1 00:00:01,120 --> 00:00:04,080 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how 2 00:00:04,120 --> 00:00:13,760 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,840 --> 00:00:17,560 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. We're back 4 00:00:17,560 --> 00:00:20,360 Speaker 1: with part two of Unearthed in July because we have 5 00:00:20,520 --> 00:00:24,520 Speaker 1: so many Unearthed things now that we have grown to 6 00:00:25,040 --> 00:00:28,680 Speaker 1: a second installment in July instead of just the one 7 00:00:28,720 --> 00:00:31,840 Speaker 1: installment that we previously grew to. Soon it will just 8 00:00:31,920 --> 00:00:36,920 Speaker 1: be a year's worth of unearths. We have people sometimes 9 00:00:36,920 --> 00:00:38,720 Speaker 1: who were like, what if you did a whole podcast 10 00:00:38,760 --> 00:00:41,279 Speaker 1: that was like your new Unearthed podcast, And I'm like, 11 00:00:41,360 --> 00:00:45,880 Speaker 1: that is an intriguing idea, but this one is part 12 00:00:45,880 --> 00:00:50,400 Speaker 1: of our whole complex production system to make sure we 13 00:00:50,479 --> 00:00:55,240 Speaker 1: always have new episodes. So this time we've got some favorites, 14 00:00:55,280 --> 00:00:59,080 Speaker 1: including the exclimations and the shipwrecks and the things that 15 00:00:59,360 --> 00:01:02,640 Speaker 1: you know in theory are edible. But you shouldn't eat 16 00:01:02,680 --> 00:01:05,240 Speaker 1: two thousand year old food. I don't know we could 17 00:01:05,240 --> 00:01:09,080 Speaker 1: be missing out on exactly where the flavor is. Don't 18 00:01:09,080 --> 00:01:12,000 Speaker 1: eat two thousand year old food. I'm just making a joke. Uh. 19 00:01:12,120 --> 00:01:14,679 Speaker 1: Last time, we ended with a set of discoveries that 20 00:01:14,720 --> 00:01:17,759 Speaker 1: were all about how mobile people have been going back 21 00:01:17,800 --> 00:01:20,480 Speaker 1: thousands of years, and this time we're starting off with 22 00:01:20,520 --> 00:01:23,480 Speaker 1: some discoveries that are still about where people have lived 23 00:01:23,520 --> 00:01:27,520 Speaker 1: and moved, but not quite on a global scale. First, 24 00:01:27,760 --> 00:01:30,480 Speaker 1: researchers at the University of New Brunswick are trying to 25 00:01:30,680 --> 00:01:33,600 Speaker 1: map the canoe routes that have been used by the 26 00:01:33,640 --> 00:01:39,000 Speaker 1: area's first nations people's, particularly the Wabanaki Confederacy. These canoe 27 00:01:39,120 --> 00:01:42,440 Speaker 1: routes date back thousands of years and knowledge of some 28 00:01:42,600 --> 00:01:45,919 Speaker 1: of them has been preserved through the community's oral histories. 29 00:01:46,520 --> 00:01:51,320 Speaker 1: Botanist and cartographer William Francis Gennong also documented some of 30 00:01:51,320 --> 00:01:53,800 Speaker 1: these early in the early twentieth century, but at this 31 00:01:53,920 --> 00:01:57,200 Speaker 1: point some of them are knowledge of exactly where they 32 00:01:57,240 --> 00:02:00,680 Speaker 1: are has been lost. Multiple teams of re searchers are 33 00:02:00,720 --> 00:02:03,640 Speaker 1: working on this. Some of the waterways would have been 34 00:02:03,680 --> 00:02:06,440 Speaker 1: accessible only at certain times of the year based on 35 00:02:06,600 --> 00:02:09,800 Speaker 1: varying water levels, so one team at the University of 36 00:02:09,840 --> 00:02:14,080 Speaker 1: New Brunswick is cross referencing information about water levels with 37 00:02:14,240 --> 00:02:18,080 Speaker 1: archaeological sites to try to reconstruct the travel routs. A 38 00:02:18,120 --> 00:02:20,720 Speaker 1: PhD candidate from the College of William and Mary in 39 00:02:20,840 --> 00:02:23,800 Speaker 1: Virginia is studying the languages spoken by the people who 40 00:02:23,919 --> 00:02:26,919 Speaker 1: used these waterways to try to find patterns in how 41 00:02:26,960 --> 00:02:30,840 Speaker 1: those languages shifted and spread. In other news, a grad 42 00:02:31,000 --> 00:02:34,919 Speaker 1: student from the University of New Mexico uncovered a map 43 00:02:35,200 --> 00:02:38,720 Speaker 1: at the BiblioTech Nationale de France which was drawn by 44 00:02:38,800 --> 00:02:43,040 Speaker 1: Tony of the Arikara tribe for Merywether Lewis and William Clark. 45 00:02:43,760 --> 00:02:47,160 Speaker 1: Tony had joined the expedition with the hope of negotiating 46 00:02:47,200 --> 00:02:51,760 Speaker 1: a piece between his tribe, the Acara, and another, the Man. 47 00:02:51,880 --> 00:02:55,760 Speaker 1: Then this map has been described as the quote best 48 00:02:55,840 --> 00:02:59,120 Speaker 1: preserved of the Native American maps drawn for Lewis and Clark. 49 00:03:00,120 --> 00:03:03,560 Speaker 1: Historian Clay Jenkinson also said of the find quote, this 50 00:03:03,639 --> 00:03:07,040 Speaker 1: map deepens our understanding of how dependent Lewis and Clark 51 00:03:07,120 --> 00:03:10,680 Speaker 1: were on Native American geographers. We tend to think that 52 00:03:10,760 --> 00:03:14,600 Speaker 1: they were traveling blind into terra incognita. This is simply 53 00:03:14,639 --> 00:03:18,880 Speaker 1: not true. Two Nays. Map lifts the expeditions encounter with 54 00:03:18,919 --> 00:03:23,000 Speaker 1: the Arikara to new prominence, and it proves that individuals 55 00:03:23,040 --> 00:03:25,440 Speaker 1: like to Nay were as important to the success of 56 00:03:25,480 --> 00:03:29,280 Speaker 1: the expedition as say Sacca Jewellah. The last one in 57 00:03:29,320 --> 00:03:31,639 Speaker 1: the set is from a slightly different angle, but it's 58 00:03:31,639 --> 00:03:36,320 Speaker 1: still about moving and living places. Archaeologists from the University 59 00:03:36,360 --> 00:03:40,240 Speaker 1: of Exeter have found the remains of geoglyphs and fortified 60 00:03:40,320 --> 00:03:44,520 Speaker 1: villages and parts of the Amazon Rainforest that were previously believed, 61 00:03:44,800 --> 00:03:48,600 Speaker 1: at least among Western archaeologists too, have been uninhabited. This 62 00:03:48,800 --> 00:03:52,600 Speaker 1: runs alongside discoveries we have talked about in previous episodes 63 00:03:52,720 --> 00:03:57,240 Speaker 1: of Unearthed, where archaeologists and botanists realized that the so 64 00:03:57,400 --> 00:04:02,160 Speaker 1: called pristine and untouched rain forest had actually been deliberately 65 00:04:02,320 --> 00:04:08,160 Speaker 1: shaped centuries ago through forestry and intentional cultivation. In this case, 66 00:04:08,280 --> 00:04:12,240 Speaker 1: the find involves evidence for thousands of villages that continually 67 00:04:12,280 --> 00:04:16,840 Speaker 1: existed from about twelve fifty to fift hundred in places 68 00:04:16,880 --> 00:04:20,120 Speaker 1: that were previously believed to have been uninhabited for virtually 69 00:04:20,160 --> 00:04:23,960 Speaker 1: all of their history. And now we've gotten to the shipwrecks. 70 00:04:25,200 --> 00:04:29,000 Speaker 1: A team from the Widda Pirate Museum say they may 71 00:04:29,040 --> 00:04:32,240 Speaker 1: have found a leg bone belonging to the Widda's captain, 72 00:04:32,440 --> 00:04:36,479 Speaker 1: pirate Black Sam Bellamy. They think that it's Bellamy's leg 73 00:04:36,520 --> 00:04:39,720 Speaker 1: bone because they found it in a fused mass of 74 00:04:39,800 --> 00:04:43,919 Speaker 1: sand near what is believed to be Bellamy's pistol in 75 00:04:44,000 --> 00:04:47,400 Speaker 1: the vicinity of the wreck of the Widda. Researchers at 76 00:04:47,400 --> 00:04:49,800 Speaker 1: the University of New Haven are going to try to 77 00:04:49,839 --> 00:04:53,240 Speaker 1: test the DNA and compare it to the descendants of 78 00:04:53,240 --> 00:04:56,680 Speaker 1: one of Bellamy's siblings, which will definitely be more conclusive 79 00:04:56,720 --> 00:05:00,920 Speaker 1: than we found it near the Pistol. Research was at 80 00:05:01,000 --> 00:05:05,160 Speaker 1: Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History announced that they 81 00:05:05,160 --> 00:05:08,480 Speaker 1: had found the remains of two ships and a sunken 82 00:05:08,600 --> 00:05:12,080 Speaker 1: lighthouse off the Yucatan Peninsula in January. One of the 83 00:05:12,120 --> 00:05:15,000 Speaker 1: ships is an eighteenth century Dutch warship and the other 84 00:05:15,080 --> 00:05:18,400 Speaker 1: is a British steamer dating back to the nineteenth century. 85 00:05:18,520 --> 00:05:21,760 Speaker 1: The Dutch warship, which was partially covered in coral, was 86 00:05:21,800 --> 00:05:24,440 Speaker 1: one of two mentioned in a seventeen twenty two letter 87 00:05:24,600 --> 00:05:27,960 Speaker 1: from Antonio de Corterre, but they're not sure which of 88 00:05:28,000 --> 00:05:30,520 Speaker 1: the two. It is. Seemed a little weird to me 89 00:05:30,560 --> 00:05:32,960 Speaker 1: that they had found a sunken lighthouse near some shipwrecks, 90 00:05:33,040 --> 00:05:34,960 Speaker 1: since the purpose of a lighthouse is to try to 91 00:05:35,000 --> 00:05:39,760 Speaker 1: prevent the shipwrecks. This lighthouse probably toppled into the ocean 92 00:05:39,880 --> 00:05:43,520 Speaker 1: during a storm. The National Museum of the Great Lakes 93 00:05:43,520 --> 00:05:47,359 Speaker 1: and the Cleveland Underwater Explorers announced the discovery of the 94 00:05:47,360 --> 00:05:50,520 Speaker 1: wreck of the Margaret Old Will in March. The Margaret 95 00:05:50,560 --> 00:05:53,359 Speaker 1: Old Will sank in Lake Erie during a northeaster in 96 00:05:53,440 --> 00:05:57,640 Speaker 1: eight Eight people were killed in that wreck, including the 97 00:05:57,680 --> 00:06:00,839 Speaker 1: captain and his family. Some folk who were out just 98 00:06:00,960 --> 00:06:03,480 Speaker 1: for a day at the beach in Florida also stumbled 99 00:06:03,520 --> 00:06:06,520 Speaker 1: onto a chunk of an eighteenth century shipwreck in March. 100 00:06:07,080 --> 00:06:09,080 Speaker 1: This find is described as forty seven and a half 101 00:06:09,080 --> 00:06:13,240 Speaker 1: feet long and overall very well preserved, with Roman numerals 102 00:06:13,240 --> 00:06:15,880 Speaker 1: and other markings still visible on the hull. When we 103 00:06:15,920 --> 00:06:19,600 Speaker 1: say very well preserved, it's like, uh, the keel and 104 00:06:19,720 --> 00:06:22,520 Speaker 1: sort of ribs of the ship are what's there, and 105 00:06:22,600 --> 00:06:26,960 Speaker 1: those bits of it are very well preserved. No word 106 00:06:27,080 --> 00:06:31,560 Speaker 1: yet though on what this ship might have been. In 107 00:06:31,600 --> 00:06:35,480 Speaker 1: the search for Malaysia Airlines, flight MH three seventy found 108 00:06:35,480 --> 00:06:39,600 Speaker 1: two shipwrecks in the Indian Ocean. Both were nineteenth century 109 00:06:39,640 --> 00:06:42,680 Speaker 1: sailing ships that were spotted during sonar searches of the 110 00:06:42,720 --> 00:06:47,080 Speaker 1: sea floor. This year, researchers announced that they had identified 111 00:06:47,440 --> 00:06:51,599 Speaker 1: which ships these probably were. One was probably the Brig 112 00:06:51,760 --> 00:06:55,600 Speaker 1: W Gordon or the Bark Magdala. Either way, it probably 113 00:06:55,640 --> 00:06:59,599 Speaker 1: sank after a coal explosion. The other was probably the 114 00:06:59,640 --> 00:07:03,120 Speaker 1: Bark west Ridge, which disappeared while sailing from England to 115 00:07:03,200 --> 00:07:06,880 Speaker 1: India in eighteen eighty three. And now we have something 116 00:07:06,920 --> 00:07:08,600 Speaker 1: we joked that we are going to have to do 117 00:07:08,960 --> 00:07:11,400 Speaker 1: that now we actually do find ourselves having to do, 118 00:07:11,640 --> 00:07:13,440 Speaker 1: which is a whole bunch of stuff that was found 119 00:07:13,440 --> 00:07:16,160 Speaker 1: by Microsoft co founder Paul Allen and the crew of 120 00:07:16,200 --> 00:07:18,840 Speaker 1: the r V Petrol in addition to the U S 121 00:07:18,840 --> 00:07:21,600 Speaker 1: s Indianapolis that we did in a whole other episode 122 00:07:21,680 --> 00:07:25,480 Speaker 1: during an Earth season last year. First one from the 123 00:07:25,560 --> 00:07:28,600 Speaker 1: end of last year the USS Ward, which fired the 124 00:07:28,600 --> 00:07:31,400 Speaker 1: first American shot during World War Two from off of 125 00:07:31,440 --> 00:07:35,320 Speaker 1: Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The Ward fired on and hit a 126 00:07:35,400 --> 00:07:39,320 Speaker 1: Japanese submarine that was en route to Pearl Harbor. Three 127 00:07:39,400 --> 00:07:41,800 Speaker 1: years to the day later, the Ward was hit by 128 00:07:41,800 --> 00:07:46,480 Speaker 1: a kamikaze aircraft off of the Philippines. Second, they found 129 00:07:46,480 --> 00:07:49,440 Speaker 1: the wreck of the USS Lexington, which was an aircraft 130 00:07:49,480 --> 00:07:52,559 Speaker 1: carrier that was scuttled during World War Two. The ship 131 00:07:52,600 --> 00:07:54,640 Speaker 1: and thirty five aircraft went down at the end of 132 00:07:54,640 --> 00:07:58,040 Speaker 1: the Battle of the Coral Sea in ninety two. Third, 133 00:07:58,400 --> 00:08:01,320 Speaker 1: the cruiser Juno, which was to pedoed by the Japanese 134 00:08:01,360 --> 00:08:06,680 Speaker 1: during the Battle of Guadalcanal on November. Among those lost 135 00:08:06,760 --> 00:08:10,920 Speaker 1: were the five Sullivan brothers from Waterloo, Iowa. And fourth 136 00:08:11,120 --> 00:08:14,680 Speaker 1: the USS Helena, which was struck by three torpedoes and 137 00:08:14,760 --> 00:08:18,840 Speaker 1: sunk on July sixty three during the Battle of Coola Gulf, 138 00:08:19,280 --> 00:08:22,360 Speaker 1: was found off the Solomon Islands. The thinking of the 139 00:08:22,360 --> 00:08:25,640 Speaker 1: Helena was followed by an enormous multi day rescue effort, 140 00:08:25,720 --> 00:08:28,360 Speaker 1: and seven hundred and thirty two of the nine hundred 141 00:08:28,440 --> 00:08:33,360 Speaker 1: crew were ultimately rescued at that time. All those last 142 00:08:33,400 --> 00:08:36,240 Speaker 1: three were found just in March, and at this rate, 143 00:08:36,559 --> 00:08:39,800 Speaker 1: Paul Allen probably found a shipwreck between when we recorded 144 00:08:39,800 --> 00:08:44,160 Speaker 1: this and when the episode came out. He's busy. He's 145 00:08:44,760 --> 00:08:47,000 Speaker 1: doing a whole lot of looking for some World War 146 00:08:47,040 --> 00:08:50,440 Speaker 1: two sunken ships. We're gonna take a week sponsor break 147 00:08:50,440 --> 00:09:00,160 Speaker 1: and then come back with some more unearthing. Now all 148 00:09:00,200 --> 00:09:03,920 Speaker 1: we are going to move on to a collection of repatriations. 149 00:09:04,440 --> 00:09:07,320 Speaker 1: You may remember last time on Unearthed when we talked 150 00:09:07,320 --> 00:09:12,599 Speaker 1: about hobby lobby trafficking in illegal antiquities. The looted antiquities 151 00:09:12,640 --> 00:09:15,920 Speaker 1: were repatriated to Iraq on May two of this year, 152 00:09:16,320 --> 00:09:18,520 Speaker 1: and according to one of the researchers who was able 153 00:09:18,559 --> 00:09:22,319 Speaker 1: to examine them. They contain things like letters and contracts 154 00:09:22,360 --> 00:09:25,360 Speaker 1: and legal documents, all dating back to between twenty one 155 00:09:25,880 --> 00:09:29,360 Speaker 1: and six d b c all from what's now southern Iraq. 156 00:09:30,320 --> 00:09:33,320 Speaker 1: Last time, we also talked about the repatriation of the 157 00:09:33,360 --> 00:09:37,760 Speaker 1: remains of three Northern Arapaho boys who died at Carlisle 158 00:09:37,840 --> 00:09:41,280 Speaker 1: Indian School, but when it was time to exhume the bodies, 159 00:09:41,320 --> 00:09:44,880 Speaker 1: the remains of one child, Little Plume, could not be found. 160 00:09:45,559 --> 00:09:50,400 Speaker 1: This year, archaeologists for the Army National Military Cemeteries confirmed 161 00:09:50,480 --> 00:09:54,000 Speaker 1: Little plumes burial place at Carlisle and his body was 162 00:09:54,080 --> 00:09:57,520 Speaker 1: returned to Wyoming in June. It gets me a little 163 00:09:57,559 --> 00:10:01,199 Speaker 1: teary um. The tenth thousand year old remains of a 164 00:10:01,280 --> 00:10:04,040 Speaker 1: Native American man have been repatriated to the Santa and 165 00:10:04,160 --> 00:10:08,000 Speaker 1: As band of Chumash Indians, who have reburied those remains. 166 00:10:08,480 --> 00:10:11,680 Speaker 1: They had been accidentally unearthed in two thousand five, and 167 00:10:11,720 --> 00:10:14,319 Speaker 1: at that point the National Park Service worked with the 168 00:10:14,400 --> 00:10:17,880 Speaker 1: Chumash tribe to decide what to do. The tribe agreed 169 00:10:17,920 --> 00:10:20,440 Speaker 1: to work with the National Park Service to excavate the 170 00:10:20,480 --> 00:10:22,839 Speaker 1: site in two thousand and five because it was being 171 00:10:22,880 --> 00:10:26,320 Speaker 1: threatened with erosion. Basically, they didn't do something about it 172 00:10:26,360 --> 00:10:28,240 Speaker 1: that the remains are going to be damaged or lost. 173 00:10:28,960 --> 00:10:32,319 Speaker 1: After a full scientific study on the remains, they were 174 00:10:32,360 --> 00:10:35,280 Speaker 1: returned to the tribe in June. In the words of 175 00:10:35,320 --> 00:10:39,520 Speaker 1: tribal chairman Kenneth Kahan, quote, protecting the final resting place 176 00:10:39,600 --> 00:10:42,640 Speaker 1: of our ancestors is of paramount importance to the Santa 177 00:10:42,679 --> 00:10:46,480 Speaker 1: and As Band of Chumash Indians. When our tribe learned 178 00:10:46,520 --> 00:10:49,680 Speaker 1: of the discovery made by archaeologists on San Miguel Island, 179 00:10:49,840 --> 00:10:52,440 Speaker 1: we made it a priority to ensure that our ancestor 180 00:10:52,559 --> 00:10:55,600 Speaker 1: was laid to rest with a proper burial. Thanks to 181 00:10:55,760 --> 00:10:58,520 Speaker 1: years of cooperation with the National Park Service, we were 182 00:10:58,559 --> 00:11:04,480 Speaker 1: granted that opportunity. Lastly, Germany returned a mummified, tattooed head 183 00:11:04,520 --> 00:11:07,000 Speaker 1: of a Maori man that had been acquired by a 184 00:11:07,040 --> 00:11:10,319 Speaker 1: Cologne museum director more than a hundred years ago. They 185 00:11:10,360 --> 00:11:13,640 Speaker 1: returned that to New Zealand this year. The skull is 186 00:11:13,640 --> 00:11:15,760 Speaker 1: going to be kept in a museum in New Zealand 187 00:11:15,880 --> 00:11:18,440 Speaker 1: until its descendants can be found and it can be 188 00:11:18,480 --> 00:11:21,240 Speaker 1: returned to the correct Maori tribe. And this is part 189 00:11:21,280 --> 00:11:24,720 Speaker 1: of a huge ongoing effort to have Maori remains and 190 00:11:24,880 --> 00:11:29,120 Speaker 1: artifacts returned to New Zealand. Another ongoing favorite on the 191 00:11:29,120 --> 00:11:32,240 Speaker 1: show is exhumations, and we have a couple uh in 192 00:11:32,320 --> 00:11:36,640 Speaker 1: the ongoing Salvador Dolly saga. His exhumed remains were reburied 193 00:11:36,679 --> 00:11:39,440 Speaker 1: after a paternity test in March, and there is really 194 00:11:39,440 --> 00:11:41,960 Speaker 1: not much to add to that at this point. I'm 195 00:11:42,000 --> 00:11:46,040 Speaker 1: hoping we're done disturbing the remains Salvador Dolly for a while, 196 00:11:46,080 --> 00:11:50,040 Speaker 1: because that was that dragged. One time I was at 197 00:11:50,040 --> 00:11:52,560 Speaker 1: the Dolly Museum in St. Petersburg not that long ago, 198 00:11:53,160 --> 00:11:55,600 Speaker 1: and there was a sense among the docents of like, 199 00:11:56,120 --> 00:12:00,000 Speaker 1: we are ready for this to be put to rest. Yeah. 200 00:12:00,360 --> 00:12:04,079 Speaker 1: The remains of Martha Brown, who was convicted of murder 201 00:12:04,080 --> 00:12:07,360 Speaker 1: and executed in eighteen fifty six, were approved for exclamation 202 00:12:07,440 --> 00:12:11,280 Speaker 1: and reburial in March. Brown was the inspiration for the 203 00:12:11,320 --> 00:12:15,160 Speaker 1: Thomas Hardy character tests of the Derbervilles. This decision came 204 00:12:15,200 --> 00:12:18,600 Speaker 1: after the jail where she was executed was sold and 205 00:12:18,679 --> 00:12:21,320 Speaker 1: developers were planning to just build on top of the 206 00:12:21,360 --> 00:12:24,440 Speaker 1: former graveyard. Did they not watch Poltergeist? Do they not 207 00:12:24,520 --> 00:12:27,720 Speaker 1: know how this plays out? I was shocked that that 208 00:12:27,800 --> 00:12:31,240 Speaker 1: was the plan at all. Uh intervention came in the 209 00:12:31,280 --> 00:12:34,760 Speaker 1: form of Julian Fellows of Downton Abbey fame, who insisted 210 00:12:35,080 --> 00:12:37,320 Speaker 1: that all of the people buried there had to be 211 00:12:37,360 --> 00:12:43,120 Speaker 1: exhumed and reintered elsewhere. Thank you, Julian Fellows. So we 212 00:12:43,240 --> 00:12:45,560 Speaker 1: often have a collection of things that I just thought 213 00:12:45,600 --> 00:12:49,160 Speaker 1: were really cool, but they aren't actually related to one 214 00:12:49,160 --> 00:12:51,760 Speaker 1: another all that well, So we're calling this next bit 215 00:12:51,840 --> 00:12:55,640 Speaker 1: pot pourri, like a Jeopardy category, all interesting stuff that 216 00:12:55,720 --> 00:12:58,319 Speaker 1: just does not have quite as much of a thematic connection. 217 00:12:59,160 --> 00:13:02,520 Speaker 1: So first up, the oldest known Dutch art has been 218 00:13:02,559 --> 00:13:05,760 Speaker 1: pulled out of the North Sea. It is an intricately 219 00:13:05,800 --> 00:13:09,240 Speaker 1: carved bison bone and it is thirteen thousand, five hundred 220 00:13:09,320 --> 00:13:11,959 Speaker 1: years old. It was actually pulled out of the ocean 221 00:13:12,000 --> 00:13:15,320 Speaker 1: in two thousand five, but research detailing its age and 222 00:13:15,400 --> 00:13:19,600 Speaker 1: significance just came out in February. It is carved all 223 00:13:19,679 --> 00:13:22,320 Speaker 1: over in a herring bone pattern and probably had a 224 00:13:22,400 --> 00:13:26,880 Speaker 1: ritual use. Archaeologists from the University of York have found 225 00:13:26,880 --> 00:13:30,360 Speaker 1: a ten thousand year old ochre crayon. It's very small, 226 00:13:30,400 --> 00:13:33,880 Speaker 1: about twenty two millimeters long, and an ochre pebble was 227 00:13:33,920 --> 00:13:38,240 Speaker 1: also found not far away. This crayon is particularly interesting. 228 00:13:38,280 --> 00:13:40,720 Speaker 1: It's shaped, Although it's very small, it is shaped just 229 00:13:40,800 --> 00:13:42,920 Speaker 1: like a crayon that we would use today, with a 230 00:13:42,960 --> 00:13:45,880 Speaker 1: pointed tip, and the team speculates that it was used 231 00:13:45,920 --> 00:13:50,040 Speaker 1: to mark or to decorate animal skins. In two thousand six, 232 00:13:50,280 --> 00:13:53,760 Speaker 1: archaeologist Greg Hare found a one thousand year old barbed 233 00:13:53,880 --> 00:13:57,280 Speaker 1: arrow point in Yukon sticking out of some melting ice, 234 00:13:58,080 --> 00:14:00,800 Speaker 1: and this year radio carbon dating can firm to find 235 00:14:00,880 --> 00:14:03,960 Speaker 1: as one of the oldest examples of copper metallurgy ever 236 00:14:04,040 --> 00:14:06,760 Speaker 1: found there. It was found in the territory of the 237 00:14:06,800 --> 00:14:10,960 Speaker 1: Cargos Taggish First Nation. This is an example of early 238 00:14:11,120 --> 00:14:14,240 Speaker 1: bow and arrow technology from the area. The arrow itself 239 00:14:14,320 --> 00:14:18,600 Speaker 1: is made from both copper and caribou antler and if 240 00:14:18,640 --> 00:14:21,840 Speaker 1: a thousand years old sounds kind of new for bows 241 00:14:21,880 --> 00:14:24,920 Speaker 1: and arrows, it's because the indigenous hunters of the region 242 00:14:25,000 --> 00:14:28,040 Speaker 1: were more often using the addle addle or throwing dart 243 00:14:28,080 --> 00:14:30,440 Speaker 1: for hunting, and it was only about a thousand years 244 00:14:30,480 --> 00:14:33,400 Speaker 1: ago that they started using bows and arrows instead. A 245 00:14:33,440 --> 00:14:36,520 Speaker 1: team in Peru has unearthed the set of ceremonial chambers 246 00:14:36,560 --> 00:14:39,520 Speaker 1: from the pre income Moche people. It is a fine 247 00:14:39,560 --> 00:14:43,080 Speaker 1: they've been specifically looking for. These chambers were used for 248 00:14:43,120 --> 00:14:46,400 Speaker 1: important political ceremonies, and they were notable enough to be 249 00:14:46,480 --> 00:14:51,800 Speaker 1: depicted in Moche ceramics. Apart from the satisfaction of finally 250 00:14:52,000 --> 00:14:55,600 Speaker 1: finding the actual place that is shown in existing arts 251 00:14:55,720 --> 00:14:59,080 Speaker 1: that people had already unearthed, archaeologists are hoping that the 252 00:14:59,200 --> 00:15:03,200 Speaker 1: find will help them determined exactly what happened to these people. 253 00:15:03,840 --> 00:15:07,560 Speaker 1: One theory is that massive climate change or a weather 254 00:15:07,640 --> 00:15:12,960 Speaker 1: catastrophe caused the civilization to collapse. In January, officials in 255 00:15:13,080 --> 00:15:16,360 Speaker 1: China announced that they had finished a seventeen year project 256 00:15:16,720 --> 00:15:20,440 Speaker 1: to restore an ancient dragon bed. This bed is about 257 00:15:21,480 --> 00:15:23,960 Speaker 1: years old and it is the best preserved lacquer bed 258 00:15:24,440 --> 00:15:29,560 Speaker 1: ever unearthed in China. This bed is covered in uh 259 00:15:29,720 --> 00:15:34,400 Speaker 1: really intricate lacquer designs, including designs of dragons, which is 260 00:15:34,440 --> 00:15:38,040 Speaker 1: what's been named for. It probably belongs to a king 261 00:15:38,320 --> 00:15:42,800 Speaker 1: during the Warring States period. Archaeologists working near Mexico City 262 00:15:42,840 --> 00:15:44,920 Speaker 1: have found what they believed to be an ancient model 263 00:15:44,960 --> 00:15:47,600 Speaker 1: of the universe that also connects to an ancient Meso 264 00:15:47,720 --> 00:15:52,280 Speaker 1: American creation myth. So first, the myth uh C. Pat Lee, 265 00:15:52,640 --> 00:15:55,000 Speaker 1: who was described as a monster with the qualities of 266 00:15:55,000 --> 00:15:58,680 Speaker 1: a fish and a crocodile was floating in the primordial water, 267 00:15:59,160 --> 00:16:02,160 Speaker 1: and his body formed the earth and the sky. In 268 00:16:02,240 --> 00:16:05,000 Speaker 1: some versions of the story, his body actually splits to 269 00:16:05,040 --> 00:16:08,680 Speaker 1: do this. And the fine in question is believed to 270 00:16:08,720 --> 00:16:11,440 Speaker 1: be a temple was placed in the middle of a 271 00:16:11,520 --> 00:16:14,720 Speaker 1: pond in such a way that it formed an image 272 00:16:14,760 --> 00:16:18,400 Speaker 1: of the universe floating on the surface of the water. 273 00:16:18,560 --> 00:16:21,720 Speaker 1: This is just incredible to me. The researchers describe it 274 00:16:21,760 --> 00:16:24,080 Speaker 1: as a miniature model of the universe which you would 275 00:16:24,120 --> 00:16:27,840 Speaker 1: see floating there, just as see Pactley would have done. 276 00:16:28,400 --> 00:16:31,720 Speaker 1: The area around this natural pond is full of springs 277 00:16:31,760 --> 00:16:35,360 Speaker 1: and streams, and the researchers also believed that flow from 278 00:16:35,400 --> 00:16:38,680 Speaker 1: these sources had to be carefully controlled to keep that 279 00:16:38,800 --> 00:16:42,200 Speaker 1: image properly reflected on the surface of the water. This is, 280 00:16:42,240 --> 00:16:45,320 Speaker 1: as Tracy said, just mind blowing. Yeah. Of all the 281 00:16:45,440 --> 00:16:48,920 Speaker 1: things in this uh, this is one of the ones 282 00:16:49,000 --> 00:16:52,760 Speaker 1: that when I read about it, I was like, that's amazing. Yeah. 283 00:16:52,800 --> 00:16:55,240 Speaker 1: I feel like if you walked into like an exhibit 284 00:16:55,280 --> 00:16:57,680 Speaker 1: today that was built with modern technology that did this 285 00:16:57,800 --> 00:17:00,720 Speaker 1: same thing, it would blow your mind. And this was 286 00:17:00,800 --> 00:17:03,560 Speaker 1: before we had all of the tricks of lighting and 287 00:17:03,600 --> 00:17:06,760 Speaker 1: effects that we have now. Yeah, as of when they 288 00:17:06,800 --> 00:17:11,040 Speaker 1: released this finding, they had not pinpointed yet exactly when 289 00:17:11,119 --> 00:17:15,720 Speaker 1: the shrine was built, but the other artifacts around this 290 00:17:15,840 --> 00:17:20,240 Speaker 1: area date back to between seven fifty and eleven fifty C. 291 00:17:21,520 --> 00:17:23,760 Speaker 1: And we're gonna pause and have a word from one 292 00:17:23,800 --> 00:17:25,800 Speaker 1: of the great sponsors that keeps his show going, and 293 00:17:25,800 --> 00:17:35,040 Speaker 1: then we're gonna be back with some games. That's holly 294 00:17:35,119 --> 00:17:37,679 Speaker 1: noted before the break. Now we have some games, and 295 00:17:37,840 --> 00:17:41,919 Speaker 1: gaming researchers in Slovakia are trying to figure out how 296 00:17:41,960 --> 00:17:46,080 Speaker 1: to play a sixteen hundred year old board game. This 297 00:17:46,280 --> 00:17:50,040 Speaker 1: particular game was unearest in the tomb of a prince 298 00:17:50,080 --> 00:17:52,560 Speaker 1: in two thousand and six, with the board and the 299 00:17:52,640 --> 00:17:56,119 Speaker 1: pieces all very well preserved. The board has a grid 300 00:17:56,320 --> 00:17:58,760 Speaker 1: sort of like a chessboard, and they're also green and 301 00:17:58,800 --> 00:18:02,560 Speaker 1: white playing pieces that are made out of glass. Researchers 302 00:18:02,640 --> 00:18:05,280 Speaker 1: think that this is a portable board for a game 303 00:18:05,320 --> 00:18:09,199 Speaker 1: known as mercenaries or the game of Brigands. There are 304 00:18:09,280 --> 00:18:12,240 Speaker 1: much larger versions of this board carved into floors of 305 00:18:12,320 --> 00:18:16,040 Speaker 1: Greek and Roman temples dating back to around the same time. 306 00:18:16,720 --> 00:18:20,240 Speaker 1: Even though they've concluded that all of these boards are 307 00:18:20,320 --> 00:18:24,199 Speaker 1: probably just larger or smaller versions of the same game. 308 00:18:24,960 --> 00:18:27,159 Speaker 1: We don't really know what the rules are yet, and 309 00:18:27,200 --> 00:18:30,400 Speaker 1: that's what they're trying to figure out. There's no like 310 00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:34,439 Speaker 1: documentation of the rules. There's no little rules hand out 311 00:18:34,520 --> 00:18:38,000 Speaker 1: that's been on Earth anywhere um and descriptions of the 312 00:18:38,040 --> 00:18:41,959 Speaker 1: game in ancient writings are pretty vague. And speaking of 313 00:18:42,000 --> 00:18:45,840 Speaker 1: games researchers that you see, Davis have released their work 314 00:18:45,920 --> 00:18:50,320 Speaker 1: on two thousand years worth of dice. The highlights dice 315 00:18:50,359 --> 00:18:53,080 Speaker 1: are way more standardized and fair now than they were 316 00:18:53,080 --> 00:18:56,560 Speaker 1: in the days of the Roman Empire. Roman dice tended 317 00:18:56,640 --> 00:19:00,840 Speaker 1: to be visibly irregular. Then around eleven hundred dice started 318 00:19:00,880 --> 00:19:04,119 Speaker 1: becoming more standardized in terms of how the faces were numbered, 319 00:19:04,480 --> 00:19:07,520 Speaker 1: at first using a system where the opposite faces added 320 00:19:07,600 --> 00:19:10,160 Speaker 1: up to prime numbers, so the one and the two 321 00:19:10,200 --> 00:19:12,280 Speaker 1: would be opposite, and the three and the four and 322 00:19:12,320 --> 00:19:15,320 Speaker 1: the five and the six, And then in fourteen fifty 323 00:19:15,440 --> 00:19:18,960 Speaker 1: people started using the number system that's more common today, 324 00:19:18,960 --> 00:19:22,200 Speaker 1: where opposite faces of the cube all add up to seven. 325 00:19:22,840 --> 00:19:26,680 Speaker 1: And speaking of dice, archaeologists in Norway found a medieval 326 00:19:26,800 --> 00:19:30,880 Speaker 1: die that contained no one or two. Instead, it has 327 00:19:30,920 --> 00:19:34,120 Speaker 1: an extra four and an extra five, which the team 328 00:19:34,160 --> 00:19:37,560 Speaker 1: concluded was probably used for cheating and not for a 329 00:19:37,600 --> 00:19:41,560 Speaker 1: game that for some reason required dice that were numbered three, four, four, five, 330 00:19:41,640 --> 00:19:45,879 Speaker 1: five six. I mean, it's totally possible to have a 331 00:19:45,920 --> 00:19:49,480 Speaker 1: game where you need dice that go three, four, four 332 00:19:49,560 --> 00:19:51,719 Speaker 1: or five five six. I have various dice that are 333 00:19:51,800 --> 00:19:54,199 Speaker 1: numbered weirdly because that's what the game requires. But they 334 00:19:54,240 --> 00:19:58,359 Speaker 1: think it was just the teeter. Yeah. Archaeologists excavating a 335 00:19:58,359 --> 00:20:02,000 Speaker 1: fort near Hadrian's Wall found a pair of Roman boxing gloves. 336 00:20:02,040 --> 00:20:04,720 Speaker 1: They're padded and they covered just the knuckle part, not 337 00:20:04,840 --> 00:20:07,840 Speaker 1: the whole hand, But the researchers think the gloves can 338 00:20:07,880 --> 00:20:10,199 Speaker 1: still fit on a hand. They are both made of 339 00:20:10,280 --> 00:20:14,080 Speaker 1: leather and they are packed with natural material. Next, we've 340 00:20:14,119 --> 00:20:18,639 Speaker 1: got a chunk of medical fines. Starting off, Researchers at 341 00:20:18,640 --> 00:20:21,960 Speaker 1: the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light Source or the s s 342 00:20:22,080 --> 00:20:24,800 Speaker 1: r L at the Department of Energies s L, a 343 00:20:24,880 --> 00:20:29,080 Speaker 1: C National Accelerator Laboratory, have been doing an X ray 344 00:20:29,160 --> 00:20:33,560 Speaker 1: fluorescence study to try to reveal a previously lost sixth 345 00:20:33,560 --> 00:20:37,679 Speaker 1: century translation of Galen of Programmas on the Mixtures and 346 00:20:37,680 --> 00:20:41,040 Speaker 1: Powers of Simple Drugs. So the text of this book 347 00:20:41,119 --> 00:20:44,080 Speaker 1: was scraped off of the pages in the eleventh century 348 00:20:44,160 --> 00:20:46,960 Speaker 1: so that the paper could be used for something else. 349 00:20:47,000 --> 00:20:50,399 Speaker 1: It was replaced with hymns. This was really common because 350 00:20:50,440 --> 00:20:53,320 Speaker 1: parchment was in short supply they would need to reuse it, 351 00:20:53,359 --> 00:20:54,679 Speaker 1: so they would take a book where they were like, 352 00:20:54,720 --> 00:20:56,719 Speaker 1: we don't need this book anymore, just gonna scrape all 353 00:20:56,720 --> 00:20:58,400 Speaker 1: the words off of it and make a different book. 354 00:20:58,840 --> 00:21:01,920 Speaker 1: This also reminds me of bit of the papyrus research 355 00:21:02,000 --> 00:21:04,760 Speaker 1: that we talked about with the mummy cases in part 356 00:21:04,840 --> 00:21:09,040 Speaker 1: one of this unearthed in July. This is really really 357 00:21:09,080 --> 00:21:13,040 Speaker 1: detailed work. It takes about ten hours to scan each 358 00:21:13,080 --> 00:21:15,720 Speaker 1: page of the text, but they are getting a lot 359 00:21:15,840 --> 00:21:18,880 Speaker 1: of text out of it, on top of just rediscovering 360 00:21:18,880 --> 00:21:21,800 Speaker 1: a work that was previously believed to be lost. This 361 00:21:21,840 --> 00:21:25,080 Speaker 1: will also help fill in some details about early medicine. 362 00:21:25,760 --> 00:21:30,240 Speaker 1: Neurologists have determined that the ancient Inca were skilled surgeons 363 00:21:30,320 --> 00:21:35,040 Speaker 1: by examining skulls that had been trepanned Japanning is drilling 364 00:21:35,080 --> 00:21:37,000 Speaker 1: a hole into the skull, and in some parts of 365 00:21:37,000 --> 00:21:40,639 Speaker 1: the world it's been used for not remotely medically sound reasons, 366 00:21:40,960 --> 00:21:43,639 Speaker 1: but it has also been used to treat head injuries 367 00:21:43,680 --> 00:21:47,640 Speaker 1: like skull fractures. We do still drill holes into people's 368 00:21:47,640 --> 00:21:50,560 Speaker 1: skulls for medical reasons today, but today we usually call 369 00:21:50,600 --> 00:21:54,600 Speaker 1: it a craniotomy and not trep a Nation that usually 370 00:21:54,680 --> 00:21:58,720 Speaker 1: has some more dubious connotations. And it is a thing 371 00:21:58,760 --> 00:22:01,360 Speaker 1: that I learned was a thing from Star Trek, thank you. 372 00:22:03,560 --> 00:22:05,280 Speaker 1: I think I learned it was a thing from his 373 00:22:05,400 --> 00:22:08,920 Speaker 1: Dark materials. And then there's like a whole Trepa Nation 374 00:22:09,080 --> 00:22:14,000 Speaker 1: sequence in one of the most recent seasons of Outlander. Yeah, 375 00:22:14,080 --> 00:22:16,199 Speaker 1: I definitely learned it from Star Trek because there was 376 00:22:16,240 --> 00:22:20,680 Speaker 1: discussion of how primitive it was. Uh. This study though 377 00:22:20,680 --> 00:22:23,640 Speaker 1: that we're talking about, looked at fifty nine skulls from 378 00:22:23,680 --> 00:22:26,639 Speaker 1: the southern coast of Peru. If the borders of the 379 00:22:26,720 --> 00:22:29,280 Speaker 1: hole on the in the bone were rough, it meant 380 00:22:29,320 --> 00:22:31,719 Speaker 1: that the person had died during the procedure or not 381 00:22:31,840 --> 00:22:35,000 Speaker 1: long after. But if the whole was smooth and healed, 382 00:22:35,200 --> 00:22:38,800 Speaker 1: that indicated that the person lived long enough for that 383 00:22:38,840 --> 00:22:41,360 Speaker 1: to happen. It's a pretty typical way of like, how 384 00:22:41,400 --> 00:22:44,119 Speaker 1: long did a person live after this bone injury happened? 385 00:22:44,160 --> 00:22:47,040 Speaker 1: Is that healed or is it not? Number One, The 386 00:22:47,080 --> 00:22:50,720 Speaker 1: Inca unsurprisingly got better at doing this over time. The 387 00:22:50,920 --> 00:22:54,240 Speaker 1: oldest skulls dated back to four hundred b C and 388 00:22:54,280 --> 00:22:58,280 Speaker 1: there was only a survival rate, but between one thousand 389 00:22:58,320 --> 00:23:01,879 Speaker 1: and fourteen hundred C, the survival rate was up to 390 00:23:02,119 --> 00:23:06,640 Speaker 1: eighty per cent. By comparison, during the U S Civil War, 391 00:23:06,720 --> 00:23:10,480 Speaker 1: the survival rate during this procedure was only fift Some 392 00:23:10,600 --> 00:23:14,119 Speaker 1: of these skulls had actually been trepanned multiple times, and 393 00:23:14,160 --> 00:23:17,840 Speaker 1: in some cases there was no obvious head injury being treated. 394 00:23:18,560 --> 00:23:22,200 Speaker 1: The researchers speculated that in those cases the procedure may 395 00:23:22,240 --> 00:23:25,480 Speaker 1: have been treating something like chronic headaches or some sort 396 00:23:25,520 --> 00:23:30,280 Speaker 1: of mental illness. Researchers at McMaster University were studying a 397 00:23:30,440 --> 00:23:33,800 Speaker 1: mummy that was long believed to have been someone who 398 00:23:33,840 --> 00:23:38,439 Speaker 1: died of smallpox. They sequenced the DNA of the pathogen 399 00:23:38,600 --> 00:23:42,480 Speaker 1: involved and they did not find smallpox. They found an 400 00:23:42,520 --> 00:23:46,920 Speaker 1: ancient strain of the hepatitis B virus. The mummified remains 401 00:23:47,000 --> 00:23:50,280 Speaker 1: are those of a small child buried in Basilica of St. 402 00:23:50,320 --> 00:23:54,480 Speaker 1: Dominico Majori in Naples, Italy. They thought the child had 403 00:23:54,520 --> 00:23:57,080 Speaker 1: died of smallpox because the body was covered in a 404 00:23:57,160 --> 00:24:00,679 Speaker 1: really distinctive rash. The remains also date back to the 405 00:24:00,680 --> 00:24:02,919 Speaker 1: sixteenth century, which would have made it one of the 406 00:24:02,960 --> 00:24:08,040 Speaker 1: earliest examples of smallpox in that particular region. But it 407 00:24:08,119 --> 00:24:11,280 Speaker 1: turns out the hepatitis being can cause a similar rash 408 00:24:11,359 --> 00:24:14,160 Speaker 1: in children, and that seems to have been what happened here. 409 00:24:14,680 --> 00:24:18,080 Speaker 1: Moving on to a more veterinary or animal husbandry angle, 410 00:24:18,440 --> 00:24:22,920 Speaker 1: back in nineteen fourteen, workers uncovered a grave near Bond, Germany. 411 00:24:23,200 --> 00:24:25,840 Speaker 1: The grave was about fourteen thousand years old and it 412 00:24:25,880 --> 00:24:29,320 Speaker 1: contains the remains of a man, a woman, and two dogs, 413 00:24:29,920 --> 00:24:32,560 Speaker 1: and it appears that not only were the dogs domesticated, 414 00:24:32,880 --> 00:24:34,920 Speaker 1: but also that one of them was taken care of 415 00:24:34,960 --> 00:24:37,679 Speaker 1: while it was sick. Based on the condition of the 416 00:24:37,720 --> 00:24:42,199 Speaker 1: dog's teeth, researchers concluded that it had canine distemper and 417 00:24:42,200 --> 00:24:44,600 Speaker 1: that it had contracted distemper at the age of about 418 00:24:44,640 --> 00:24:47,600 Speaker 1: three to four months old. But this dog lived to 419 00:24:47,640 --> 00:24:49,800 Speaker 1: be six or seven months old, which meant that it 420 00:24:49,840 --> 00:24:52,720 Speaker 1: would have been seriously ill for weeks of its life. 421 00:24:53,240 --> 00:24:56,000 Speaker 1: This contradicts the idea that dogs at this point were 422 00:24:56,000 --> 00:24:58,800 Speaker 1: considered just to be working animals and that people weren't 423 00:24:58,800 --> 00:25:02,640 Speaker 1: emotionally attached to um, only considering it worthwhile to feed 424 00:25:02,640 --> 00:25:04,600 Speaker 1: and care for them. If they were able to work. 425 00:25:05,560 --> 00:25:08,240 Speaker 1: Being nursed through this many weeks of illness while the 426 00:25:08,280 --> 00:25:10,880 Speaker 1: dog wasn't able to work suggests that it was being 427 00:25:10,920 --> 00:25:14,399 Speaker 1: treated more like a pet. And we'll end moving on 428 00:25:14,440 --> 00:25:18,600 Speaker 1: to another subject on another favorite every time we do 429 00:25:18,680 --> 00:25:22,320 Speaker 1: on Earth, which is unearthed food and drink. First up, 430 00:25:22,400 --> 00:25:26,200 Speaker 1: archaeologists found a two thousand year old bronze kettle containing 431 00:25:26,280 --> 00:25:29,560 Speaker 1: some liquor in a tomb in western China. The opening 432 00:25:29,640 --> 00:25:32,600 Speaker 1: of this vessel had been packed with natural fibers, and 433 00:25:32,640 --> 00:25:34,680 Speaker 1: inside of it there was still about three hundred million 434 00:25:34,760 --> 00:25:38,000 Speaker 1: liters of alcohol. A team at the sandy Borg Ring 435 00:25:38,080 --> 00:25:40,840 Speaker 1: four too on the island of Oland, Sweden, found a 436 00:25:40,920 --> 00:25:45,000 Speaker 1: burned onion while excavating a fireplace, and at first its 437 00:25:45,000 --> 00:25:47,280 Speaker 1: condition was so charred that the team thought it was 438 00:25:47,320 --> 00:25:50,600 Speaker 1: some kind of nut, but analysis at the Swedish History 439 00:25:50,680 --> 00:25:54,080 Speaker 1: Museum uncovered that it was in fact a fifteen hundred 440 00:25:54,160 --> 00:25:58,119 Speaker 1: year old onion. Onions, though we're not really used in 441 00:25:58,240 --> 00:26:02,320 Speaker 1: Scandinavian cuisine that long ago, but they were used in 442 00:26:02,359 --> 00:26:05,879 Speaker 1: the Roman Empire, so the team believes that Romans brought 443 00:26:05,960 --> 00:26:09,480 Speaker 1: this onion with them. That is probably the least sad 444 00:26:09,560 --> 00:26:12,200 Speaker 1: part of the archaeological work being done at sandy Borg, 445 00:26:12,680 --> 00:26:16,280 Speaker 1: which was the site of a medieval massacre. Yeah, a 446 00:26:16,280 --> 00:26:18,000 Speaker 1: lot of the work is to try to get more 447 00:26:18,040 --> 00:26:20,240 Speaker 1: of the detail about that massacre, because we know the 448 00:26:20,280 --> 00:26:23,760 Speaker 1: massacre happened, but there's no written documentation of exactly what 449 00:26:23,960 --> 00:26:27,399 Speaker 1: happened anywhere. So this onion offers one small bit of 450 00:26:27,520 --> 00:26:32,640 Speaker 1: levity in an otherwise very dour research project. Moving on, 451 00:26:32,800 --> 00:26:36,919 Speaker 1: carbon fourteen dating has revealed that a collection of peach 452 00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:40,280 Speaker 1: pits that was unearthed in western Japan dates back to 453 00:26:40,320 --> 00:26:43,480 Speaker 1: between the years one thirty five and two thirty There 454 00:26:43,480 --> 00:26:47,119 Speaker 1: are thousands of peach pits in this fine and researchers 455 00:26:47,119 --> 00:26:50,199 Speaker 1: are hoping that it will help them pinpoint the location 456 00:26:50,440 --> 00:26:54,600 Speaker 1: of the Japanese Kingdom of Your Might a Coku. It's 457 00:26:54,640 --> 00:26:57,919 Speaker 1: a kingdom that has been described in ancient texts, but 458 00:26:58,080 --> 00:27:01,120 Speaker 1: the exact location of where exactly it was is still 459 00:27:01,160 --> 00:27:05,359 Speaker 1: something of a mystery. Researchers have found Italy's oldest olive 460 00:27:05,400 --> 00:27:08,280 Speaker 1: oil in a jar from the Bronze Age settlement of 461 00:27:08,359 --> 00:27:12,240 Speaker 1: Castelluccio in Sicily, and this dates back to about five 462 00:27:12,280 --> 00:27:16,120 Speaker 1: thousand years ago, and a team from Lundon University has 463 00:27:16,119 --> 00:27:19,520 Speaker 1: concluded that beer was being brewed in southern Sweden and 464 00:27:19,560 --> 00:27:22,280 Speaker 1: the Iron Age in the years four d six hundred. 465 00:27:23,000 --> 00:27:26,679 Speaker 1: This was thanks to finding carbonized remains of some germinated 466 00:27:26,720 --> 00:27:30,119 Speaker 1: grains that were being used in the malting process, and 467 00:27:30,160 --> 00:27:33,080 Speaker 1: this is currently the oldest evidence of beer making in 468 00:27:33,160 --> 00:27:36,840 Speaker 1: that particular area. There's also some new research related to 469 00:27:36,920 --> 00:27:41,720 Speaker 1: Mesopotamian beers. The ongoing conclusion has been that in Mesopotamia 470 00:27:41,840 --> 00:27:45,399 Speaker 1: people drank beer out of communal jars, using a bendy 471 00:27:45,480 --> 00:27:49,000 Speaker 1: straw to actually consume the liquid. But according to a 472 00:27:49,040 --> 00:27:52,520 Speaker 1: paper titled Revealing Invisible Bruise, a New approach to the 473 00:27:52,600 --> 00:27:57,280 Speaker 1: chemical identification of ancient beer, Mesopotamians used all kinds of 474 00:27:57,359 --> 00:27:59,920 Speaker 1: vessels to drink a barley beer out of a variety 475 00:28:00,040 --> 00:28:04,919 Speaker 1: of cups, goblets and whatnot. And because we always have 476 00:28:05,040 --> 00:28:08,680 Speaker 1: leutsy news will end with this one. If he had 477 00:28:08,720 --> 00:28:11,440 Speaker 1: lived longer, Letsy might have died of a heart attack 478 00:28:11,520 --> 00:28:15,080 Speaker 1: or a stroke based on CT scans that showed plaques 479 00:28:15,160 --> 00:28:19,720 Speaker 1: around his heart and his carotid artery. Every article that 480 00:28:19,840 --> 00:28:23,280 Speaker 1: I saw about this when pulling together this installment of 481 00:28:23,359 --> 00:28:26,359 Speaker 1: Unearth went back to that previous UTSI fine that we 482 00:28:26,440 --> 00:28:29,080 Speaker 1: talked about about him eating some kind of fatty dried 483 00:28:29,080 --> 00:28:32,000 Speaker 1: meat that news articles kept describing as bacon, even though 484 00:28:32,040 --> 00:28:34,760 Speaker 1: it was not made of pork. Uh. They were all like, 485 00:28:34,880 --> 00:28:38,440 Speaker 1: maybe if Utsy had had better dietary habits wouldn't need 486 00:28:38,600 --> 00:28:40,720 Speaker 1: that bacon all the time, he would not have had 487 00:28:40,760 --> 00:28:44,480 Speaker 1: these plaques in his cardiovascular system. I like that we 488 00:28:44,600 --> 00:28:52,840 Speaker 1: can even judge poor Utsi's nutritional choice, right. That is 489 00:28:52,880 --> 00:28:57,280 Speaker 1: the rapt for Unearthed in July. Yeah, that's a whole 490 00:28:57,320 --> 00:29:00,600 Speaker 1: new way of last time that we had Unearthed in July. Um, 491 00:29:00,640 --> 00:29:02,680 Speaker 1: I we had a whole bunch of things that were 492 00:29:02,680 --> 00:29:05,880 Speaker 1: related to previous episodes of the show or had been 493 00:29:05,880 --> 00:29:09,160 Speaker 1: really major news headlines, and like that was a whole episode, 494 00:29:09,440 --> 00:29:11,400 Speaker 1: and this time it was more of a straight up, 495 00:29:11,920 --> 00:29:14,120 Speaker 1: like I do it at the end of the year. Yeah, 496 00:29:14,320 --> 00:29:19,120 Speaker 1: there's been a lot of stuff. Yeah. I hopefully the 497 00:29:19,120 --> 00:29:23,160 Speaker 1: the stream of unearthed stuff that doesn't suddenly dry up 498 00:29:23,320 --> 00:29:26,680 Speaker 1: and prevent us from having enough for two parts in December. 499 00:29:26,760 --> 00:29:29,200 Speaker 1: That would be really sad. I don't think that's gonna 500 00:29:29,240 --> 00:29:33,120 Speaker 1: be a problem me neither. Do you have a listener? 501 00:29:33,160 --> 00:29:37,040 Speaker 1: My oldest time around I do. It's from Karen. Karen 502 00:29:37,120 --> 00:29:40,120 Speaker 1: says dear Tracy and Holly, I love your show. I 503 00:29:40,160 --> 00:29:42,600 Speaker 1: recommend it to all my friends and colleagues. I just 504 00:29:42,680 --> 00:29:45,680 Speaker 1: listened to the Six Impossible episodes about the evacuation of 505 00:29:45,760 --> 00:29:49,000 Speaker 1: children because of war or unrest. In the segment about 506 00:29:49,040 --> 00:29:51,880 Speaker 1: the English children separated from their parents, you mentioned that 507 00:29:51,960 --> 00:29:54,800 Speaker 1: researchers uncovered years later that many of the children suffered 508 00:29:54,800 --> 00:29:57,800 Speaker 1: from serious illnesses. It's not at all surprising that so 509 00:29:57,840 --> 00:30:00,400 Speaker 1: many of them suffered. A host of illness is later 510 00:30:00,440 --> 00:30:03,080 Speaker 1: in life. Being separated from your parents can be a 511 00:30:03,080 --> 00:30:07,240 Speaker 1: traumatic event. Despite a widespread belief that children are resilient, 512 00:30:07,480 --> 00:30:10,560 Speaker 1: and they are when they have strong positive support systems, 513 00:30:10,800 --> 00:30:13,760 Speaker 1: adults need to pay careful attention to the traumatic events 514 00:30:13,760 --> 00:30:16,080 Speaker 1: in the lives of children that can result in years 515 00:30:16,120 --> 00:30:18,800 Speaker 1: of mental and physical health issues. You might not know 516 00:30:18,880 --> 00:30:21,440 Speaker 1: about the ACE Study, which brought this issue to light 517 00:30:21,480 --> 00:30:25,280 Speaker 1: in an important way. Back in the CDC and Kaiser 518 00:30:25,320 --> 00:30:29,400 Speaker 1: Permanente studied the health records of over seventeen thousand members 519 00:30:29,400 --> 00:30:34,240 Speaker 1: who completed confidential surveys regarding their childhood experiences and compared 520 00:30:34,280 --> 00:30:37,160 Speaker 1: them to their current health histories. To quote from the 521 00:30:37,200 --> 00:30:41,120 Speaker 1: CDC's website, quote, childhood experiences both positive and negative have 522 00:30:41,160 --> 00:30:45,959 Speaker 1: a tremendous impact on future violence, victimizations and perpetration, and 523 00:30:46,120 --> 00:30:50,760 Speaker 1: lifelong health and opportunity. As such, early experiences are an 524 00:30:50,800 --> 00:30:54,480 Speaker 1: important public health issue. Much of the foundational research in 525 00:30:54,520 --> 00:30:58,560 Speaker 1: this area has been referred to as adverse childhood experiences 526 00:30:58,800 --> 00:31:03,080 Speaker 1: parentheses ACES. Given everything happening in our country today, including 527 00:31:03,200 --> 00:31:06,280 Speaker 1: the efforts to finally reunite children with their parents seeking 528 00:31:06,320 --> 00:31:09,240 Speaker 1: safety from our unrest and their home countries, more people 529 00:31:09,280 --> 00:31:13,200 Speaker 1: need to know about ACES. Maybe than our policies could 530 00:31:13,200 --> 00:31:16,440 Speaker 1: be more informed and compassionate from the start. Perhaps you 531 00:31:16,440 --> 00:31:18,520 Speaker 1: could devote a show to this important topic. Keep up 532 00:31:18,560 --> 00:31:21,800 Speaker 1: the inspiring work. All the best, Karen, Thank you Karen 533 00:31:21,960 --> 00:31:25,200 Speaker 1: for that detail. Um, the studies that we were talking 534 00:31:25,240 --> 00:31:28,040 Speaker 1: about in that particular episode were about the children that 535 00:31:28,080 --> 00:31:31,160 Speaker 1: had been evacuated from Finland, and I did want to 536 00:31:31,160 --> 00:31:34,320 Speaker 1: clarify that. The thing that I found to be really 537 00:31:34,400 --> 00:31:36,720 Speaker 1: unique about that research was that it seemed to be 538 00:31:37,640 --> 00:31:40,520 Speaker 1: trying to answer the question of was it worth it 539 00:31:40,840 --> 00:31:47,000 Speaker 1: too evacuate these children? Like there is research on this 540 00:31:47,040 --> 00:31:50,240 Speaker 1: thing happened in a person's early life. Here is what 541 00:31:50,400 --> 00:31:53,840 Speaker 1: the effect seems to have been. But I don't as 542 00:31:53,920 --> 00:31:57,800 Speaker 1: often see that like motivated by was it worth it 543 00:31:57,880 --> 00:32:01,040 Speaker 1: to evacuate these children? Which was really what um struck 544 00:32:01,160 --> 00:32:06,000 Speaker 1: me about that particular Finish War children research that I 545 00:32:06,080 --> 00:32:09,440 Speaker 1: kept finding. Anyway, thank you so much Karen for sending 546 00:32:09,520 --> 00:32:13,640 Speaker 1: us that additional context about all of that. So, if 547 00:32:13,640 --> 00:32:15,360 Speaker 1: you would like to write to us about this or 548 00:32:15,400 --> 00:32:18,000 Speaker 1: any other podcast or history podcasts at how stuff works 549 00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:21,920 Speaker 1: dot com. We are also all over social media missed 550 00:32:21,960 --> 00:32:24,040 Speaker 1: in History. That is our Facebook and our Twitter, and 551 00:32:24,040 --> 00:32:27,160 Speaker 1: our Pinterest and our Instagram. You can come to our website, 552 00:32:27,200 --> 00:32:28,920 Speaker 1: which is missed in History dot com, where you will 553 00:32:28,960 --> 00:32:30,960 Speaker 1: find show notes for all the episodes that Holly and 554 00:32:31,000 --> 00:32:33,520 Speaker 1: I have worked on together, and you will find a 555 00:32:33,560 --> 00:32:35,920 Speaker 1: searchable archive of all the episodes we have ever done. 556 00:32:36,040 --> 00:32:38,640 Speaker 1: And you can find and subscribe to our podcast on 557 00:32:38,720 --> 00:32:42,120 Speaker 1: Apple podcasts and Google podcasts and really wherever else you 558 00:32:42,120 --> 00:32:49,360 Speaker 1: want to get a podcast for more on this and 559 00:32:49,440 --> 00:32:52,000 Speaker 1: thousands of other topics, is it how stuff works dot 560 00:32:52,040 --> 00:32:58,160 Speaker 1: com