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Speaker 4: Hey Daniel, I found another physics related scam recently.

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Speaker 1: Uh oh, did someone try to sell you quantum girl

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Speaker 1: Scout cookies again?

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Speaker 4: Girl Scout cookies do seem to quantum tunnel into my

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Speaker 4: stomach pretty easily. I don't even have to eat them.

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Speaker 1: So then what's the scam?

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Speaker 4: I saw an ad for a quantum television? Can you

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Speaker 4: believe that? Nonsense? Actually, wait, what do you mean? This

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Speaker 4: is a real thing? What does the quantum TV do?

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Speaker 4: Is it always fuzzy because of the uncertainty principle?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, you know, the word quantum gets abused a lot,

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Speaker 1: But this one time it's for real.

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Speaker 4: It's not a scam.

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Speaker 1: No, quantum televisions are a real thing, and they are

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Speaker 1: extra crispy m.

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Speaker 4: Just like a Girl Scout cookie. I am hoor hammade

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Speaker 4: cartoonist and the creator of PhD comics.

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Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle of physicists, and I'm

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Speaker 1: at least twenty five percent made out of Girl Scout cookies.

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Speaker 4: Oh wow, you're you're a big fan.

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Speaker 1: It's for a good cause, you know, That's why I

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Speaker 1: eat them. It's for good cos.

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Speaker 4: Hey, you know you can buy them and not eat them.

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Speaker 1: What that would be offensive? You have to throw them

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Speaker 1: into trash. You don't have to tell the Girl Scouts

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Speaker 1: they would know.

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Speaker 4: But welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

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Speaker 4: a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: In which we take our cookie fueled brains and try

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Speaker 1: to understand everything about the universe, not just the tiny

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Speaker 1: quantum particles and the crazy stuff happening in the center

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Speaker 1: of stars, but everything in between. We take that immense

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Speaker 1: mental journey all the way out into the universe and

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Speaker 1: back into the quantum particles and explain all of it

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Speaker 1: to you.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, do you have a favorite Girl Scout cookies?

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Speaker 1: Then ooh, we're getting real here.

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Speaker 5: Huh.

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Speaker 1: I'm not going to endorse one particular Girl Scout cookies.

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Speaker 1: I gotta go. I think with the classic thin mint

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Speaker 1: you know, it's just it's so easy for them to

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Speaker 1: tunnel into your stomach.

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Speaker 6: Hmmm.

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Speaker 4: My spouse would be appalled at the mixing of mint

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Speaker 4: and chocolate.

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Speaker 1: Do this taste like toothpaste to her?

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Speaker 4: Yeah? With chocolate.

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Speaker 1: There's probably a reason this is no chocolate toothpaste flavor.

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Speaker 4: But there are a lot of interesting and amazing things

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Speaker 4: in this universe that we like to talk about in

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Speaker 4: this podcast. Things that are out there in the vast

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Speaker 4: reaches of space, and also things that are right here

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Speaker 4: at home, and things that are maybe at the tip

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Speaker 4: of your fingertip without even knowing.

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Speaker 1: Yes, things that are harder to understand even than the

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Speaker 1: combination of herbs and chocolate, things that are weird, things

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Speaker 1: that are quantum, things that make no sense but are

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Speaker 1: actually real.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, because physics reveals that the universe is a pretty

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Speaker 4: weird place. It doesn't always work the same way that

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Speaker 4: we grew up thinking that it works. There's all kinds

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Speaker 4: of strange things going on, especially at the microscopic and

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Speaker 4: at the quantum level.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's basically the job of physics is to figure

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Speaker 1: out how does the world actually work, Not the way

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Speaker 1: we thought it should work or the way we might

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Speaker 1: have imagined it worked from our experience with rivers and

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Speaker 1: rocks and stuff, but the way fundamentally things actually happen.

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Speaker 1: And sometimes that's just for our edification, just to know

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Speaker 1: how the universe actually works. But sometimes it's actually useful

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Speaker 1: and we can use it to build cool new stuff.

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Speaker 4: Wait, what physics can be useful? Who told you that

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Speaker 4: some physicists your parents.

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Speaker 1: Some physicists? After he sold me some cookies?

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Speaker 4: Oh right, right? Is there an age limit or professional

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Speaker 4: limit to being a girl scout?

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Speaker 1: You've never had a physics scout cookie.

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Speaker 4: Hmmm? Does it taste like particles? I hear the Higgs

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Speaker 4: boson is pretty tasty.

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Speaker 1: Everything tastes like particles. Man, everything is particles. Particles are

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Speaker 1: also the only thing doing any tasting.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, you're saying that physics can be useful.

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Speaker 1: Physics can be useful. Yes. In fact, you know, the

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Speaker 1: World Wide Web was invented at a particle physics laboratory,

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Speaker 1: and all sorts of things come out of just like

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Speaker 1: gaining knowledge about how the universe works.

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Speaker 4: Right, And we all know how useful the World Wide

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Speaker 4: Web is.

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Speaker 1: That's right. It's contributed to a huge decrease in productivity worldwide.

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Speaker 4: It's like an anti useful particle.

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Speaker 1: There, depends on your goals, man.

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Speaker 4: Of reducing work. But yeah, well I do admit it's

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Speaker 4: useful to know physics, for sure, and sometimes we can

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Speaker 4: use that knowledge to build amazing and cool things that

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Speaker 4: we couldn't do before. And that includes maybe quantum mechanics,

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Speaker 4: which is like the weirdest and most awesomest thing in

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Speaker 4: the universe.

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Speaker 1: It is, and our understanding of quantum mechanics underlies most

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Speaker 1: modern electronics. It's the reason that your phone works, it's

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Speaker 1: the reason your computer boots up. It's also the reason

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Speaker 1: your computer crashes.

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Speaker 4: I guess no, that's the fault of the girls got

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Speaker 4: cook crumples, a film a keyword.

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Speaker 1: It's like a physical virus infecting your computer.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, Quantum mechanics helps us not just kind of understand

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Speaker 4: what's happening with our electronics and everything around us, but

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Speaker 4: you can actually use some of these weird quantum effects

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Speaker 4: to do interesting things like microscopes, right, Like electron microscopes,

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Speaker 4: They work on quantum mechanical principles.

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Speaker 5: Yeah.

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Speaker 1: Basically, everything that works at the very small scale, that

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Speaker 1: uses one or two or a small set of particles

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Speaker 1: has to follow quantum rules. So anything that's been super

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Speaker 1: miniaturized or uses particles to look at super tiny stuff

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Speaker 1: has to follow quantum rules. And sometimes those quantum rules

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Speaker 1: are different in a really useful way.

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Speaker 4: Yeah. And usually this kind of technology is limited to

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Speaker 4: physics labs and engineering labs and research centers. But soon

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Speaker 4: quantum mechanics technology might be coming to your home.

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Speaker 1: That's right. Get ready to buy quantum.

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Speaker 4: Cookies, I mean quantum TVs.

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Speaker 1: You know, there is actually something quantized about cookies. You

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Speaker 1: notice how you can't eat one and a half cookies

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Speaker 1: or three in a quarter's cookies. It's always like integer

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Speaker 1: numbers of cookies.

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Speaker 4: Oh my god, you just discovered the whites and quantum

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Speaker 4: cookie principle.

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Speaker 1: I did a lot of experiments.

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Speaker 4: It's more of a social science principle though.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a bit of a soft science. The more

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Speaker 1: cookies I get, the soft my science is.

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Speaker 4: And your stomach and your body exactly. Well, there is

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Speaker 4: now a proposed quantum television technology and it's based on

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Speaker 4: kind of a and not a new technology, but a

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Speaker 4: technology that's been around for a while in quantum mechanics.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, this is really fascinating idea that lets us build

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Speaker 1: something like artificial atoms and manipulate electron energy levels to

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Speaker 1: get all sorts of fascinating properties that we could use

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Speaker 1: for really a wide range of possible technologies.

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Speaker 4: So to the on the program, we'll be talking about

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Speaker 4: what are quantum dots? That does sound like a.

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Speaker 1: Girl's cut a very very small cookie.

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Speaker 4: The quantum dot, you know, So what is it? Finman's

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Speaker 4: and snickerdoodles and quantum dots.

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Speaker 1: But how many quantum dots would be in one box

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Speaker 1: of cookies? Right? Like ten to the twenty six. That's

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Speaker 1: a pretty good deal, mom, I only had ten of

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Speaker 1: the twelve quantum dot cookies for dessert.

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Speaker 4: M that's your allotment for the rest of your life.

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Speaker 1: So when you heard the phrase quantum dot, did you

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Speaker 1: think it was another one of these ridiculous schemes.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, I'd heard of him before. I just never knew

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Speaker 4: what they are. I mean, I imagine they're just really small

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Speaker 4: dots at the quantum level. But you know it is

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Speaker 4: it like a dot of ink, a dot of what?

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Speaker 1: It's a dot of quantum?

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Speaker 5: Right?

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Speaker 6: Mm?

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Speaker 4: Pure quantum ess all right? Well, as usually o, Daniel

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Speaker 4: went out there into the wilds of the Internet to

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Speaker 4: ask people if they knew what quantum dots are.

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Speaker 1: So thank you to everyone who broke through their inhibitions

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Speaker 1: and answered these random questions without any research. If you'd

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Speaker 1: like to participate in the future, please write to me

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Speaker 1: at questions at Daniel and Jorge dot com.

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Speaker 7: Yeah.

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Speaker 4: So think about it for a second. If someone asked

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Speaker 4: you what a quantum dot is, what would you answer.

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Speaker 4: Here's what people had to say.

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Speaker 5: I think a quantum dot refers to a single particle,

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Speaker 5: such as an electron, that is isolated by means of

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Speaker 5: electromagnetic fields. The particle is confined to a small region

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Speaker 5: in space, so it has a very high kinetic energy.

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Speaker 8: Okay, I think quantum dots are really small collections of atoms.

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Speaker 8: Belief often it's for gold atoms to lump together.

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Speaker 4: Maybe if the idea that like the universe is pixelated,

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Speaker 4: maybe quantum dots are there the grid points that underlie everything.

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Speaker 9: If I had to guess, I would say quantum dots

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Speaker 9: are maybe something like string theory, where if we break

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Speaker 9: things down as small as we can get, we're stuck

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Speaker 9: with these quantum dots and they can be the building

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Speaker 9: blocks for a lot of quantum things. I think Corey

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Speaker 9: said at once the word quantum just goes in front

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Speaker 9: of anything these days. It seems like.

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Speaker 6: I don't know for sure, but I think it might

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Speaker 6: refer to the mathematical concept of a particle that doesn't

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Speaker 6: have a volume, so it only has coordinates but no

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Speaker 6: volume in space or zero volume.

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Speaker 10: Quantum it's something small and a dot. It's something small also,

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Speaker 10: so quantum dot. Probably you'll find it in at the

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Speaker 10: end of a quantum sentence.

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Speaker 1: M how about that?

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Speaker 11: So I've never actually heard the phrase quantum dots before.

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Speaker 11: My guess is that it has to do with the

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Speaker 11: idea that space itself is quantized, and that if you

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Speaker 11: were able to zoom in far enough, there would be

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Speaker 11: a smallest possible point. I've never ever heard of a

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Speaker 11: quantum dot.

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Speaker 1: I'm afraid.

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Speaker 4: I'm guessing they have something to do with the idea

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Speaker 4: that space is quantized, so like pixels on a display.

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Speaker 4: All right, not a lot of people know what a

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Speaker 4: quantum dot is, apparently no.

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Speaker 1: But there are some really nice speculations here, like the

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Speaker 1: math concept of a particle with no volume. That's definitely

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Speaker 1: something we've talked about in the podcast.

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Speaker 3: Hmmmm.

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Speaker 4: I guess everything is a quantum dot technically, right, like

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Speaker 4: all particles are just the point particles? Wasn't difference between

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Speaker 4: a dot and a point? Daniel?

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Speaker 1: Oh?

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Speaker 4: Maybe get philosophical.

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Speaker 1: One of them has mint in it, I guess, and

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Speaker 1: the other one doesn't. I have no idea.

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Speaker 4: I have no idea when it's round. Maybe the other

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Speaker 4: one is pointy? Maybe?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I don't know. A point, technically speaking, is a

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Speaker 1: single value in space, whereas I guess a dot could

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Speaker 1: have some with to it.

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Speaker 4: Mm, you have a good point with dot, all right,

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Speaker 4: let's jump into it, Daniel, what is a quantum dot?

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Speaker 4: Settle this for us?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, quantum dot is really fascinating it's basically just a

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Speaker 1: piece of seven conductor, but a very very very small piece,

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Speaker 1: so you get interesting quantum effects. And because semiconductors are

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Speaker 1: sort of very flexible electrically and can be manipulated by

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Speaker 1: doping and adding different kinds of materials, you can essentially

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Speaker 1: construct any kind of energy levels you want for your electron,

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Speaker 1: which is really what determines the sort of like bulk

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Speaker 1: properties of a material. M.

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Speaker 4: So it's just a really really tiny piece of anything, right,

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Speaker 4: doesn't have you a semiconductor. It can be any material.

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Speaker 4: You can call it a quantum dot.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it could be any material, but we typically use

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Speaker 1: semiconductors because of their interesting electrical properties. And so take

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Speaker 1: some piece of material and make a really really small

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Speaker 1: version of it, and then quantum effects take over things

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Speaker 1: like the electron, for example, gets trapped in your quantum dot,

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Speaker 1: and then the width of it is now important to

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Speaker 1: how that electron behaves. It changes like the energy levels

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Speaker 1: the electron can have, which changes like how it absorbs

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Speaker 1: light or emits lighter, conducts electricity. M.

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Speaker 4: How big are we talking about or how small are

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Speaker 4: we talking about? These quantum dots being like how many nanometers.

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Speaker 1: We're talking about like one to ten nanometers in size.

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Speaker 1: These are really tiny, Like you could line up a

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Speaker 1: million of these things across your finger. They're super duper small,

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Speaker 1: and they have to be small in order to get

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Speaker 1: to the quantum effects, right, they have to be basically

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Speaker 1: on the quantum scale, the ant Man scale, So one.

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Speaker 4: To ten nanometers. And how does that compare it to

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Speaker 4: like the you know, the quote unquote with of an atom.

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Speaker 1: It's about ten or fifteen times wider than like the

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Speaker 1: hydrogen atom is defined by like you know, the cloudo

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Speaker 1: electrons around the nucleus. So you're definitely getting down to

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Speaker 1: that scale. And I think that's sort of the key

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Speaker 1: idea is that you know, when you get electrons down

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Speaker 1: to this really small scale like the size of a

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Speaker 1: hydrogen atom or what happens in atoms, they start to

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Speaker 1: exhibit these quantum properties, like having very specific energy levels

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Speaker 1: that only happens when you can strain an electron.

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Speaker 4: Mmmmm all right, so you know it's like maybe ten

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Speaker 4: atoms wide these dots, And are they actually like dots?

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Speaker 4: Are they like cubes? Are they like little balls? Do

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Speaker 4: we have pictures of them?

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Speaker 1: We do have pictures of them, usually they're little crystals,

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Speaker 1: and it depends a little bit on how they are

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Speaker 1: built and how they're fabricated. And we'll get into it

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Speaker 1: in a minute about how you make these things. You

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Speaker 1: can make them in almost any shape. You can make cubes,

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Speaker 1: you can make pyramids, you can make you know, diamond shapes,

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Speaker 1: whatever you like. And the shape of the nanocrystals changes

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Speaker 1: how the electron is sort of captured in it and

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Speaker 1: can change its behavior. So depending on what you want

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Speaker 1: for its electrical properties, you might design a different shape.

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Speaker 4: Mmmm. All right, so it's almost like you're kind of

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Speaker 4: making an atom. Almost.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. The key idea here is that when you look

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Speaker 1: at the periodic table, you see lots of different elements,

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Speaker 1: and those elements all have really different properties, right, Some

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Speaker 1: of them conduct a lot of electricity, some of them

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Speaker 1: are really interactive, and some of them are not. And

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Speaker 1: all of those properties come from the behavior of the

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Speaker 1: electrons and their energy, Like are those electron orbitals filled?

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Speaker 1: And how big are they? Et cetera, et cetera. But

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Speaker 1: we're sort of limited to the atoms that we have

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Speaker 1: in nature. You know, if you want an atom that

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Speaker 1: does a specific kind of thing that emits lighter to

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Speaker 1: a certain frequency or absorbs light of a certain frequency.

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Speaker 1: You sort of have to pick from the menu that

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Speaker 1: we have until now. Because quantum dots allow you to

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Speaker 1: basically engineer electron energy levels to say, I'd like electron

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Speaker 1: energy levels that look like this, so have whatever whatever property.

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Speaker 1: That's why they're sometimes called artificial atoms. They don't have

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Speaker 1: a nucleus and electrons around them, but to have that

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Speaker 1: sort of property of an atom that they're controlled by

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Speaker 1: their electron energy levels.

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Speaker 4: Interesting, they're like designer atoms, yes, exactly, designer atoms like

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Speaker 4: made to order. Uh.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And so if we want a material that does

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Speaker 1: something that no natural material does, then we can maybe

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Speaker 1: build it out of quantum dots or design quantum dots

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Speaker 1: that have that specific ability.

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Speaker 4: What kinds of abilities are we talking about, like reflecting

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Speaker 4: light or like how they conduct or how easy they

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Speaker 4: give up an electron or how they taste.

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Speaker 1: I would not recommend eating any of these quantum dots.

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Speaker 1: Almost all of them are totally toxic. But yeah, they

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Speaker 1: have interesting optical properties, like they can absorb light at

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Speaker 1: whatever frequency you want, you know, and they can give

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Speaker 1: off light at whatever frequencies you want, which is very

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Speaker 1: helpful for example, and making a very crisp display for

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Speaker 1: your television, and other kinds of things like absorbing power

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Speaker 1: for solar cells. And there's another aspect to it, which

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Speaker 1: is maybe less practical but more fascinating, which is that

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Speaker 1: you can sort of design quantum behaviors. Previously, when people

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Speaker 1: wanted to do quantum experiments, it was hard because you

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Speaker 1: had to use like actual atoms that we find in nature,

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Speaker 1: and those atoms can be difficult to deal with. You

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Speaker 1: have to like have a vacuum system and lasers to

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Speaker 1: capture it. Remember we talked about Bose Einstein contentsate. It's

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Speaker 1: a difficult thing to do because it has to be

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Speaker 1: done with atoms and all these complex systems.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, I lose my atoms all the time. They're slippery.

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Speaker 1: They are slippery, and it's a pain and it's expensive.

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Speaker 1: But if you could do it with quantum dots, they're

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Speaker 1: much easier to manufacture. You might even be able to

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Speaker 1: print them on chips for example, So you could do

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Speaker 1: all sorts of fascinating quantum experiments without all the expensive machinery.

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Speaker 4: Could you print like a quantum computer out of quantum dots.

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Speaker 1: Yes, exactly, that's one direction. People are going trying to

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Speaker 1: build cube bits out of quantum dots.

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Speaker 4: But doesn't the quantumness of something always decrease the more

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Speaker 4: atoms you get, Like if you have ten atoms, that's

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Speaker 4: usually sort of like less quantumy than one atom.

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Speaker 1: Right, you can worry about like decoherence effects. As it

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Speaker 1: interacts with its environment, it loses some of those quantum

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Speaker 1: effects because the wave functions decohere, and that's something that's

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Speaker 1: really difficult to do with atoms because it's hard to

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Speaker 1: isolate them from the system. Right, The key is isolation.

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Speaker 1: You could have a really large system that doesn't decohere

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Speaker 1: as long as it remains isolated from the environment. That's

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Speaker 1: hard to do with atoms because you know, they bounce

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Speaker 1: around and they jiggle and stuff. But quantum dots are

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Speaker 1: sort of easier to localize and therefore easier to isolate.

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Speaker 4: Is the idea, Oh, man, are we going to go

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Speaker 4: back to dot matrix printers, but this time there'll be

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Speaker 4: quantum dot matrix printers.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly.

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Speaker 4: What we're is that our feature again, and then we'll

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Speaker 4: go back to quantum motives too, but.

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Speaker 1: It'll be the quantum version of those sounds. So it'll

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Speaker 1: be much spookier.

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Speaker 4: Mmmm, sound cooler, which is by definition.

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Speaker 1: And something that's really fascinating about these things is that

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Speaker 1: they're often referred to as zero dimensional objects.

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Speaker 11: Mmmm.

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Speaker 4: Of course, because that's not confusing.

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Speaker 1: And that was really confusing from me when I first

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Speaker 1: was reading about that, because you know, I'm three dimensional.

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Speaker 1: There's forward, backwards, side to side, and up and down.

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Speaker 1: I'm defined by three different dimensions, and you can imagine,

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Speaker 1: you know, a sheet of paper is almost two dimensional,

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Speaker 1: and like a thin piece of string is like almost

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Speaker 1: one dimensional. What's a zero dimensional object? And it's really

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Speaker 1: something where it can't go anywhere, So it's really like

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Speaker 1: a point in space. Yes, there are electrons in there,

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Speaker 1: and yes, technically they can move a little bit sideways,

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Speaker 1: but really they're constrained and the only way they can

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Speaker 1: move is sort of up and down in energy.

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Speaker 4: Oh interesting, almost like a perfect box for electrons.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a perfect little box for electrons. And you know,

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Speaker 1: quantum mechanically, the way the electron behaves is completely defined

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Speaker 1: by the shape of the box. Like an electron just

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Speaker 1: floating through space is not actually quantized like you could

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Speaker 1: have any energy level. Free electrons are not quantized at all.

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Speaker 1: The quantization only happens when you constrain it. When you

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Speaker 1: say you got to live in this little box or

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Speaker 1: whiz around this nucleus of the atom, that's where the

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Speaker 1: quantization comes from. And so here, by constructing your own box,

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Speaker 1: you define your own energy levels for the electron, which

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Speaker 1: I think is pretty cool. So we're like quantum designers.

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Speaker 4: Wow, And this is an idea from the eighties. It

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Speaker 4: was made a long time ago, but only now maybe

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Speaker 4: we're getting into how do I actually use these thoughts?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. The idea has been around for a few decades,

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Speaker 1: and the proof of principle was done in the eighties.

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Speaker 1: But with lots of things, it's only really useful if

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Speaker 1: you can make a lot of them, and if you

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Speaker 1: can make them at less than like a billion dollars

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Speaker 1: per dot.

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Speaker 4: Hmmm, right, all right, Well let's get into how you

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Speaker 4: actually make a quantum dot and what can you do

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Speaker 4: with them. But first let's take a quick break.

431
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455
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Speaker 4: All right, we're talking about quantum dots, which are not

481
00:23:55,720 --> 00:23:59,440
Speaker 4: girls scoutcookies, but possibly TVs in the future.

482
00:24:00,359 --> 00:24:02,719
Speaker 1: Yes, TVs, maybe even in your present.

483
00:24:03,800 --> 00:24:05,040
Speaker 4: They might end up on our phones.

484
00:24:05,240 --> 00:24:07,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, you could have a quantum dot screen. They could

485
00:24:07,880 --> 00:24:10,080
Speaker 1: create screens that are like really flexible you can roll

486
00:24:10,119 --> 00:24:11,119
Speaker 1: up and stuff in your pocket.

487
00:24:11,400 --> 00:24:13,280
Speaker 4: Oh, just don't eat them.

488
00:24:14,040 --> 00:24:16,040
Speaker 1: Do not eat quantum screens.

489
00:24:16,359 --> 00:24:19,680
Speaker 4: All right. Quantum dot is a little tiny piece of semiconductor,

490
00:24:19,800 --> 00:24:23,199
Speaker 4: maybe one to ten nanometers wide, which is about like

491
00:24:23,480 --> 00:24:27,000
Speaker 4: ten atoms in uh with and they kind of act

492
00:24:27,080 --> 00:24:30,439
Speaker 4: like little designer atoms. They can trap electrons and you

493
00:24:30,480 --> 00:24:33,800
Speaker 4: can make them sit and whatever energy levels you want.

494
00:24:33,880 --> 00:24:36,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, you can make the particles dance whatever dance you

495
00:24:36,720 --> 00:24:37,199
Speaker 1: tell them to.

496
00:24:37,560 --> 00:24:39,240
Speaker 4: All right, So I guess the question is how do

497
00:24:39,240 --> 00:24:41,080
Speaker 4: you make them? How do you make a quantum dot?

498
00:24:41,240 --> 00:24:44,080
Speaker 4: Do you just like spray some quantumness and they form

499
00:24:44,119 --> 00:24:45,360
Speaker 4: in the air. What's the formative.

500
00:24:45,400 --> 00:24:48,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's one tspoon of quantumness, two teaspoons of dot

501
00:24:48,520 --> 00:24:52,000
Speaker 1: and then just mix they go. It's hard, right, and

502
00:24:52,040 --> 00:24:54,280
Speaker 1: this is one of the challenges. And so there are

503
00:24:54,280 --> 00:24:57,280
Speaker 1: a lot of different approaches to making these quantum dots,

504
00:24:57,440 --> 00:24:59,159
Speaker 1: and we'll see which one sort of takes off for

505
00:24:59,280 --> 00:25:04,600
Speaker 1: various application. There's basically three totally different approaches. One is chemical,

506
00:25:05,000 --> 00:25:07,479
Speaker 1: so basically just try to mix these things, like we

507
00:25:07,520 --> 00:25:10,199
Speaker 1: were just joking about, but for real. And the idea

508
00:25:10,440 --> 00:25:13,280
Speaker 1: is that these things are crystals, which means that in

509
00:25:13,320 --> 00:25:16,040
Speaker 1: some sense they should self assemble, you know, the way

510
00:25:16,119 --> 00:25:19,440
Speaker 1: like crystals will form themselves. If you put salt into

511
00:25:19,480 --> 00:25:22,240
Speaker 1: solution and you shake it, the salt should come out

512
00:25:22,280 --> 00:25:25,320
Speaker 1: of the solution, you know, make these crystals. And so

513
00:25:25,440 --> 00:25:27,760
Speaker 1: you do the same thing with the kind of quantum

514
00:25:27,840 --> 00:25:30,120
Speaker 1: dots you want to make. Whatever it is you're trying

515
00:25:30,119 --> 00:25:32,520
Speaker 1: to build, maybe it's mostly silicon, maybe it has other

516
00:25:32,560 --> 00:25:35,639
Speaker 1: stuff in it. You put all those ingredients into some solution,

517
00:25:36,000 --> 00:25:38,000
Speaker 1: you heat it up so it all like breaks up

518
00:25:38,000 --> 00:25:41,240
Speaker 1: into a big soup, and then you hope that nanocrystals

519
00:25:41,240 --> 00:25:44,439
Speaker 1: get nucleated and then sort of build on themselves mm.

520
00:25:45,359 --> 00:25:47,520
Speaker 4: But then there would be floating around or they would

521
00:25:47,600 --> 00:25:49,320
Speaker 4: kind of form on your surface.

522
00:25:49,480 --> 00:25:52,000
Speaker 1: No, then they would be floating around exactly, and then

523
00:25:52,040 --> 00:25:54,480
Speaker 1: you'd need to do something to like pull them out

524
00:25:54,720 --> 00:25:58,719
Speaker 1: and you know, make them useful somehow. But often you

525
00:25:58,760 --> 00:26:01,520
Speaker 1: want them in solution, like maybe you want them suspended

526
00:26:01,520 --> 00:26:03,920
Speaker 1: in water so they can glow a certain temperature where

527
00:26:03,920 --> 00:26:06,960
Speaker 1: you can inject them into your experiment or whatever.

528
00:26:07,840 --> 00:26:08,719
Speaker 4: Sounds kind of tricky.

529
00:26:08,880 --> 00:26:11,360
Speaker 1: It's pretty tricky, and also it's tricky to filter them right.

530
00:26:11,400 --> 00:26:13,960
Speaker 1: You want only quantum dots that have formed well, and

531
00:26:14,040 --> 00:26:16,880
Speaker 1: so this process isn't always going to form you high

532
00:26:16,920 --> 00:26:20,040
Speaker 1: quality quantum dots every single time, and so it's tricky

533
00:26:20,080 --> 00:26:22,240
Speaker 1: to get exactly the right ones out. And so people

534
00:26:22,280 --> 00:26:24,760
Speaker 1: have tried all sorts of variations on this approach, like

535
00:26:25,080 --> 00:26:28,560
Speaker 1: using molecular seeding, you know, starting with something that has

536
00:26:28,600 --> 00:26:31,360
Speaker 1: sort of like the right shape to nucleate those crystals

537
00:26:31,400 --> 00:26:34,040
Speaker 1: and encourage things to form just the right way. It's

538
00:26:34,119 --> 00:26:36,800
Speaker 1: really complex, sort of like as a chemistry problem. You know,

539
00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:39,240
Speaker 1: how do you get all these molecules bouncing around in

540
00:26:39,280 --> 00:26:42,320
Speaker 1: solution to come together and like build themselves out of

541
00:26:42,359 --> 00:26:44,400
Speaker 1: these mini legos, right.

542
00:26:44,320 --> 00:26:46,560
Speaker 4: Yeah, sounds tricky. What are other ways that you can

543
00:26:46,560 --> 00:26:47,000
Speaker 4: make them?

544
00:26:47,080 --> 00:26:51,680
Speaker 1: Another way is basically following the principles of semiconductor technologies,

545
00:26:51,800 --> 00:26:55,440
Speaker 1: which have come really really far in printing tiny circuits.

546
00:26:55,760 --> 00:26:57,639
Speaker 1: The way your computer is built is not by super

547
00:26:57,680 --> 00:27:01,760
Speaker 1: tiny little fingers soldering together little components individually, right, It's

548
00:27:01,840 --> 00:27:05,479
Speaker 1: printed onto a sheet of silicon in a super duper

549
00:27:05,560 --> 00:27:08,879
Speaker 1: tiny way. So they have developed this technology because it

550
00:27:08,960 --> 00:27:13,200
Speaker 1: underpins the entire consumer electronics and computing industry to print

551
00:27:13,400 --> 00:27:17,080
Speaker 1: really really thin layers of semiconductors really near each other.

552
00:27:17,240 --> 00:27:19,760
Speaker 1: So they're trying to use and adapt that technology to

553
00:27:19,840 --> 00:27:21,399
Speaker 1: also make quantum dots.

554
00:27:21,800 --> 00:27:25,240
Speaker 4: Right. Because that technology is they say, almost running into

555
00:27:25,560 --> 00:27:27,960
Speaker 4: the physical limits of what you can print, right, Like

556
00:27:27,960 --> 00:27:30,639
Speaker 4: they're starting to print circuits that are you know, about

557
00:27:30,640 --> 00:27:33,679
Speaker 4: the size where the quantum effects are important or where

558
00:27:34,160 --> 00:27:36,800
Speaker 4: you know, you would literally like stacking ten atoms together.

559
00:27:37,080 --> 00:27:39,800
Speaker 1: Yeah, they are really approaching the limit of this technology,

560
00:27:39,920 --> 00:27:42,199
Speaker 1: which is really awesome and it shows you like what

561
00:27:42,359 --> 00:27:44,800
Speaker 1: humans can do, how innovative they can be when like

562
00:27:45,200 --> 00:27:47,720
Speaker 1: really press to the limit, and also when there are

563
00:27:47,760 --> 00:27:52,200
Speaker 1: like billions of dollars at stake, because the smaller components,

564
00:27:52,200 --> 00:27:55,439
Speaker 1: the fasterier computer, and so like Intel and AMD and

565
00:27:55,480 --> 00:27:58,160
Speaker 1: all these folks are really really pushing hard on these

566
00:27:58,200 --> 00:28:02,199
Speaker 1: technologies because there's literally rivers of money behind it.

567
00:28:02,359 --> 00:28:04,600
Speaker 4: Yeah, there's billions of people who want to phone in

568
00:28:04,640 --> 00:28:06,840
Speaker 4: their hands, in their pockets, and so the smaller you

569
00:28:06,840 --> 00:28:08,879
Speaker 4: can get these chips to, the more powerful they are.

570
00:28:09,080 --> 00:28:11,159
Speaker 1: Yeah, and there's a lot of examples of when the

571
00:28:11,200 --> 00:28:14,239
Speaker 1: consumer industry pushes on something really really hard and then

572
00:28:14,280 --> 00:28:16,600
Speaker 1: it turns out to be useful for other things like

573
00:28:16,640 --> 00:28:19,719
Speaker 1: physics research. For example, that same technology that you use

574
00:28:19,800 --> 00:28:23,560
Speaker 1: to print circuits, we also used to print particle detectors

575
00:28:23,600 --> 00:28:26,800
Speaker 1: at the large hadron collider. Those really thin layers of

576
00:28:26,800 --> 00:28:29,800
Speaker 1: silicon can help you tell, oh, did an electron pass here,

577
00:28:30,080 --> 00:28:32,640
Speaker 1: or did a muon pass there? Or was this weird

578
00:28:32,680 --> 00:28:34,800
Speaker 1: kind of cork that passed through. So we can print

579
00:28:34,960 --> 00:28:37,840
Speaker 1: very high resolution detectors for our particles. And we can

580
00:28:37,880 --> 00:28:40,959
Speaker 1: never could have developed that technology ourselves. It's only because

581
00:28:41,040 --> 00:28:45,120
Speaker 1: billions were spent by the semiconductor industry to develop that technology.

582
00:28:45,840 --> 00:28:48,080
Speaker 1: So now people are doing the same thing for making

583
00:28:48,160 --> 00:28:51,720
Speaker 1: quantum dots. They're pigging backing on all those advances.

584
00:28:51,360 --> 00:28:54,920
Speaker 4: Like you can print little quantum dots on a silicon chip.

585
00:28:55,120 --> 00:28:57,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. So this is the direction they're going in

586
00:28:57,840 --> 00:29:02,520
Speaker 1: for making cubits out ofquantum dots, little devices that basically

587
00:29:02,600 --> 00:29:06,680
Speaker 1: could be the elements of quantum computers. Currently, the best

588
00:29:06,760 --> 00:29:10,720
Speaker 1: quantum computers have only like twenty five maybe forty cubits,

589
00:29:11,000 --> 00:29:14,000
Speaker 1: and they're done using atoms. But as we talked about previously,

590
00:29:14,240 --> 00:29:17,520
Speaker 1: having atoms in a trap, for example, is very Unstable's

591
00:29:17,600 --> 00:29:19,600
Speaker 1: very hard to get that and keep it isolated and

592
00:29:19,680 --> 00:29:21,520
Speaker 1: keep it from decohering, which is what you need to

593
00:29:21,560 --> 00:29:24,200
Speaker 1: do to do the quantum computing. And so the idea

594
00:29:24,320 --> 00:29:26,720
Speaker 1: is that this could be more stable. It's still in

595
00:29:26,720 --> 00:29:28,960
Speaker 1: its early days and we don't have a quantum computer

596
00:29:29,080 --> 00:29:31,840
Speaker 1: made out of cubits from quantum dots in silicon that

597
00:29:31,880 --> 00:29:34,080
Speaker 1: competes at all with the ones made from ions, but

598
00:29:34,160 --> 00:29:35,640
Speaker 1: you know, it's a promising avenue.

599
00:29:36,400 --> 00:29:38,040
Speaker 4: So have they been able to do it. Have they

600
00:29:38,120 --> 00:29:41,320
Speaker 4: been able to print quantum dots using silicon lithography?

601
00:29:41,520 --> 00:29:43,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, they can print quantum dots.

602
00:29:43,080 --> 00:29:45,160
Speaker 4: Oh wow, So it's like around the corner then.

603
00:29:45,200 --> 00:29:47,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, it's around the corner, and you know, there's

604
00:29:47,400 --> 00:29:49,920
Speaker 1: a bit of a definitional thing here. Basically, any very

605
00:29:49,920 --> 00:29:53,120
Speaker 1: small piece of silicon is a quantum dot. And so

606
00:29:53,600 --> 00:29:56,280
Speaker 1: in some respects, anytime you get your silicon that's small,

607
00:29:56,320 --> 00:29:58,880
Speaker 1: it's a quantum dot. The question is, can you design

608
00:29:58,920 --> 00:30:00,680
Speaker 1: it to be the quantum dots you want?

609
00:30:01,000 --> 00:30:01,160
Speaker 11: Right?

610
00:30:01,920 --> 00:30:04,760
Speaker 4: Right? I guess technically any dot is quantum. All dots

611
00:30:04,760 --> 00:30:05,560
Speaker 4: are quantum.

612
00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:10,120
Speaker 1: Even your girl Scout cookie crumbs are quantum crumbs if

613
00:30:10,160 --> 00:30:10,920
Speaker 1: they're small enough.

614
00:30:11,160 --> 00:30:13,400
Speaker 4: Yeah, they're there and not there at the same time,

615
00:30:14,680 --> 00:30:16,880
Speaker 4: all right, So you can maybe mix them in solution

616
00:30:17,200 --> 00:30:20,040
Speaker 4: or print them on a silicon chip. You can also

617
00:30:20,280 --> 00:30:22,680
Speaker 4: do something even kind of more interesting.

618
00:30:22,920 --> 00:30:25,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, I think the funnest and craziest idea is to

619
00:30:26,120 --> 00:30:28,640
Speaker 1: use viruses to assemble these things.

620
00:30:28,800 --> 00:30:34,320
Speaker 4: What like yeah, like not the figurative viruses, but real viruses.

621
00:30:34,000 --> 00:30:37,280
Speaker 1: Real actual physical viruses. So these are things that like

622
00:30:37,320 --> 00:30:40,600
Speaker 1: attack bacteria and get the bacteria to make more of themselves.

623
00:30:40,680 --> 00:30:42,880
Speaker 1: But they can do more than just reproduce. They actually

624
00:30:42,880 --> 00:30:46,080
Speaker 1: have like proteins on their surface that are little molecular

625
00:30:46,120 --> 00:30:48,760
Speaker 1: machines that can do stuff. And the idea is that

626
00:30:48,800 --> 00:30:51,240
Speaker 1: you find a virus that grabs onto your material, you

627
00:30:51,280 --> 00:30:54,040
Speaker 1: can use it as like a little laborer, like a

628
00:30:54,040 --> 00:30:57,520
Speaker 1: little worker to build yourself a crystal out of that material.

629
00:30:57,720 --> 00:31:02,400
Speaker 4: Wait, so like viruses can grab and manipulate individual atoms.

630
00:31:02,560 --> 00:31:05,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, absolutely. I mean viruses are super small, and they

631
00:31:05,600 --> 00:31:07,720
Speaker 1: have little proteins on them, right, And what is a

632
00:31:07,760 --> 00:31:11,120
Speaker 1: protein but basically a molecular little machine. And those proteins

633
00:31:11,160 --> 00:31:13,400
Speaker 1: have surfaces on them that bind to some things and

634
00:31:13,480 --> 00:31:16,360
Speaker 1: not to other things. Like proteins for example, cut and

635
00:31:16,440 --> 00:31:19,640
Speaker 1: repair DNA, and DNA is just a string of molecules,

636
00:31:19,760 --> 00:31:22,000
Speaker 1: and so we're talking about things at the same scale.

637
00:31:22,280 --> 00:31:25,120
Speaker 1: And so the idea is that these viruses, you find

638
00:31:25,160 --> 00:31:27,400
Speaker 1: ones that like to grab onto the molecule you want,

639
00:31:27,680 --> 00:31:29,760
Speaker 1: and you figure out a way to get the viruses

640
00:31:29,800 --> 00:31:32,840
Speaker 1: to assemble in something like a regular pattern. That's the

641
00:31:32,880 --> 00:31:35,080
Speaker 1: sort of mind boggling part is that the viruses aren't

642
00:31:35,080 --> 00:31:38,040
Speaker 1: just all like all swimming around, each holding their piece

643
00:31:38,120 --> 00:31:41,200
Speaker 1: of the quantum dot. They arrange themselves in something like

644
00:31:41,240 --> 00:31:44,320
Speaker 1: a crystal pattern. So then the pieces of the quantum

645
00:31:44,320 --> 00:31:48,040
Speaker 1: dot they're each holding click together to form the quantum dot.

646
00:31:48,280 --> 00:31:51,280
Speaker 4: What that's crazy? Have they actually done this? Is this

647
00:31:51,400 --> 00:31:52,800
Speaker 4: like ongoing research?

648
00:31:53,040 --> 00:31:55,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, this is ongoing research. They have actually done it.

649
00:31:55,520 --> 00:31:57,720
Speaker 1: They haven't scaled it up, but it's something that really

650
00:31:57,800 --> 00:32:00,360
Speaker 1: might work. You know, anytime you can like tap into

651
00:32:00,640 --> 00:32:04,280
Speaker 1: the power of biology. We could never engineer something ourselves

652
00:32:04,320 --> 00:32:06,440
Speaker 1: that way. But the way they take advantage of it

653
00:32:06,480 --> 00:32:09,560
Speaker 1: is through evolution. They do this thing called phage display

654
00:32:09,640 --> 00:32:11,320
Speaker 1: where they put a bunch of the material they want

655
00:32:11,320 --> 00:32:13,640
Speaker 1: the viruses to capture on a surface, and then they

656
00:32:13,720 --> 00:32:16,720
Speaker 1: just wash viruses over it, and the ones that grab

657
00:32:16,800 --> 00:32:18,880
Speaker 1: on to the surface are the ones they keep. And

658
00:32:18,880 --> 00:32:21,920
Speaker 1: then they breed those viruses together to make new viruses,

659
00:32:22,040 --> 00:32:24,120
Speaker 1: and they do it again and again and again, and

660
00:32:24,160 --> 00:32:27,360
Speaker 1: so they're like artificially selecting viruses that are good at

661
00:32:27,360 --> 00:32:31,600
Speaker 1: this one thing. So basically breeding little viruses that can

662
00:32:31,640 --> 00:32:32,840
Speaker 1: do our jobs for us.

663
00:32:33,080 --> 00:32:35,680
Speaker 4: Wow. I mean, we all know how good we are

664
00:32:35,720 --> 00:32:39,240
Speaker 4: at handling viruses. I know it does seem as a civilization.

665
00:32:39,360 --> 00:32:40,640
Speaker 4: What could go wrong? Daniel?

666
00:32:43,160 --> 00:32:46,440
Speaker 1: What could go wrong? Exactly? Maybe they could bake our

667
00:32:46,480 --> 00:32:47,240
Speaker 1: cookies for us.

668
00:32:47,520 --> 00:32:50,680
Speaker 4: That's pretty interesting that you can maybe like kind of

669
00:32:50,760 --> 00:32:52,880
Speaker 4: use viruses as little assembly robots.

670
00:32:53,000 --> 00:32:56,000
Speaker 1: M M, yeah, little nano robots. I mean, rather than

671
00:32:56,240 --> 00:32:58,680
Speaker 1: going to our engineers and saying, hey, could you build

672
00:32:58,680 --> 00:33:01,520
Speaker 1: me a super tinier robot that's nanometers wide and can

673
00:33:01,560 --> 00:33:04,120
Speaker 1: do this job. Just find one out there in nature

674
00:33:04,160 --> 00:33:05,560
Speaker 1: and adapt it to your purpose.

675
00:33:06,400 --> 00:33:09,640
Speaker 4: Right. Well, it sounds like you can build quantum dots,

676
00:33:09,680 --> 00:33:12,120
Speaker 4: I guess is the hard part is getting them to

677
00:33:12,680 --> 00:33:14,480
Speaker 4: do the things you want them to do, or to like,

678
00:33:14,840 --> 00:33:17,440
Speaker 4: you know, design them and make them to spec to

679
00:33:17,720 --> 00:33:20,200
Speaker 4: take advantage of these interesting quantum properties.

680
00:33:20,320 --> 00:33:22,640
Speaker 1: Yeah. If you want the quantum properties to do exactly

681
00:33:22,720 --> 00:33:24,920
Speaker 1: what you want, you have to design them just right.

682
00:33:24,960 --> 00:33:27,240
Speaker 1: You need exactly the right kind of you know, gallium

683
00:33:27,280 --> 00:33:29,720
Speaker 1: in their academium in there to get just the kind

684
00:33:29,760 --> 00:33:32,920
Speaker 1: of electron energy levels you need to accomplish what you're

685
00:33:32,920 --> 00:33:33,840
Speaker 1: trying to accomplish.

686
00:33:34,560 --> 00:33:37,680
Speaker 4: All right, Well, let's get into what quantum dots can do.

687
00:33:37,760 --> 00:33:40,520
Speaker 4: What can they do for you, Daniel, besides you know,

688
00:33:41,080 --> 00:33:44,720
Speaker 4: entertain and amaze, Yeah, or give your taste to your cookies.

689
00:33:45,320 --> 00:33:47,520
Speaker 1: And maybe raise a virus army to take over the

690
00:33:47,520 --> 00:33:51,360
Speaker 1: world to make more cookies. Oh yeah, that's what I meant.

691
00:33:51,360 --> 00:33:52,000
Speaker 1: That's what I meant.

692
00:33:52,120 --> 00:33:54,440
Speaker 4: Or take over the world with cookies. You know, there's

693
00:33:54,440 --> 00:33:56,719
Speaker 4: always a way, But for us, let's take a quick break.

694
00:34:01,160 --> 00:34:02,960
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

695
00:34:03,080 --> 00:34:06,200
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt. You're probably

696
00:34:06,240 --> 00:34:10,280
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite,

697
00:34:10,320 --> 00:34:12,960
Speaker 1: but the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy

698
00:34:13,000 --> 00:34:17,279
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

699
00:34:17,320 --> 00:34:19,879
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

700
00:34:19,920 --> 00:34:22,280
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

701
00:34:22,320 --> 00:34:26,520
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

702
00:34:26,600 --> 00:34:29,680
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four

703
00:34:29,719 --> 00:34:33,200
Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes

704
00:34:33,239 --> 00:34:36,040
Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US Dairy

705
00:34:36,040 --> 00:34:39,799
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases. Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn

706
00:34:39,840 --> 00:34:43,760
Speaker 1: the methane from maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

707
00:34:43,800 --> 00:34:45,880
Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

708
00:34:45,880 --> 00:34:47,920
Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know

709
00:34:48,000 --> 00:34:50,680
Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using

710
00:34:50,680 --> 00:34:54,200
Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense

711
00:34:54,320 --> 00:34:57,040
Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit

712
00:34:57,120 --> 00:34:59,919
Speaker 1: usdairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

713
00:35:00,960 --> 00:35:04,440
Speaker 7: There are children, friends and families walking, riding on paths

714
00:35:04,440 --> 00:35:06,919
Speaker 7: and roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

715
00:35:06,920 --> 00:35:09,120
Speaker 7: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our

716
00:35:09,120 --> 00:35:12,680
Speaker 7: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too, Go safely. California

717
00:35:12,719 --> 00:35:15,440
Speaker 7: from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

718
00:35:15,160 --> 00:35:17,640
Speaker 1: Stay farm in dj Donmalds from life as a gingle

719
00:35:17,760 --> 00:35:20,800
Speaker 1: no making smarter financial moves today, secure as a financial

720
00:35:20,840 --> 00:35:22,360
Speaker 1: freedom for successful tomorrow.

721
00:35:24,280 --> 00:35:27,080
Speaker 13: Tackle these situations in stride and he of course be

722
00:35:27,120 --> 00:35:29,960
Speaker 13: annoyed when planned expense comes up, but not let it

723
00:35:30,000 --> 00:35:33,160
Speaker 13: be something that slows me down right. And also, as

724
00:35:33,200 --> 00:35:35,920
Speaker 13: I did with repairing my credit, you know, hiring somebody

725
00:35:35,920 --> 00:35:39,560
Speaker 13: to do credit repair for me. You know, that was

726
00:35:39,800 --> 00:35:42,600
Speaker 13: a gift that I gave myself that allowed me to

727
00:35:42,680 --> 00:35:46,839
Speaker 13: then you know, get my first apartment, get you know,

728
00:35:47,640 --> 00:35:49,480
Speaker 13: my first car under my name, then eventually buy my

729
00:35:49,560 --> 00:35:51,080
Speaker 13: own home. Like these are all things that.

730
00:35:51,040 --> 00:35:52,399
Speaker 1: Are possible for all of us.

731
00:35:52,640 --> 00:35:54,640
Speaker 13: We just have to educate ourselves and put in some

732
00:35:54,719 --> 00:35:57,680
Speaker 13: of the hard work that it takes to unlearn bad

733
00:35:57,760 --> 00:36:00,000
Speaker 13: practices we might have, you know, inherited from our famis,

734
00:36:00,400 --> 00:36:02,239
Speaker 13: and then also educate ourselves on the things that we

735
00:36:02,280 --> 00:36:04,960
Speaker 13: don't know, you know, the information that wasn't passed down

736
00:36:05,000 --> 00:36:07,719
Speaker 13: to us because our parents weren't educating on these things.

737
00:36:09,440 --> 00:36:12,080
Speaker 1: Like a good neighbor. State Farm? Is there? State Farm?

738
00:36:12,239 --> 00:36:14,600
Speaker 1: Proud sponsor of Microtura podcast network.

739
00:36:23,400 --> 00:36:26,720
Speaker 4: All right, quantum dots are going to take over the world, Daniel.

740
00:36:26,840 --> 00:36:30,400
Speaker 4: They're going to improve our screen technology apparently, and maybe

741
00:36:30,600 --> 00:36:33,919
Speaker 4: a lot more because basically you can make quantum computers,

742
00:36:34,080 --> 00:36:36,560
Speaker 4: or you can kind of make designer atoms so that

743
00:36:36,600 --> 00:36:40,320
Speaker 4: you can make things maybe that have special properties. Yeah,

744
00:36:40,360 --> 00:36:42,520
Speaker 4: so what are some of the things that quantum dots

745
00:36:42,560 --> 00:36:42,879
Speaker 4: can do?

746
00:36:43,000 --> 00:36:43,160
Speaker 8: Well?

747
00:36:43,160 --> 00:36:45,319
Speaker 1: The most important thing is that quantum dots can have

748
00:36:45,400 --> 00:36:48,759
Speaker 1: sort of designer optical properties. Remember that the reason that

749
00:36:48,880 --> 00:36:51,920
Speaker 1: some things look a certain color is because they reflect

750
00:36:52,000 --> 00:36:54,759
Speaker 1: light of that color, which means they're absorbing all the

751
00:36:54,880 --> 00:36:57,400
Speaker 1: other colors. So if you can design the material that

752
00:36:57,480 --> 00:37:00,480
Speaker 1: absorbs light at certain frequencies and not other frequents, you

753
00:37:00,520 --> 00:37:03,600
Speaker 1: can basically design its color to be whatever you like.

754
00:37:03,840 --> 00:37:06,080
Speaker 1: And if you want to design a very crisp display,

755
00:37:06,320 --> 00:37:08,560
Speaker 1: or you want a marker you can inject into your

756
00:37:08,560 --> 00:37:12,040
Speaker 1: experimental subject and watch as something flows around. Then you

757
00:37:12,080 --> 00:37:15,719
Speaker 1: want to be able to design its optical properties. And

758
00:37:15,800 --> 00:37:19,000
Speaker 1: so as you change the size of your quantum dot,

759
00:37:19,040 --> 00:37:23,280
Speaker 1: for example, you change the energy that that electron can absorb,

760
00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:25,880
Speaker 1: which changes how it looks optically.

761
00:37:26,040 --> 00:37:26,360
Speaker 7: Mmmm.

762
00:37:27,080 --> 00:37:29,719
Speaker 4: It kind of sounds like you're just making colors though, Like,

763
00:37:29,840 --> 00:37:32,760
Speaker 4: isn't that how color works? Usually, like the atom in

764
00:37:32,960 --> 00:37:35,800
Speaker 4: like a blue paint reflect blue light especially.

765
00:37:36,080 --> 00:37:38,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's exactly what we're trying to do. We're just

766
00:37:38,640 --> 00:37:43,279
Speaker 1: making colors, but we're making very crisp, well defined colors, right.

767
00:37:43,320 --> 00:37:46,680
Speaker 1: You want something which absorbs very very narrowly or only

768
00:37:46,719 --> 00:37:50,120
Speaker 1: reflects a very very narrow range of frequencies. So it's

769
00:37:50,160 --> 00:37:54,640
Speaker 1: like exactly blue or super duper perfect red, or exactly

770
00:37:54,680 --> 00:37:55,879
Speaker 1: the green you were looking for.

771
00:37:56,200 --> 00:37:59,480
Speaker 4: M I see quantum paint, is it?

772
00:38:00,880 --> 00:38:03,920
Speaker 1: Yeah? Exactly. And so this makes it if you're going

773
00:38:03,960 --> 00:38:06,560
Speaker 1: to build a television, for example, it makes it much

774
00:38:06,640 --> 00:38:09,840
Speaker 1: easier to get crisp colors. You know exactly how to

775
00:38:10,000 --> 00:38:13,520
Speaker 1: combine your various little layers to get exactly the color

776
00:38:13,560 --> 00:38:16,359
Speaker 1: you want on screen. So it's simpler, it's cheaper, it's

777
00:38:16,360 --> 00:38:19,560
Speaker 1: more efficient. You don't need, like, you know, complicated filters

778
00:38:19,560 --> 00:38:21,439
Speaker 1: to get rid of the edge effects you didn't really

779
00:38:21,480 --> 00:38:23,719
Speaker 1: want because you were forced to use the atoms the

780
00:38:23,760 --> 00:38:26,480
Speaker 1: physics gave you. You can invent your own atoms to

781
00:38:26,600 --> 00:38:28,200
Speaker 1: devise your own quantum screen.

782
00:38:29,160 --> 00:38:31,719
Speaker 4: But can you make these quantum dots change the light

783
00:38:31,840 --> 00:38:33,719
Speaker 4: or turn them on and off? How would this work?

784
00:38:33,920 --> 00:38:35,759
Speaker 4: How would this television work? What would it be? Just

785
00:38:35,800 --> 00:38:37,440
Speaker 4: a one image television?

786
00:38:38,520 --> 00:38:41,239
Speaker 1: I think each one is essentially like a filter. So

787
00:38:41,560 --> 00:38:44,560
Speaker 1: you put some source of light behind a layer of

788
00:38:45,000 --> 00:38:48,239
Speaker 1: red quantum dots, and which you get are red light,

789
00:38:48,600 --> 00:38:51,360
Speaker 1: or if you put light behind a layer green quandom dots,

790
00:38:51,600 --> 00:38:54,920
Speaker 1: you get green light or blue light. So it operates

791
00:38:54,960 --> 00:38:58,160
Speaker 1: on the same basic principle as all your other televisions,

792
00:38:58,160 --> 00:39:01,319
Speaker 1: which have for example, blue LEDs or green LEDs or

793
00:39:01,360 --> 00:39:03,800
Speaker 1: red LEDs. But this is the way that you get

794
00:39:03,840 --> 00:39:06,200
Speaker 1: the pure light instead of all the white light.

795
00:39:06,400 --> 00:39:06,760
Speaker 11: Mmmm.

796
00:39:07,600 --> 00:39:10,400
Speaker 4: Be like super precise colors, that's the idea.

797
00:39:10,800 --> 00:39:14,399
Speaker 1: Super precise colors. Yeah, extra precise, extra precise. And also

798
00:39:14,760 --> 00:39:17,560
Speaker 1: because they're more efficient, they show exactly the color you want.

799
00:39:17,880 --> 00:39:20,560
Speaker 1: There's lower energy consumption and so you can have like

800
00:39:20,640 --> 00:39:21,759
Speaker 1: longer lifetimes.

801
00:39:22,160 --> 00:39:25,960
Speaker 4: Mmm. Cool. And that's the tricky part, I guess, is

802
00:39:26,239 --> 00:39:28,320
Speaker 4: how you make them at the size of a television,

803
00:39:28,320 --> 00:39:29,439
Speaker 4: Because you have to make a lot of them.

804
00:39:29,520 --> 00:39:31,600
Speaker 1: You got to make a lot of them, yeah, exactly.

805
00:39:31,480 --> 00:39:33,520
Speaker 4: And they have to survive my kids dropping my phone

806
00:39:33,560 --> 00:39:34,080
Speaker 4: for example.

807
00:39:35,800 --> 00:39:37,960
Speaker 1: They do. But you know, because they can be sort

808
00:39:37,960 --> 00:39:41,279
Speaker 1: of printed on anything in their microscopic they can potentially

809
00:39:41,320 --> 00:39:44,440
Speaker 1: be used for things like you know, rollable or flexible

810
00:39:44,480 --> 00:39:45,560
Speaker 1: displays in the future.

811
00:39:45,719 --> 00:39:49,880
Speaker 4: Mmm cool, all right, or like a like a blanket TV.

812
00:39:51,120 --> 00:39:53,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, or TV you could like fold up and you know,

813
00:39:53,239 --> 00:39:54,560
Speaker 1: stick in your pocket or something.

814
00:39:54,680 --> 00:39:57,720
Speaker 4: Mmm cool, all right. What else can we use quantum

815
00:39:57,800 --> 00:39:58,200
Speaker 4: dots for?

816
00:39:58,480 --> 00:40:02,640
Speaker 1: Another awesome application is in solar cells, because again you

817
00:40:02,640 --> 00:40:05,799
Speaker 1: can really tune the absorption and the emission. Then you

818
00:40:05,840 --> 00:40:08,640
Speaker 1: can get quantum dots that absorb light at exactly the

819
00:40:08,760 --> 00:40:11,799
Speaker 1: peak wavelength that you're seeing on your roof, you know,

820
00:40:11,920 --> 00:40:14,440
Speaker 1: so you can make sure that like the peak efficiency

821
00:40:14,440 --> 00:40:17,520
Speaker 1: for absorption is where most of the light actually is.

822
00:40:17,640 --> 00:40:19,880
Speaker 4: Right because right now it's kind of fuzzy, right.

823
00:40:19,920 --> 00:40:22,720
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, it's kind of fuzzy. And these solar cells

824
00:40:22,719 --> 00:40:25,320
Speaker 1: are expensive to produce. But if you could get quantum

825
00:40:25,320 --> 00:40:27,440
Speaker 1: dots ramped up so you could make a lot of them,

826
00:40:27,480 --> 00:40:30,239
Speaker 1: you can make basically like solar power paint, and you

827
00:40:30,239 --> 00:40:32,560
Speaker 1: could like have a solution with quantum dots in it

828
00:40:32,560 --> 00:40:35,960
Speaker 1: that you basically paint onto a surface and it becomes

829
00:40:36,000 --> 00:40:37,200
Speaker 1: a solar power cell.

830
00:40:37,360 --> 00:40:40,160
Speaker 4: What Like, you can just paint your roof and then

831
00:40:40,239 --> 00:40:43,160
Speaker 4: attach some wires to it and it's a solar panel.

832
00:40:43,360 --> 00:40:46,360
Speaker 1: Yes exactly, that is wild. Yeah, they would absorb the

833
00:40:46,480 --> 00:40:49,000
Speaker 1: energy and they would like chain themselves up so they

834
00:40:49,040 --> 00:40:51,319
Speaker 1: can pass a current along and so that would be

835
00:40:51,320 --> 00:40:53,400
Speaker 1: pretty awesome. Like, you know how cool it is that

836
00:40:53,480 --> 00:40:55,640
Speaker 1: you can paint like a chalkboard on a wall and

837
00:40:55,680 --> 00:40:58,080
Speaker 1: it actually kind of works. That's pretty cool. Well, this

838
00:40:58,120 --> 00:41:00,279
Speaker 1: is like a step beyond that. It's like painting an

839
00:41:00,360 --> 00:41:02,400
Speaker 1: electrical device onto your roof.

840
00:41:02,600 --> 00:41:06,239
Speaker 4: Wow, or anything really, your car or your hat or

841
00:41:06,480 --> 00:41:08,440
Speaker 4: really you can get a tattoo. Can you get a

842
00:41:08,480 --> 00:41:12,000
Speaker 4: solar cell tattoo, you know, inked on your skin?

843
00:41:12,120 --> 00:41:13,239
Speaker 1: That would be awesome.

844
00:41:14,520 --> 00:41:17,680
Speaker 4: Awesome, and you can charge your phone just by it

845
00:41:17,800 --> 00:41:18,680
Speaker 4: against your body.

846
00:41:18,800 --> 00:41:21,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, and the tattoo should look like a solar cell, right,

847
00:41:21,520 --> 00:41:23,160
Speaker 1: that would be super cool. It looks like a solar

848
00:41:23,200 --> 00:41:24,799
Speaker 1: cell and acts like a solar cell.

849
00:41:25,520 --> 00:41:27,960
Speaker 4: Well, the technically you could make it look like anything, Yeah,

850
00:41:28,040 --> 00:41:29,800
Speaker 4: you could. You can make it look like a rose

851
00:41:29,960 --> 00:41:33,000
Speaker 4: or your grandma and it would be helping you save

852
00:41:33,080 --> 00:41:33,560
Speaker 4: some energy.

853
00:41:33,960 --> 00:41:35,440
Speaker 1: That'd be cool. It power your phone?

854
00:41:35,719 --> 00:41:38,360
Speaker 4: Yeah, cool, all right, so you can make solar paint.

855
00:41:38,560 --> 00:41:39,480
Speaker 4: What else can you do with it?

856
00:41:39,520 --> 00:41:41,920
Speaker 1: You can also use it in science. A lot of

857
00:41:41,920 --> 00:41:45,480
Speaker 1: biology uses something called bio labeling, where you like inject

858
00:41:45,480 --> 00:41:48,560
Speaker 1: some substance into a bacterium or into a larger animal,

859
00:41:48,560 --> 00:41:50,360
Speaker 1: and you want to follow, like where did it go,

860
00:41:50,520 --> 00:41:53,120
Speaker 1: Where is it being used? Where is the active site

861
00:41:53,120 --> 00:41:57,200
Speaker 1: where it's like being actually processed. So these quantum dots

862
00:41:57,239 --> 00:42:01,000
Speaker 1: are like more stable and brighter than the other dies,

863
00:42:01,040 --> 00:42:03,000
Speaker 1: and so they're much more useful. They can like last

864
00:42:03,040 --> 00:42:03,560
Speaker 1: for months.

865
00:42:04,600 --> 00:42:06,239
Speaker 4: But they're also toxic, aren't they.

866
00:42:06,400 --> 00:42:07,440
Speaker 1: Yes, they're poisonous.

867
00:42:08,520 --> 00:42:10,200
Speaker 4: I guess if you don't want your sample to live

868
00:42:10,480 --> 00:42:10,919
Speaker 4: very long.

869
00:42:11,600 --> 00:42:13,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, a lot of them. Because you want to engineer

870
00:42:13,200 --> 00:42:17,320
Speaker 1: particular optical properties require you to use various substances like cadmium,

871
00:42:17,320 --> 00:42:19,440
Speaker 1: which is pretty toxic. So we're not at a point

872
00:42:19,480 --> 00:42:21,880
Speaker 1: where you want, you know, your kids eating a spoonful

873
00:42:21,920 --> 00:42:24,359
Speaker 1: of quantum dots and definitely not. But you know, if

874
00:42:24,400 --> 00:42:26,920
Speaker 1: you don't mind killing your bacteria to learn about how

875
00:42:26,920 --> 00:42:29,879
Speaker 1: it's doing something or how it's defending itself, then it's

876
00:42:29,920 --> 00:42:30,520
Speaker 1: all right.

877
00:42:30,960 --> 00:42:33,759
Speaker 4: Does that put a cabash on the tattoos as well?

878
00:42:34,000 --> 00:42:38,640
Speaker 4: Like I tattoo cadmium into your body, that would give

879
00:42:38,640 --> 00:42:39,920
Speaker 4: you other kinds of cancer.

880
00:42:40,080 --> 00:42:43,360
Speaker 1: Yes, not recommended yet, but people are working on ways

881
00:42:43,360 --> 00:42:46,080
Speaker 1: to make quantum dots that don't require cadmium or other

882
00:42:46,120 --> 00:42:48,880
Speaker 1: toxic materials. So I'm pretty sure that in the future

883
00:42:48,920 --> 00:42:51,080
Speaker 1: will have humans save quantum dots.

884
00:42:51,160 --> 00:42:54,319
Speaker 4: M all right, cool, what else can we make with

885
00:42:54,400 --> 00:42:55,120
Speaker 4: quantum dots?

886
00:42:55,200 --> 00:42:58,560
Speaker 1: Well, we can also build super tiny electronics. You know

887
00:42:58,560 --> 00:43:01,960
Speaker 1: about this material called graphene, which is basically like a

888
00:43:02,080 --> 00:43:05,520
Speaker 1: lattice of carbon built in a super fancy interesting way

889
00:43:05,560 --> 00:43:09,560
Speaker 1: that has fancy molecular properties. Well, graphene is really stable

890
00:43:09,640 --> 00:43:13,040
Speaker 1: and really conductive even when it's cut into super tiny

891
00:43:13,080 --> 00:43:16,480
Speaker 1: devices like one nanomet or wide. And so you can

892
00:43:16,480 --> 00:43:21,360
Speaker 1: build like the tiniest of electronics using graphene single crystals,

893
00:43:21,360 --> 00:43:23,600
Speaker 1: which are technically also quantum dots.

894
00:43:23,880 --> 00:43:27,080
Speaker 4: Hmmm. That you can make a circuit that's literally like

895
00:43:27,320 --> 00:43:29,640
Speaker 4: one atom talks to another atom, and then that atom

896
00:43:29,680 --> 00:43:30,560
Speaker 4: talks to another atom.

897
00:43:30,680 --> 00:43:34,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, And so this is like one potential way

898
00:43:34,160 --> 00:43:37,120
Speaker 1: to even further miniaturize our electronics.

899
00:43:37,239 --> 00:43:39,520
Speaker 4: Wouldn't it get quantum at that point, or like, would

900
00:43:39,520 --> 00:43:41,200
Speaker 4: it still behave like a regular circuit.

901
00:43:41,400 --> 00:43:43,319
Speaker 1: It would get quantum exactly, but so you'd have to

902
00:43:43,320 --> 00:43:45,359
Speaker 1: define it to do exactly what you want. But you

903
00:43:45,400 --> 00:43:48,880
Speaker 1: can build transistors out of single atoms, and single electron

904
00:43:48,920 --> 00:43:51,640
Speaker 1: transistors are a thing you can do. The chemistry and

905
00:43:51,680 --> 00:43:53,759
Speaker 1: the physics is a little bit different from the way

906
00:43:53,800 --> 00:43:57,040
Speaker 1: we're currently doing electronics. But you can build the basic

907
00:43:57,080 --> 00:44:01,600
Speaker 1: components we need for circuits out of these raffine single crystals.

908
00:44:02,440 --> 00:44:04,759
Speaker 4: All right, Well, but it sounds like maybe the technology

909
00:44:04,760 --> 00:44:07,520
Speaker 4: that's pushing it at least into the mainstream is this

910
00:44:07,600 --> 00:44:10,520
Speaker 4: idea of a quantum TV. So how far away are

911
00:44:10,520 --> 00:44:12,919
Speaker 4: we from that? Are they actually starting to make them

912
00:44:13,040 --> 00:44:15,600
Speaker 4: or think about them, or it's Netflix investing on this.

913
00:44:16,239 --> 00:44:20,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, quantum TVs are negative five years away, which means

914
00:44:20,920 --> 00:44:23,360
Speaker 1: they've been on the market since about twenty fifteen.

915
00:44:23,600 --> 00:44:25,239
Speaker 4: Why what do you mean, like you can put in

916
00:44:25,280 --> 00:44:27,960
Speaker 4: money to buy a quantum TV ten years in the future.

917
00:44:28,120 --> 00:44:30,480
Speaker 1: No, that means five years ago, if you went on

918
00:44:30,520 --> 00:44:34,080
Speaker 1: Amazon and typed in quantum led there were TVs for

919
00:44:34,120 --> 00:44:36,239
Speaker 1: sale that you could purchase. You could go purchase a

920
00:44:36,360 --> 00:44:38,279
Speaker 1: quantum LEDTV right now.

921
00:44:38,400 --> 00:44:40,640
Speaker 4: Oh, but it's not really made out of quantum dots,

922
00:44:40,680 --> 00:44:40,920
Speaker 4: is it.

923
00:44:41,040 --> 00:44:44,160
Speaker 1: No, it really has quantum dot technology. Oh oh, this

924
00:44:44,280 --> 00:44:49,400
Speaker 1: is really a thing. Really wow. Okay, it's not a

925
00:44:49,400 --> 00:44:52,560
Speaker 1: future technology. It's like five years ago technology. It's like

926
00:44:52,600 --> 00:44:57,640
Speaker 1: Obama years technology. Exactly. Obama probably has a quantum TV

927
00:44:57,880 --> 00:44:59,600
Speaker 1: and he's probably sitting in front of it eating quantum

928
00:44:59,600 --> 00:45:00,520
Speaker 1: cookies right now.

929
00:45:01,360 --> 00:45:05,239
Speaker 4: Because yes, we can watch a quantum TV. Really, So

930
00:45:05,400 --> 00:45:07,600
Speaker 4: if I buy a quantum TV, it has like quantum

931
00:45:07,600 --> 00:45:08,080
Speaker 4: dots in.

932
00:45:08,000 --> 00:45:11,040
Speaker 1: It, yeah, exactly, it has a quantum dot layer which

933
00:45:11,080 --> 00:45:14,880
Speaker 1: filters this like LED backlight and helps reduce better color. So,

934
00:45:15,280 --> 00:45:16,760
Speaker 1: like we were saying at the top of the program,

935
00:45:16,880 --> 00:45:19,480
Speaker 1: quantum TVs are not a scam. They are real and

936
00:45:19,520 --> 00:45:24,000
Speaker 1: they actually use quantum technology. Unlike quantum yogurt and quantum

937
00:45:24,080 --> 00:45:28,120
Speaker 1: hamsters and quantum massage and quantum stealth technology. This is

938
00:45:28,239 --> 00:45:32,279
Speaker 1: real applications of quantum mechanics on your wall right right.

939
00:45:32,320 --> 00:45:36,279
Speaker 4: Although you know, technically yogurt does have quantum particles in it.

940
00:45:37,800 --> 00:45:39,840
Speaker 1: Everything tastes like particles in the end.

941
00:45:40,640 --> 00:45:43,319
Speaker 4: It's good for your guts, all right. So have you

942
00:45:43,360 --> 00:45:45,799
Speaker 4: seen a quantum TV. Does it look crisper and does

943
00:45:45,840 --> 00:45:48,160
Speaker 4: it look nicer. I think you should do some research, Anuel.

944
00:45:48,200 --> 00:45:50,320
Speaker 4: Maybe buy yourself a TV with your grant money.

945
00:45:50,400 --> 00:45:52,879
Speaker 1: Yeah, maybe I will. You know, I did look up

946
00:45:52,960 --> 00:45:55,759
Speaker 1: quantum TVs, but I can only watch a video of

947
00:45:55,800 --> 00:45:59,239
Speaker 1: a quantum TV on my non quantum screen and so

948
00:45:59,560 --> 00:46:01,880
Speaker 1: it doesn't to come through. It's like looking at a

949
00:46:01,960 --> 00:46:05,400
Speaker 1: video of a high definition television on your low definition television.

950
00:46:05,440 --> 00:46:08,200
Speaker 1: It's not very impressive. So I've never actually seen one.

951
00:46:08,320 --> 00:46:10,040
Speaker 4: And also the only clip you can watch is a

952
00:46:10,040 --> 00:46:14,279
Speaker 4: clip of Scott baculating quantum leap, which doesn't help you.

953
00:46:14,920 --> 00:46:17,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, they need to work on the quantum content really,

954
00:46:17,040 --> 00:46:19,160
Speaker 1: but no, I've never actually seen one in the wild.

955
00:46:19,239 --> 00:46:21,880
Speaker 1: So any listeners out there that have a quantum screen,

956
00:46:22,000 --> 00:46:24,480
Speaker 1: right to us and let us know how awesome is it.

957
00:46:24,600 --> 00:46:26,520
Speaker 4: Yeah, take a picture and send it to us to

958
00:46:26,520 --> 00:46:27,480
Speaker 4: see how good it looks.

959
00:46:28,800 --> 00:46:29,840
Speaker 1: Take a quantum picture.

960
00:46:30,000 --> 00:46:32,360
Speaker 4: Yeah, we'll get it and not get it at the

961
00:46:32,400 --> 00:46:35,279
Speaker 4: same time. All right, Well, that's pretty cool that this

962
00:46:35,320 --> 00:46:38,520
Speaker 4: technology is out there. It is being used on televisions.

963
00:46:38,560 --> 00:46:42,040
Speaker 4: People are technically potentially watching Netflix right now with a

964
00:46:42,120 --> 00:46:45,439
Speaker 4: quantum TV. Mm hmm hope. So wow, all right, and

965
00:46:45,520 --> 00:46:49,320
Speaker 4: it might potentially give some pretty amazing technologies in the future.

966
00:46:49,480 --> 00:46:52,600
Speaker 1: That's right. With the power to understand the quantum world

967
00:46:52,719 --> 00:46:55,120
Speaker 1: comes the ability to engineer it and to have it

968
00:46:55,239 --> 00:46:58,200
Speaker 1: do all sorts of things that normal atoms cannot do.

969
00:46:58,440 --> 00:47:01,240
Speaker 1: So it's not just the physics playing with the universe

970
00:47:01,280 --> 00:47:04,320
Speaker 1: because we want to understand, but sometimes there are actual

971
00:47:04,360 --> 00:47:05,600
Speaker 1: benefits for humanity.

972
00:47:05,760 --> 00:47:10,080
Speaker 4: Yeah, yeah, stay tuned for those quantum tattoos. Well, every

973
00:47:10,080 --> 00:47:13,080
Speaker 4: physicist get one. Just do like, you know, show solidarity

974
00:47:13,160 --> 00:47:14,600
Speaker 4: and team spirit.

975
00:47:15,320 --> 00:47:17,440
Speaker 1: I don't think you could ever say every physicist will

976
00:47:17,440 --> 00:47:19,240
Speaker 1: do anything except apply for grants.

977
00:47:20,440 --> 00:47:22,840
Speaker 4: All right, Well, we hope you enjoyed that, and we

978
00:47:22,960 --> 00:47:24,960
Speaker 4: hope you look at the world a little bit different.

979
00:47:25,000 --> 00:47:29,200
Speaker 4: Sometimes quantum technology and quantum effects are there for us

980
00:47:29,239 --> 00:47:32,799
Speaker 4: to see and for us to binge watch with. Well,

981
00:47:32,800 --> 00:47:34,719
Speaker 4: thanks for joining us, See you next time.

982
00:47:42,400 --> 00:47:45,200
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain

983
00:47:45,280 --> 00:47:48,520
Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of iHeart Radio. For more

984
00:47:48,600 --> 00:47:53,239
Speaker 1: podcasts from iHeart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,

985
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Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. House US dairy tackling

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