which is in no way stopping me from hearing all 542 00:33:48,960 --> 00:33:50,960 Speaker 1: of a sudden my head in your voice. I thought 543 00:33:51,000 --> 00:33:53,680 Speaker 1: I would share since it is finally something I heard 544 00:33:53,680 --> 00:33:57,280 Speaker 1: on the show where I went, hey, I know a thing. Also, 545 00:33:57,320 --> 00:34:00,600 Speaker 1: it was a good excuse to send kitty pictures. In 546 00:34:00,960 --> 00:34:04,920 Speaker 1: the behind the Scenes Many's Food Safety and Kitties episode, 547 00:34:05,480 --> 00:34:10,520 Speaker 1: you brought up the pronunciation of Louis versus Louis, and 548 00:34:10,640 --> 00:34:15,960 Speaker 1: mentioned Louis or Louis Armstrong in passing as an example 549 00:34:16,160 --> 00:34:20,160 Speaker 1: of using the French pronunciation. I'm a professional jazz musician 550 00:34:20,160 --> 00:34:23,120 Speaker 1: and trumpet player, so obviously Louis is a point of 551 00:34:23,160 --> 00:34:26,560 Speaker 1: interest for me, and something I learned about him was 552 00:34:26,640 --> 00:34:30,359 Speaker 1: that he preferred to be called Louis and the English pronunciation, 553 00:34:30,480 --> 00:34:34,080 Speaker 1: rather than Louis as it would be in French. This 554 00:34:34,480 --> 00:34:37,600 Speaker 1: stuck with me in part because his reasoning was that 555 00:34:37,680 --> 00:34:40,080 Speaker 1: while he was growing up in New Orleans, the Creole 556 00:34:40,239 --> 00:34:43,239 Speaker 1: French were considered low class, and he and others of 557 00:34:43,239 --> 00:34:48,560 Speaker 1: the time avoided French pronunciations and thus the implied associations. 558 00:34:48,560 --> 00:34:50,880 Speaker 1: What has always been funny to me is that he 559 00:34:51,000 --> 00:34:55,040 Speaker 1: actually preferred sachem, which was short for satchel mouth, which 560 00:34:55,080 --> 00:34:59,080 Speaker 1: he had no issues with. It's jazz. We never promised 561 00:34:59,120 --> 00:35:02,920 Speaker 1: it would make sense. He never corrected reporters or promoters 562 00:35:02,960 --> 00:35:06,200 Speaker 1: who used the French pronunciation because he was generally non 563 00:35:06,200 --> 00:35:09,200 Speaker 1: confrontational and because it was not that big a deal. 564 00:35:09,480 --> 00:35:12,440 Speaker 1: But he was apparently consistent about his preference, and went 565 00:35:12,480 --> 00:35:15,480 Speaker 1: so far out as to be quoted as saying, only 566 00:35:15,600 --> 00:35:21,280 Speaker 1: white people call me Louis. I'm just gonna say that tracks. 567 00:35:21,440 --> 00:35:24,680 Speaker 1: I try real hard to be aware of things, but 568 00:35:25,000 --> 00:35:28,080 Speaker 1: I am white, and sometimes I'm just gonna white up 569 00:35:28,120 --> 00:35:30,880 Speaker 1: the whole place. Anyway. To get back to the email 570 00:35:31,800 --> 00:35:35,800 Speaker 1: I first read about this and Terry t Show's biography, Pops, 571 00:35:35,960 --> 00:35:37,440 Speaker 1: I'm sorry, I did not look up how to say 572 00:35:37,480 --> 00:35:39,880 Speaker 1: that name. I'm sorry if I said it wrong, but 573 00:35:39,960 --> 00:35:42,719 Speaker 1: have since I had it confirmed from several sources, including 574 00:35:42,760 --> 00:35:45,320 Speaker 1: now colleagues who actually got to play with him. Several 575 00:35:45,360 --> 00:35:48,480 Speaker 1: sources like to cite his pronunciation in the opening line 576 00:35:48,520 --> 00:35:52,080 Speaker 1: to Hello Dolly, but to be fair, that could arguably 577 00:35:52,120 --> 00:35:57,000 Speaker 1: be prioritizing avoiding internal rhyme scheme over his own preferences, 578 00:35:57,600 --> 00:36:00,680 Speaker 1: just to make things more confusing, though, even Louis Armstrong 579 00:36:00,719 --> 00:36:05,200 Speaker 1: New Orleans International Airport isn't a consistent on their pronunciation. 580 00:36:06,040 --> 00:36:08,320 Speaker 1: But if Louis wasn't going to correct promoters, it seems 581 00:36:08,360 --> 00:36:11,360 Speaker 1: like he probably wouldn't bother with correcting the airport authority either. 582 00:36:12,360 --> 00:36:14,839 Speaker 1: Attached are a couple of favorite pictures of our cat's 583 00:36:14,880 --> 00:36:17,759 Speaker 1: Kopa mainly white with a kopa shell pattern on his back, 584 00:36:17,840 --> 00:36:20,400 Speaker 1: and his sister Gumba, who was slightly cross side and 585 00:36:20,440 --> 00:36:22,680 Speaker 1: a bit of a gumba. They may not know they 586 00:36:22,719 --> 00:36:25,000 Speaker 1: love you, but they do. And thanks always for making 587 00:36:25,080 --> 00:36:27,719 Speaker 1: such a wonderful, fun and enriching program. Ryan. Thank you 588 00:36:27,760 --> 00:36:30,560 Speaker 1: so much Ryan for this email. It was absolutely worth reading. 589 00:36:30,600 --> 00:36:34,080 Speaker 1: I loved reading it so much. And then I went 590 00:36:34,200 --> 00:36:37,320 Speaker 1: down a whole big rabbit hole about how Louis Armstrong 591 00:36:37,360 --> 00:36:39,480 Speaker 1: said his own name. And he did put out an 592 00:36:39,520 --> 00:36:43,040 Speaker 1: album at one point I think called Laughing Louis, which 593 00:36:43,080 --> 00:36:46,680 Speaker 1: was definitely Louis in that name. But otherwise, yeah, he 594 00:36:46,719 --> 00:36:49,240 Speaker 1: does seem to have called himself Louis all the time, 595 00:36:49,600 --> 00:36:52,200 Speaker 1: and there were even people really close to him, like 596 00:36:52,840 --> 00:36:55,560 Speaker 1: his widow after his death quoted in an interview one 597 00:36:55,560 --> 00:36:58,560 Speaker 1: time calling him Louis like it's there seems to be 598 00:36:58,640 --> 00:37:01,720 Speaker 1: just a whole lack of con insistency of the pronunciation, 599 00:37:02,640 --> 00:37:07,480 Speaker 1: other than he himself saying Louis pretty much all the time. Um. 600 00:37:07,600 --> 00:37:13,799 Speaker 1: The the airport in New Orleans I'm pretty sure was 601 00:37:14,000 --> 00:37:17,360 Speaker 1: renamed after him after his death, so he would not 602 00:37:17,400 --> 00:37:19,880 Speaker 1: have been around to correct the airport authority unless I 603 00:37:19,880 --> 00:37:22,600 Speaker 1: am missing something about it, maybe colloquially being called that 604 00:37:22,640 --> 00:37:26,440 Speaker 1: before that point. Um, I've flown through that airport, and 605 00:37:26,520 --> 00:37:31,560 Speaker 1: reading that part of it triggered a vague, vague memory 606 00:37:31,600 --> 00:37:33,759 Speaker 1: of being in the airport and hearing one of those 607 00:37:33,800 --> 00:37:37,280 Speaker 1: announcements that's kind of like welcome to Louis Armstrong International Airport, 608 00:37:37,680 --> 00:37:43,160 Speaker 1: and my my brain kind of going that was very formal. Uh, 609 00:37:43,440 --> 00:37:47,040 Speaker 1: but no, that's really how he said it. And again 610 00:37:47,080 --> 00:37:48,960 Speaker 1: I loved this email. And as soon as I got 611 00:37:49,000 --> 00:37:51,440 Speaker 1: and I was like, out, I don't know why you 612 00:37:51,440 --> 00:37:53,759 Speaker 1: would think this did not weren't being read, because as 613 00:37:53,800 --> 00:37:55,399 Speaker 1: soon as I got it, I was like that, I'm 614 00:37:55,440 --> 00:37:59,719 Speaker 1: reading this one. Reading this one. Fatma was short for 615 00:38:00,000 --> 00:38:02,480 Speaker 1: actual mouth and was a comment on his appearance. But 616 00:38:02,560 --> 00:38:05,560 Speaker 1: he apparently thought that was great. Um. And I also, 617 00:38:06,600 --> 00:38:09,239 Speaker 1: of course I love the cat pictures. Thank you again, Ryan. 618 00:38:09,320 --> 00:38:12,000 Speaker 1: I know I have to sort of effusively refused all 619 00:38:12,000 --> 00:38:15,239 Speaker 1: over this email, but I loved it. Uh. If you 620 00:38:15,280 --> 00:38:17,040 Speaker 1: would like to write to us about this or any 621 00:38:17,040 --> 00:38:19,799 Speaker 1: other podcast or history podcasts that I heart radio dot 622 00:38:19,880 --> 00:38:22,560 Speaker 1: com and or also all over social media missed in 623 00:38:22,640 --> 00:38:25,600 Speaker 1: history that three, I'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram, 624 00:38:25,640 --> 00:38:29,000 Speaker 1: and you can subscribe to our show on the I 625 00:38:29,080 --> 00:38:31,600 Speaker 1: heart radio app or wherever else you like to get 626 00:38:31,640 --> 00:38:39,120 Speaker 1: your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in History Class is a 627 00:38:39,160 --> 00:38:42,360 Speaker 1: production of I heart Radio. For more podcasts from I 628 00:38:42,480 --> 00:38:45,680 Speaker 1: heart Radio, visit the I heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 629 00:38:45,800 --> 00:38:47,800 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows