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Speaker 1: This Day in History Class is a production of I

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Speaker 1: Heart Radio. Hey guys, the show is currently on break

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Speaker 1: until the new year, but we've got plenty of classic

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Speaker 1: episodes to tide you over. Enjoy this trip through the

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Speaker 1: show's own history, and I'll see you back here on

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Speaker 1: January two with a batch of brand new episodes. See

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Speaker 1: you then. Welcome to This Day in History Class from

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Speaker 1: how Stuff Works dot com and from the desk of

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Speaker 1: Stuff you Missed in History Class. It's the show where

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Speaker 1: we explore the past one day at a time with

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Speaker 1: a quick look at what happened today in history. Hello,

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Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson, and

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Speaker 1: it's December seven. Japan bombed the U. S. Naval base

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Speaker 1: at Pearl Harbor on this day in This is what

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Speaker 1: drew the United States into World War Two, but its

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Speaker 1: origins are from well well before World War Two began

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Speaker 1: in Europe. We have to start with Japan. Japan is

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Speaker 1: a tiny island nation. It just doesn't have a lot

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Speaker 1: of land or natural resources. So in the early twentieth century,

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Speaker 1: Japan became really increasingly aggressive toward its neighbors and an

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Speaker 1: attempt to get access to the resources that those neighbors had.

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Speaker 1: This goal was to build a massive and very wealthy

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Speaker 1: empire that spanned the Pacific and Asia, and at first

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Speaker 1: a lot of this was focused on China. Active warfare

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Speaker 1: between China and Japan began in nineteen thirty seven, but

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Speaker 1: that followed years of Japanese aggression against China, including the

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Speaker 1: occupation of Manchuria six years before. And this was not

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Speaker 1: just a matter of an international dispute or of one

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Speaker 1: nation trying to colonize another. China's treatment at the hands

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Speaker 1: of the Japanese Imperial Army was absolutely brutal and destructive.

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Speaker 1: It had led for calls for the United States to

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Speaker 1: intervene long before the United States became part of any

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Speaker 1: of this, so the United States was trying not to

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Speaker 1: get involved in the nineteen thirties. After World War One,

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Speaker 1: there was a lot of isolationism in the United States,

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Speaker 1: but even so, afterwards spread of war crimes and atrocities

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Speaker 1: being committed by Japan and Asia, there were more and

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Speaker 1: more calls for the United States to do something. Rather

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Speaker 1: than taking direct military action, the United States started implementing

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Speaker 1: sanctions against Japan. This included a trade embargo that cut

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Speaker 1: off most of Japan's access to things like oil, which

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Speaker 1: Japan needed especially in wartime. By December of nine one,

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Speaker 1: after these sanctions had been in place for a while,

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Speaker 1: the United States Naval Fleet was stationed at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii,

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Speaker 1: and the general perception was this was a pretty safe

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Speaker 1: place for the fleet to be. It was thousands of

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Speaker 1: miles from the continent of the United States and from Japan,

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Speaker 1: so while the United States was expecting some kind of attack,

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Speaker 1: the relations with Japan had reached that point, it definitely

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Speaker 1: wasn't expecting that attack to happen at Pearl Harbor, so

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Speaker 1: the naval base there was relatively undefended. Even though the

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Speaker 1: war seemed increasingly likely, the military hadn't taken all that

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Speaker 1: many steps to fortify the base or to expand their

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Speaker 1: reconnaissance activities around Hawaii. All this meant that when the

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Speaker 1: attack did happen had about eight am on December seven,

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Speaker 1: that came as a total surprise, and the results were

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Speaker 1: absolutely devastating, and less than two hours, every battleship in

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Speaker 1: Pearl Harbor was significantly damaged. Two of them were completely lost.

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Speaker 1: More than three hundred airplanes were damaged or destroyed, and

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Speaker 1: more than twenty four hundred people were killed, more than

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Speaker 1: a thousand were wounded, and this included soldiers, sailors, and civilians.

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Speaker 1: Although this was catastrophic and it's often remembered as a

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Speaker 1: total loss for the United States naval fleet, in reality,

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Speaker 1: the United States naval strategy had evolved beyond the use

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Speaker 1: of battleships. The battleships were the ships that were mostly

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Speaker 1: in the harbor at Pearl Harbor. Instead, by this point,

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Speaker 1: the United States was making extensive use of aircraft carriers,

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Speaker 1: and the aircraft carrier fleet was not in Pearl Harbor

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Speaker 1: that day. In fact, there were no aircraft carriers in

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Speaker 1: Pearl Harbor on December seven, so the aircraft carriers that

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Speaker 1: at that point were so central to military strategy were

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Speaker 1: not affected by the bombing. At this point, though, the

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Speaker 1: United States population had been really divided in terms of

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Speaker 1: whether to go to war. Public opinion had been gradually

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Speaker 1: shifting over the previous few years, but there was still

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Speaker 1: a huge strain of isolationism and a lot of people

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Speaker 1: who just did not want the United States to become

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Speaker 1: involved in another war at all. But after the bombing

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Speaker 1: of Pearl Harbor that completely changed, and the public and

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Speaker 1: the government alike were united behind the idea of going

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Speaker 1: to war against Japan after the United States declared war

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Speaker 1: on Japan in response to the bombing of Pearl Harbor.

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Speaker 1: Germany and Italy declared war on the United States not

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Speaker 1: long after. That brought the United States into World War

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Speaker 1: Two in both Europe and the Pacific. Thanks to Casey

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Speaker 1: Pigraham and Chandler Maze for their audio work on this show.

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Speaker 1: You can subscribe to the Stay in History Class on

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Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, Google podcast, the I Heart Radio app, and

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Speaker 1: wherever your podcasts. Tune in tomorrow for the birth of

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Speaker 1: a woman who was called a king. Hello everybody, I'm

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Speaker 1: Eves and you're tuned into This Day in History Class,

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Speaker 1: a show where we travel back in time, one day

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Speaker 1: at a time. The day was December seven, nineteen sixty three.

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Speaker 1: Instant replay debut during the CBS broadcast of the Army

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Speaker 1: Navy football game in Philadelphia. George ritz Laugh, the producer

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Speaker 1: for the broadcast Hockey Night in Canada, used a wet

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Speaker 1: film or kinescope replay on a goal. The replay was

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Speaker 1: not instant and he never used the process again, but

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Speaker 1: it was a memorable moment in sports broadcasting. But in

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Speaker 1: nineteen sixty three, Tony Verna, a director at CBS, wanted

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Speaker 1: to try out a new videotape instant replay system at

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Speaker 1: the college football game between the Army black Knights and

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Speaker 1: the Navy Midshipman. He wanted to be able to fill

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Speaker 1: in lulls in action and to give viewers a better

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Speaker 1: view of what was actually happening on the field. Eager

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Speaker 1: to improve the at home audiences viewing experience, Verna developed

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Speaker 1: a system that used a videotape machine to produce an

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Speaker 1: instant replay. The Army Navy game was supposed to take

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Speaker 1: place a week earlier, but it was postponed because of

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Speaker 1: the assassination of US President John F. Kennedy. Kennedy had

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Speaker 1: been slated to attend the Army Navy game. Verna was

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Speaker 1: not sure whether the system would work during the game,

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Speaker 1: and he didn't tell the CBS crew about his plans

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Speaker 1: to try it out until the day of the game.

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Speaker 1: The tape machine that Verna used was an Ampex VTR

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Speaker 1: one thousand. The instant replay device relied on tape decks

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Speaker 1: that weighed around twelve hundred pounds and were the size

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Speaker 1: of refrigerators. It was housed in a truck. There were

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Speaker 1: technical difficulties as he tried to get the right footage.

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Speaker 1: Because Verna couldn't get a new role of videotape, he

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Speaker 1: had to use tape that had an episode of I

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Speaker 1: Love Lucy on it. Some of the replay tests showed

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Speaker 1: flashes of Lucille ball space, but in the fourth quarter,

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Speaker 1: Army quarterback Carl Rowley Stitchway scored on a one yard

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Speaker 1: touchdown run. Seconds after the touchdown happened, Verna played the

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Speaker 1: footage again. Announcer Lindsay Nelson, concerned that viewers would be

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Speaker 1: confused by the replay, confirmed that Army had not actually scored. Again.

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Speaker 1: The original tape that stored the footage has since been lost.

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Speaker 1: The technology was prohibitively expensive for some schools, but more brought.

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Speaker 1: Cast began using instant replay, and slow motion and freeze

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Speaker 1: frame were introduced. Instant replay also began to be used

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Speaker 1: by sports officials for plays or calls that were dubious.

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Speaker 1: This use of the technology has proven controversial at times,

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Speaker 1: and different sports leagues have different rules on how replay

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Speaker 1: can be used during a game. I'm eve Steffcote and

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Speaker 1: hopefully you know a little more about history today than

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Speaker 1: you did yesterday. I want to impress your Internet crush,

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Speaker 1: show them your history smarts by sharing something you learned

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Speaker 1: on the show. Don't forget to tag us at T

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Speaker 1: D I HC podcast, or if you want to get

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Speaker 1: a little more fancy, you can send us an email

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Speaker 1: at this Day at I heart media dot com. Thanks

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Speaker 1: for tuning in, and we'll catch you tomorrow same place. Hello,

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Speaker 1: and welcome to This Day in History Class, a show

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Speaker 1: that rockets through history at the speed of one day

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Speaker 1: per day. I'm Gave Louzier, and in this episode, we're

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Speaker 1: looking back at the time when an unknown astronaut grabbed

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Speaker 1: a camera and gave mankind a whole new perspective on

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Speaker 1: the blue marble we call home. The day was December seven,

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Speaker 1: seventy two. Five hours after launching from the Kennedy Space Center,

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Speaker 1: the crew aboard the Apollo seventeen spacecraft captured a rare

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Speaker 1: image of the Earth in its entirety. The photos official

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Speaker 1: designation in the NASA Archives is a S one seven

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Speaker 1: dash on DASH two to seven to seven, but most

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Speaker 1: of us know it better as the Blue Marble shot.

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Speaker 1: The iconic picture shows a fully illuminated view of the

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Speaker 1: globe extending from the Mediterranean Sea to the south Polar

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Speaker 1: ice Cap. To be clear, the blue Marble wasn't the

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Speaker 1: first photo of the whole Earth. Unmanned satellites had taken

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Speaker 1: similar pictures as early as nineteen sixty seven. It was, however,

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Speaker 1: the first such image seen by the public and the

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Speaker 1: only photo of the whole sunlit planet ever taken by

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Speaker 1: a human being. NASA released the image on December twenty third,

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Speaker 1: four days after the crew had safely returned from the

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Speaker 1: Moon and splashed down in the Pacific Ocean. The photo

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Speaker 1: was printed on the front page of just about every

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Speaker 1: newspaper in the world, and the rapidly growing environmental movement

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Speaker 1: of the nineteen seventies quickly adopted it as the symbol

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Speaker 1: of global awareness. Because the taxpayer funded image was in

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Speaker 1: the public domain from the start, it has since appeared

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Speaker 1: on everything from postage stamps and T shirts to billboards

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Speaker 1: and car commercials. To this day, it remains the most

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Speaker 1: requested picture in the NASA archives, and it's believed to

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Speaker 1: be one of the most widely reproduced and distributed photos

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Speaker 1: ever taken, and yet half a century later, we still

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Speaker 1: don't know who actually took it. There are only three candidates,

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Speaker 1: and they are, of course, the three men aboard the rocket,

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Speaker 1: Eugene Cernan, the commander of Apollo seventeen, Harrison Jack Schmidt,

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Speaker 1: the lunar module pilot, and Ron Evans, the command module pilot.

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Speaker 1: NASA policy is to attribute the crew as a whole

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Speaker 1: for all mission photography, except in rare cases when credit

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Speaker 1: is indisputable, such as when the only two astronauts on

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Speaker 1: the Moon take photos of each other. The prevailing theory,

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Speaker 1: based on analysis of the NASA transcripts and mission logs,

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Speaker 1: is that Harrison Schmidt was likely the true photographer. If

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Speaker 1: you're wondering why the crew didn't confirm which of them

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Speaker 1: took the picture, the answer is that they couldn't agree.

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Speaker 1: At various times over the years, all three of them

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Speaker 1: claimed to have snapped the blue marble. Regardless of who

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Speaker 1: took the photo. It was a one in a million

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Speaker 1: shot that easily could have been missed. Most of the

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Speaker 1: astronauts who flew lunar missions never saw a full Earth,

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Speaker 1: and all the photos they took showed the planet at

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Speaker 1: least partly in shadow, such as the famous Earth Rise

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Speaker 1: shot of nineteen sixty eight. Getting a clear shot of

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Speaker 1: the full globe was difficult for a couple of reasons.

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Speaker 1: First of all, the crew would have to be going

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Speaker 1: somewhere at least twenty thousand miles away from the Earth,

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Speaker 1: like to the Moon for an instance. Only then would

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Speaker 1: they be far enough back to see the whole planet.

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Speaker 1: But even when a crew was at the right distance,

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Speaker 1: the only time they could snap a photo of the

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Speaker 1: complete Earth unobscured was when passing through a precise position

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Speaker 1: between the Earth and the Sun. Outside of that sweet spot,

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Speaker 1: the planet would always be at least partially in shadow.

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Speaker 1: It's a narrow enough window to easily miss, especially when

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Speaker 1: traveling in a spacecraft at thousands of miles an hour.

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Speaker 1: The Blue Marble was also a lucky shot from a

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Speaker 1: mission perspective. Like every other aspect of the Apollo missions,

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Speaker 1: photo sessions were meticulously planned and scheduled. Weight considerations limited

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Speaker 1: the amount of cameras and film that could be brought aboard,

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Speaker 1: meaning that each individual shot had to be planned in advance. However,

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Speaker 1: the Blue Marble shot was not part of that plan.

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Speaker 1: The time stamp on the photo doesn't line up with

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Speaker 1: any of the approved shots on the schedule. That's because

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Speaker 1: at a little over five hours into their flight, one

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Speaker 1: of the crewmen looked out the window and just couldn't

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Speaker 1: help but take a picture. What he saw was so

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Speaker 1: striking that he immediately reached for the only seventy millimeter

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Speaker 1: camera that wasn't stowed away and took four pictures, each

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Speaker 1: about a minute apart. The sequential shots were necessary to

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Speaker 1: ensure he got the full planet in frame, as there

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Speaker 1: was no viewfinder on the camera. As a result of

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Speaker 1: trying different aims, the famous photo, which was the second

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Speaker 1: in the series, was actually taken while the camera was

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Speaker 1: upside down. The resulting photo showed Antarctica at the top

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Speaker 1: of the globe, though the images typically inverted right side

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Speaker 1: up when reproduced. And before you blame the photographer for

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Speaker 1: being sloppy, remember that he was way list at the

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Speaker 1: time and could very well have been upside down himself.

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Speaker 1: Whoever took the shot didn't say anything about it to

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Speaker 1: his crewmates or on the radio, possibly because they weren't

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Speaker 1: sure if they had gotten the full planet in frame

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Speaker 1: and didn't want to get anyone's hopes up. Twelve days later,

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Speaker 1: the Apollo seventeen landed safely back on Earth and the

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Speaker 1: film was processed in a photo lab at the Johnson

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Speaker 1: Space Center in Houston, Texas. The film technician who developed

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Speaker 1: the photo knew the crew had captured something special, a

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Speaker 1: view of the Earth as few had ever seen it before.

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Speaker 1: Apollo seventeen was the final mission of the Apollo program.

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Speaker 1: It was also the last time to date that a

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Speaker 1: human traveled far enough into space to view the complete

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Speaker 1: Earth at once. In the time since our last trip

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Speaker 1: to the Moon, plenty of impressive photos similar to the

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Speaker 1: Blue Marble have been taken. However, they've all been captured

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Speaker 1: by satellites, and most are composites assembled from different images

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Speaker 1: in order to depict a globe with ideal weather. As

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Speaker 1: a result, the original photo from two still holds deep

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Speaker 1: significance as the only full view of the Earth with

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Speaker 1: a human eye behind the lens. In that way, it

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Speaker 1: doesn't really matter who snapped the photo. The important thing

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Speaker 1: is that we have it, a breathtaking reminder that, when

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Speaker 1: faced with the Blue Marble, we and our differences and

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Speaker 1: all the things that pull us apart, are so much

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Speaker 1: smaller than we fear. I'm gay bluesier, and hopefully you

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Speaker 1: now know a little more about history today than you

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Speaker 1: did yesterday. If you enjoyed today's episode, let us know

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Speaker 1: by leaving the show a review on Apple Podcasts. You

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Speaker 1: can also keep up with us on Twitter, Facebook, and

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Speaker 1: to Graham at t d i HC Show, and you

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Speaker 1: can write directly to me at this Day at iHeartMedia

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Speaker 1: dot com. Thanks to Chandler Mays for producing the show,

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Speaker 1: and thank you for listening. I'll see you back here

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Speaker 1: again tomorrow for another day in History class. For more

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Speaker 1: podcasts from I Heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app,

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Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.