1 00:00:03,640 --> 00:00:06,320 Speaker 1: On this episode of New World. The lives of these 2 00:00:06,360 --> 00:00:09,680 Speaker 1: men are essential to understand the American form of government 3 00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:13,280 Speaker 1: and our ideals of liberty. The Founding Fathers all played 4 00:00:13,360 --> 00:00:17,200 Speaker 1: key roles in securing American independence from Great Britain and 5 00:00:17,239 --> 00:00:19,240 Speaker 1: in the creation of the government of the United States 6 00:00:19,280 --> 00:00:30,000 Speaker 1: of America. And now the life of James Madison, and 7 00:00:30,080 --> 00:00:34,000 Speaker 1: I have to say, having visited his home, that he's 8 00:00:34,040 --> 00:00:37,280 Speaker 1: a remarkable figure. He is in some ways one of 9 00:00:37,320 --> 00:00:40,840 Speaker 1: the most interesting of all the Founding Fathers because he's 10 00:00:40,880 --> 00:00:46,000 Speaker 1: so complicated, he's so smart. His real contributions are all cerebral. 11 00:00:46,440 --> 00:00:49,920 Speaker 1: He studied, he read, he thought, he wrote, and over 12 00:00:50,000 --> 00:00:53,680 Speaker 1: time he had an enormous impact at every level. Remember, 13 00:00:54,080 --> 00:00:57,760 Speaker 1: the Democratic Republican Party that he and Jefferson founded still 14 00:00:57,800 --> 00:01:01,639 Speaker 1: exists as the Democratic Party, the law longest surviving political 15 00:01:01,640 --> 00:01:05,240 Speaker 1: institution in the world today. The Bill of Rights is 16 00:01:05,240 --> 00:01:08,160 Speaker 1: at the heart of our freedom and he was the 17 00:01:08,200 --> 00:01:11,039 Speaker 1: guiding force. In fact, his role in the First Congress 18 00:01:11,360 --> 00:01:15,480 Speaker 1: was amazing. He literally drafted constitutions, thought about it. It was 19 00:01:15,520 --> 00:01:18,640 Speaker 1: sort of a hobby, and so he was tremendously prepared 20 00:01:19,080 --> 00:01:23,240 Speaker 1: to help write the Constitution. When the Founding Fathers met 21 00:01:23,280 --> 00:01:26,679 Speaker 1: in Philadelphia, and I always try to remind people the 22 00:01:26,720 --> 00:01:30,600 Speaker 1: Federalist papers are not some stuffy academic document that we 23 00:01:30,680 --> 00:01:34,200 Speaker 1: read them nowadays really as sort of policy in a 24 00:01:34,240 --> 00:01:37,720 Speaker 1: way that is kind of abstract and good for graduate students, 25 00:01:37,760 --> 00:01:40,800 Speaker 1: but not a hobby for most people. But the Federalist 26 00:01:40,800 --> 00:01:46,279 Speaker 1: papers were written as the most important pamphlet and political history. 27 00:01:46,720 --> 00:01:50,760 Speaker 1: Now they're very complicated their long and Madison wrote some 28 00:01:50,800 --> 00:01:54,680 Speaker 1: of the most important of the Federalist papers convincing people 29 00:01:55,440 --> 00:01:59,280 Speaker 1: of two different things that they needed a federal government 30 00:01:59,560 --> 00:02:02,680 Speaker 1: because the individual states would only be gobbled up by 31 00:02:02,760 --> 00:02:05,680 Speaker 1: France and Britain and Spain, so they had to come 32 00:02:05,680 --> 00:02:09,000 Speaker 1: together to survive. And at the same time, you could 33 00:02:09,000 --> 00:02:12,680 Speaker 1: write a constitution that protected you from your own government. 34 00:02:13,160 --> 00:02:16,040 Speaker 1: And it's important to remember the founding fathers were as 35 00:02:16,160 --> 00:02:20,799 Speaker 1: worried about domestic repression from the government as they were 36 00:02:20,840 --> 00:02:25,119 Speaker 1: about foreign dangers to America. And Madison is the person who, 37 00:02:25,160 --> 00:02:29,120 Speaker 1: more than anyone else, balances those two. As he writes 38 00:02:29,160 --> 00:02:31,560 Speaker 1: at one point, you know, if men were angels, we 39 00:02:31,600 --> 00:02:34,520 Speaker 1: wouldn't need government. But since men aren't angels, how are 40 00:02:34,560 --> 00:02:37,639 Speaker 1: we going to govern? The governors? And that he constantly 41 00:02:37,680 --> 00:02:40,600 Speaker 1: thought about protecting us from our own government, something which 42 00:02:40,600 --> 00:02:45,240 Speaker 1: I would argue is remarkably current today. So how did 43 00:02:45,280 --> 00:02:48,799 Speaker 1: a sickly, soft spoken man five foot four inches and 44 00:02:48,919 --> 00:02:51,880 Speaker 1: barely one hundred pounds become the father of the Constitution? 45 00:02:52,800 --> 00:02:56,360 Speaker 1: Washington Irving described him as a withered little apple. John 46 00:02:57,240 --> 00:03:01,639 Speaker 1: Madison was born March sixteen, seventeen fifty one, the oldest 47 00:03:01,639 --> 00:03:05,440 Speaker 1: of twelve children, of whom only seven survived to adulthood. 48 00:03:05,880 --> 00:03:10,400 Speaker 1: His father, James Madison Senior, had inherited substantial wealth, and 49 00:03:10,440 --> 00:03:12,880 Speaker 1: his mother and Eli Conway, was the daughter of a 50 00:03:12,919 --> 00:03:16,600 Speaker 1: tobacco merchant. Because of their wealth, young James Madison was 51 00:03:16,639 --> 00:03:21,440 Speaker 1: afforded private tutors, including a Scottish teacher named Donald Robertson, 52 00:03:21,680 --> 00:03:24,360 Speaker 1: who instructed the young boy between the ages of eleven 53 00:03:24,400 --> 00:03:30,240 Speaker 1: and sixteen in mathematics, geography, and Latin. An often sickly child, 54 00:03:30,840 --> 00:03:34,360 Speaker 1: Madison suffered from what he called sudden attacks. As Madison 55 00:03:34,440 --> 00:03:37,640 Speaker 1: later wrote that he had quote a constitutional tendency to 56 00:03:37,720 --> 00:03:43,320 Speaker 1: sudden attacks, somewhat resembling epilepsy, which suspended all intellectual function. 57 00:03:44,160 --> 00:03:47,640 Speaker 1: Imagine how frightening that must have been in the eighteenth century. 58 00:03:48,120 --> 00:03:50,200 Speaker 1: He planned to attend the College of William and Mary, 59 00:03:50,480 --> 00:03:53,880 Speaker 1: where his later friend Thomas Jefferson attended, but he thought 60 00:03:53,920 --> 00:03:58,000 Speaker 1: that Virginia's humid climate would worsen his attacks, so he 61 00:03:58,080 --> 00:04:00,840 Speaker 1: opted to go north to the College of New Jersey, 62 00:04:01,160 --> 00:04:05,960 Speaker 1: which ultimately became Princeton University. In seventeen seventy one, Madison 63 00:04:06,040 --> 00:04:11,920 Speaker 1: graduated with high marks in classical languages, mathematics, rhetoric, geography, 64 00:04:12,240 --> 00:04:16,640 Speaker 1: and philosophy. After only attending for two years, he wanted 65 00:04:16,680 --> 00:04:20,360 Speaker 1: more education, so Madison became the school's first graduate student, 66 00:04:20,680 --> 00:04:26,000 Speaker 1: studying Hebrew and political philosophy under the university president, John Witherspoon, 67 00:04:26,400 --> 00:04:29,640 Speaker 1: who later on became a signer of the Declaration of Independence. 68 00:04:30,240 --> 00:04:33,479 Speaker 1: When he graduated with his graduate degree, Madison, unsure what 69 00:04:33,640 --> 00:04:37,240 Speaker 1: to do, started in local politics, becoming a member of 70 00:04:37,279 --> 00:04:40,920 Speaker 1: the Orange County Committee of Public Safety in seventeen seventy four. 71 00:04:41,480 --> 00:04:44,919 Speaker 1: That committee oversaw the local militia in the event of 72 00:04:44,960 --> 00:04:48,440 Speaker 1: a war of independence against the British. Remember the Second 73 00:04:48,440 --> 00:04:52,600 Speaker 1: Amendment rose out of these experiences. It is the Committee 74 00:04:52,600 --> 00:04:56,719 Speaker 1: of Public Safety who are arming and training militia which 75 00:04:56,839 --> 00:05:00,240 Speaker 1: enables the Americans to survive when the British tried to 76 00:05:00,279 --> 00:05:05,320 Speaker 1: conquer them. His seizure attacks actually prevented him from joining 77 00:05:05,320 --> 00:05:09,320 Speaker 1: the military, as on July twenty eighth, seventeen seventy five, 78 00:05:09,440 --> 00:05:12,039 Speaker 1: at the age of twenty four, he collapsed during a 79 00:05:12,080 --> 00:05:16,440 Speaker 1: military drill. But in October seventeen seventy five, he was 80 00:05:16,440 --> 00:05:20,240 Speaker 1: commission as colonel of the Orange County Militia, serving alongside 81 00:05:20,279 --> 00:05:23,120 Speaker 1: his father until he was elected as a delegate to 82 00:05:23,200 --> 00:05:27,640 Speaker 1: the fifth Virginia Convention. Madison, in the most important friendship 83 00:05:27,640 --> 00:05:30,479 Speaker 1: of his life, met Jefferson in the fall of seventeen 84 00:05:30,520 --> 00:05:33,400 Speaker 1: seventy six, when they both were members of the Virginia 85 00:05:33,440 --> 00:05:37,239 Speaker 1: House of Delegates. Hard to imagine two people who were different. 86 00:05:37,720 --> 00:05:40,880 Speaker 1: Jefferson was six foot two and described as straight as 87 00:05:40,920 --> 00:05:44,120 Speaker 1: a gun barrel. Madison was five foot four inches and 88 00:05:44,200 --> 00:05:47,160 Speaker 1: barely one hundred pounds. Imagine the two of them hanging 89 00:05:47,200 --> 00:05:50,400 Speaker 1: out together. But what brought them together was their minds. 90 00:05:50,920 --> 00:05:54,640 Speaker 1: Jefferson was described as quick witted and Madison was painfully 91 00:05:54,640 --> 00:05:58,440 Speaker 1: shy and reserved. But Madison thought all the time, and 92 00:05:58,560 --> 00:06:02,320 Speaker 1: Madison could hold his own with Jefferson. The pair connected 93 00:06:02,640 --> 00:06:07,000 Speaker 1: and a friendship began which lasted for decades. In seventeen 94 00:06:07,000 --> 00:06:09,600 Speaker 1: seventy seven, Madison lost his seat in the House of 95 00:06:09,640 --> 00:06:13,760 Speaker 1: Delegates because he refused to participate in the long standing 96 00:06:13,839 --> 00:06:17,839 Speaker 1: Virginia custom of treating voters to whiskey, because he felt 97 00:06:17,839 --> 00:06:19,799 Speaker 1: it was the same as buying votes. In other words, 98 00:06:20,000 --> 00:06:23,359 Speaker 1: back then, you showed up annually at the polling place, 99 00:06:24,000 --> 00:06:26,640 Speaker 1: and you got free liquor, and the candidate who gave 100 00:06:26,680 --> 00:06:30,200 Speaker 1: away the most free liquor got elected. Now, Madison was 101 00:06:30,200 --> 00:06:33,680 Speaker 1: not alone. Washington when he first ran, refused to buy 102 00:06:33,720 --> 00:06:37,480 Speaker 1: any alcohol because he was a military hero, very famous, 103 00:06:37,880 --> 00:06:42,120 Speaker 1: and he came in last because all the local neighbors said, 104 00:06:42,120 --> 00:06:43,719 Speaker 1: wait a second, if you're not going to buy me 105 00:06:43,760 --> 00:06:45,320 Speaker 1: a drink, why am I going to vote for you. 106 00:06:45,760 --> 00:06:48,920 Speaker 1: The following year, Washington bought more liquor for the voters 107 00:06:48,920 --> 00:06:52,599 Speaker 1: than anybody else in that particular race. So Madison was 108 00:06:52,640 --> 00:06:57,400 Speaker 1: faced with trying to deal with the country whose patterns were, 109 00:06:57,640 --> 00:07:01,240 Speaker 1: shall we say, a little different than Madison would have liked. 110 00:07:01,640 --> 00:07:05,440 Speaker 1: But despite all that, in seventeen seventy eight, Madison was 111 00:07:05,480 --> 00:07:08,880 Speaker 1: elected to the Virginia Governor's eight member Council of State. 112 00:07:09,560 --> 00:07:13,800 Speaker 1: When Jefferson was elected governor of Virginia in seventeen seventy nine, Madison, 113 00:07:14,040 --> 00:07:16,679 Speaker 1: as a member of the Council of State worked closely 114 00:07:16,760 --> 00:07:19,920 Speaker 1: with him, talking daily and offering his advice. And remember 115 00:07:20,160 --> 00:07:23,760 Speaker 1: this is in the middle of a war. In seventeen eighty, 116 00:07:24,040 --> 00:07:27,080 Speaker 1: at the age of twenty nine, Madison became the youngest 117 00:07:27,120 --> 00:07:30,520 Speaker 1: member of the Continental Congress at the time. Jefferson was 118 00:07:30,600 --> 00:07:34,160 Speaker 1: Minister to France and did not attend the convention, but 119 00:07:34,240 --> 00:07:39,040 Speaker 1: he frequently sent Madison books and letters. Madison supported efforts 120 00:07:39,080 --> 00:07:41,520 Speaker 1: to strengthen the power of the federal government. He knew 121 00:07:41,920 --> 00:07:45,760 Speaker 1: that the Continental Congress system the Articles of Confederation simply 122 00:07:45,880 --> 00:07:50,400 Speaker 1: wasn't work. He made several unsuccessful attempts to compromise with 123 00:07:50,480 --> 00:07:53,080 Speaker 1: delegates who wanted strong state governments. He kept trying to 124 00:07:53,080 --> 00:07:56,680 Speaker 1: convince them, you can't have strong state governments and survive 125 00:07:57,240 --> 00:07:59,520 Speaker 1: because these foreign powers are going to pick us off 126 00:07:59,560 --> 00:08:03,360 Speaker 1: one by one and gradually subvert all of North America. 127 00:08:04,160 --> 00:08:07,160 Speaker 1: Madison took detailed notes and not only who was present 128 00:08:07,200 --> 00:08:09,640 Speaker 1: every day, but exactly what was said and by who. 129 00:08:10,360 --> 00:08:13,960 Speaker 1: Madison avoided any long absences, did not miss a single 130 00:08:14,040 --> 00:08:17,720 Speaker 1: day of debate, later writing quote, it happened also that 131 00:08:17,800 --> 00:08:19,800 Speaker 1: I was not absent a single day, no more than 132 00:08:19,800 --> 00:08:22,520 Speaker 1: a casual fraction of an hour in any day, so 133 00:08:22,560 --> 00:08:25,000 Speaker 1: I could not have lost a single speech, unless a 134 00:08:25,080 --> 00:08:27,520 Speaker 1: very short one. These notes were one of the few 135 00:08:27,600 --> 00:08:31,080 Speaker 1: things that historians have from this time, as delegates were 136 00:08:31,120 --> 00:08:33,960 Speaker 1: forbidden from talking about anything in the proceedings in fear 137 00:08:33,960 --> 00:08:37,400 Speaker 1: of leaking it to the public, the opposite of modern transparency, 138 00:08:38,280 --> 00:08:41,360 Speaker 1: and the notes themselves were not published until after he died. 139 00:08:42,080 --> 00:08:46,040 Speaker 1: In seventeen eighty four, Madison returns to Montpelier to study 140 00:08:46,120 --> 00:08:49,760 Speaker 1: law and to attempt an unsuccessful career in land speculation. 141 00:08:50,320 --> 00:08:52,559 Speaker 1: He was a genuine intellectual. He wasn't the kind of 142 00:08:52,600 --> 00:08:54,719 Speaker 1: guy who's going to be very good at going out 143 00:08:54,760 --> 00:08:57,160 Speaker 1: and figuring out the right places to buy land and 144 00:08:57,200 --> 00:08:59,240 Speaker 1: then holding out until he got the price he wanted. 145 00:08:59,400 --> 00:09:02,319 Speaker 1: Who didn't end. He wanted to read books, He wanted 146 00:09:02,360 --> 00:09:04,280 Speaker 1: to think. He wanted to be part of the life 147 00:09:04,280 --> 00:09:08,360 Speaker 1: of the mind. He then served again in the Virginia 148 00:09:08,400 --> 00:09:11,480 Speaker 1: House of Deugas from seventeen eighty four to seventeen eighty six, 149 00:09:11,840 --> 00:09:15,120 Speaker 1: while they helped to ratify Jefferson's the Statute of Virginia 150 00:09:15,160 --> 00:09:18,600 Speaker 1: for religious Freedom. At the time, Jefferson was serving as 151 00:09:18,640 --> 00:09:21,640 Speaker 1: Minister of France and was not able to advocate for 152 00:09:21,679 --> 00:09:25,440 Speaker 1: his statute. This was truly a great breakthrough moment. Madison 153 00:09:25,480 --> 00:09:28,200 Speaker 1: wrote to the General Assembly the Commonwealth of Virginia on 154 00:09:28,360 --> 00:09:30,920 Speaker 1: June twentieth, seventeen eighty five. And I'm quoting this because 155 00:09:30,920 --> 00:09:34,120 Speaker 1: it's so important in such a key break in the 156 00:09:34,160 --> 00:09:38,240 Speaker 1: development of religious liberty. Quote. The religion, then of every man, 157 00:09:38,520 --> 00:09:41,439 Speaker 1: must be left to the conviction and conscience of every man, 158 00:09:41,640 --> 00:09:43,720 Speaker 1: and it is the right of every man to exercise 159 00:09:43,800 --> 00:09:47,000 Speaker 1: it as these may dictate. This right is in its 160 00:09:47,160 --> 00:09:51,920 Speaker 1: nature and unalienable right. It is unalienable because the opinions 161 00:09:51,920 --> 00:09:55,280 Speaker 1: of men, depending only on the evidence contemplated by their 162 00:09:55,320 --> 00:09:58,760 Speaker 1: own minds, cannot follow the dictates of other men. It 163 00:09:58,800 --> 00:10:02,560 Speaker 1: is unalienable also because what is here a right towards men, 164 00:10:03,000 --> 00:10:06,960 Speaker 1: is a duty towards the Creator. Now remember, Jefferson and 165 00:10:07,000 --> 00:10:10,240 Speaker 1: Madison are arguing for your right of conscience. And a 166 00:10:10,280 --> 00:10:13,760 Speaker 1: time when virtually every government had an official religion, and 167 00:10:13,960 --> 00:10:16,680 Speaker 1: for example, the British, for a very long period of 168 00:10:16,679 --> 00:10:21,760 Speaker 1: time persecuted priests because they represented an alien Catholic religion 169 00:10:21,800 --> 00:10:24,920 Speaker 1: based in Rome, and they did not represent the Church 170 00:10:24,960 --> 00:10:29,400 Speaker 1: of England. Conversely, there were Catholic countries which would prosecute 171 00:10:29,880 --> 00:10:34,679 Speaker 1: Protestants because they weren't obedient to the dominant religion. So 172 00:10:34,760 --> 00:10:38,680 Speaker 1: this whole notion that your conscience, not the government's rules, 173 00:10:39,040 --> 00:10:42,760 Speaker 1: are what will define religion, was an enormous breakthrough and 174 00:10:42,840 --> 00:10:47,520 Speaker 1: a great expansion of human freedom. Now, Madison kept working 175 00:10:47,559 --> 00:10:49,800 Speaker 1: on how do we get to a strong enough government, 176 00:10:50,160 --> 00:10:53,760 Speaker 1: and in preparation for the seventeen eighty seven Constitutional Convention, 177 00:10:54,320 --> 00:10:57,200 Speaker 1: Madison drafted what would later be known as the Virginia Plan. 178 00:10:57,880 --> 00:11:01,760 Speaker 1: He spent thirty six months about that three years in 179 00:11:01,800 --> 00:11:06,040 Speaker 1: the library studying political philosophy and past attempts at forming government. 180 00:11:06,720 --> 00:11:10,559 Speaker 1: The Virginia Plan outlined a government consisting of three branches 181 00:11:11,040 --> 00:11:13,840 Speaker 1: with checks and balances. This was really based on the 182 00:11:13,880 --> 00:11:17,720 Speaker 1: work of a French theoretician, Montesquieu, whould come up with 183 00:11:17,760 --> 00:11:21,960 Speaker 1: this notion that you could maximize freedom by balancing power 184 00:11:22,280 --> 00:11:25,360 Speaker 1: between three different elements. If I could quote from the 185 00:11:25,440 --> 00:11:29,200 Speaker 1: time quote resolved that his depinion of this committee that 186 00:11:29,320 --> 00:11:32,719 Speaker 1: a national government ought to be established consisting of a 187 00:11:32,760 --> 00:11:38,840 Speaker 1: supreme legislative, judiciary, and executive. And of course those are 188 00:11:38,880 --> 00:11:41,959 Speaker 1: the building blocks of the US Constitution. And we today 189 00:11:42,760 --> 00:11:47,640 Speaker 1: work within the framework that Madison had defined. He's often 190 00:11:47,840 --> 00:11:50,160 Speaker 1: referred to as the father of the Constitution, but he 191 00:11:50,280 --> 00:11:52,840 Speaker 1: argued it was a team effort, writing in a letter 192 00:11:52,880 --> 00:11:56,559 Speaker 1: to William Cogswell on March tenth, eighteen thirty four, quote, 193 00:11:56,800 --> 00:11:58,400 Speaker 1: you give me a credit to which I have no 194 00:11:58,480 --> 00:12:01,160 Speaker 1: claim in calling me the of the Constitution of the 195 00:12:01,240 --> 00:12:05,320 Speaker 1: United States. This was not like the fabled Goddess of Wisdom, 196 00:12:05,679 --> 00:12:08,160 Speaker 1: the offspring of a single brain. It ought to be 197 00:12:08,200 --> 00:12:11,079 Speaker 1: regarded as the work of many heads and many hands. 198 00:12:12,120 --> 00:12:15,520 Speaker 1: Now that sense, I think was sincere In Madison's part, 199 00:12:15,559 --> 00:12:19,760 Speaker 1: he realized something we sometimes forget in the egocentric Washington 200 00:12:19,800 --> 00:12:23,360 Speaker 1: of today, that it takes teams for a free society 201 00:12:23,400 --> 00:12:26,880 Speaker 1: to govern itself. It takes teams to get things done. 202 00:12:27,080 --> 00:12:29,360 Speaker 1: And Ronald Reagan used to have a little sign on 203 00:12:29,440 --> 00:12:31,839 Speaker 1: his desk that said, it's amazing which you can get 204 00:12:31,840 --> 00:12:34,080 Speaker 1: done if you don't mind who gets the credit. I 205 00:12:34,120 --> 00:12:54,520 Speaker 1: think Madison thoroughly understood that principle. Once the Constitution was 206 00:12:54,559 --> 00:12:58,840 Speaker 1: presented to the States for ratification, Madison, along with Jefferson 207 00:12:58,840 --> 00:13:02,720 Speaker 1: and Jay, published a series of newspaper essays, and Madison, 208 00:13:02,840 --> 00:13:06,839 Speaker 1: Jay and Hamilton wrote the Federalist Papers, writing under the 209 00:13:06,840 --> 00:13:11,640 Speaker 1: pseudonym Publius. Madison authored twenty nine of the essays, published 210 00:13:11,640 --> 00:13:15,240 Speaker 1: between October seventeen eighty seven and May seventeen eighty eight. 211 00:13:15,880 --> 00:13:19,240 Speaker 1: In his twenty nine essays, Madison argued the case for 212 00:13:19,280 --> 00:13:23,479 Speaker 1: a strong central government with checks and balances. No one emphasizes. 213 00:13:24,200 --> 00:13:28,640 Speaker 1: The founding fathers were as concerned about government being too 214 00:13:28,760 --> 00:13:32,400 Speaker 1: powerful as they were concerned about government being too weak, 215 00:13:32,840 --> 00:13:35,600 Speaker 1: and they wanted to protect you from the very government 216 00:13:35,840 --> 00:13:38,280 Speaker 1: that they had set up to protect the nation. In 217 00:13:38,320 --> 00:13:41,320 Speaker 1: Federalist Paper number fifty one, Madison wrote, and this is 218 00:13:41,360 --> 00:13:45,280 Speaker 1: the very famous quote, if men were angels, no government 219 00:13:45,320 --> 00:13:48,679 Speaker 1: would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither 220 00:13:48,760 --> 00:13:52,360 Speaker 1: external nor internal controls in government would be necessary. In 221 00:13:52,440 --> 00:13:55,040 Speaker 1: framing a government which is to be administered by men 222 00:13:55,520 --> 00:13:59,640 Speaker 1: over men, the great difficulty lies in this. You must 223 00:13:59,720 --> 00:14:02,720 Speaker 1: first to enable the government to control the government, and 224 00:14:02,760 --> 00:14:06,080 Speaker 1: in the next place, oblige it to control itself. Close quote. 225 00:14:06,320 --> 00:14:09,240 Speaker 1: And I would argue that that is the central crisis 226 00:14:09,240 --> 00:14:11,840 Speaker 1: of the American system today. There is none of the 227 00:14:11,880 --> 00:14:15,640 Speaker 1: sense of balance that Madison and Jefferson believed in so deeply. 228 00:14:16,559 --> 00:14:20,120 Speaker 1: After the ratification of the Constitution, Madison attempted to run 229 00:14:20,160 --> 00:14:23,120 Speaker 1: for the Senate, but Patrick Henry, who had been opposed 230 00:14:23,160 --> 00:14:27,200 Speaker 1: to the Constitution and wanted a strong Virginia, successfully worked 231 00:14:27,200 --> 00:14:30,760 Speaker 1: against him. Instead, Madison won the election to the US 232 00:14:30,760 --> 00:14:35,320 Speaker 1: House of Representatives in seventeen eighty nine, ironically over James Monroe, 233 00:14:35,320 --> 00:14:39,800 Speaker 1: who later on to become president following Madison. Madison served 234 00:14:39,840 --> 00:14:42,600 Speaker 1: in the US House until seventeen ninety seven, at a 235 00:14:42,640 --> 00:14:46,840 Speaker 1: time of enormous initial creation of all the principles of 236 00:14:46,840 --> 00:14:51,120 Speaker 1: the House. So he's there as somebody very widely respected, 237 00:14:51,400 --> 00:14:55,040 Speaker 1: very well known, and at first he doesn't want a 238 00:14:55,080 --> 00:14:57,800 Speaker 1: bill of rights. He argues that quote, the government can 239 00:14:57,840 --> 00:15:02,840 Speaker 1: only exert the power specified by the Institution. But his 240 00:15:02,960 --> 00:15:06,360 Speaker 1: friend Jefferson was adamantly in favor of a bill of rights, 241 00:15:06,360 --> 00:15:09,240 Speaker 1: thought the Constitution was too strong and would become a 242 00:15:09,360 --> 00:15:14,280 Speaker 1: danger to freedom. Jefferson's view was spreading throughout the States, 243 00:15:14,640 --> 00:15:16,640 Speaker 1: and there was a real danger that the Constitution could 244 00:15:16,680 --> 00:15:20,600 Speaker 1: only be ratified with a bill of rights. So Madison, 245 00:15:20,640 --> 00:15:24,800 Speaker 1: accepting reality, compiles a list of nineteen proposals out of 246 00:15:24,920 --> 00:15:28,720 Speaker 1: hundreds of suggestions they got from the state's ratification debates. 247 00:15:29,120 --> 00:15:32,520 Speaker 1: In his notes for speech in Congress, written around June 248 00:15:32,640 --> 00:15:36,800 Speaker 1: seventeen eighty nine, Madison outlined his reasons for urging the amendments. 249 00:15:37,040 --> 00:15:40,080 Speaker 1: These included first to prove that federalists are the friends 250 00:15:40,080 --> 00:15:45,280 Speaker 1: to liberty, Second to remove any remaining worries, Third to 251 00:15:45,360 --> 00:15:48,520 Speaker 1: bring in North Carolina and Rhode Island, and fourth to 252 00:15:48,600 --> 00:15:53,320 Speaker 1: improve the constitution. Notice the practicality, it's North Carolina and 253 00:15:53,400 --> 00:15:56,200 Speaker 1: Rhode Island that won't come in. Therefore you have to 254 00:15:56,400 --> 00:15:59,800 Speaker 1: have some kind of compromise. In these notes, Madison wrote 255 00:15:59,800 --> 00:16:03,520 Speaker 1: that the Bill of Rights was useful, not essential, and 256 00:16:03,520 --> 00:16:06,600 Speaker 1: that's because he actually thought the Constitution that he had 257 00:16:06,640 --> 00:16:11,320 Speaker 1: helped draft already limited government. But people like Jefferson wanted 258 00:16:11,320 --> 00:16:14,920 Speaker 1: a little extra guarantee, if you will, that even a 259 00:16:14,960 --> 00:16:17,880 Speaker 1: bad government would be restricted. And most of the time 260 00:16:18,360 --> 00:16:20,920 Speaker 1: the Supreme Court has interpreted the Bill of Rights to 261 00:16:21,040 --> 00:16:23,440 Speaker 1: in fact restrict government. The Bill of Rights was the 262 00:16:23,560 --> 00:16:26,440 Speaker 1: rights of individuals against government. Something we tend to forget 263 00:16:26,800 --> 00:16:29,200 Speaker 1: that our founding fathers were as much afraid of strong 264 00:16:29,280 --> 00:16:32,000 Speaker 1: central government as they felt the need to have the 265 00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:36,200 Speaker 1: government strong enough to defend us from foreigners. The Congress 266 00:16:36,280 --> 00:16:39,680 Speaker 1: looked at the nineteen proposals ultimately adopted twelve of them 267 00:16:39,680 --> 00:16:43,880 Speaker 1: as amendments. On October second, seventeen eighty nine, President George 268 00:16:43,880 --> 00:16:46,880 Speaker 1: Washington sent copies of these twelve amendments to states, and 269 00:16:46,920 --> 00:16:50,160 Speaker 1: by December fifteenth, seventeen ninety one, three fourths the states 270 00:16:50,200 --> 00:16:52,600 Speaker 1: who ratified ten of them, and they became what we 271 00:16:52,760 --> 00:16:56,200 Speaker 1: call the Bill of Rights. While in the House Representatives, 272 00:16:56,320 --> 00:17:00,600 Speaker 1: Madison worked with President Washington and Thomas Jefferson. Seventeen ninety 273 00:17:00,600 --> 00:17:04,360 Speaker 1: one and seventeen ninety two, Madison disagreed with Secuary Treasury 274 00:17:04,359 --> 00:17:08,520 Speaker 1: Hamilton's proposal to establish a national bank. He further broke 275 00:17:08,560 --> 00:17:11,320 Speaker 1: with the Federalist Party over the support of Great Britain 276 00:17:11,640 --> 00:17:13,920 Speaker 1: during its war with France. Remember we'd just been fighting 277 00:17:13,920 --> 00:17:17,080 Speaker 1: with Britain a decade earlier for our freedom, and here 278 00:17:17,119 --> 00:17:22,160 Speaker 1: we were now siding with Britain against the French Revolution. Madison, 279 00:17:22,240 --> 00:17:26,600 Speaker 1: with Jefferson and some anti Federalists, founded the Democratic Republican Party. 280 00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:30,879 Speaker 1: Madison spoke often on the idea of political parties. In 281 00:17:30,920 --> 00:17:33,240 Speaker 1: a speech to the Constitutional Convention on the Right of 282 00:17:33,280 --> 00:17:37,400 Speaker 1: Suffrage in August seventeen eighty seventy, said quote, no free 283 00:17:37,440 --> 00:17:40,400 Speaker 1: country has ever been without parties, which are a natural 284 00:17:40,440 --> 00:17:44,720 Speaker 1: offspring of freedom. A generation later, In a June twenty fifth, 285 00:17:44,760 --> 00:17:47,680 Speaker 1: eighteen twenty four letter to Henry Lee, he wrote, quote, 286 00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:52,879 Speaker 1: the Constitution itself, whether written or prescriptive, influenced as his 287 00:17:53,040 --> 00:17:57,199 Speaker 1: exposition and administration will be by those causes, must be 288 00:17:57,240 --> 00:18:01,600 Speaker 1: an unfailing source of party distinctions, and the very peculiarity 289 00:18:01,920 --> 00:18:04,520 Speaker 1: which gives pre eminent value to that of the United States. 290 00:18:04,960 --> 00:18:08,960 Speaker 1: The partition of power between different governments, as well as 291 00:18:08,960 --> 00:18:12,560 Speaker 1: between different departments of government opens a new door for 292 00:18:12,680 --> 00:18:17,040 Speaker 1: controversies and parties. So Madison understands the reality that in 293 00:18:17,080 --> 00:18:20,919 Speaker 1: a free society people will organize themselves into parties, and 294 00:18:21,040 --> 00:18:24,680 Speaker 1: his study of political systems over the ages had convinced 295 00:18:24,720 --> 00:18:27,720 Speaker 1: him that it was almost a natural evolution, something which 296 00:18:27,840 --> 00:18:31,440 Speaker 1: Washington wished would not have happened, but in fact Madison 297 00:18:31,520 --> 00:18:35,800 Speaker 1: knew it would inevitably happen. In seventeen ninety nine, Madison 298 00:18:35,880 --> 00:18:38,920 Speaker 1: returned to the Virginia House of Delegates, where he campaigned 299 00:18:38,920 --> 00:18:41,520 Speaker 1: for Thomas Jefferson to be the third President of the 300 00:18:41,600 --> 00:18:45,040 Speaker 1: United States, and when Jefferson won, Madison became Secretary of 301 00:18:45,040 --> 00:18:47,600 Speaker 1: State and stayed there until his own election to the 302 00:18:47,640 --> 00:18:52,119 Speaker 1: presidency in eighteen oh eight. As Secretary of state. Madison 303 00:18:52,160 --> 00:18:56,120 Speaker 1: helped to persuade Congress to ratify and fund the Louisiana Purchase, 304 00:18:56,560 --> 00:18:58,919 Speaker 1: which doubled the size of the country. Look at a 305 00:18:58,960 --> 00:19:02,280 Speaker 1: map sometime and realized that when the French decided they 306 00:19:02,320 --> 00:19:06,040 Speaker 1: couldn't defend their control of what had been Spanish territory 307 00:19:06,280 --> 00:19:08,760 Speaker 1: starting with New Orleans, and that they would sell the 308 00:19:08,840 --> 00:19:12,640 Speaker 1: United States the Mississippi and all of its tributaries, which 309 00:19:12,640 --> 00:19:16,919 Speaker 1: includes the Missouri. They were literally for fifteen million dollars, 310 00:19:17,680 --> 00:19:22,119 Speaker 1: giving up half of a continent, and it's an enormous moment, 311 00:19:22,880 --> 00:19:25,159 Speaker 1: and Madison as only the people who convinced Congress to 312 00:19:25,200 --> 00:19:28,080 Speaker 1: pay for it. And a July twenty ninth, eighteen oh 313 00:19:28,119 --> 00:19:31,000 Speaker 1: three letter to Robert Livingston, Madison wrote, it will be 314 00:19:31,040 --> 00:19:34,320 Speaker 1: of great importance to take the regulation and settlement of 315 00:19:34,359 --> 00:19:37,160 Speaker 1: that territory out of other hands into those the United 316 00:19:37,200 --> 00:19:39,679 Speaker 1: States will be able to manage, both for the general 317 00:19:39,720 --> 00:19:44,080 Speaker 1: interest and conveniency. Despite their efforts, Jefferson and Madison could 318 00:19:44,119 --> 00:19:47,640 Speaker 1: not convince the Spanish to sell West Florida. Had they 319 00:19:47,720 --> 00:19:51,679 Speaker 1: not bought the Louisiana purchase, and had either the French 320 00:19:51,760 --> 00:19:54,119 Speaker 1: or the Spanish or some other country maintained it the 321 00:19:54,200 --> 00:19:57,880 Speaker 1: United States would have been truncated, stopping at the Mississippi River. 322 00:19:58,520 --> 00:20:01,119 Speaker 1: That's how big a decision was. As it is, they 323 00:20:01,160 --> 00:20:20,959 Speaker 1: went all the way to the Pacific, in line with 324 00:20:20,960 --> 00:20:24,119 Speaker 1: what Washington had done. Thomas Jefferson refused to run for 325 00:20:24,160 --> 00:20:28,720 Speaker 1: a third term, endorsing Madison instead. The Federalist Party candidate 326 00:20:29,000 --> 00:20:32,679 Speaker 1: Charles Coatsworth Pinckney unsuccessfully ran for president in the election 327 00:20:32,720 --> 00:20:37,639 Speaker 1: of eighteen oh four, losing to Jefferson. Almost immediately, anti 328 00:20:37,720 --> 00:20:42,159 Speaker 1: Madison newspapers published across the country with cartoons ridiculing Madison's 329 00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:46,600 Speaker 1: small stature and Jefferson's embargo of all trade with England 330 00:20:46,600 --> 00:20:50,399 Speaker 1: and France. The Federalist Party charged that Madison supported the 331 00:20:50,400 --> 00:20:54,080 Speaker 1: embargo to build up domestic manufacturing at the expense of 332 00:20:54,160 --> 00:20:58,400 Speaker 1: foreign trade. One critic asked, why is the embargo like sickness, 333 00:20:58,840 --> 00:21:02,000 Speaker 1: because it weakens us. It was not just a Federalist 334 00:21:02,000 --> 00:21:04,879 Speaker 1: Party that was against Madison. A small group of Democratic 335 00:21:04,920 --> 00:21:08,239 Speaker 1: Republicans were also against Madison as a candidate, fearing that 336 00:21:08,280 --> 00:21:12,840 Speaker 1: Madison's quiet nature meant he was a Hamiltonian Federalist in disguise. 337 00:21:13,640 --> 00:21:16,600 Speaker 1: Jefferson stood up for his friend and convinced some members 338 00:21:16,600 --> 00:21:20,520 Speaker 1: of the Democratic Republican Party to vote for Madison. George Clinton, 339 00:21:20,840 --> 00:21:24,880 Speaker 1: Jefferson's vice president, was among these, and he, after accepting 340 00:21:24,880 --> 00:21:29,000 Speaker 1: the vice presidential nomination with Madison, announced his own candidacy 341 00:21:29,040 --> 00:21:33,000 Speaker 1: for president. But Madison won by a landslide of one 342 00:21:33,040 --> 00:21:36,720 Speaker 1: hundred and twenty two electoral votes against Pinckney's forty seven. 343 00:21:37,080 --> 00:21:40,200 Speaker 1: Clinton managed to squeeze six electoral votes from his home state. 344 00:21:41,040 --> 00:21:45,280 Speaker 1: Madison carried twelve states to Pinckney's five, which means, of course, 345 00:21:45,680 --> 00:21:49,000 Speaker 1: four of the first five presidents were in fact from 346 00:21:49,000 --> 00:21:53,280 Speaker 1: the state of Virginia. After Madison was elected, but before 347 00:21:53,359 --> 00:21:57,320 Speaker 1: Jefferson left office, Congress passed the Non Intercourse Act of 348 00:21:57,320 --> 00:22:01,520 Speaker 1: eighteen oh nine, replacing Jeffersons in bars Ago. This allowed 349 00:22:01,520 --> 00:22:06,040 Speaker 1: world trade except for Britain and France to resume. The 350 00:22:06,080 --> 00:22:08,800 Speaker 1: bill also said that if England and France removed their 351 00:22:08,800 --> 00:22:12,960 Speaker 1: trade restrictions, the president could resume trade. However, when neither 352 00:22:13,080 --> 00:22:17,399 Speaker 1: country responded to the request to remove restrictions, Congress passed 353 00:22:17,400 --> 00:22:20,679 Speaker 1: Mason's Bill number two, a bill that removed their trade 354 00:22:20,760 --> 00:22:23,800 Speaker 1: restrictions for three months, stating that just one of them 355 00:22:23,840 --> 00:22:27,959 Speaker 1: removed their restrictions in American trade by March three, eighteen eleven, 356 00:22:28,080 --> 00:22:31,199 Speaker 1: and the other one failed to do so within three months, 357 00:22:31,400 --> 00:22:35,080 Speaker 1: the president would reinstate the restrictions on the other country. 358 00:22:35,359 --> 00:22:39,320 Speaker 1: France decided to remove their restrictions through the Cadore Letter 359 00:22:39,640 --> 00:22:44,000 Speaker 1: of August eighteen ten, leading Madison to implement Macon's Bill 360 00:22:44,080 --> 00:22:47,399 Speaker 1: number two and two stages, first in November of eighteen 361 00:22:47,480 --> 00:22:51,520 Speaker 1: ten and then in March eighteen eleven. The British insisted 362 00:22:51,520 --> 00:22:55,560 Speaker 1: that American ships would continue to be seized until France 363 00:22:55,600 --> 00:22:59,480 Speaker 1: lifted their restriction on British trade, thus treating US exports 364 00:22:59,640 --> 00:23:03,679 Speaker 1: as part of their war strategy. Congress responded by voting 365 00:23:03,680 --> 00:23:07,840 Speaker 1: for military preparations and in April eighteen twelve a ninety 366 00:23:07,920 --> 00:23:11,840 Speaker 1: day embargo. Madison came before Congress with his list of 367 00:23:11,880 --> 00:23:15,639 Speaker 1: complaints against the British, including the arming of Indians and 368 00:23:15,720 --> 00:23:20,040 Speaker 1: trade restrictions. The House voted for war on June fourth, 369 00:23:20,119 --> 00:23:23,600 Speaker 1: eighteen twelve. However, the Senate debated for more than two 370 00:23:23,640 --> 00:23:27,199 Speaker 1: weeks and would not vote for war until June seventeenth. 371 00:23:27,960 --> 00:23:31,000 Speaker 1: For Madison, this issue of war provided the opportunity to 372 00:23:31,040 --> 00:23:34,760 Speaker 1: seize Canada and drive the Spanish from West Florida, which 373 00:23:34,800 --> 00:23:39,520 Speaker 1: they unsuccessfully tried to obtain. During the Jefferson administration, Madison 374 00:23:39,560 --> 00:23:42,600 Speaker 1: and the pro War members wanted a land invasion of Canada. 375 00:23:43,040 --> 00:23:46,399 Speaker 1: Their plan was to separate Upper Canada around modern day 376 00:23:46,440 --> 00:23:50,280 Speaker 1: Ontario from the northwest part, cutting off the pro British 377 00:23:50,359 --> 00:23:54,400 Speaker 1: Indian tribes from British colonies which supported them. This plan 378 00:23:54,600 --> 00:23:58,040 Speaker 1: ended in a disaster, and by the fall of eighteen twelve, 379 00:23:58,200 --> 00:24:02,120 Speaker 1: one American force surrendered it Detroit, another was defeated near 380 00:24:02,200 --> 00:24:05,280 Speaker 1: Niagara Falls, and a third never made it across the 381 00:24:05,359 --> 00:24:08,480 Speaker 1: Niagara River. In just a few months, much of the 382 00:24:08,520 --> 00:24:11,359 Speaker 1: Northwest Territory fell to British forces. In the spring of 383 00:24:11,400 --> 00:24:16,119 Speaker 1: eighteen thirteen, things were looking up when commodore Oliver Hazard 384 00:24:16,200 --> 00:24:20,159 Speaker 1: Perry defeated a British fleet on the southwestern tip of 385 00:24:20,280 --> 00:24:23,439 Speaker 1: Lake Erie, followed by a sacking of the Canadian capital 386 00:24:23,480 --> 00:24:26,800 Speaker 1: of York, which is the present day Toronto. This allowed 387 00:24:26,800 --> 00:24:30,000 Speaker 1: for Madison to send a force commanded by future President 388 00:24:30,320 --> 00:24:33,640 Speaker 1: William Henry Harrison, against the Native American leader to Cumsa 389 00:24:34,080 --> 00:24:37,080 Speaker 1: at the Battle of the Thames in western Ontario. They 390 00:24:37,160 --> 00:24:40,199 Speaker 1: beat the Indians badly, and of course that set the 391 00:24:40,200 --> 00:24:44,600 Speaker 1: stage for Harrison to become a hero and eventually president. However, 392 00:24:45,000 --> 00:24:47,399 Speaker 1: things went back against the United States in late spring 393 00:24:47,400 --> 00:24:51,119 Speaker 1: eighteen fourteen as the British, who had now defeated Napoleon, 394 00:24:51,480 --> 00:24:55,360 Speaker 1: shifted their resources against the Americans and went on the offensive. 395 00:24:55,960 --> 00:24:59,439 Speaker 1: British troops raided American ports from Georgia to Maine, and 396 00:24:59,480 --> 00:25:02,240 Speaker 1: they occupy I had half of Maine. British troops then 397 00:25:02,280 --> 00:25:07,040 Speaker 1: targeted the nation's capitol in Washington, DC. The American government fell, 398 00:25:07,400 --> 00:25:10,400 Speaker 1: with British troops torching the White House and many other 399 00:25:10,440 --> 00:25:14,680 Speaker 1: federal buildings in retaliation for burning the Canadian Parliament buildings 400 00:25:14,720 --> 00:25:17,840 Speaker 1: the year earlier. In fact, in my entire congressional career, 401 00:25:18,119 --> 00:25:22,400 Speaker 1: I kept going up and down a very curvy stone stairway, 402 00:25:22,840 --> 00:25:25,119 Speaker 1: which is called the British stairway, because that's what they 403 00:25:25,200 --> 00:25:28,120 Speaker 1: ran up with the torches in order to burn down 404 00:25:28,119 --> 00:25:31,719 Speaker 1: the Capitol. The British were stalled in Baltimore. They were 405 00:25:31,760 --> 00:25:35,359 Speaker 1: unable to get past Fort McHenry, And actually it was 406 00:25:35,400 --> 00:25:39,160 Speaker 1: a great ironic moment. They had taken Francis Scott Key 407 00:25:39,600 --> 00:25:43,440 Speaker 1: on board the British ship and were holding him because 408 00:25:43,480 --> 00:25:45,239 Speaker 1: they thought he knew some secrets and they didn't want 409 00:25:45,280 --> 00:25:47,439 Speaker 1: him to reveal them in terms of whether the British 410 00:25:47,440 --> 00:25:50,880 Speaker 1: were going to land. So he's watching the night long 411 00:25:51,000 --> 00:25:54,600 Speaker 1: battle in which the British tried to bombard Fort McHenry 412 00:25:54,600 --> 00:25:58,760 Speaker 1: and force it to surrender. Francis Scott Key writes a poem, 413 00:25:59,400 --> 00:26:03,480 Speaker 1: the Stars Bangled Banner. It's attached to a British drinking 414 00:26:03,560 --> 00:26:06,879 Speaker 1: song and becomes the national anthem. But it's based on 415 00:26:06,920 --> 00:26:10,080 Speaker 1: real history, which is this night where he really could 416 00:26:10,119 --> 00:26:14,280 Speaker 1: see the star Spangled banner still waving despite all the 417 00:26:14,280 --> 00:26:17,720 Speaker 1: effort of the British bombardment. However, the British then turned 418 00:26:17,720 --> 00:26:20,080 Speaker 1: their sights to New Orleans and wanted to use that 419 00:26:20,160 --> 00:26:22,439 Speaker 1: city in the coming peace negotiations. They thought if they 420 00:26:22,480 --> 00:26:25,280 Speaker 1: could seize New Orleans, they would give them a bargaining chip. 421 00:26:25,920 --> 00:26:28,960 Speaker 1: About six thousand British soldiers moved against the city. These 422 00:26:28,960 --> 00:26:32,639 Speaker 1: were professional soldiers who had done very well in the 423 00:26:32,640 --> 00:26:36,320 Speaker 1: Peninsula campaign, had stood up against the French army. By 424 00:26:36,359 --> 00:26:39,680 Speaker 1: any reasonable projection, they were going to win. New Orleans 425 00:26:39,800 --> 00:26:44,400 Speaker 1: was protected by four thousand American soldiers commanded by Andrew Jackson, 426 00:26:44,840 --> 00:26:49,480 Speaker 1: and with New Orleans citizens rallying to the cause. Now, 427 00:26:49,800 --> 00:26:52,080 Speaker 1: this was one of those cases where the British didn't 428 00:26:52,160 --> 00:26:56,760 Speaker 1: understand that Americans had lived a lifetime with rifles. Because 429 00:26:56,760 --> 00:27:00,639 Speaker 1: the Americans almost universally had been involved in hunting, and 430 00:27:00,680 --> 00:27:03,320 Speaker 1: because they had rifles which fired much longer than muskets, 431 00:27:03,760 --> 00:27:08,000 Speaker 1: and because they were basically protecting themselves behind cotton bales, 432 00:27:08,560 --> 00:27:11,000 Speaker 1: the British were just going to get slaughtered, and they 433 00:27:11,000 --> 00:27:13,200 Speaker 1: didn't get it. As something they would never have done 434 00:27:13,200 --> 00:27:16,320 Speaker 1: against Napoleon. They charged across the field because they had 435 00:27:16,320 --> 00:27:19,880 Speaker 1: contempt for the Americans. Of the six thousand British soldiers, 436 00:27:20,240 --> 00:27:24,160 Speaker 1: about two thousand died within a few minutes. The remaining 437 00:27:24,160 --> 00:27:28,240 Speaker 1: British soldiers were demoralized, threw down their weapons and surrendered immediately. 438 00:27:28,920 --> 00:27:33,240 Speaker 1: For two thousand British dead, about seventy Americans died. However, 439 00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:37,479 Speaker 1: the peace treaty had already been made about two weeks earlier, 440 00:27:37,480 --> 00:27:41,200 Speaker 1: but because of communications, nobody knew it, so what happened 441 00:27:41,280 --> 00:27:45,000 Speaker 1: was in an unnecessary battle. The British were both defeated 442 00:27:45,040 --> 00:27:47,879 Speaker 1: and lost a number of very fine soldiers. The Americans 443 00:27:47,880 --> 00:27:51,240 Speaker 1: won a great victory, and frankly, from the standpoint of 444 00:27:51,280 --> 00:27:54,680 Speaker 1: American history, it is winning in New Orleans that launches 445 00:27:54,720 --> 00:27:58,040 Speaker 1: Andrew Jackson into a career which becomes one of the 446 00:27:58,119 --> 00:28:00,320 Speaker 1: most powerful in the first half of the night eighteenth 447 00:28:00,400 --> 00:28:04,200 Speaker 1: century at changing America and creating a more populous nation. 448 00:28:05,280 --> 00:28:08,840 Speaker 1: While the war ultimately failed, the few victories did return 449 00:28:08,880 --> 00:28:11,520 Speaker 1: Madison to a high point of popularity around the country. 450 00:28:11,920 --> 00:28:15,359 Speaker 1: Throughout the war, many New England merchants ignored trade embargoes, 451 00:28:15,600 --> 00:28:18,600 Speaker 1: traded freely with both France and Britain during the War 452 00:28:18,640 --> 00:28:22,080 Speaker 1: of eighteen twelve, and some Federalists talked about seceding from 453 00:28:22,080 --> 00:28:24,880 Speaker 1: the Union. As far as they were concerned, their future 454 00:28:25,000 --> 00:28:27,600 Speaker 1: was in the Atlantic Ocean, dealing with the British, not 455 00:28:27,720 --> 00:28:31,920 Speaker 1: dealing with Washington, d c. And Virginians. However, the Federalists 456 00:28:32,040 --> 00:28:37,240 Speaker 1: ultimately understood that the country was going to survive, and 457 00:28:37,800 --> 00:28:40,800 Speaker 1: many Americans came to the conclusion that the Federalists were 458 00:28:40,840 --> 00:28:43,920 Speaker 1: sort of traders or unpatriotic. There was already a party 459 00:28:43,920 --> 00:28:46,400 Speaker 1: that had been weakened by Jefferson and Madison, and it 460 00:28:46,480 --> 00:28:51,680 Speaker 1: collapsed after this effort to talk about secession. During Madison's 461 00:28:51,720 --> 00:28:55,160 Speaker 1: presidency of the War of eighteen twelve, international affairs took 462 00:28:55,200 --> 00:28:57,640 Speaker 1: up a lot of his time, but the one domestic 463 00:28:57,680 --> 00:29:00,400 Speaker 1: issue of the country dealt with was the reach chartering 464 00:29:00,440 --> 00:29:02,640 Speaker 1: of the Bank of the United States, whose charter was 465 00:29:02,680 --> 00:29:05,400 Speaker 1: set to expire in eighteen twelve. Remember, the charter of 466 00:29:05,440 --> 00:29:09,440 Speaker 1: the original bank had been Alexander Hamilton's great effort to 467 00:29:09,480 --> 00:29:13,360 Speaker 1: create a national financial system that would enable the economy 468 00:29:13,400 --> 00:29:16,520 Speaker 1: to grow. Now, the rechartering of the bank had three 469 00:29:16,520 --> 00:29:20,560 Speaker 1: different camps in Congress, Democratic Republicans who thought the bank 470 00:29:20,640 --> 00:29:24,440 Speaker 1: was unconstitutional, state backing interests that were tired of having 471 00:29:24,480 --> 00:29:28,320 Speaker 1: a federal bank, an anti British federalist who objected to 472 00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:31,600 Speaker 1: stock in the bank held by Britains. So the War 473 00:29:31,640 --> 00:29:34,920 Speaker 1: of eighteen twelve started without a national bank that could 474 00:29:34,960 --> 00:29:39,640 Speaker 1: support war loans. In eighteen sixteen, with Madison's support, which 475 00:29:39,680 --> 00:29:42,920 Speaker 1: was a switch from his opposition against Hamilton the generation earlier, 476 00:29:43,280 --> 00:29:46,440 Speaker 1: the second bank was chartered with a twenty year term. 477 00:29:46,880 --> 00:29:49,680 Speaker 1: Critics of Madison claimed that his support of a national 478 00:29:49,720 --> 00:29:52,800 Speaker 1: bank revealed he was really a federalist. And it's interesting 479 00:29:53,120 --> 00:29:57,040 Speaker 1: that Madison, I think partly because of his style, being quiet, 480 00:29:57,440 --> 00:30:01,240 Speaker 1: being studious, being intellectual, he didn't feel like the kind 481 00:30:01,240 --> 00:30:05,480 Speaker 1: of populist the Jefferson and the Jeffersonians were the most comfortable, 482 00:30:05,560 --> 00:30:08,320 Speaker 1: but in fact he was probably their best thinker as 483 00:30:08,320 --> 00:30:12,760 Speaker 1: a Jeffersonian. Madison's nomination for a second term came fifteen 484 00:30:12,880 --> 00:30:15,760 Speaker 1: days before the announcement of the War of eighteen twelve. 485 00:30:16,280 --> 00:30:19,640 Speaker 1: Madison won the endorsement of Congress, but about one third 486 00:30:19,760 --> 00:30:24,240 Speaker 1: of the Democratic Republican legislators boycotted the nominating caucus altogether. 487 00:30:24,720 --> 00:30:29,600 Speaker 1: For second place, the caucus chose John Langdon of New Hampshire. However, 488 00:30:29,920 --> 00:30:34,040 Speaker 1: Langdon declined, and they then chose Eldridge Gary, a signer 489 00:30:34,040 --> 00:30:37,440 Speaker 1: of the Declaration Independence. Remember it is Elbridge Gary who 490 00:30:37,480 --> 00:30:41,440 Speaker 1: ultimately draws a map in eighteen twelve in Massachusetts, which 491 00:30:41,480 --> 00:30:45,760 Speaker 1: had a congressional district that looked really weird, and somebody said, 492 00:30:45,800 --> 00:30:48,400 Speaker 1: that looks like a salamander, and somebody said, no, no, 493 00:30:48,760 --> 00:30:52,400 Speaker 1: that's a jerrymander. And that's where the term jerrymander comes from. 494 00:30:52,880 --> 00:30:55,920 Speaker 1: A group of New York Democratic Republicans who participated in 495 00:30:55,920 --> 00:30:59,600 Speaker 1: the boycott supported DeWitt Clinton, the nephew of former Vice 496 00:30:59,640 --> 00:31:03,360 Speaker 1: President George Clinton, who had died during Madison's term. They 497 00:31:03,360 --> 00:31:06,360 Speaker 1: were hoping to form a coalition opposed to Madison for 498 00:31:06,440 --> 00:31:09,840 Speaker 1: not moving decisively towards war, and American citizens who wanted 499 00:31:09,840 --> 00:31:13,960 Speaker 1: almost anyone in office but Madison. These Democratic Republicans met 500 00:31:13,960 --> 00:31:17,680 Speaker 1: with the Federalist Party to discuss a unification strategy, and 501 00:31:17,720 --> 00:31:21,000 Speaker 1: Clinton was nominated for president for the Federalist Party, with 502 00:31:21,080 --> 00:31:25,400 Speaker 1: Jared Ingisol for Vice President. Clinton, who onlike Madison, was 503 00:31:25,440 --> 00:31:28,520 Speaker 1: only a New York mayor and had no national claim, 504 00:31:29,040 --> 00:31:33,000 Speaker 1: chose to tailor their election against Madison, saying quote one 505 00:31:33,040 --> 00:31:38,000 Speaker 1: thing to war Democratic Republicans, another to peace Democratic Republicans, 506 00:31:38,320 --> 00:31:42,200 Speaker 1: and something else again to anti war Federalists. Their message 507 00:31:42,200 --> 00:31:46,719 Speaker 1: actually turned Federalist John Quincy Adams against his party and 508 00:31:46,840 --> 00:31:51,000 Speaker 1: he decided to endorse Madison. Madison easily won, carrying one 509 00:31:51,040 --> 00:31:54,160 Speaker 1: hundred and twenty eight electoral votes to Clinton's eighty nine. 510 00:31:54,920 --> 00:31:57,720 Speaker 1: Madison chose not to run for a third time, which 511 00:31:57,840 --> 00:32:02,120 Speaker 1: reinforced George Washington's pri and in fact, up until Franklin 512 00:32:02,160 --> 00:32:07,320 Speaker 1: del and Roosevelt, nobody would run beyond two terms. Madison 513 00:32:07,360 --> 00:32:10,640 Speaker 1: goes back home to his plantation Montelier to live out 514 00:32:10,640 --> 00:32:13,520 Speaker 1: the rest of his life. While he was retired, he 515 00:32:13,560 --> 00:32:17,160 Speaker 1: was a real strong supporter of Jefferson's University of Virginia, 516 00:32:17,240 --> 00:32:20,480 Speaker 1: serving on its board, succeeding Jefferson as head of the 517 00:32:20,560 --> 00:32:24,480 Speaker 1: University in eighteen twenty six. Three years later, Madison served 518 00:32:24,480 --> 00:32:28,400 Speaker 1: again as a delegate at the Virginia Constitutional Convention, negotiating 519 00:32:28,440 --> 00:32:33,120 Speaker 1: compromises between the large slave holding plantations and Western farmers. 520 00:32:33,560 --> 00:32:36,640 Speaker 1: While delegate, he denounced the right of states to declare 521 00:32:36,680 --> 00:32:40,000 Speaker 1: federal laws on constitutional when they went against state interest. 522 00:32:40,600 --> 00:32:43,800 Speaker 1: He was also a founding member of the American Colonization Society, 523 00:32:44,240 --> 00:32:48,080 Speaker 1: which favored the gradual abolition of slavery and resetting slaves 524 00:32:48,080 --> 00:32:51,320 Speaker 1: in free blacks back to Africa. On June twenty eight, 525 00:32:51,360 --> 00:32:55,040 Speaker 1: eighteen thirty six, after being bed bound for chronic rheumatism 526 00:32:55,120 --> 00:32:59,520 Speaker 1: and livered dysfunction for six months, Madison died. His family 527 00:32:59,560 --> 00:33:01,680 Speaker 1: hoped he would make it to the fourth of July 528 00:33:02,160 --> 00:33:04,440 Speaker 1: because he wanted him to die on that day, like 529 00:33:04,520 --> 00:33:10,120 Speaker 1: President Jefferson, President Adams, and President Monroe, all of whom 530 00:33:10,160 --> 00:33:14,600 Speaker 1: had managed to die on our national holiday. I think 531 00:33:14,600 --> 00:33:18,360 Speaker 1: it's important to recognize that Madison shapes so much of 532 00:33:18,400 --> 00:33:22,200 Speaker 1: our politics. He shapes the Constitution, he shapes the Bill 533 00:33:22,200 --> 00:33:25,120 Speaker 1: of Rights, He really shapes the way the House functions 534 00:33:25,160 --> 00:33:29,440 Speaker 1: as an institution. He is a perennial figure who, over 535 00:33:29,480 --> 00:33:33,520 Speaker 1: a period of almost forty years is decisively involved in 536 00:33:33,720 --> 00:33:36,240 Speaker 1: creating the America that we now live in, and I 537 00:33:36,280 --> 00:33:39,160 Speaker 1: think that Madison in that sense clearly is an immortal. 538 00:33:43,600 --> 00:33:46,360 Speaker 1: Thank you for listening to Founding Father's Week on Newtsworld. 539 00:33:46,760 --> 00:33:49,560 Speaker 1: You can learn more about James Madison on our show 540 00:33:49,600 --> 00:33:53,000 Speaker 1: page at newtsworld dot com. Newsworld is produced by Gingui 541 00:33:53,080 --> 00:33:57,960 Speaker 1: three sixty and iHeartMedia. Our executive producer is Guarnsey Sloan 542 00:33:58,320 --> 00:34:01,960 Speaker 1: and our researcher is Rachel Peterson. The artwork for the 543 00:34:02,000 --> 00:34:06,760 Speaker 1: show was created by Steve Penley. Special thanks the team 544 00:34:06,760 --> 00:34:10,319 Speaker 1: at Gingrich three sixty. If you've been enjoying Newtsworld, I 545 00:34:10,320 --> 00:34:13,080 Speaker 1: hope you'll go to Apple Podcast and both rate us 546 00:34:13,080 --> 00:34:16,480 Speaker 1: with five stars and give us a review so others 547 00:34:16,480 --> 00:34:19,600 Speaker 1: can learn what it's all about. Right now, listeners of 548 00:34:19,680 --> 00:34:23,480 Speaker 1: Newtsworld consign up for my three free weekly columns at 549 00:34:23,480 --> 00:34:28,360 Speaker 1: ginrichthree sixty dot com slash newsletter. I'm knew Gingrich, this 550 00:34:28,600 --> 00:34:29,360 Speaker 1: is Newtsworld