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Speaker 1: Hey, Daniel, do you know what's weird about the universe?

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Speaker 1: Everything all right, that's true, but I mean when I

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Speaker 1: look at the planet, it kind of makes my head

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Speaker 1: spin a little. Oh yeah, what makes your head spin?

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Speaker 1: Because all the planets are spinning, you know, none of

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Speaker 1: them are just sitting there. True, And they're also spinning

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Speaker 1: around the Sun, right, which is also spinning around the galaxy.

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Speaker 1: And our galaxy is spinning around other galaxies. It's like

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Speaker 1: the whole universe is spinning around. Oh my gosh, now

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Speaker 1: my head is also spinning. I am r Hammad, cartoonists

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Speaker 1: and the creator of PhD Comics. I'm Daniel. I'm a

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Speaker 1: particle physicist, but I don't have spin. Welcome to our podcast,

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Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of I

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Speaker 1: Heart Radio, a no Spin zone about the true facts

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Speaker 1: of the universe. Everything that's crazy, everything that's amazing, everything

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Speaker 1: that's fascinating, everything that makes you wonder. We dig deep

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Speaker 1: into it and explore it and try to explain all

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Speaker 1: of it to you. I like how you put a

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Speaker 1: positive spin on the fact that we put no spin

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Speaker 1: on science. It's just a facts around here. When we

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Speaker 1: know something, we say we know it. When we don't

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Speaker 1: know something, we are happy to say we are clueless. Well,

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Speaker 1: do you think maybe the universe does need a little

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Speaker 1: bit of spinning, you know, just if people feel a

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Speaker 1: little bit more positive about it. It is pretty dark

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Speaker 1: and dangerous out there. It is dark and dangerous. But

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Speaker 1: I prefer to take a direct approach because then those

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Speaker 1: moments when you do learn something amazing and true and

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Speaker 1: incredible about the universe and really just sort of fills

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Speaker 1: your heart with light to know something about the universe,

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Speaker 1: that's that's a good way to spin it. But anyways,

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Speaker 1: we like to talk about all the amazing things have

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Speaker 1: pening out there in the cosmos, all of the crazy

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Speaker 1: and all of the mind blowing objects that are out there.

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Speaker 1: And we have a series of podcasts where we talk

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Speaker 1: about the most extreme things in the universe. The best

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Speaker 1: snowboarder in the universe? What how the snowboarding fitting? It's

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Speaker 1: an extreme sport, man. No, we'd like to talk about

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Speaker 1: all the extremes in the universe because they tell us something.

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Speaker 1: We are interested in the limits. Why do stars only

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Speaker 1: get up to a certain size? How hot can something get?

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Speaker 1: What prevents something from getting bigger or hotter or faster,

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Speaker 1: or spinning even more rapidly. There are lessons there about

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Speaker 1: the limits of physics and about what is allowed in

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Speaker 1: the universe and what is not allowed in the universe,

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Speaker 1: because in the end, that's our goal to figure out

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Speaker 1: what are the rules of this crazy, beautiful, bonkers universe,

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Speaker 1: and the extremes help point the way. So we have

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Speaker 1: episodes in the archive about the biggest thing in the universe,

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Speaker 1: the hottest thing in the universe. I think we've also

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Speaker 1: done the coldest thing in the universe, right, we have,

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Speaker 1: we did the emptiest places in the universe, and we

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Speaker 1: haven't done one about the fastest thing in the universe

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Speaker 1: because that one's a little bit tricky because basically, the

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Speaker 1: fastest thing in the universe is a photon. Is just

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Speaker 1: the speed of light, right, Oh, that was a short

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Speaker 1: podcast that was the mini warm up podcast to the

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Speaker 1: real podcast today. But also because you know, the speed

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Speaker 1: of something depends on the speed that you're measuring from,

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Speaker 1: so you can make anything fast by just getting in

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Speaker 1: a spaceship and zooming around. So the fastest thing in

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Speaker 1: the universe not that easy to pin down, other than

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Speaker 1: of course a photon. I guess My question is is

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Speaker 1: a photon a thing? First of all? And those some

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Speaker 1: other things move with the speed of light too. You

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Speaker 1: know what what happens if you race them? Yes, Actually,

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Speaker 1: gravitational waves move at the speed of light, and everything

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Speaker 1: that is massless moves at the speed of light. So

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Speaker 1: that includes gluons, for example, and photons. So if you

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Speaker 1: had a race between photons and gluons, it would be

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Speaker 1: an exact tie. All right, Well, so we can't fill

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Speaker 1: a whole hour on the fastest thing, but we can

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Speaker 1: talk about another fastest thing that happens in the universe.

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Speaker 1: So to the other podcast, we'll be talking about what

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Speaker 1: is the fastest spinning thing in the universe. I'm guessing

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Speaker 1: most people saw this coming, probably because they read the

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Speaker 1: title of the episode before they play. But yeah, we're

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Speaker 1: we're spinning up an interesting story here today, and also

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Speaker 1: because we made a hundred spin jokes before we told

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Speaker 1: them the topic of the episode. But this, to me

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Speaker 1: is a really fascinating question. The whole notion that things

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Speaker 1: in the universe are spinning, and this is spinning this way,

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Speaker 1: and that's spending that way, and why are things spinning anyway?

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Speaker 1: And the whole question of angler momentum to me really

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Speaker 1: fun and fundamental, and you learned something really interesting about

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Speaker 1: sort of the way the universe works and the way

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Speaker 1: space works from studying how things spin right, spinning it is,

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Speaker 1: by itself kind of a weird thing, isn't it. It's like,

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Speaker 1: if I'm spinning, am I really turning? Or are just

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Speaker 1: my particles going around in a circle? Whoa, It's like

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Speaker 1: a whole other teleportation question. Yeah, like are my particles

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Speaker 1: actually like turning around or are they just moving around?

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Speaker 1: I see, Yeah, this is an interesting question. I mean,

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Speaker 1: you can imagine all of them moving in a circle

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Speaker 1: but pointing in the same direction, like their internal acts

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Speaker 1: not changing, or you can imagine them like a car

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Speaker 1: moving around on a track, where they actually do change direction.

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Speaker 1: If you stand in a circle and turn, then you

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Speaker 1: know your molecules are held together by pretty tight bonds

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Speaker 1: and so they're gonna be pulled to turn with you.

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Speaker 1: So I think if you stand in turn, then you're

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Speaker 1: more like a car going around the track. All of

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Speaker 1: your molecules and particles are definitely turning with you. They're

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Speaker 1: not like little gyroscopes, right, but their point particles can

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Speaker 1: they have a direction they do have spin, right, These

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Speaker 1: particles do have spin absolutely all right, Well, this is

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Speaker 1: a fascinating question. What is the fastest spinning thing in

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Speaker 1: the unerse And I'm guessing Daniel will be measuring that

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Speaker 1: by revolutions per second or like or how dizzy they get? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I think revolutions per second is probably the best metric.

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Speaker 1: But then it's also fun to calculate like the speed

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Speaker 1: at the surface. You know, how fast how close to

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Speaker 1: the speed of light is the surface of a neutron

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Speaker 1: star moving, and this kind of stuff. Well, as usually,

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Speaker 1: what we were wondering how many people out there had

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Speaker 1: an opinion or a favorite as to what is the

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Speaker 1: fastest spinning thing in the universe. So Daniel went out

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Speaker 1: there and ask people on the internet this question. So

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Speaker 1: thank you to everybody who participated. As usual, if you

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Speaker 1: would like to take your turn and answer questions without

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Speaker 1: Googling about a tough physics topic that we are going

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Speaker 1: to unpack, please volunteer two questions at Daniel and Jorge

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Speaker 1: dot com and the use of different search engine Daniel,

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Speaker 1: or is googling now a universal verb? I'm working on

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Speaker 1: a physics version of Google. Yeah, that just gives you

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Speaker 1: the physics answer to everything. Time it says no, or

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Speaker 1: we have no idea. By the way, by this book

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Speaker 1: that these two podcasters wrote, that's all it does. It

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Speaker 1: just links you to our book. There you go, perfect,

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Speaker 1: let's make it happen. All right, Well, think about it

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Speaker 1: for a second. As if you listening, if someone ask

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Speaker 1: you what you thought is the fastest spinning thing in

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Speaker 1: the universe, what would you say? Here's what people had

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Speaker 1: to say. So I'm guessing that by spinning, it makes

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Speaker 1: like actually spinning, not like a quantum spin. So I'm

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Speaker 1: guessing it's probably some type of special star or maybe

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Speaker 1: like a black hole, a neutron star, and I think

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Speaker 1: that's the same thing as like a pulsar pulsar I think,

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Speaker 1: or possibly even like a magneto, which I think maybe

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Speaker 1: spins at a faster rate, or maybe just has a

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Speaker 1: much larger magnetic field. I'm not sure unless we are

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Speaker 1: including a particle's spin like it's spin up and spin

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Speaker 1: down properties as a definition of a fast spin. But

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Speaker 1: I don't think that's quite the angular momentum that we're

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Speaker 1: familiar with. Probably a Tasmanian devil. No, it's probably a

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Speaker 1: spinning neutron star or maybe a black hole that spins. Well,

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Speaker 1: there's a pulsar, and above pulsar it's a magnetor so.

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Speaker 1: Electrons spins pretty fast. I think X ray or gamma

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Speaker 1: ray particles in real activistic teams shot from quasars. All right,

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Speaker 1: I like the person who said the Tasmanian devil. I've

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Speaker 1: obviously we've been watching physics cartoons. There's a lot of

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Speaker 1: physics consulting going on in looney tunes. Let me tell

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Speaker 1: you the whole time delay of the gravitational effect in

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Speaker 1: the road Runner cartoons. Yeah, not sure, but I think

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Speaker 1: the research center is called ACNE. Yeah, exactly. They are

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Speaker 1: very generous with their funding, apparently. And now there's a

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Speaker 1: lot of great answers in here, a lot of cool ideas,

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Speaker 1: a lot of informed answers, but none of them are

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Speaker 1: actually right. Wow, nobody could to grind and they went

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Speaker 1: for the whole shi bank here. They went with pulsars

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Speaker 1: and neutron stars. There pretty extreme things. Yeah, all the

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Speaker 1: way down to a electrons and everything. Oh, nobody got

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Speaker 1: it right. Nobody got it right. Zero points for all

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Speaker 1: of you folks, But thank you for trying. Boy, this

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Speaker 1: is a pretty negative website here. It doesn't give you

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Speaker 1: any points. We will send you all an ACME company

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Speaker 1: gift package. All right, well maybe three. A lot of

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Speaker 1: people talked about particle spin, and so because it's so small,

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Speaker 1: I think I would imagine that maybe it is the

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Speaker 1: fastest spinning thing in the universe, right, I mean, it's

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Speaker 1: it's almost like an abstract quantity. So could you say

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Speaker 1: it's the fastest spinning thing in the universe. Yeah, it's

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Speaker 1: really weird, actually, right. We talk about particles as having spin,

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Speaker 1: and we know that there's spin is something closely related

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Speaker 1: to angular momentum. Like if something is actually physically spinning,

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Speaker 1: like it's moving around the nucleus of an atom, you

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Speaker 1: can take that motion and you can convert it into

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Speaker 1: particle spin. So it's like a real kind of anglar momentum.

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Speaker 1: But we don't think it's an actual physical spin of

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Speaker 1: an object, because an electron, as we think about, is

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Speaker 1: a really time the particle maybe even just a point,

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Speaker 1: and it doesn't actually make sense to think about that

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Speaker 1: object as spinning. Like if you try to do the calculation,

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Speaker 1: you say, well, how much energy is in the spin

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Speaker 1: and what's the mass of the electron, And what can

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Speaker 1: I assume about the radius to the electron if you

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Speaker 1: put in what we know to be like the upper

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Speaker 1: limit of the radius to the electron, like our measurement

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Speaker 1: for the biggest an electron could be though you know

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Speaker 1: it could be zero. And you crank all the numbers

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Speaker 1: and you ask like how fast is the surface of

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Speaker 1: the electron moving? You get a crazy number, it's like

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Speaker 1: a hundred times the speed of light. Wow, what but

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Speaker 1: that would be impossible. That would be impossible, which tells

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Speaker 1: you something about your calculation is wrong. Like taking the

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Speaker 1: energy of an electron spin and thinking about it as

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Speaker 1: actual physical spin doesn't make sense. We don't think that

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Speaker 1: this is a tiny little object that's actually spinning. It's

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Speaker 1: a quantum spin. It's something weird, something different from actual

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Speaker 1: physical spin. But it is related, like it's can you

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Speaker 1: can't just say put it in that quantum box and

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Speaker 1: say we don't understand it. Whatever, put a quantum in

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Speaker 1: front of it. It's something connected to actual spin. You

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Speaker 1: can take again real angular momentum and convert it into

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Speaker 1: quantum spin and back again. So they're definitely connected, but

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Speaker 1: we can't really say it's actual spin. Well, I do

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Speaker 1: that all the time, tied Daniel with thinks I don't

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Speaker 1: want to understand. I just put quantum in it, and

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Speaker 1: I stick it in the box, you know, like my

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Speaker 1: taxes or m Yeah. Yea deadline deadline, quantum deadlines plus

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Speaker 1: our minus you know a year. Yeah, I got this

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Speaker 1: in within the uncertainty right there, you go. I did,

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Speaker 1: and I didn't turn it in. How about that? That's right,

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Speaker 1: your contract is dead and alive at the same time.

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Speaker 1: But I still get paid right in quantum dollars. But

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Speaker 1: it is really fascinating, Like it's definitely something you can

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Speaker 1: think about as a spin. These particles have a spin.

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Speaker 1: It's definitely a quantity we connect with spinning things. But

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Speaker 1: if we want to talk about what's the fastest spinning

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Speaker 1: thing in the universe, I don't think it's really fair

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Speaker 1: to say that a particle is something that is in

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Speaker 1: the running for it because it's not physically spinning. But

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Speaker 1: can you give it a value like a certain revolutions

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Speaker 1: per second on an electron? Right, because you have the

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Speaker 1: angular momentum and you know the mass of the electron,

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Speaker 1: can you just divide that to get some kind of

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Speaker 1: spinning velocity? Yeah? You can do that because you know,

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Speaker 1: the angular kinetic energy is proportional to the moment of

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Speaker 1: inertia and the number of revolutions per second. But the

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Speaker 1: moment of inertia depends on the radius of the object, right,

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Speaker 1: how much angular momentum there is depends on the distribution

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Speaker 1: of stuff. This moment of inertia is like rotational mass,

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Speaker 1: so it doesn't just depend on the mass and the object.

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Speaker 1: That depends on where the mass of the object is,

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Speaker 1: like is it all on the surface or all at

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Speaker 1: the core? Sort of like how a figure skater, you know,

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Speaker 1: when she moves her arms in closer, she spins faster

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Speaker 1: and faster, even though she has the same mass. So

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Speaker 1: the revolutions depend not just on the mass and on

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Speaker 1: the energy, but also on like how that's distributed. And

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Speaker 1: we just don't owe anything about how electron looks like inside.

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Speaker 1: Is it really a point particle? Is it made of

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Speaker 1: tiny vibrating strings? We just don't know, alright, So I

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Speaker 1: guess the thing is that it just doesn't make sense

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Speaker 1: to think of an electron as spinning, even though it

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Speaker 1: has quantum spin, it's not actually like turning around. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: So I think the physics referee, and this one is

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Speaker 1: going to rule it out of bounds. For this competition.

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Speaker 1: It's probably spinning in some crazy awesome way we just

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Speaker 1: don't understand yet. It might take the cake and be

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Speaker 1: the fastest spinning thing in the universe, but for the

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Speaker 1: purposes of today's competition, it's been de cute. All right. Well,

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Speaker 1: that's a bummer for particles there for Team Electron. I

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Speaker 1: was trying to put a positive spin on it, Daniel,

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Speaker 1: but um, you totally shut that down. I mean for particles,

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Speaker 1: I know, and usually I'm pro particles, right, Like, that's

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Speaker 1: sort of my job. I'm made of particles. I study particles.

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Speaker 1: But in this case, I don't really think they qualified.

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Speaker 1: Physicist are fickle alright, Well, um, let's talk about real things, like,

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Speaker 1: you know, how fast is the Earth spinning? For example?

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Speaker 1: I mean we I know that it's been once a day,

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Speaker 1: but is that fast relative to other things in the universe.

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Speaker 1: It's actually pretty fast, Like for our solar system, it's

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Speaker 1: one of the faster spinning things. You know, Like the Sun,

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Speaker 1: for example, rotates every twenty seven days. The Sun rotates.

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Speaker 1: The Sun rotates, oh absolutely every month, yea once a month.

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Speaker 1: The Sun completes a revolution, and you know the rest

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Speaker 1: of the Solar system is basically just an extension of

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Speaker 1: the Sun. Most of the stuff in the Solar system

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Speaker 1: is the Sun, and everything is spinning. The whole thing

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Speaker 1: is spinning, and most of its spinning in the same direction. Right.

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Speaker 1: The planets move around the Sun the same direction the

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Speaker 1: Sun spins because it all comes from the same original

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Speaker 1: angle momentum of the huge blob of gas and dust

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Speaker 1: that form the Solar system. So, yeah, the Sun is

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Speaker 1: definitely rotating, but not that fast. Well, I guess it's

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Speaker 1: weird to think of it like an explosion rotating, right,

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Speaker 1: because that's what the Sun is. It's like a constant explosion,

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Speaker 1: and so it's kind of weird to think of it

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Speaker 1: as or like fire. You know, it's it's hard to

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Speaker 1: think of fire spinning. Yeah, it is pretty cool. And

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Speaker 1: you know, inside the Sun there's also all sorts of

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Speaker 1: really complex conductions and currents and like streams of plasma

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Speaker 1: that move around, and you know, the Sun's magnetic field

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Speaker 1: flips every eleven years or so, probably because these streams

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Speaker 1: of plasma are like swapping directions. And there's a whole

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Speaker 1: podcast episode about that where we're doing the future about

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Speaker 1: what's going on inside the Sun. But yeah, it's a

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Speaker 1: really big, complex, spinning beast. So so what does that

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Speaker 1: mean about the surface of the Sun. How fast is

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Speaker 1: in moving? So the speed of the surface of the

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Speaker 1: Sun is pretty fast, because the radius of the Sun

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Speaker 1: is really large, right, So if something is rotating once

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Speaker 1: every day or so, then the speed of the surface

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Speaker 1: depends on how far you are from the center. And

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Speaker 1: so the Sun is huge, and that means that it's

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Speaker 1: moving at like sixty six thousand kilometers per day per day. Wow,

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Speaker 1: that's close to what the Earth is moving, isn't it. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: service of the Earth moves obviously, the circumference of the

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Speaker 1: Earth twenty four miles per day. All right, so those

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Speaker 1: are pretty fast. And what else in our solar system

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Speaker 1: is spinning pretty fast? Well, surprisingly to me, Jupiter actually

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Speaker 1: spends faster than the Earth. I was thinking the begger

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Speaker 1: the object, maybe the slower it rotates, because the Sun

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Speaker 1: rotates more slowly than the Earth. But Jupiter actually spins

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Speaker 1: faster than the Earth. It does a revolution in ten hours.

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Speaker 1: So wait, the like the core of it, or the

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Speaker 1: whole thing, or just the clouds in the surface we

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Speaker 1: can't really measure very well what's going on inside Jupiter.

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Speaker 1: We think that there's differential rotation, like the internal core

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Speaker 1: might be rotating at different speeds than the outer cloud cells,

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Speaker 1: and this could be what's contributing to all that turbulence.

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Speaker 1: But we can just look at stuff on the surface

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Speaker 1: of Jupiter and watch it rotate. So like that red

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Speaker 1: eye actually goes around once every ten hours, once every

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Speaker 1: ten hours. Yeah, it is kind of like the iosaurin

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Speaker 1: it's looking around keeping an eye on the Solar system.

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Speaker 1: That's right. So if you're gonna sneak around, you've got

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Speaker 1: about ten hours until the eye turns around and looks

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Speaker 1: at you, so you can finish your plans. All right,

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Speaker 1: let's get into other things that are spinning fast in

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Speaker 1: the Solar System and into wider space. But first let's

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Speaker 1: take a quick break, all right, Dannel, we're asking the

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Speaker 1: question what is the fastest spinning thing in the universe,

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Speaker 1: And there's a lot of spinning things in the universe.

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Speaker 1: A lot of things are spinning around. They certainly are,

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Speaker 1: and in our Solar system, Jupiter spins every ten hours,

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Speaker 1: but it's not the champion in our Solar system. We

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Speaker 1: have a lot of little objects out there, like past Pluto,

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Speaker 1: around the size of Pluto, and some of them has

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Speaker 1: been pretty fast. Like well, the king of the Solar

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Speaker 1: System or queen, depending on the gender of this object,

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Speaker 1: is the dwarf planet how maya. It's out in the

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Speaker 1: Kuiper Belt. It's about the size of Pluto, and it

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Speaker 1: spins around every four hours. Whoa, So I guess if

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Speaker 1: you're standing on it, a day would be four hours,

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Speaker 1: like every four hours the sun would set and rise. Yeah, exactly.

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Speaker 1: And we don't know that much about it because it's

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Speaker 1: really far away. It has this like dark red spot

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Speaker 1: on its surface, so you can see it move around.

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Speaker 1: But it's spinning, and you know that must have come

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Speaker 1: from some like crazy collision with some other object to

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Speaker 1: get it spinning so fast. Really, like maybe it was

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Speaker 1: just standing there and then it got knocked or grazed

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Speaker 1: by another thing and that said it to spin. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: or it was spinning in some other way and then

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Speaker 1: it got knocked into and some crazy collision and it

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Speaker 1: came out with more spin. You know, Like a lot

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Speaker 1: of the objects in the Solar System, like Uranus has

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Speaker 1: weird spin and Venus has weird spin, and that can

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Speaker 1: also be the result of collision from something else outside

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Speaker 1: the Solar System. Wow, alright, so it's a super short day.

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Speaker 1: But you know what about out further in space? What

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Speaker 1: else do we know is spinning out there pretty fast?

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Speaker 1: So the listeners were on the right track when they

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Speaker 1: were thinking about pulsars and neutron stars, because these are

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Speaker 1: objects that do spin pretty fast. And remember, a neutron

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Speaker 1: star is when a star has collapsed, like it's mostly

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Speaker 1: done with its life, and the core of it has

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Speaker 1: collapsed into a very very dense object that's dense enough

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Speaker 1: to like squish all of the protons and electrons together

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Speaker 1: to make neutrons, but not so dense to overcome the

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Speaker 1: pressure of the neutrons and compacted into a black hole.

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Speaker 1: So it's sort of like a black hole that didn't

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Speaker 1: quite make it into a black hole. This is a

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Speaker 1: neutron star. This is a neutron star. And so they're

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Speaker 1: all neutrons. They're very very dense, and because they've been

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Speaker 1: compacted very very small, like it's a huge amount of

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Speaker 1: stuff in a very very small space, they also gained

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Speaker 1: a lot of spin, just like that figure skater you're

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Speaker 1: pulling in all that angular momentum, but now you're radius

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Speaker 1: is much much smaller, so you have to be moving

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Speaker 1: faster to have the same angular momentum. So these things

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Speaker 1: can spin really really fast. How fast are they spinning? Well,

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Speaker 1: there's one variety of them called pulsars, and these guys

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Speaker 1: shoot out a beam of light from their north and

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Speaker 1: south poles, and so we can actually see them spin.

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Speaker 1: That's how they were discovered. That this beam of lights

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Speaker 1: of like washes over the Earth once every rotation, and

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Speaker 1: so you might imagine, Okay, these things they've probably spin

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Speaker 1: once a day, or once every hour or once every minute.

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Speaker 1: But the fastest spinning pulsars spin like six or seven

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Speaker 1: hundred times a second per second per second. Yeah, these

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Speaker 1: are huge objects that are spinning hundreds of times a

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Speaker 1: second right totally blowing away the Sun, Jupiter, the Earth,

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Speaker 1: even our dwarf planet. Like, these things are really spinning.

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Speaker 1: I can't even hit wrap my head around something. I mean,

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Speaker 1: how big is this thing? How can something that large

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Speaker 1: spin that fast? But did it just explode? Well, it's

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Speaker 1: held together really tightly right by gravity. It's about sixteen

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Speaker 1: kilometers in radius. So this one that's like the Queen

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Speaker 1: of pulsars is about eighteen thousand light years from Earth.

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Speaker 1: It's in the constellation Sagittarius. It has a radius of

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Speaker 1: only about sixteen kilometers. Tiny, so these things are not big. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: but it's spinning super duper fast. And if you do

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Speaker 1: the calculation, like the surface of this thing is spinning

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Speaker 1: at a quarter of the speed of light. Wow, that's crazy.

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Speaker 1: How do is it something that massive and large spin

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Speaker 1: that fast when it explode at some point or break apart. Well,

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Speaker 1: there's a lot of things going on here, right. You

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Speaker 1: have gravity pushing it down, and then you have rotational

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Speaker 1: pressure preventing it from collapsing. Right. One of the things

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Speaker 1: that prevents things from collapsing into black holes is rotational pressure.

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Speaker 1: It's hard to get things to get smaller and more

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Speaker 1: compact because they would have to spin even faster. So

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Speaker 1: what we're looking at here is sort of a balance

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Speaker 1: between all the forces at play. You have the pressure

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Speaker 1: from the molecules not wanting to get squeezed down more.

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Speaker 1: You have the rotational pressure, which makes it harder and

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Speaker 1: harder for things to get smaller, But then you have

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Speaker 1: gravity pushing down on it. So you know, that's why

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Speaker 1: the Earth has not fallen into the Sun, right because

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Speaker 1: our angular momentum protects us. That's why the galaxy is

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Speaker 1: not fallen into the black hole at the center of

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Speaker 1: the galaxy because of our angular momentum. And so as

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Speaker 1: you get smaller and small, you have to spin faster

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Speaker 1: and faster. So meaning if you stop these neutron stars

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Speaker 1: or pulsars from spinning, they would collapse into a black hole.

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Speaker 1: They might collapse new black hole. They would definitely get smaller. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: something that's spinning is definitely bigger than something that's not spinning. Right, Well,

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Speaker 1: that sounds pretty crazy, but there's even crazier spinning things.

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Speaker 1: There's another one out there. This is neutron star, which

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Speaker 1: has sort of the crown for the fastest spinning thing

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Speaker 1: that we know about out there in outer space at least.

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Speaker 1: And it's got some crazy name, and it's about thirty

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Speaker 1: thousand light years from Earth and it's spinning at more

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Speaker 1: than a thousand times a second twenty two hers. Wow. Yeah,

428
00:22:35,440 --> 00:22:37,159
Speaker 1: it has a pretty cool name. It sounds like a

429
00:22:37,359 --> 00:22:43,960
Speaker 1: science fiction name. E J one eight five that's right,

430
00:22:44,080 --> 00:22:47,639
Speaker 1: not to be confused with a four. That's a totally lame.

431
00:22:47,960 --> 00:22:51,000
Speaker 1: Neutron star to eight five is the one that wins

432
00:22:51,040 --> 00:22:54,240
Speaker 1: the spinning contest. Yeah, it's incredible, and this thing is

433
00:22:54,280 --> 00:22:57,720
Speaker 1: only ten kilometers wide, right, it's a tiny dot. It's

434
00:22:57,760 --> 00:23:01,320
Speaker 1: amazing how much stuff is crammed into these tiny little

435
00:23:01,359 --> 00:23:04,479
Speaker 1: areas and the incredible speeds they move at. And this

436
00:23:04,520 --> 00:23:07,080
Speaker 1: surface is also spinning. It just about a quarter of

437
00:23:07,119 --> 00:23:10,120
Speaker 1: the speed of light, but again, because it's smaller, that's

438
00:23:10,119 --> 00:23:13,600
Speaker 1: a faster rotation speed. And these things are really dense, right,

439
00:23:13,640 --> 00:23:16,520
Speaker 1: like it's about the mass of the sun. Maybe, yeah, exactly,

440
00:23:16,520 --> 00:23:18,480
Speaker 1: they're both the mass of the Sun. But it's only

441
00:23:18,800 --> 00:23:21,600
Speaker 1: ten kilometers wide, so like you know, a tea spoon

442
00:23:21,640 --> 00:23:24,600
Speaker 1: of this stuff weighs like a billion tons. It's really

443
00:23:24,640 --> 00:23:28,240
Speaker 1: pretty incredible, and it's not something that we understand very well,

444
00:23:28,280 --> 00:23:31,520
Speaker 1: like what's going on inside a neutron star? What is

445
00:23:31,560 --> 00:23:34,480
Speaker 1: the pressure? How do all these things squeeze together? And

446
00:23:34,520 --> 00:23:36,760
Speaker 1: one of the reasons we don't understand it is because

447
00:23:36,800 --> 00:23:39,199
Speaker 1: what's at work here is the strong force, like the

448
00:23:39,200 --> 00:23:42,159
Speaker 1: force that holds protons together and neutrons together and the

449
00:23:42,240 --> 00:23:46,280
Speaker 1: nucleus together. It's taken over because everything is so squeezed together,

450
00:23:46,720 --> 00:23:49,080
Speaker 1: and we don't really understand how to do calculations with

451
00:23:49,119 --> 00:23:52,280
Speaker 1: a strong force really nasty because it's so strong that

452
00:23:52,440 --> 00:23:55,639
Speaker 1: any small change in your calculation means a big change

453
00:23:55,840 --> 00:23:58,399
Speaker 1: in what happens. And so it's hard to describe. Like

454
00:23:58,520 --> 00:24:02,159
Speaker 1: the internals of an entire neutron star, it's kind of

455
00:24:02,160 --> 00:24:05,879
Speaker 1: hard to imagine, you know, something the size of you know,

456
00:24:05,920 --> 00:24:08,800
Speaker 1: Los Angeles spinning a thousand times a second. Yeah, and

457
00:24:08,800 --> 00:24:12,439
Speaker 1: their spin can change. Also, because they're a tiny bit unstable,

458
00:24:12,840 --> 00:24:15,800
Speaker 1: sometimes when they're spinning, they get this glitch where like

459
00:24:15,840 --> 00:24:19,120
Speaker 1: this like a quake on the crust of the neutron stars,

460
00:24:19,200 --> 00:24:22,359
Speaker 1: things shift and then it might like compact a tiny

461
00:24:22,440 --> 00:24:25,080
Speaker 1: little bit and then speed up, or if it quakes

462
00:24:25,080 --> 00:24:28,040
Speaker 1: in a different direction, they can glitch and then slow down.

463
00:24:28,240 --> 00:24:30,960
Speaker 1: It's pretty amazing. Wow, it's almost kind of like a

464
00:24:31,000 --> 00:24:34,119
Speaker 1: surreal you know, like if you were standing next to it,

465
00:24:34,200 --> 00:24:37,760
Speaker 1: your mind would just be blown. Yeah, exactly. And these

466
00:24:37,760 --> 00:24:40,639
Speaker 1: things are hard to see. Also, we can see the

467
00:24:40,680 --> 00:24:43,920
Speaker 1: ones that are pulsars that emit these beams of light

468
00:24:44,000 --> 00:24:47,320
Speaker 1: along their magnetic axis, and obviously we see those beams,

469
00:24:47,320 --> 00:24:50,159
Speaker 1: but if they don't shine in our direction, they're pretty

470
00:24:50,200 --> 00:24:53,479
Speaker 1: hard to spot. Because these neutron stars are not undergoing fusion.

471
00:24:53,480 --> 00:24:56,399
Speaker 1: They don't glow like our stars, right, so it's not

472
00:24:56,440 --> 00:24:58,439
Speaker 1: clear exactly what you would see. I think it's just

473
00:24:58,800 --> 00:25:02,920
Speaker 1: a big hot, lowing rock basically, So it'd be fascinating

474
00:25:02,960 --> 00:25:05,400
Speaker 1: to actually see one up close. We've only ever really

475
00:25:05,400 --> 00:25:08,840
Speaker 1: seen them because of their pulsar radiation. All right, Well, um,

476
00:25:08,880 --> 00:25:11,159
Speaker 1: I feel like we can have a discussion of wild

477
00:25:11,280 --> 00:25:15,120
Speaker 1: things in the universe without talking about black holes. Can

478
00:25:15,160 --> 00:25:18,240
Speaker 1: black hole spin as well? Black holes definitely can spin.

479
00:25:18,720 --> 00:25:21,560
Speaker 1: And one of the amazing things about black holes, of

480
00:25:21,600 --> 00:25:24,760
Speaker 1: all the amazing things about black holes is how little

481
00:25:24,960 --> 00:25:28,080
Speaker 1: you can know about them. Like two black holes that

482
00:25:28,119 --> 00:25:30,680
Speaker 1: have the same amount of stuff in them, you can't

483
00:25:30,800 --> 00:25:34,280
Speaker 1: tell them apart, Like there's no information about what went

484
00:25:34,440 --> 00:25:37,040
Speaker 1: into the black hole that you can extract, and that

485
00:25:37,119 --> 00:25:39,720
Speaker 1: includes information about like what order the stuff went in,

486
00:25:40,280 --> 00:25:42,240
Speaker 1: or when it went in, how long ago went in.

487
00:25:42,600 --> 00:25:44,800
Speaker 1: The only things you can know about a black hole

488
00:25:45,119 --> 00:25:49,800
Speaker 1: are its mass and its spin and it's electric charge.

489
00:25:50,400 --> 00:25:52,679
Speaker 1: So if you have two black holes that have like

490
00:25:52,760 --> 00:25:56,120
Speaker 1: no electric charge and no spin and the same mass,

491
00:25:56,400 --> 00:25:58,480
Speaker 1: there's nothing you can do to tell them apart. They're

492
00:25:58,520 --> 00:26:03,560
Speaker 1: like as quip lent as two electrons to us. I mean, right,

493
00:26:03,880 --> 00:26:06,399
Speaker 1: but if you were inside the black hole, could you

494
00:26:06,440 --> 00:26:08,679
Speaker 1: tell the difference? That's an awesome question. If you were

495
00:26:08,680 --> 00:26:11,520
Speaker 1: inside the black hole, then yes, you could tell the

496
00:26:11,600 --> 00:26:16,640
Speaker 1: difference if things were thrown in after you or before you. Right,

497
00:26:16,680 --> 00:26:18,800
Speaker 1: But if everything has been thrown in before you, it

498
00:26:18,800 --> 00:26:21,960
Speaker 1: would be closer to the singularity than you would be,

499
00:26:22,359 --> 00:26:24,080
Speaker 1: and so you wouldn't be able to probe any of

500
00:26:24,119 --> 00:26:28,000
Speaker 1: that stuff. But you can tell if a black hole

501
00:26:28,040 --> 00:26:29,800
Speaker 1: is spinning. So like, if you make a black hole

502
00:26:30,040 --> 00:26:32,760
Speaker 1: by just dropping a bunch of bananas with no spin

503
00:26:32,960 --> 00:26:35,760
Speaker 1: and make a black hole, that will look different than

504
00:26:35,800 --> 00:26:37,960
Speaker 1: a black hole where you've like thrown the bananas in

505
00:26:38,000 --> 00:26:41,240
Speaker 1: so they have angular momentum relative to the center of

506
00:26:41,240 --> 00:26:42,960
Speaker 1: the black hole. You throw them sort of like a

507
00:26:43,000 --> 00:26:45,400
Speaker 1: little bit to the side, so you get the thing spinning.

508
00:26:46,080 --> 00:26:47,919
Speaker 1: And now I guess a question is what does it

509
00:26:47,960 --> 00:26:50,080
Speaker 1: mean for a black hole to spin? Does it mean

510
00:26:50,119 --> 00:26:52,359
Speaker 1: that the stuff inside of it is spinning? Or is

511
00:26:52,440 --> 00:26:55,879
Speaker 1: it also sort of like a quantum quantity That doesn't

512
00:26:55,960 --> 00:26:59,720
Speaker 1: really make sense. Man, I wish black holes did make sense.

513
00:27:00,080 --> 00:27:02,080
Speaker 1: We have to use just the only theory we have,

514
00:27:02,200 --> 00:27:05,159
Speaker 1: which is general relativity, to describe what we think is

515
00:27:05,200 --> 00:27:08,800
Speaker 1: happening inside of black holes. We know that theory is limited.

516
00:27:08,840 --> 00:27:11,280
Speaker 1: We know it breaks down when you get to the singularity,

517
00:27:11,320 --> 00:27:14,720
Speaker 1: that you cannot describe what happens in infinite curvature. So

518
00:27:14,800 --> 00:27:16,919
Speaker 1: we know this is wrong, but it's also sort of

519
00:27:16,920 --> 00:27:20,160
Speaker 1: our best idea for what's happening. So in the universe

520
00:27:20,200 --> 00:27:24,080
Speaker 1: without quantum effects and only general relativity, then yes, we

521
00:27:24,119 --> 00:27:27,320
Speaker 1: think that the stuff inside the black hole is actually spinning,

522
00:27:27,359 --> 00:27:29,680
Speaker 1: like orbiting around the center. Well, we think that there's

523
00:27:29,720 --> 00:27:32,160
Speaker 1: a singularity at the heart of the black hole, and

524
00:27:32,200 --> 00:27:35,120
Speaker 1: the singularity is a point, right, and so how can

525
00:27:35,160 --> 00:27:37,720
Speaker 1: a point spin? Well, we think that a spinning black

526
00:27:37,720 --> 00:27:40,640
Speaker 1: hole doesn't have a singularity that's a point. We think

527
00:27:40,680 --> 00:27:44,359
Speaker 1: it's singularity is a ring. What what does that even mean, Daniel.

528
00:27:45,280 --> 00:27:47,760
Speaker 1: It means that the place where the curvature goes infinite

529
00:27:47,960 --> 00:27:50,359
Speaker 1: is not just one place in space because a point

530
00:27:50,440 --> 00:27:54,560
Speaker 1: cannot spin, right, the singularity that's a point cannot have

531
00:27:55,119 --> 00:27:58,320
Speaker 1: any angular momentum. However a circle can. So you have

532
00:27:58,320 --> 00:28:02,159
Speaker 1: a singularity which is not a point but a perfect circle. Well,

533
00:28:02,359 --> 00:28:05,120
Speaker 1: so that means that things are spinning around the ring

534
00:28:05,320 --> 00:28:09,680
Speaker 1: or towards the ring. The ring is spinning itself is

535
00:28:09,720 --> 00:28:12,439
Speaker 1: spinning because it has a radius and so it can spin,

536
00:28:12,680 --> 00:28:15,719
Speaker 1: you see. But it could also mean the stuff between

537
00:28:15,760 --> 00:28:18,760
Speaker 1: that ring and the surface of the black hole is

538
00:28:18,800 --> 00:28:22,440
Speaker 1: also spinning, right like. It could be a swirling thing

539
00:28:22,480 --> 00:28:24,159
Speaker 1: inside of the black hole, or it could just be

540
00:28:24,320 --> 00:28:27,639
Speaker 1: things falling in right, Yeah, exactly, And it's very likely

541
00:28:27,760 --> 00:28:30,240
Speaker 1: that if something is approaching the end of the black hole,

542
00:28:30,280 --> 00:28:33,000
Speaker 1: it will be spinning because it's hard to otherwise. Like,

543
00:28:33,280 --> 00:28:35,320
Speaker 1: if you're gonna fall into a black hole, you have

544
00:28:35,359 --> 00:28:38,160
Speaker 1: two options. One is go straight to the heart of

545
00:28:38,160 --> 00:28:43,160
Speaker 1: the singularity right exactly right on, or any other direction,

546
00:28:43,360 --> 00:28:45,880
Speaker 1: And any other direction will mean you're falling in with

547
00:28:45,960 --> 00:28:49,120
Speaker 1: some spin because you're not gonna be going straight at it,

548
00:28:49,480 --> 00:28:51,240
Speaker 1: and so you're gonna be giving it like a little

549
00:28:51,240 --> 00:28:54,320
Speaker 1: bit of torque. And so most likely things that fall

550
00:28:54,360 --> 00:28:56,400
Speaker 1: into the black hole do give it some spin. So

551
00:28:56,440 --> 00:28:59,040
Speaker 1: we think that most black holes are spinning. And if

552
00:28:59,080 --> 00:29:01,240
Speaker 1: you look at the stuff around the black hole, the

553
00:29:01,280 --> 00:29:04,080
Speaker 1: accretion disk, the stuff that has not yet fallen in,

554
00:29:04,400 --> 00:29:09,080
Speaker 1: that's spinning, right's swirling around, gradually losing its Anglo momentum

555
00:29:09,400 --> 00:29:12,120
Speaker 1: as it falls into the black hole. All right, So

556
00:29:12,160 --> 00:29:14,880
Speaker 1: we can know the mass, the charge, and the spin

557
00:29:14,920 --> 00:29:17,640
Speaker 1: of a black hole. So how do we measure the

558
00:29:17,680 --> 00:29:20,520
Speaker 1: spin of a black hole? Because it's it's just a giant,

559
00:29:21,040 --> 00:29:23,600
Speaker 1: you know, black ball. How can you tell if it's

560
00:29:23,600 --> 00:29:26,120
Speaker 1: spinning or not? And how much? That's a great question

561
00:29:26,120 --> 00:29:28,880
Speaker 1: because your first thought might be, well, a black hole

562
00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:32,440
Speaker 1: is just a big gravitational object, and according to Newton,

563
00:29:32,720 --> 00:29:35,000
Speaker 1: the force of gravity only depends on the mass of

564
00:29:35,000 --> 00:29:38,040
Speaker 1: the thing, right, not on its spin. So you can't

565
00:29:38,120 --> 00:29:41,840
Speaker 1: tell gravitationally if something is spinning. And since gravity is

566
00:29:41,880 --> 00:29:43,720
Speaker 1: the only way to probe the spin of these things,

567
00:29:43,960 --> 00:29:47,360
Speaker 1: how could you tell at all? Well, Newton wasn't right right.

568
00:29:47,640 --> 00:29:50,960
Speaker 1: Newton's theory of gravity is not complete, and it fails,

569
00:29:51,120 --> 00:29:54,520
Speaker 1: especially around black holes. There are more complicated effects here,

570
00:29:54,880 --> 00:29:58,480
Speaker 1: and there are corrections to Newton's theory in Einstein's theory

571
00:29:58,800 --> 00:30:01,520
Speaker 1: that do depend on the spin of the black hole.

572
00:30:01,600 --> 00:30:05,440
Speaker 1: So the gravitational effect of an object depends not just

573
00:30:05,480 --> 00:30:07,880
Speaker 1: on how much stuff is in it, but also on

574
00:30:07,960 --> 00:30:12,440
Speaker 1: its energy density. Right, energy density, and one component of

575
00:30:12,480 --> 00:30:15,600
Speaker 1: its energy density is its spin. So how much it's

576
00:30:15,640 --> 00:30:20,800
Speaker 1: spinning changes its gravitational effects, right, I see, so kind

577
00:30:20,800 --> 00:30:25,040
Speaker 1: of because mass is energy and spin is also energy.

578
00:30:25,160 --> 00:30:28,480
Speaker 1: You can sort of maybe tell the difference between the two. Yeah,

579
00:30:28,520 --> 00:30:31,200
Speaker 1: And there's one really awesome test case where they have

580
00:30:31,280 --> 00:30:34,760
Speaker 1: a super big black hole. There's this black hole that's

581
00:30:34,880 --> 00:30:39,640
Speaker 1: eighteen billion solar masses, so it's like one of the

582
00:30:39,640 --> 00:30:43,120
Speaker 1: biggest black holes we know about, and it's being orbited

583
00:30:43,160 --> 00:30:46,400
Speaker 1: by another black hole, a tiny little black hole that

584
00:30:46,480 --> 00:30:49,520
Speaker 1: only has a hundred and fifty million solar masses right

585
00:30:49,880 --> 00:30:51,880
Speaker 1: now on its own. This one would also be an

586
00:30:51,920 --> 00:30:55,440
Speaker 1: awesome black hole, but in comparison to this monster black hole,

587
00:30:55,440 --> 00:30:59,160
Speaker 1: it's pretty small. So the little one is orbiting the

588
00:30:59,200 --> 00:31:03,280
Speaker 1: big one, right, and it's affected by the gravity of

589
00:31:03,320 --> 00:31:06,040
Speaker 1: the big one. But because the big one is spinning,

590
00:31:06,520 --> 00:31:09,640
Speaker 1: this causes a procession in the orbit of the smaller

591
00:31:09,680 --> 00:31:12,880
Speaker 1: black hole. So the smaller black holes orbiting the bigger one,

592
00:31:13,040 --> 00:31:16,160
Speaker 1: but it's orbit itself is spinning. It's like an ellipse,

593
00:31:16,600 --> 00:31:19,600
Speaker 1: and the ellipse is moving around the bigger black hole,

594
00:31:19,680 --> 00:31:21,600
Speaker 1: and that tells you something about the spin of the

595
00:31:21,600 --> 00:31:25,040
Speaker 1: big black hole exactly. The procession of the orbit of

596
00:31:25,080 --> 00:31:28,040
Speaker 1: the little one comes from the spin of the big

597
00:31:28,040 --> 00:31:30,640
Speaker 1: black hole. And you can do these calculations. It's not

598
00:31:30,680 --> 00:31:34,280
Speaker 1: trivial to think about, like Newton's laws, Einstein's calculations are

599
00:31:34,440 --> 00:31:37,240
Speaker 1: much more complicated. But the spin of the big black

600
00:31:37,240 --> 00:31:40,280
Speaker 1: hole affects how things move around it and affects the

601
00:31:40,400 --> 00:31:43,000
Speaker 1: orbit of this little black hole. Interesting, and so that's

602
00:31:43,000 --> 00:31:45,400
Speaker 1: how they were able to measure in this case that

603
00:31:45,800 --> 00:31:48,560
Speaker 1: very precisely the spin of the big black hole. I see,

604
00:31:48,640 --> 00:31:51,560
Speaker 1: so like a black hole that has mass would affect

605
00:31:51,600 --> 00:31:54,800
Speaker 1: things differently around it than a black hole that has

606
00:31:54,880 --> 00:31:57,200
Speaker 1: mass and spin exactly. And the way you probe that

607
00:31:57,280 --> 00:31:59,880
Speaker 1: is by looking at the stuff around the black hole

608
00:32:00,040 --> 00:32:03,640
Speaker 1: seeing the effect on that stuff. Usually is on the

609
00:32:03,680 --> 00:32:07,600
Speaker 1: accretion disk. Sometimes it's on other big massive objects like

610
00:32:07,760 --> 00:32:11,400
Speaker 1: a black hole, And so typically looking at the accretion

611
00:32:11,440 --> 00:32:14,400
Speaker 1: disc you can tell how fast is this black hole spinning?

612
00:32:14,840 --> 00:32:17,640
Speaker 1: Does that apply to other things? Of our Sun wasn't spinning,

613
00:32:17,960 --> 00:32:20,760
Speaker 1: would our orbit be totally different? Yeah, if the Sun

614
00:32:20,880 --> 00:32:24,320
Speaker 1: wasn't spinning, our orbit would be different. The Sun's gravitational

615
00:32:24,400 --> 00:32:26,480
Speaker 1: energy is mostly due to its mass though, because it's

616
00:32:26,520 --> 00:32:29,440
Speaker 1: not spinning that fast. But yeah, we would have settled

617
00:32:29,480 --> 00:32:31,160
Speaker 1: into a different orbit that I don't think it's by

618
00:32:31,160 --> 00:32:33,480
Speaker 1: a big number. But that's how you can tell how

619
00:32:33,640 --> 00:32:35,760
Speaker 1: much a black hole is spinning, yes, exactly, and you

620
00:32:35,760 --> 00:32:38,320
Speaker 1: could look at the accretion disc. So, for example, a

621
00:32:38,360 --> 00:32:41,040
Speaker 1: black hole that's spinning in the same direction to see

622
00:32:41,040 --> 00:32:44,320
Speaker 1: acretion disc, the acreation disc can actually get closer to

623
00:32:44,520 --> 00:32:47,959
Speaker 1: the black hole than otherwise a black hole that's not spinning.

624
00:32:48,000 --> 00:32:50,760
Speaker 1: The acreation disc can't get quite as close because remember

625
00:32:50,800 --> 00:32:53,520
Speaker 1: the acreation disk sort of ends not at the edge

626
00:32:53,560 --> 00:32:55,800
Speaker 1: of the black hole, but like a little bit further out.

627
00:32:57,160 --> 00:33:01,600
Speaker 1: All right, that's a pretty impressive black hole to eighteen

628
00:33:01,640 --> 00:33:04,920
Speaker 1: billion times the mass of our Sun. But surprisingly it's

629
00:33:04,920 --> 00:33:08,920
Speaker 1: not the fastest spinning black hole. So let's dig into

630
00:33:09,080 --> 00:33:11,160
Speaker 1: what is the fastest spinning black hole and whether or

631
00:33:11,200 --> 00:33:14,600
Speaker 1: not that is actually the fastest spinning thing in the universe.

632
00:33:14,920 --> 00:33:28,120
Speaker 1: But first, let's take a quick break. All right, Daniel,

633
00:33:28,160 --> 00:33:30,680
Speaker 1: we are spinning black holes here, and my head is

634
00:33:30,680 --> 00:33:34,040
Speaker 1: spinning a little just to think about a black hole spinning.

635
00:33:34,080 --> 00:33:35,920
Speaker 1: I mean, how can a weird thing like a black

636
00:33:35,920 --> 00:33:37,960
Speaker 1: hole spin? But it can, and you can measure it.

637
00:33:38,680 --> 00:33:41,520
Speaker 1: And we're gonna talk about the fastest spinning black holder

638
00:33:41,600 --> 00:33:43,600
Speaker 1: is because it's not this big one we just talked about. Yeah,

639
00:33:43,640 --> 00:33:46,479
Speaker 1: and that big one is not actually even spinning that fast.

640
00:33:46,680 --> 00:33:50,040
Speaker 1: And the reason is that it's huge. Like the radius

641
00:33:50,160 --> 00:33:53,520
Speaker 1: of that black hole is like three hundred and sixty

642
00:33:53,600 --> 00:33:56,360
Speaker 1: times the distance from the Earth to the Sun. It

643
00:33:56,480 --> 00:33:58,880
Speaker 1: is this enormous. It's much much bigger than our entire

644
00:33:58,960 --> 00:34:02,760
Speaker 1: solar system. And so even though the surface of that

645
00:34:02,800 --> 00:34:06,120
Speaker 1: black hole is moving it like of the speed of light,

646
00:34:06,560 --> 00:34:11,480
Speaker 1: it takes five million seconds to complete a spin. Wow,

647
00:34:11,760 --> 00:34:14,400
Speaker 1: so the surface is going really fast, but it's actually

648
00:34:14,480 --> 00:34:17,080
Speaker 1: not spinning that fast. Yeah, because it's so big. The

649
00:34:17,080 --> 00:34:20,000
Speaker 1: surface is so far away from the center that even

650
00:34:20,040 --> 00:34:22,440
Speaker 1: moving a of the speed of light, it takes a

651
00:34:22,480 --> 00:34:25,640
Speaker 1: long time to complete one circumference. All right, So what

652
00:34:25,800 --> 00:34:28,640
Speaker 1: is the fastest spinning black hole do we know? Or

653
00:34:28,680 --> 00:34:30,880
Speaker 1: what is this fastest spinning black hole we know about?

654
00:34:30,960 --> 00:34:33,520
Speaker 1: So there's another black hole that we think is spinning faster.

655
00:34:33,840 --> 00:34:36,120
Speaker 1: It's another one of these big black holes that has

656
00:34:36,200 --> 00:34:39,680
Speaker 1: two million solar masses. Remember that there are two categories

657
00:34:39,680 --> 00:34:42,040
Speaker 1: of black holes. The ones that come from like stars

658
00:34:42,080 --> 00:34:44,319
Speaker 1: that collapsed, and those tend to have you know, like

659
00:34:44,600 --> 00:34:47,279
Speaker 1: ten to a hundred solar masses, and then there's just

660
00:34:47,320 --> 00:34:49,640
Speaker 1: like a leap. There are no black holes in between that,

661
00:34:49,719 --> 00:34:52,400
Speaker 1: and like the really big monster ones that the centers

662
00:34:52,440 --> 00:34:56,160
Speaker 1: of galaxies that have millions and millions or even billions

663
00:34:56,160 --> 00:34:58,560
Speaker 1: of solar masses. So this is one of those. It's

664
00:34:58,600 --> 00:35:02,000
Speaker 1: two million solar mass is again pretty small compared to

665
00:35:02,000 --> 00:35:05,280
Speaker 1: the monster we talked about, but a really very massive object.

666
00:35:05,840 --> 00:35:08,080
Speaker 1: All right, So this one is near us? Is it

667
00:35:08,239 --> 00:35:11,040
Speaker 1: in another galaxy? So this one is in another galaxy.

668
00:35:11,080 --> 00:35:13,400
Speaker 1: It's at the center of another galaxy about fifty million

669
00:35:13,480 --> 00:35:16,600
Speaker 1: light years away in the constellation formats, and it's called

670
00:35:16,800 --> 00:35:21,239
Speaker 1: n g CT. And we can study the spin of

671
00:35:21,280 --> 00:35:24,279
Speaker 1: this one by looking in detail at the accretion disc.

672
00:35:24,719 --> 00:35:27,279
Speaker 1: So this acreation disc is like the stuff that's swirling

673
00:35:27,320 --> 00:35:30,359
Speaker 1: around the black hole that's waiting to fall in. And

674
00:35:30,440 --> 00:35:32,120
Speaker 1: can we actually see it or do we just kind

675
00:35:32,120 --> 00:35:34,120
Speaker 1: of see it as a a star almost We don't

676
00:35:34,120 --> 00:35:35,960
Speaker 1: have an image of it the way we have imaged

677
00:35:36,000 --> 00:35:38,879
Speaker 1: another black hole in another galaxy. But what we can

678
00:35:38,960 --> 00:35:41,640
Speaker 1: do is look at the radiation from it admits in

679
00:35:41,680 --> 00:35:44,160
Speaker 1: the radio and an X rays, and all this hot

680
00:35:44,200 --> 00:35:47,840
Speaker 1: gast that's surrounding the black hole sends us information according

681
00:35:47,880 --> 00:35:50,760
Speaker 1: to how it's emitting radiation. So that's how we measured

682
00:35:50,760 --> 00:35:53,000
Speaker 1: these things. By looking at the X ray spectrum at

683
00:35:53,040 --> 00:35:55,920
Speaker 1: the center of those galaxies. Yeah, like I guess you.

684
00:35:56,040 --> 00:35:58,000
Speaker 1: You see kind of lips and dips. It tells you

685
00:35:58,040 --> 00:36:01,000
Speaker 1: how fast the black hole is spinning. Yeah, exactly. And

686
00:36:01,120 --> 00:36:03,360
Speaker 1: you can get the radiation from mostly from the iron

687
00:36:03,600 --> 00:36:07,239
Speaker 1: that's emitting inside this secretion disk, and it's really hot

688
00:36:07,320 --> 00:36:09,480
Speaker 1: and it's smashing into itself, and so it has a

689
00:36:09,520 --> 00:36:11,520
Speaker 1: lot of energy and it tends to emit in the

690
00:36:11,680 --> 00:36:14,160
Speaker 1: X ray and that information comes all the way to

691
00:36:14,200 --> 00:36:16,880
Speaker 1: our X ray telescopes and tells us about what's going on.

692
00:36:17,280 --> 00:36:19,320
Speaker 1: And we can look at sort of like how close

693
00:36:19,400 --> 00:36:21,680
Speaker 1: to the center of the black hole is this accretion

694
00:36:21,760 --> 00:36:23,960
Speaker 1: disc getting. And if the black hole is spinning in

695
00:36:24,000 --> 00:36:26,280
Speaker 1: the same direction as the accretion disc, then the stuff

696
00:36:26,320 --> 00:36:28,760
Speaker 1: in the acreation disc can actually get closer and closer

697
00:36:28,960 --> 00:36:31,200
Speaker 1: to the center of the black hole. Remember we talked

698
00:36:31,239 --> 00:36:34,319
Speaker 1: once about how if a black hole starts spinning, it's

699
00:36:34,320 --> 00:36:38,279
Speaker 1: event horizon actually shrinks, right, Because if you're converting sort

700
00:36:38,280 --> 00:36:40,960
Speaker 1: of the energy of the black hole directly from mass

701
00:36:40,960 --> 00:36:43,920
Speaker 1: and into spin, then the event horizon shrinks. And if

702
00:36:43,920 --> 00:36:47,839
Speaker 1: you spin it actually fast enough, the event horizon collapses

703
00:36:48,120 --> 00:36:51,040
Speaker 1: down and you can actually see the singularity on this thing,

704
00:36:51,480 --> 00:36:53,160
Speaker 1: so we're not talking about that. We don't have any

705
00:36:53,200 --> 00:36:56,200
Speaker 1: naked singularities that we're looking at. But if a black

706
00:36:56,200 --> 00:36:59,560
Speaker 1: hole is spinning really really fast, then it's event horizon shrinks,

707
00:36:59,560 --> 00:37:02,440
Speaker 1: and so they creation disc also gets closer and closer

708
00:37:03,120 --> 00:37:05,200
Speaker 1: to the center of this thing. So how fast is

709
00:37:05,200 --> 00:37:07,400
Speaker 1: it spinning? Do we know for sure? This one we

710
00:37:07,400 --> 00:37:11,160
Speaker 1: think is spinning at eight of the maximum speed that

711
00:37:11,280 --> 00:37:14,000
Speaker 1: a black hole can spin before it turns into a

712
00:37:14,080 --> 00:37:17,239
Speaker 1: naked singularity. Wow, I imagine that's a lot. But do

713
00:37:17,239 --> 00:37:19,840
Speaker 1: we have a number for that? I don't actually have

714
00:37:19,880 --> 00:37:21,880
Speaker 1: a number for that. It depends a little bit on

715
00:37:21,920 --> 00:37:24,239
Speaker 1: the mass of the object. But they think that there

716
00:37:24,320 --> 00:37:28,040
Speaker 1: is this theoretical rate that black hole can't spin faster

717
00:37:28,200 --> 00:37:31,680
Speaker 1: than this theoretical rate without losing its event horizon and

718
00:37:31,719 --> 00:37:34,880
Speaker 1: revealing itself as a naked singularity. And this one's moving

719
00:37:34,920 --> 00:37:37,960
Speaker 1: at eight four percent of that speed. So it's a

720
00:37:38,000 --> 00:37:40,719
Speaker 1: real spinner. I see. We just have to imagine a

721
00:37:41,200 --> 00:37:46,520
Speaker 1: ridiculous spinning rate that would strip away the event horizon

722
00:37:46,560 --> 00:37:52,040
Speaker 1: of a black hole and then imagine that exactly of

723
00:37:52,080 --> 00:37:55,399
Speaker 1: a big number is a big number. But I guess,

724
00:37:55,520 --> 00:37:57,279
Speaker 1: you know, I just did not leave us hanging. Is

725
00:37:57,280 --> 00:37:59,919
Speaker 1: it like millions of revolutions per second? Is it bill

726
00:38:00,280 --> 00:38:02,799
Speaker 1: revolutions per second? What is there a rough estimate? Now,

727
00:38:02,840 --> 00:38:05,120
Speaker 1: these things are not spinning that fast, right, It's a

728
00:38:05,120 --> 00:38:07,719
Speaker 1: lot of energy. But these things are big, and so

729
00:38:07,760 --> 00:38:10,960
Speaker 1: they're not spinning as fast as pulsars or neutron stars.

730
00:38:11,400 --> 00:38:14,120
Speaker 1: So you know, the other black hole took five million

731
00:38:14,239 --> 00:38:17,360
Speaker 1: seconds to spin. I did some calculations for you. You

732
00:38:17,400 --> 00:38:20,920
Speaker 1: have to know something about the distribution of mass inside

733
00:38:20,960 --> 00:38:23,160
Speaker 1: the black hole to actually figure it out, and of

734
00:38:23,160 --> 00:38:25,680
Speaker 1: course we don't know that. But if you make some

735
00:38:25,880 --> 00:38:29,120
Speaker 1: pretty dubious assumptions, you find if this one takes even

736
00:38:29,280 --> 00:38:32,400
Speaker 1: longer to spin than the last one, even though the

737
00:38:32,440 --> 00:38:35,160
Speaker 1: surface of it is actually moving closer to the speed

738
00:38:35,200 --> 00:38:38,680
Speaker 1: of light. Oh, I see, these things are large, so

739
00:38:38,719 --> 00:38:41,439
Speaker 1: they have a high speed at their surface. But again

740
00:38:41,480 --> 00:38:44,480
Speaker 1: they are so big that they can't spin around very

741
00:38:44,480 --> 00:38:47,239
Speaker 1: many times per second. Well, disappointed here, Daniel. I thought

742
00:38:47,239 --> 00:38:50,640
Speaker 1: black holes were gonna beat out neutron stars and pulsars,

743
00:38:50,640 --> 00:38:53,200
Speaker 1: but it sounds like not. No, they're more awesome and

744
00:38:53,320 --> 00:38:56,279
Speaker 1: weird than neutron stars and pulsars, but they do not

745
00:38:56,400 --> 00:38:59,840
Speaker 1: spin faster. But there is something else which is faster

746
00:39:00,120 --> 00:39:03,040
Speaker 1: than both black holes and neutron stars. Yeah, so this

747
00:39:03,080 --> 00:39:05,440
Speaker 1: is where we get to the winner of the spinning contest.

748
00:39:05,840 --> 00:39:08,960
Speaker 1: And it's not pulsars, it's not neutron stars, and it's

749
00:39:09,000 --> 00:39:12,759
Speaker 1: not black holes. It's actually pretty surprising. It's right here

750
00:39:12,760 --> 00:39:16,799
Speaker 1: at home. It's engineers and how they spin, how they

751
00:39:16,800 --> 00:39:21,120
Speaker 1: spend their safety protocols. Yeah, you know, it's hard to

752
00:39:21,160 --> 00:39:24,399
Speaker 1: spend something that's really really big, Right, You're gonna take

753
00:39:24,400 --> 00:39:26,680
Speaker 1: a planet and spin it really really fast. That's a

754
00:39:26,680 --> 00:39:29,400
Speaker 1: lot of energy, and if you don't want it to

755
00:39:29,400 --> 00:39:31,640
Speaker 1: tear itself apart, you have to really compact it to

756
00:39:31,640 --> 00:39:34,440
Speaker 1: a dense object. So it's not actually that hard to

757
00:39:34,520 --> 00:39:37,520
Speaker 1: make something that spends more than a thousand times a second. Right,

758
00:39:37,760 --> 00:39:39,880
Speaker 1: every time you drive your car, if you have a

759
00:39:39,920 --> 00:39:43,319
Speaker 1: gas car, you probably get it up two thousands of rpm, right,

760
00:39:43,520 --> 00:39:47,439
Speaker 1: and that's spinning pretty fast, faster than a neutron star

761
00:39:47,520 --> 00:39:49,439
Speaker 1: or pulsar. Well, you have to do the conversion because

762
00:39:49,480 --> 00:39:52,600
Speaker 1: a neutron star spending a thousand times per second in

763
00:39:52,640 --> 00:39:54,880
Speaker 1: your car probably you know, red lines at five or

764
00:39:54,920 --> 00:39:58,600
Speaker 1: six thousand revolutions per minute, so your car is probably

765
00:39:58,600 --> 00:40:01,040
Speaker 1: not spinning as fast as a new on star. But

766
00:40:01,840 --> 00:40:04,279
Speaker 1: you know, there are jet engines out there that's been

767
00:40:04,320 --> 00:40:09,200
Speaker 1: really really fast and those things spin at like rpm,

768
00:40:09,280 --> 00:40:12,600
Speaker 1: and so that's approaching the speed of a neutron star. Wow.

769
00:40:12,719 --> 00:40:14,759
Speaker 1: So I guess if you're in an airplane, then you're

770
00:40:14,960 --> 00:40:18,560
Speaker 1: next to something spinning as fast as an adron star. Yeah, exactly.

771
00:40:18,640 --> 00:40:20,719
Speaker 1: Those things are pretty awesome. But there's something of a

772
00:40:20,840 --> 00:40:24,280
Speaker 1: race going on. There's folks trying to make things spinning

773
00:40:24,320 --> 00:40:27,200
Speaker 1: as fast as they can. There are these physicists that

774
00:40:27,239 --> 00:40:31,600
Speaker 1: build these tiny little objects, these nanoparticles, and then try

775
00:40:31,640 --> 00:40:33,920
Speaker 1: to get them spinning. And there's been something of a

776
00:40:34,040 --> 00:40:36,200
Speaker 1: race over the last ten twenty years to make nano

777
00:40:36,280 --> 00:40:39,320
Speaker 1: particles and then spin them as fast as possible. Really,

778
00:40:39,520 --> 00:40:42,360
Speaker 1: there's a race, yeah, like a contest for real. Or

779
00:40:42,440 --> 00:40:45,000
Speaker 1: is it just kind of like bragging rights among physicists

780
00:40:45,040 --> 00:40:48,080
Speaker 1: who can make something small spin as fast as possible.

781
00:40:48,239 --> 00:40:50,719
Speaker 1: It's definitely bragging rights. There's no like X prize or

782
00:40:50,760 --> 00:40:52,760
Speaker 1: anything that people are going for. It's like a lower

783
00:40:52,800 --> 00:40:56,040
Speaker 1: case xpress. But if you read the papers over the

784
00:40:56,120 --> 00:40:58,920
Speaker 1: last ten or fifteen years, they're all announcing the fastest

785
00:40:58,960 --> 00:41:01,359
Speaker 1: spinning thing ever and then the number just keeps going

786
00:41:01,520 --> 00:41:04,239
Speaker 1: up and up and up. So, for example, in two

787
00:41:04,280 --> 00:41:08,279
Speaker 1: thousand thirteen is a paper announcaying the fastest spinning nanoparticle ever.

788
00:41:08,719 --> 00:41:11,160
Speaker 1: And they took this tiny little thing they built, and

789
00:41:11,200 --> 00:41:14,000
Speaker 1: they levitated it with a laser. Right, It's so light

790
00:41:14,040 --> 00:41:16,719
Speaker 1: that just shining a laser on it will float it up.

791
00:41:16,920 --> 00:41:19,360
Speaker 1: And then they spin it with another laser, a pulse

792
00:41:19,520 --> 00:41:22,120
Speaker 1: laser that gives it like a little push every time

793
00:41:22,120 --> 00:41:25,160
Speaker 1: it goes around. And this thing goes around six hundred

794
00:41:25,600 --> 00:41:31,759
Speaker 1: million times a minute, what six hundred million times oh

795
00:41:31,800 --> 00:41:36,640
Speaker 1: a minute? A minute? What ten million times a second?

796
00:41:36,640 --> 00:41:40,280
Speaker 1: Ten million times a second exactly, So you know, every

797
00:41:40,280 --> 00:41:42,600
Speaker 1: time you take a breath or whatever, this thing has

798
00:41:42,640 --> 00:41:46,279
Speaker 1: done ten or twenty million last what are we trying

799
00:41:46,280 --> 00:41:47,880
Speaker 1: to learn about? Are we trying to learn about the

800
00:41:47,880 --> 00:41:50,759
Speaker 1: physics of spinning? Why are they doing this other than ragging? Right,

801
00:41:51,040 --> 00:41:54,719
Speaker 1: that's not enough for you? That seems pretty awesome. I

802
00:41:54,719 --> 00:41:56,799
Speaker 1: think they're trying to understand, you know, the materials, like

803
00:41:56,800 --> 00:41:59,200
Speaker 1: how fast can you make this thing spin? How fast

804
00:41:59,239 --> 00:42:01,279
Speaker 1: can you hold it to other? But I also think

805
00:42:01,320 --> 00:42:04,480
Speaker 1: that it's just pure questioning. It's just pure like how

806
00:42:04,520 --> 00:42:06,920
Speaker 1: fast can we do this, is there a maximum number?

807
00:42:07,600 --> 00:42:09,799
Speaker 1: And so they're just pushing it and pushing it and

808
00:42:09,880 --> 00:42:12,680
Speaker 1: you know that number ten million times per second. That

809
00:42:14,000 --> 00:42:19,280
Speaker 1: and now they're up to three hundred billion revolutions per minute,

810
00:42:19,360 --> 00:42:23,160
Speaker 1: so that would be five billion revolutions per second, which

811
00:42:23,200 --> 00:42:26,319
Speaker 1: is pretty awesome. Five billion times each second. This thing

812
00:42:26,360 --> 00:42:30,319
Speaker 1: goes around and it still holds together. It still holds together. Right,

813
00:42:30,680 --> 00:42:32,839
Speaker 1: it's a it's made of silica, right, which is sort

814
00:42:32,840 --> 00:42:36,560
Speaker 1: of like related to sand and glass, And it's amazing.

815
00:42:36,840 --> 00:42:38,759
Speaker 1: But to make these things spin this fast, they have

816
00:42:38,840 --> 00:42:41,200
Speaker 1: to be really really tiny. Interesting. There are these viral

817
00:42:41,280 --> 00:42:45,160
Speaker 1: videos on YouTube where they people spin apples like they

818
00:42:45,200 --> 00:42:47,920
Speaker 1: suspended in a jet of air and they spin it

819
00:42:47,960 --> 00:42:50,960
Speaker 1: and it actually like explodes at some point because they

820
00:42:50,960 --> 00:42:54,759
Speaker 1: can't hold together. Yeah, exactly, See physics works, right, That's

821
00:42:54,800 --> 00:42:57,840
Speaker 1: exactly what happens. Maybe if you had dark matter apple

822
00:42:57,920 --> 00:43:00,319
Speaker 1: right there, you could hold it together dark apple. Yeah,

823
00:43:00,320 --> 00:43:03,359
Speaker 1: I just let it rot a little bit and make

824
00:43:03,440 --> 00:43:07,160
Speaker 1: us messier. Explosion. But I guess, I guess. My question

825
00:43:07,239 --> 00:43:09,600
Speaker 1: is like, at what point will it fall apart or

826
00:43:09,640 --> 00:43:13,919
Speaker 1: explode these nanoparticles or never? Maybe because the atomic bond

827
00:43:13,960 --> 00:43:16,280
Speaker 1: is so strong, we don't know. There are some theories

828
00:43:16,320 --> 00:43:19,120
Speaker 1: that if you go fast enough, you could reach some

829
00:43:19,239 --> 00:43:22,840
Speaker 1: quantum effects, like there are these virtual photons, these quantum

830
00:43:22,880 --> 00:43:26,720
Speaker 1: fluctuations in the vacuum that might affect how this thing spins,

831
00:43:27,120 --> 00:43:29,239
Speaker 1: and so you might reach some sort of limit. That's

832
00:43:29,280 --> 00:43:32,680
Speaker 1: like probing quantum physics. But they don't really know it's

833
00:43:32,800 --> 00:43:35,239
Speaker 1: it's really it's an area where the experiment is sort

834
00:43:35,239 --> 00:43:37,400
Speaker 1: of pushing past with the theory can calculate like you're

835
00:43:37,440 --> 00:43:39,800
Speaker 1: just trying to break the rules and see what happens.

836
00:43:40,000 --> 00:43:41,880
Speaker 1: We're trying to break the rules exactly. Hey, that's what

837
00:43:41,920 --> 00:43:45,080
Speaker 1: physics is all about, right, pushing the boundaries, understanding the universe,

838
00:43:45,360 --> 00:43:49,040
Speaker 1: breaking things and taking notes and hopefully not destroy the

839
00:43:49,080 --> 00:43:52,400
Speaker 1: Earth in the process. This is just take things apart,

840
00:43:52,480 --> 00:43:55,560
Speaker 1: engineers put them back together. Well, in this case, it's

841
00:43:55,600 --> 00:43:59,080
Speaker 1: the engineers doing the amazing stuff. I'm trying to spin

842
00:43:59,160 --> 00:44:01,240
Speaker 1: it for the engineers. Yeah, and so for the record,

843
00:44:01,280 --> 00:44:03,960
Speaker 1: these were folks that Perdue that have the currently the

844
00:44:04,000 --> 00:44:07,400
Speaker 1: fastest spinning thing in the universe at five billion times

845
00:44:07,400 --> 00:44:11,719
Speaker 1: per second. Alright, go boiler makers. All right, well, I

846
00:44:11,760 --> 00:44:13,840
Speaker 1: guess maybe that we can crown out as the winner.

847
00:44:14,120 --> 00:44:16,040
Speaker 1: The fastest spinning thing in the universe that we know

848
00:44:16,080 --> 00:44:21,799
Speaker 1: about is man made in apparently Indiana exactly. Yeah, West

849
00:44:21,880 --> 00:44:25,520
Speaker 1: Lafayette holds the record for the whole universe as far

850
00:44:25,560 --> 00:44:29,960
Speaker 1: as we know. All right, they should put that on

851
00:44:30,000 --> 00:44:33,280
Speaker 1: their brochures for visiting West Lafayette. Yeah, they'll get alien

852
00:44:33,320 --> 00:44:36,279
Speaker 1: tourists stopping by just to see that. Right. Well, I

853
00:44:36,320 --> 00:44:38,920
Speaker 1: guess that answers the question that is the fastest spinning

854
00:44:38,920 --> 00:44:41,359
Speaker 1: thing in the universe that we know about? Right? I mean,

855
00:44:41,400 --> 00:44:42,920
Speaker 1: we don't know of anything else out there. Could there

856
00:44:43,000 --> 00:44:45,400
Speaker 1: be smaller particles out there spinning that we don't know about.

857
00:44:45,560 --> 00:44:48,320
Speaker 1: There certainly could be, And it could be that strings

858
00:44:48,400 --> 00:44:51,200
Speaker 1: are real that they are spinning. And it could also

859
00:44:51,239 --> 00:44:54,360
Speaker 1: be that alien physicists have spun things even faster and

860
00:44:54,440 --> 00:44:57,560
Speaker 1: hit these quantum limits. We just don't know. But as

861
00:44:57,600 --> 00:45:00,719
Speaker 1: of today, this is the fastest spinning thing that we

862
00:45:00,800 --> 00:45:04,040
Speaker 1: are aware of. All right. Well, hopefully that made everyone's

863
00:45:04,480 --> 00:45:07,160
Speaker 1: head spin a little, if not think a little bit

864
00:45:07,200 --> 00:45:10,120
Speaker 1: about the extremes of the universe and what happens when

865
00:45:10,160 --> 00:45:13,120
Speaker 1: you push things to their limits. That's when we learned

866
00:45:13,160 --> 00:45:15,120
Speaker 1: things when we push and push and break things and

867
00:45:15,200 --> 00:45:17,799
Speaker 1: understand why they break, or why they don't break, or

868
00:45:17,920 --> 00:45:21,480
Speaker 1: why they do something weird. Those are our opportunities to

869
00:45:21,520 --> 00:45:24,680
Speaker 1: sort of pull on a thread of mystery and unravel

870
00:45:24,880 --> 00:45:27,319
Speaker 1: something we didn't understand before, and that, in the end,

871
00:45:27,400 --> 00:45:29,480
Speaker 1: is what our curiosity is all about. And just give

872
00:45:29,520 --> 00:45:33,880
Speaker 1: a hammer to physicist and everything will look like yeah, exactly,

873
00:45:33,960 --> 00:45:39,799
Speaker 1: especially a big ten billion dollar you'd spend faster than

874
00:45:39,800 --> 00:45:43,280
Speaker 1: a black hole. That's the title of my next funding proposal.

875
00:45:43,280 --> 00:45:45,279
Speaker 1: All right, well, we hope you enjoyed that. Thanks for

876
00:45:45,360 --> 00:45:55,839
Speaker 1: joining us, See you next time. Thanks for listening, and

877
00:45:55,880 --> 00:45:58,600
Speaker 1: remember that Daniel and Jorge explained. The Universe is a

878
00:45:58,640 --> 00:46:02,040
Speaker 1: production of I Heart Radio. Or more podcast from my

879
00:46:02,200 --> 00:46:05,759
Speaker 1: heart Radio. Visit the I heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts,

880
00:46:05,880 --> 00:46:08,240
Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.