1 00:00:00,400 --> 00:00:03,120 Speaker 1: You're listening to Noble Blood, a production of I Heart 2 00:00:03,240 --> 00:00:12,720 Speaker 1: Radio and Aaron Minky. Listener discretion advised. In seventeen eighty six, 3 00:00:13,039 --> 00:00:17,080 Speaker 1: John Adams and Thomas Jefferson visited the battlefield at Fort 4 00:00:17,160 --> 00:00:21,200 Speaker 1: Royal Hill in Wooster, England. Adams was the ambassador to 5 00:00:21,239 --> 00:00:25,479 Speaker 1: Great Britain, Jefferson was negotiating trade deals with Europe, and 6 00:00:25,520 --> 00:00:28,280 Speaker 1: the two were political rivals, but they had traveled together 7 00:00:28,360 --> 00:00:31,240 Speaker 1: in order to see the place where the Royalists had 8 00:00:31,280 --> 00:00:34,800 Speaker 1: been utterly defeated by Oliver Cromwell and his army over 9 00:00:34,880 --> 00:00:39,920 Speaker 1: two centuries prior. Adams and Jefferson found the place deeply moving. 10 00:00:40,640 --> 00:00:44,400 Speaker 1: After all, like Oliver Cromwell, the pair had firsthand experience 11 00:00:44,479 --> 00:00:48,320 Speaker 1: in waging war to overthrow a monarch. But to the 12 00:00:48,400 --> 00:00:52,280 Speaker 1: shock and shame of the future presidents, Wooster locals seemed 13 00:00:52,280 --> 00:00:54,840 Speaker 1: to barely note or care at all that they lived 14 00:00:54,840 --> 00:00:58,960 Speaker 1: near the historic battle site, and so John Adams delivered 15 00:00:59,000 --> 00:01:03,560 Speaker 1: what he called an impromptu lecture to the townspeople. Do 16 00:01:03,720 --> 00:01:07,640 Speaker 1: Englishmen so soon forget the ground where liberty was fought for? 17 00:01:08,160 --> 00:01:11,399 Speaker 1: Tell your neighbors and your children that this is holy ground, 18 00:01:11,840 --> 00:01:15,520 Speaker 1: much holier than that on which your churches stand all 19 00:01:15,680 --> 00:01:19,400 Speaker 1: England should come in pilgrimage to this hill once a year. 20 00:01:20,959 --> 00:01:24,880 Speaker 1: To Adams and Jefferson, Worcester represented the place where liberty 21 00:01:24,959 --> 00:01:28,800 Speaker 1: loving Englishmen had risen up to conquer a despotic would 22 00:01:28,800 --> 00:01:32,440 Speaker 1: be king. But less than a decade after the battle, 23 00:01:32,920 --> 00:01:36,200 Speaker 1: England had welcomed Charles the Second back to their shores 24 00:01:36,640 --> 00:01:41,720 Speaker 1: with open arms, parades and celebration. He was a homecoming 25 00:01:41,800 --> 00:01:45,880 Speaker 1: son the merry monarch who became synonymous with indulging in 26 00:01:45,959 --> 00:01:50,320 Speaker 1: women and debauchery. Those familiar with Charles the Second tend 27 00:01:50,320 --> 00:01:53,840 Speaker 1: to imagine him after the restoration of the monarchy as 28 00:01:53,960 --> 00:01:57,000 Speaker 1: king in a flowing curly wig and surrounded by a 29 00:01:57,080 --> 00:02:01,200 Speaker 1: fleet of spaniels. But just after the Battle of Worcester, 30 00:02:01,600 --> 00:02:05,440 Speaker 1: he was a man on the run, haircut short and 31 00:02:05,560 --> 00:02:09,240 Speaker 1: ill fitting shoes, always just an inch ahead of certain 32 00:02:09,320 --> 00:02:13,680 Speaker 1: death at the hands of parliamentary soldiers searching for him. 33 00:02:13,760 --> 00:02:16,800 Speaker 1: Charles would spend his young life doing whatever it took 34 00:02:16,880 --> 00:02:20,359 Speaker 1: to win his crown back and avenge his father's execution, 35 00:02:21,160 --> 00:02:26,440 Speaker 1: even if it meant sacrificing religion, friends, safety, and dignity. 36 00:02:27,960 --> 00:02:30,000 Speaker 1: How much would he be willing to give up in 37 00:02:30,080 --> 00:02:34,080 Speaker 1: order to win back his birthright. For Charles the Second, 38 00:02:34,360 --> 00:02:41,560 Speaker 1: if it meant being king, the answer was everything. I'm 39 00:02:41,680 --> 00:02:51,600 Speaker 1: Danish schwartz and this is noble blood. If Charles the 40 00:02:51,639 --> 00:02:55,400 Speaker 1: Seconds father Charles the First believed in one thing, it 41 00:02:55,520 --> 00:02:59,360 Speaker 1: was the divine right of kings to rule. Charles the 42 00:02:59,360 --> 00:03:03,200 Speaker 1: First lived and breathed the notion that being king meant 43 00:03:03,320 --> 00:03:08,000 Speaker 1: power bestowed upon him by God. After all, wasn't it 44 00:03:08,040 --> 00:03:11,240 Speaker 1: God who made him king in the first place, And 45 00:03:11,320 --> 00:03:14,200 Speaker 1: that belief was one he instilled in his young son 46 00:03:14,400 --> 00:03:18,480 Speaker 1: from the very beginning. Remember, son, you were chosen by 47 00:03:18,520 --> 00:03:22,520 Speaker 1: God to rule, and your will is God's will. That 48 00:03:22,680 --> 00:03:25,640 Speaker 1: was the constant refrain for young Charles the Second in 49 00:03:25,720 --> 00:03:29,480 Speaker 1: his father's court. That, and don't become a Catholic like 50 00:03:29,560 --> 00:03:34,079 Speaker 1: your mother. Charles the Second mother, Henrietta Maria of France, 51 00:03:34,320 --> 00:03:36,960 Speaker 1: had only been given permission by the Pope to marry 52 00:03:37,000 --> 00:03:40,040 Speaker 1: the Anglican king Charles the First if she promised to 53 00:03:40,040 --> 00:03:44,840 Speaker 1: be a force for Catholicism in Europe. Most of Charles 54 00:03:44,880 --> 00:03:48,240 Speaker 1: the Second childhood was a Dylic cushioned by the luxury 55 00:03:48,280 --> 00:03:51,840 Speaker 1: of court, even if that luxury demanded certain restrictions and 56 00:03:52,000 --> 00:03:57,440 Speaker 1: ritual For eleven years his father ruled singularly until his 57 00:03:57,560 --> 00:04:01,680 Speaker 1: taxes and continual dismissal of Parlia Mint ignited a rebellion. 58 00:04:03,000 --> 00:04:06,920 Speaker 1: The parliamentarians, led by Oliver Cromwell, rose up in civil 59 00:04:07,000 --> 00:04:10,360 Speaker 1: war against King Charles the First, who they accused of 60 00:04:10,360 --> 00:04:14,680 Speaker 1: tyranny and treason. Even though he was only fourteen at 61 00:04:14,720 --> 00:04:17,560 Speaker 1: the time, Charles the Second joined his father in the 62 00:04:17,600 --> 00:04:21,000 Speaker 1: battles of the First English Civil War. Members of the 63 00:04:21,120 --> 00:04:24,599 Speaker 1: army noticed the young prince's bravery. The boy, who was 64 00:04:24,680 --> 00:04:28,680 Speaker 1: already so tall with the striking dark complexion of his 65 00:04:28,800 --> 00:04:32,480 Speaker 1: French Italian mother. He stayed with his father on the 66 00:04:32,520 --> 00:04:36,359 Speaker 1: front lines of battle on warships, refusing to retreat to 67 00:04:36,440 --> 00:04:39,920 Speaker 1: the safety of below deck, fighting a more and more 68 00:04:39,960 --> 00:04:45,800 Speaker 1: perilous war against Oliver Cromwell's new model army, until finally 69 00:04:46,120 --> 00:04:49,360 Speaker 1: everyone knew that the cause was lost and the Prince 70 00:04:49,400 --> 00:04:52,599 Speaker 1: would need to leave the country for his own safety. 71 00:04:53,360 --> 00:04:57,360 Speaker 1: The prince's mother, the Queen, had already left, sobbing and 72 00:04:57,400 --> 00:05:00,200 Speaker 1: calling out for her husband until her boat disappear here 73 00:05:00,320 --> 00:05:04,520 Speaker 1: beneath the horizon. Charles the second, younger sister and brother 74 00:05:04,640 --> 00:05:08,640 Speaker 1: were left behind, separated and hidden, but as heir to 75 00:05:08,680 --> 00:05:12,240 Speaker 1: the throne. Charles the Second represented a massive threat to 76 00:05:12,279 --> 00:05:16,600 Speaker 1: the new republic that the parliamentarians were building. His freedom 77 00:05:16,760 --> 00:05:20,839 Speaker 1: meant royalists could still rally behind him, and so they 78 00:05:20,920 --> 00:05:30,560 Speaker 1: needed him dead. Young Charles the second exile began in Jersey, 79 00:05:30,839 --> 00:05:33,520 Speaker 1: an island off the coast of France, where his host 80 00:05:33,600 --> 00:05:36,839 Speaker 1: attempted to maintain the royal pomp and ceremony that the 81 00:05:36,839 --> 00:05:39,479 Speaker 1: young prince had been accustomed to back when he was 82 00:05:39,520 --> 00:05:43,160 Speaker 1: the heir to a throne that still existed. Charles the 83 00:05:43,240 --> 00:05:47,279 Speaker 1: Second would sit alone at elaborate banquet tables every night 84 00:05:47,320 --> 00:05:51,480 Speaker 1: for dinner. Kneeling squires would offer each dish one at 85 00:05:51,480 --> 00:05:54,839 Speaker 1: a time, while another servant carved a portion of the 86 00:05:54,880 --> 00:05:57,760 Speaker 1: food to serve for the prince, and a third, on 87 00:05:57,839 --> 00:06:00,719 Speaker 1: a bended knee, offered a silver bowl for him to 88 00:06:00,800 --> 00:06:05,599 Speaker 1: rinse his hands. A cupbearer poured his wine, always tasting 89 00:06:05,640 --> 00:06:08,800 Speaker 1: it first to check for poison, and lifted a silver 90 00:06:08,920 --> 00:06:11,960 Speaker 1: basin under the Prince's chin while he drank, so a 91 00:06:12,080 --> 00:06:15,719 Speaker 1: drop would never fall and soil his fine royal clothes. 92 00:06:17,680 --> 00:06:22,000 Speaker 1: It was empty, pathetic pageantry. Charles the Second was a 93 00:06:22,080 --> 00:06:25,920 Speaker 1: prince without a nation, a teenage exile surrounded by hollow 94 00:06:26,000 --> 00:06:29,800 Speaker 1: ritual that no longer had any meaning. He had servants 95 00:06:29,800 --> 00:06:34,520 Speaker 1: but no power. After Jersey, his exile brought him to 96 00:06:34,600 --> 00:06:37,200 Speaker 1: Sicily and finally to France, where he was able to 97 00:06:37,279 --> 00:06:40,680 Speaker 1: join his mother. In France, the prince, who had battled 98 00:06:40,680 --> 00:06:44,520 Speaker 1: on warships alongside his father's army, was treated like a child. 99 00:06:45,360 --> 00:06:47,840 Speaker 1: His only income was pocket money given to him by 100 00:06:47,880 --> 00:06:52,080 Speaker 1: his mother. Although later in life Charles the Second would 101 00:06:52,080 --> 00:06:56,200 Speaker 1: be famous for his lascivious flirtations and many mistresses. As 102 00:06:56,240 --> 00:06:59,640 Speaker 1: a young man, he was gawky and awkward, especially compared 103 00:06:59,680 --> 00:07:03,120 Speaker 1: to the sophistication of the French court. There was a 104 00:07:03,160 --> 00:07:08,039 Speaker 1: princess there at court, Madame de Montpensier, titled and fabulously wealthy. 105 00:07:08,800 --> 00:07:11,680 Speaker 1: In short, she would be a strategic match, and the 106 00:07:11,760 --> 00:07:13,880 Speaker 1: two were set next to each other a feast to 107 00:07:14,000 --> 00:07:17,800 Speaker 1: see if Charles might be able to woo her. Later, 108 00:07:18,000 --> 00:07:21,360 Speaker 1: Madame de Montpensier would recount the evening back to her friend, 109 00:07:21,440 --> 00:07:26,520 Speaker 1: who shrieked and laughter. The prince humiliated himself, and Madame 110 00:07:26,520 --> 00:07:30,440 Speaker 1: de Montpensier was humiliated for him. He sat next to her, 111 00:07:30,840 --> 00:07:34,000 Speaker 1: so paralyzed with fear that he didn't utter a single 112 00:07:34,040 --> 00:07:39,080 Speaker 1: word for fifteen minutes. Not long after that banquet, Charles 113 00:07:39,080 --> 00:07:42,080 Speaker 1: the Second left France to stay with his elder sister 114 00:07:42,200 --> 00:07:45,560 Speaker 1: and her husband in the Netherlands, hoping that the Dutch 115 00:07:45,640 --> 00:07:48,000 Speaker 1: might be more willing than the French to help his 116 00:07:48,080 --> 00:07:54,960 Speaker 1: father in the fight still raging in England. But it 117 00:07:55,040 --> 00:07:59,520 Speaker 1: was too late. The former King Charles the First was 118 00:07:59,600 --> 00:08:03,960 Speaker 1: defeat did by the parliamentarians and brought into custody awaiting trial. 119 00:08:05,400 --> 00:08:07,920 Speaker 1: It would be a trial for treason, and the penalty 120 00:08:08,120 --> 00:08:13,680 Speaker 1: was death. Charles the Second went to extraordinary lengths to 121 00:08:13,800 --> 00:08:18,080 Speaker 1: try to protect his father, engaging in every flavor of diplomacy, 122 00:08:18,840 --> 00:08:23,120 Speaker 1: begging forging new allies, offering ransoms, writing to the new 123 00:08:23,160 --> 00:08:28,760 Speaker 1: parliamentarian government, and all but begging for his father's life. Finally, 124 00:08:28,840 --> 00:08:32,880 Speaker 1: he made the ultimate concession. Charles the Second sent the 125 00:08:32,960 --> 00:08:36,200 Speaker 1: new English government a blank sheet of parchment with his 126 00:08:36,280 --> 00:08:40,760 Speaker 1: signature at the bottom, a literal carte blanche, a moral 127 00:08:40,880 --> 00:08:46,560 Speaker 1: blank check. It said, I will agree to anything to 128 00:08:46,679 --> 00:08:53,240 Speaker 1: save my father Cromwell and his government ignored it. On 129 00:08:53,320 --> 00:08:56,280 Speaker 1: an icy day at the end of January, the former 130 00:08:56,360 --> 00:08:59,280 Speaker 1: King Charles the First was brought to the scaffolding for 131 00:08:59,360 --> 00:09:03,480 Speaker 1: his execute Jian he put on two shirts before he 132 00:09:03,600 --> 00:09:06,840 Speaker 1: left his prison cell so people wouldn't see him shivering 133 00:09:06,840 --> 00:09:10,640 Speaker 1: in the cold and think that he was afraid. Even 134 00:09:10,679 --> 00:09:13,600 Speaker 1: as he walked the steps to his death, Charles the 135 00:09:13,640 --> 00:09:16,960 Speaker 1: First never denounced his faith or his belief in the 136 00:09:17,040 --> 00:09:21,680 Speaker 1: divine right of kings. In his final words, Charles the 137 00:09:21,720 --> 00:09:24,600 Speaker 1: First addressed the large crowd that had assembled to bear 138 00:09:24,600 --> 00:09:28,680 Speaker 1: witness to the regicide. He called himself a martyr of 139 00:09:28,720 --> 00:09:32,280 Speaker 1: the people, and one final time he proclaimed his innocence. 140 00:09:33,360 --> 00:09:36,120 Speaker 1: But the crowd was held too far away, and Charles 141 00:09:36,160 --> 00:09:39,200 Speaker 1: the First was blocked by a wall of parliamentary guards. 142 00:09:40,120 --> 00:09:44,080 Speaker 1: The king's final address to his people went entirely unheard. 143 00:09:46,520 --> 00:09:49,280 Speaker 1: Charles the First lowered his head onto the block and 144 00:09:49,320 --> 00:09:51,920 Speaker 1: apologized for his long hair, in case it made the 145 00:09:51,960 --> 00:09:59,200 Speaker 1: executioner's job more difficult, he gathered it beneath a silk cap. Then, finally, 146 00:09:59,720 --> 00:10:03,480 Speaker 1: for the first and only time in British history, the 147 00:10:03,600 --> 00:10:07,280 Speaker 1: executioner brought his blade down on the neck of a monarch. 148 00:10:08,360 --> 00:10:11,040 Speaker 1: When the executioner held up the head to the crowd, 149 00:10:11,200 --> 00:10:17,719 Speaker 1: he was expecting cheers, The crowd only gasped. It was 150 00:10:17,920 --> 00:10:23,320 Speaker 1: very very quiet, it said. When Charles the second heard 151 00:10:23,400 --> 00:10:28,240 Speaker 1: of his father's execution, he fell to the floor and 152 00:10:28,400 --> 00:10:38,520 Speaker 1: screamed in agony. If Charles the Second was going to 153 00:10:38,559 --> 00:10:42,320 Speaker 1: win back the English throne, he needed an army, and 154 00:10:42,440 --> 00:10:47,560 Speaker 1: his best hope was Scotland. Though the deeply pious Presbyterian 155 00:10:47,640 --> 00:10:51,719 Speaker 1: Scotland had nominally declared Charles the Second as king, they 156 00:10:51,760 --> 00:10:55,000 Speaker 1: refused to let him enter the country unless he pledged 157 00:10:55,040 --> 00:10:59,240 Speaker 1: to accept Presbyterianism and spread the faith across Britain when 158 00:10:59,240 --> 00:11:02,040 Speaker 1: he had once again and become king. That would mean 159 00:11:02,120 --> 00:11:05,840 Speaker 1: Charles the Second formally renouncing the faith of his Anglican 160 00:11:05,920 --> 00:11:09,320 Speaker 1: father and the faith of his Catholic mother. He needed 161 00:11:09,360 --> 00:11:14,000 Speaker 1: to negotiate. Fortunately for Charles the Second, he had a 162 00:11:14,080 --> 00:11:18,240 Speaker 1: brilliant bargaining chip, the spectacular General Montrose, who had fought 163 00:11:18,320 --> 00:11:22,839 Speaker 1: valiantly for Charles the First and won several spectacular, surprising 164 00:11:22,960 --> 00:11:27,400 Speaker 1: victories for the royal forces. Montrose was loyal to Charles 165 00:11:27,480 --> 00:11:30,400 Speaker 1: the Second and readily agreed when Charles the Second asked 166 00:11:30,480 --> 00:11:33,920 Speaker 1: him to invade Scotland with a small force to attempt 167 00:11:33,920 --> 00:11:36,840 Speaker 1: to raise the Highland clans in order to challenge the 168 00:11:36,880 --> 00:11:42,040 Speaker 1: Scottish government on his behalf. But as Mantros fought, Charles 169 00:11:42,160 --> 00:11:46,240 Speaker 1: privately continued his negotiations with the Scottish government until he 170 00:11:46,360 --> 00:11:50,600 Speaker 1: finally agreed to the terms of the Scottish nobles. Charles 171 00:11:50,600 --> 00:11:53,560 Speaker 1: wrote a letter to Mantros telling him that he was 172 00:11:53,600 --> 00:11:56,559 Speaker 1: making him a Knight of the Garter, the most prestigious 173 00:11:56,640 --> 00:11:59,360 Speaker 1: order of chivalry that could be granted by a monarch. 174 00:12:00,400 --> 00:12:03,720 Speaker 1: It was as good as a kiss of death. While 175 00:12:03,760 --> 00:12:07,880 Speaker 1: Mantros was still battling on his behalf, Charles secretly signed 176 00:12:07,880 --> 00:12:11,360 Speaker 1: a treaty with the very people against whom Montrose was fighting. 177 00:12:12,320 --> 00:12:16,680 Speaker 1: Montrose was captured, dragged through the streets, and hanged like 178 00:12:16,760 --> 00:12:20,600 Speaker 1: a common criminal, not even receiving a nobleman's death of 179 00:12:20,640 --> 00:12:24,640 Speaker 1: beheading with an axe. Charles the Second gave up Mantros, 180 00:12:24,840 --> 00:12:28,360 Speaker 1: his father's finest general and a military hero, but he 181 00:12:28,440 --> 00:12:35,200 Speaker 1: got his alliance to Scotland. After agreeing to uphold Presbyterianism. 182 00:12:35,280 --> 00:12:39,120 Speaker 1: Charles the Second entered Scotland as their king. He and 183 00:12:39,240 --> 00:12:42,040 Speaker 1: his men made their way from the coast into Edinburgh, 184 00:12:42,120 --> 00:12:46,240 Speaker 1: passing through the North gates into the city. What's that, 185 00:12:46,679 --> 00:12:50,079 Speaker 1: Charles asked, looking up an irregular shape on the gate. 186 00:12:51,120 --> 00:12:54,240 Speaker 1: It was twisted and blackened, pecked at by birds and 187 00:12:54,400 --> 00:12:58,200 Speaker 1: run through with a large nail. One of the Scottish 188 00:12:58,200 --> 00:13:02,880 Speaker 1: guards answered him. It was one of Montrose's arms hung 189 00:13:02,960 --> 00:13:05,840 Speaker 1: up on the city gate as a warning and deterrent 190 00:13:05,920 --> 00:13:16,160 Speaker 1: to others. Charles was silent the rest of the ride, 191 00:13:22,760 --> 00:13:25,840 Speaker 1: even though he was technically king in Scotland. Having signed 192 00:13:25,880 --> 00:13:29,240 Speaker 1: the Presbyterian Covenant meant that that crown was almost more 193 00:13:29,240 --> 00:13:32,720 Speaker 1: symbolic than anything it had, about the same power as 194 00:13:32,720 --> 00:13:35,280 Speaker 1: a crown made a foil or a burger king paper 195 00:13:35,320 --> 00:13:38,800 Speaker 1: crown a few hundred years too early. See. While his 196 00:13:38,920 --> 00:13:42,120 Speaker 1: father had a foundational faith in the divine right of 197 00:13:42,200 --> 00:13:46,600 Speaker 1: kings to rule as granted by God himself, the Presbyterian 198 00:13:46,720 --> 00:13:49,559 Speaker 1: Scots saw a king as more of a magistrate than 199 00:13:49,600 --> 00:13:52,960 Speaker 1: anything else. Charles was a king again, but with no 200 00:13:53,120 --> 00:13:56,960 Speaker 1: real kingliness. In Scotland. The king was a man just 201 00:13:57,080 --> 00:14:00,280 Speaker 1: like anyone else, and like other men, Charles the Second 202 00:14:00,360 --> 00:14:03,760 Speaker 1: was required to obey the strict protocols of the religion. 203 00:14:04,640 --> 00:14:07,720 Speaker 1: He was forbidden from walking about on Sundays and forced 204 00:14:07,760 --> 00:14:13,000 Speaker 1: to sit through six hours of Sunday sermons. With the Covenant, 205 00:14:13,200 --> 00:14:16,520 Speaker 1: Charles had signed away his religion and his divine power, 206 00:14:17,200 --> 00:14:19,280 Speaker 1: but at least he had an army willing to go 207 00:14:19,440 --> 00:14:23,840 Speaker 1: up against Oliver Cromwell in England, and on September three, 208 00:14:24,120 --> 00:14:28,680 Speaker 1: six fifty, they got their chance. Cromwell and his men 209 00:14:28,800 --> 00:14:32,560 Speaker 1: had advanced in a preemptive strike towards Edinburgh. When they 210 00:14:32,560 --> 00:14:35,640 Speaker 1: met with the Scottish forces in the Battle of Dunbar. 211 00:14:36,560 --> 00:14:40,480 Speaker 1: The Scots massively outnumbered the Englishmen, and they also occupied 212 00:14:40,520 --> 00:14:44,000 Speaker 1: the high ground, leaving the English soldiers trapped between a 213 00:14:44,120 --> 00:14:48,320 Speaker 1: hill and the north Sea. All the Scottish army needed 214 00:14:48,360 --> 00:14:51,600 Speaker 1: to do was await them out, but the Scottish general 215 00:14:51,640 --> 00:14:56,240 Speaker 1: believed that England was already fatally weakened, and so Scotland charged. 216 00:14:57,440 --> 00:15:02,040 Speaker 1: Cromwell watched with amazement. The Lord hath delivered them into 217 00:15:02,040 --> 00:15:06,560 Speaker 1: our hands. He said. It was a decisive victory for 218 00:15:06,640 --> 00:15:10,040 Speaker 1: England that put the entirety of southern Scotland under their 219 00:15:10,040 --> 00:15:16,360 Speaker 1: control and left Scotland completely humiliated. Needing a scapegoat for 220 00:15:16,400 --> 00:15:19,680 Speaker 1: the victory, they forced their King, Charles the Second, to 221 00:15:19,840 --> 00:15:23,000 Speaker 1: publicly declare that the outcome of the battle was God's 222 00:15:23,040 --> 00:15:26,520 Speaker 1: punishment for the sins of his parents and his entire family. 223 00:15:27,960 --> 00:15:30,360 Speaker 1: What could the young king do but agree he was 224 00:15:30,400 --> 00:15:33,440 Speaker 1: a king in name only a puppet for the Scottish 225 00:15:33,440 --> 00:15:38,520 Speaker 1: Presbyterian covenanters, and so Charles the Second swallowed his pride 226 00:15:38,600 --> 00:15:43,240 Speaker 1: and did as they asked. Now, Charles the second path 227 00:15:43,320 --> 00:15:46,320 Speaker 1: for winning back the English throne would require him doing 228 00:15:46,320 --> 00:15:49,640 Speaker 1: it on English soil, and so he and a small 229 00:15:49,800 --> 00:15:53,080 Speaker 1: army of Scottish men and the English royalists he could 230 00:15:53,080 --> 00:15:56,240 Speaker 1: gather along the way, went down south to make their 231 00:15:56,280 --> 00:15:59,960 Speaker 1: final stand against Oliver Cromwell at the Battle of Worcester. 232 00:16:01,360 --> 00:16:03,880 Speaker 1: This time it was the English who had the advantage 233 00:16:03,880 --> 00:16:08,840 Speaker 1: of numbers, nearly thirty thousand men, the largest army ever 234 00:16:08,880 --> 00:16:12,240 Speaker 1: assembled on British soil, and double what Charles had been 235 00:16:12,280 --> 00:16:16,400 Speaker 1: able to gather. Cromwell had predicted the movements of Charles 236 00:16:16,400 --> 00:16:19,880 Speaker 1: and his armies and made a strategic decision to delay 237 00:16:19,960 --> 00:16:23,560 Speaker 1: the charge three days, so it would occur on September third, 238 00:16:23,800 --> 00:16:27,960 Speaker 1: sixteen fifty one, exactly one year to the day after 239 00:16:28,040 --> 00:16:30,600 Speaker 1: he had beat Scotland in the ground in the Battle 240 00:16:30,640 --> 00:16:35,760 Speaker 1: of Dunbar. Worcester was an instant massacre for Charles the 241 00:16:35,800 --> 00:16:39,280 Speaker 1: Second and his army. Three thousand of his men were 242 00:16:39,360 --> 00:16:42,480 Speaker 1: killed and another ten thousand were captured to pored it 243 00:16:42,520 --> 00:16:46,440 Speaker 1: off to work as indentured servants or worse. As Charles 244 00:16:46,440 --> 00:16:48,840 Speaker 1: and his close cadre of men rode away from the 245 00:16:48,840 --> 00:16:52,520 Speaker 1: battle site, the king kept stopping his horse. His father 246 00:16:52,600 --> 00:16:55,000 Speaker 1: had taught him to always fight on the front lines. 247 00:16:55,440 --> 00:16:57,880 Speaker 1: We have to go back, Charles the second said, we 248 00:16:58,000 --> 00:17:01,400 Speaker 1: have to keep fighting. His men looked at one another, 249 00:17:01,520 --> 00:17:04,879 Speaker 1: but only first split second that was it. One of 250 00:17:04,960 --> 00:17:17,280 Speaker 1: his men finally said, the battle is over. The parliamentarians 251 00:17:17,520 --> 00:17:22,119 Speaker 1: needed Charles dead. Even though the Parliamentarians had won a 252 00:17:22,240 --> 00:17:26,680 Speaker 1: decisive military victory, there were still those loyal to Charles, 253 00:17:26,680 --> 00:17:28,879 Speaker 1: and as long as he lived, he was still a 254 00:17:28,920 --> 00:17:32,960 Speaker 1: symbolic threat to the new Republic. Almost no one in 255 00:17:33,080 --> 00:17:36,720 Speaker 1: Charles's army had escaped from Worcester. Cromwell's men had cast 256 00:17:36,720 --> 00:17:39,439 Speaker 1: a wide net around the battle, and they assumed that 257 00:17:39,520 --> 00:17:42,159 Speaker 1: the king, who had been on the front lines leading 258 00:17:42,200 --> 00:17:44,600 Speaker 1: his army for most of the fight, would be among 259 00:17:44,680 --> 00:17:47,600 Speaker 1: the many dead bodies left when the fighting was over. 260 00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:52,680 Speaker 1: But by some miracle a brilliant stroke of luck, Charles 261 00:17:52,720 --> 00:17:56,480 Speaker 1: had escaped, and so the would be king spent the 262 00:17:56,520 --> 00:17:59,719 Speaker 1: next six weeks weaving through the English countryside in an 263 00:17:59,760 --> 00:18:03,720 Speaker 1: increasingly perilous series of near captures. Trying to make it 264 00:18:03,800 --> 00:18:07,720 Speaker 1: to safety while the parliamentary and guards searched for him. 265 00:18:08,000 --> 00:18:11,760 Speaker 1: Escape was a risky and dangerous prospect. The king was 266 00:18:11,800 --> 00:18:13,840 Speaker 1: six ft two at a time when the height of 267 00:18:13,880 --> 00:18:16,960 Speaker 1: the average Englishman was closer to five ft six, and 268 00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:20,440 Speaker 1: he had an astonishing price on his head, a thousand pounds. 269 00:18:21,720 --> 00:18:24,560 Speaker 1: He had a few allies, a small network of England's 270 00:18:24,560 --> 00:18:28,080 Speaker 1: secret Catholics, but anyone he meant could betray him and 271 00:18:28,119 --> 00:18:31,400 Speaker 1: would certainly be tortured as to his whereabouts if soldiers 272 00:18:31,480 --> 00:18:36,200 Speaker 1: discovered that they had been associated. Among that Catholic network 273 00:18:36,359 --> 00:18:39,560 Speaker 1: were five brothers with a surname Pendril, who sought as 274 00:18:39,560 --> 00:18:42,679 Speaker 1: a mission from God to protect their king against the 275 00:18:42,760 --> 00:18:47,840 Speaker 1: enemy of Cromwell's Protestantism. One of the brothers, Richard, cut 276 00:18:47,880 --> 00:18:49,919 Speaker 1: the King's hair so that it was short on top 277 00:18:49,960 --> 00:18:52,040 Speaker 1: and long at the side, in the style of a 278 00:18:52,080 --> 00:18:56,040 Speaker 1: common laborer. Charles was trained in the local dialect and 279 00:18:56,080 --> 00:19:00,720 Speaker 1: given workmen's clothes and shoes for King Arles, the second, 280 00:19:00,760 --> 00:19:03,199 Speaker 1: who had up until that point only ever won the 281 00:19:03,280 --> 00:19:07,040 Speaker 1: finest footwear. The rough shoes left his feet bleeding and 282 00:19:07,119 --> 00:19:10,760 Speaker 1: blistered thanks to his height. None of the shoes the 283 00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:14,119 Speaker 1: Pendrols had on hand would fit him, and so Charles 284 00:19:14,160 --> 00:19:16,960 Speaker 1: was forced to slice open the sides of a pair 285 00:19:16,960 --> 00:19:26,920 Speaker 1: of shoes several sizes too small. Charles would go days 286 00:19:27,000 --> 00:19:29,840 Speaker 1: without sleep, making escapes in the middle of the night 287 00:19:29,920 --> 00:19:32,639 Speaker 1: to a state where he might be welcomed and smuggled in. 288 00:19:33,840 --> 00:19:37,960 Speaker 1: Charles was hidden inside secret priest holds where Catholics hid 289 00:19:38,080 --> 00:19:41,359 Speaker 1: priests to keep them safe from forced conversions after the 290 00:19:41,440 --> 00:19:46,399 Speaker 1: religion had been outlawed. A captain named of all things 291 00:19:46,520 --> 00:19:50,200 Speaker 1: William Careless had been one of the final royal soldiers 292 00:19:50,240 --> 00:19:53,320 Speaker 1: to make it out of Worcester alive. He and Charles 293 00:19:53,320 --> 00:19:56,320 Speaker 1: had made it to the boscobell estates, where the Pendril 294 00:19:56,400 --> 00:20:00,520 Speaker 1: brothers were caretakers, only to hear of an approaching battillion 295 00:20:00,600 --> 00:20:04,440 Speaker 1: of Puritan guards. Careless knew that if he brought the 296 00:20:04,520 --> 00:20:07,479 Speaker 1: king inside, no matter how well hidden the houses, priests 297 00:20:07,520 --> 00:20:11,960 Speaker 1: holes were, eventually the soldiers would find him, and so, 298 00:20:12,320 --> 00:20:17,440 Speaker 1: at Careless's suggestion, William Pendril brought out a ladder. Careless 299 00:20:17,440 --> 00:20:20,000 Speaker 1: and the king climbed high into an oak tree dense 300 00:20:20,119 --> 00:20:23,640 Speaker 1: with leaves, and stayed there for an entire day while 301 00:20:23,640 --> 00:20:27,840 Speaker 1: a troop of Cromwell's guards marched beneath them, searching the 302 00:20:27,880 --> 00:20:31,480 Speaker 1: countryside for a king who, at that very moment was 303 00:20:31,520 --> 00:20:37,160 Speaker 1: a dozen feet above their heads. The king was asleep 304 00:20:37,280 --> 00:20:40,119 Speaker 1: in the branches when a pair of guards sat at 305 00:20:40,200 --> 00:20:43,080 Speaker 1: the base of the tree, taking a break from their 306 00:20:43,080 --> 00:20:47,520 Speaker 1: search to clear the rubble from their shoes. Careless was 307 00:20:47,560 --> 00:20:51,399 Speaker 1: awake and came to a terrible realization his leg was 308 00:20:51,440 --> 00:20:56,639 Speaker 1: asleep and Charles was lying on his leg. If the 309 00:20:56,680 --> 00:21:00,440 Speaker 1: sleeping Charles didn't move, Careless's numb leg would caused them 310 00:21:00,440 --> 00:21:05,320 Speaker 1: both to tumble from their perch directly onto the guards below, and, 311 00:21:05,400 --> 00:21:10,000 Speaker 1: so covering Charles's mouth so he wouldn't yell, Careless pinched 312 00:21:10,040 --> 00:21:14,440 Speaker 1: him and then pinched him again. Mercifully, Charles woke up 313 00:21:14,560 --> 00:21:18,320 Speaker 1: and quietly shifted his weight, and the two remained safely 314 00:21:18,400 --> 00:21:27,440 Speaker 1: hidden in their perch until the guards moved on. After 315 00:21:27,560 --> 00:21:31,320 Speaker 1: the king successfully evaded troops at Basketball, two of the 316 00:21:31,359 --> 00:21:34,360 Speaker 1: Pendril brothers went with him to the estate of mostly 317 00:21:34,480 --> 00:21:39,840 Speaker 1: Old Hall, the home of a man named Thomas white Grave. There, 318 00:21:39,920 --> 00:21:42,919 Speaker 1: Charles the second was given his first proper bed to 319 00:21:42,960 --> 00:21:45,560 Speaker 1: sleep in since he had escaped from the Battle of Worcester. 320 00:21:46,600 --> 00:21:49,119 Speaker 1: A family priest was also there, a man by the 321 00:21:49,200 --> 00:21:53,119 Speaker 1: name of Father John Huddleston, who bathed and bandaged the 322 00:21:53,200 --> 00:21:57,679 Speaker 1: King's torn and bloody feet. Charles had been shown so 323 00:21:57,880 --> 00:22:01,760 Speaker 1: much generosity and loyalty by Father Huddleston, and by all 324 00:22:01,800 --> 00:22:04,359 Speaker 1: of the Catholic Englishmen who had aided him along in 325 00:22:04,400 --> 00:22:07,960 Speaker 1: his escape, that Charles pledged then and there that should 326 00:22:07,960 --> 00:22:10,720 Speaker 1: he become King of England again, he would once again 327 00:22:10,800 --> 00:22:15,680 Speaker 1: grant Catholics religious freedom. If it pleases God, I come 328 00:22:15,720 --> 00:22:19,320 Speaker 1: to my crown, he told Father Huddleston, both you and 329 00:22:19,400 --> 00:22:22,680 Speaker 1: all your persuasion shall have as much liberty as any 330 00:22:22,720 --> 00:22:28,480 Speaker 1: of my subjects. Charles stayed relatively comfortably at mostly Old 331 00:22:28,520 --> 00:22:32,840 Speaker 1: Hall for two days until parliamentary troops arrived on the 332 00:22:32,920 --> 00:22:37,440 Speaker 1: afternoon of the third day. Charles and Father Huddleston's were 333 00:22:37,520 --> 00:22:40,680 Speaker 1: quickly hidden in a priest hole, but the troops tortured 334 00:22:40,720 --> 00:22:44,439 Speaker 1: and interrogated their host, Thomas Whitegrave, convinced that he had 335 00:22:44,440 --> 00:22:47,159 Speaker 1: fought with Charles at Wooster, even though the truth was 336 00:22:47,240 --> 00:22:53,160 Speaker 1: that he hadn't. Eventually, after hours of interrogation, the troops left, 337 00:22:53,800 --> 00:22:56,239 Speaker 1: but the forces of danger were only closing in on 338 00:22:56,320 --> 00:22:59,880 Speaker 1: Charles faster. The Pendril's brother in Law had already been 339 00:23:00,040 --> 00:23:05,000 Speaker 1: haptured by English forces, interrogated, tortured, and hanged, but the 340 00:23:05,160 --> 00:23:09,919 Speaker 1: entire time he had refused to give Charles up. For 341 00:23:10,000 --> 00:23:12,760 Speaker 1: the final leg of his journey, Charles rode with a 342 00:23:12,760 --> 00:23:15,679 Speaker 1: woman named Jane Lane, who had received a permit from 343 00:23:15,720 --> 00:23:18,560 Speaker 1: the military to travel to Bristol with one of her 344 00:23:18,560 --> 00:23:21,760 Speaker 1: servants in order to visit a family member. If he 345 00:23:21,840 --> 00:23:24,240 Speaker 1: made it to Bristol, Charles could find a boat to 346 00:23:24,280 --> 00:23:27,840 Speaker 1: take him to France, and so he adopted the alias 347 00:23:27,880 --> 00:23:31,720 Speaker 1: William Jackson and rode on Jane's horse with her, maintaining 348 00:23:31,720 --> 00:23:34,320 Speaker 1: the charade that he was her servant to anyone they met. 349 00:23:35,359 --> 00:23:38,480 Speaker 1: When the two stopped at an estate for lodging, Charles, 350 00:23:38,600 --> 00:23:41,840 Speaker 1: as William Jackson, was sent to the kitchens to work 351 00:23:41,880 --> 00:23:44,960 Speaker 1: as any servant would have been. He was assigned to 352 00:23:45,080 --> 00:23:47,480 Speaker 1: wind up the jack that would be used to roast 353 00:23:47,520 --> 00:23:51,240 Speaker 1: meat in a fireplace, but Charles, having been royalty his 354 00:23:51,440 --> 00:23:54,600 Speaker 1: entire life, had no idea how to do it. The 355 00:23:54,640 --> 00:23:58,720 Speaker 1: cook was immediately suspicious. What kind of servants are you 356 00:23:58,760 --> 00:24:01,040 Speaker 1: who doesn't know how to work a jack? He spat. 357 00:24:01,880 --> 00:24:05,199 Speaker 1: Charles thought quickly and came up with an excuse. His 358 00:24:05,320 --> 00:24:08,919 Speaker 1: family was so poor. He said that they so rarely 359 00:24:09,119 --> 00:24:11,800 Speaker 1: ate meat that he had no experience with roasting it. 360 00:24:12,440 --> 00:24:18,119 Speaker 1: The cook was satisfied. The entire escape lasted six weeks, 361 00:24:18,640 --> 00:24:21,320 Speaker 1: and when Charles finally made it to Bristol, he was 362 00:24:21,359 --> 00:24:24,359 Speaker 1: able to smuggle his way onto a French merchant ship 363 00:24:24,760 --> 00:24:27,920 Speaker 1: and make his way to safety right under the noses 364 00:24:28,040 --> 00:24:32,439 Speaker 1: of the parliamentary guards. It was the most heroic experience 365 00:24:32,560 --> 00:24:35,240 Speaker 1: Charles the Second would have for the next decade. He 366 00:24:35,440 --> 00:24:37,480 Speaker 1: was safe while he was abroad, but he was also 367 00:24:37,640 --> 00:24:41,800 Speaker 1: politically impotent, relegated to attempting to beg for treaties with 368 00:24:41,880 --> 00:24:45,120 Speaker 1: princes from surrounding countries who had little to no interest 369 00:24:45,160 --> 00:24:52,520 Speaker 1: in his plate. But then something happened. A little less 370 00:24:52,560 --> 00:24:56,879 Speaker 1: than ten years later, Oliver Cromwell died on the exact 371 00:24:56,960 --> 00:25:02,640 Speaker 1: anniversary of the Battles of Dunbar and Stir. Cromwell's son, Richard, 372 00:25:02,720 --> 00:25:05,840 Speaker 1: was milk toast and passive, and with no strong leader 373 00:25:05,920 --> 00:25:09,800 Speaker 1: to take over, parliamentarians recognized that the country was on 374 00:25:09,840 --> 00:25:14,239 Speaker 1: the verge of civil war. To stave off anarchy, the 375 00:25:14,359 --> 00:25:17,719 Speaker 1: leaders of the government had secretly written to Charles the Second, 376 00:25:18,000 --> 00:25:21,680 Speaker 1: who had been living in the Spanish Netherlands. Charles the 377 00:25:21,760 --> 00:25:25,280 Speaker 1: Second agreed to their terms of forgiveness and leniency for 378 00:25:25,359 --> 00:25:28,359 Speaker 1: those who had fought him, with the exception of those 379 00:25:28,400 --> 00:25:38,760 Speaker 1: who had committed regicide against his father, and so in 380 00:25:38,920 --> 00:25:43,080 Speaker 1: sixteen sixty Charles the Second was welcomed back to England. 381 00:25:43,920 --> 00:25:47,040 Speaker 1: He hadn't won the crown. Really, this was, if anything, 382 00:25:47,320 --> 00:25:50,840 Speaker 1: a victory of waiting and circumstance. But it didn't matter. 383 00:25:51,440 --> 00:25:53,560 Speaker 1: Even if it was a role stripped of its power, 384 00:25:54,080 --> 00:25:56,000 Speaker 1: even if he was a symbol, even if he was 385 00:25:56,040 --> 00:25:59,240 Speaker 1: a puppet, none of it mattered. He was finally the 386 00:25:59,320 --> 00:26:03,359 Speaker 1: king of an England. Charles would spend much of his 387 00:26:03,440 --> 00:26:06,240 Speaker 1: later life for counting the story of those six weeks 388 00:26:06,240 --> 00:26:09,560 Speaker 1: he had spent on the run, two wrapt audiences. It 389 00:26:09,640 --> 00:26:11,639 Speaker 1: had been the only time in his life where he 390 00:26:11,720 --> 00:26:15,720 Speaker 1: interacted with common people and lived by his wits, completely 391 00:26:15,840 --> 00:26:19,479 Speaker 1: free of palace ritual and formality. They were weeks of 392 00:26:19,520 --> 00:26:23,520 Speaker 1: piracy and adventure, of death, defying odds, and close calls 393 00:26:23,560 --> 00:26:26,320 Speaker 1: that became closer the more often the stories were told. 394 00:26:27,960 --> 00:26:30,879 Speaker 1: Charles the Second would be an indulged king, famous for 395 00:26:30,960 --> 00:26:34,960 Speaker 1: his feasts and mistresses, known for his flamboyant fashions and 396 00:26:35,080 --> 00:26:38,880 Speaker 1: general hedonism, and though he was a king, Parliament still 397 00:26:38,880 --> 00:26:41,159 Speaker 1: retained much of the power that they had had in 398 00:26:41,200 --> 00:26:45,560 Speaker 1: the interregnum. When Charles attempted to pass a rule permitting 399 00:26:45,600 --> 00:26:49,040 Speaker 1: Catholic worship, as he had promised his loyal supporters, who 400 00:26:49,040 --> 00:26:53,000 Speaker 1: had risked their live staid in his escape, Parliament instantly 401 00:26:53,040 --> 00:26:58,320 Speaker 1: forced him to withdraw. Charles capitulated there was nothing he 402 00:26:58,359 --> 00:27:00,520 Speaker 1: could do, or nothing he would be willing to do 403 00:27:00,800 --> 00:27:03,840 Speaker 1: if it meant risking his position, the throne for which 404 00:27:03,880 --> 00:27:11,520 Speaker 1: he had sacrificed so much to gain. When Charles was 405 00:27:11,560 --> 00:27:15,400 Speaker 1: on his deathbed, suffering from oregon failure and internal bleeding 406 00:27:15,480 --> 00:27:18,240 Speaker 1: that even the most dedicated blood letting efforts of the 407 00:27:18,320 --> 00:27:23,520 Speaker 1: royal physicians couldn't care, his brother James came to comfort him. 408 00:27:23,520 --> 00:27:26,880 Speaker 1: The Charles had over a dozen illegitimate children, he had 409 00:27:26,960 --> 00:27:29,240 Speaker 1: none by his wife, and so James would be next 410 00:27:29,240 --> 00:27:32,879 Speaker 1: in line for the throne. James brought his dying brother 411 00:27:33,000 --> 00:27:37,399 Speaker 1: a priest sire. He said, this good man wants saved 412 00:27:37,400 --> 00:27:41,159 Speaker 1: your life. He now comes to save your soul. It 413 00:27:41,320 --> 00:27:44,840 Speaker 1: was Father John Huddleston, the very man who had once 414 00:27:44,920 --> 00:27:48,840 Speaker 1: bandaged Charles feet when he was escaping from English soldiers 415 00:27:48,840 --> 00:27:53,840 Speaker 1: so long ago. Though King Charles had outwardly portrayed himself 416 00:27:53,960 --> 00:27:56,359 Speaker 1: as loyal to the Church of England for his entire 417 00:27:56,400 --> 00:28:00,639 Speaker 1: adult life, he had secretly been Catholic, devoted to the 418 00:28:00,640 --> 00:28:03,000 Speaker 1: faith of his mother and of the people who had 419 00:28:03,040 --> 00:28:08,399 Speaker 1: shown such courage in helping him escape. Before Charles the 420 00:28:08,440 --> 00:28:12,679 Speaker 1: Second died, father Huddleston performed the right to formally receive 421 00:28:12,760 --> 00:28:17,320 Speaker 1: him into the Catholic Church. Charles was finally free to 422 00:28:17,320 --> 00:28:20,800 Speaker 1: be loyal to his true beliefs when he had nothing 423 00:28:20,920 --> 00:28:29,600 Speaker 1: left to lose. That might be where Charles died, but 424 00:28:29,640 --> 00:28:31,960 Speaker 1: there's still a little more to the story. Stick around 425 00:28:31,960 --> 00:28:34,600 Speaker 1: after a brief sponsor break to hear more about Charles 426 00:28:34,600 --> 00:28:48,719 Speaker 1: the Second and his legacy. In sixteen nineteen, astronomer Edmund 427 00:28:48,760 --> 00:28:52,800 Speaker 1: Haley of Haley's Common Fame named a new constellation in 428 00:28:52,840 --> 00:28:57,440 Speaker 1: the southern skies with twelve stars. Haley drew a mighty 429 00:28:57,520 --> 00:29:02,520 Speaker 1: tree with far extending roots and thick, leafy canopy. He 430 00:29:02,640 --> 00:29:08,280 Speaker 1: called his new constellation Robber Carolina Charles is Oak. But 431 00:29:08,440 --> 00:29:12,960 Speaker 1: this new constellation overlapped heavily with the constellation Argo Navis 432 00:29:13,080 --> 00:29:17,440 Speaker 1: the Great Ship, and as astronomers mapped the stars of 433 00:29:17,440 --> 00:29:20,560 Speaker 1: the area. In the years to come, they largely forgot 434 00:29:20,760 --> 00:29:25,200 Speaker 1: or ignored Robert Carolina, such that now the constellation is 435 00:29:25,240 --> 00:29:29,840 Speaker 1: considered obsolete. But just because it's no longer marked in 436 00:29:29,840 --> 00:29:33,800 Speaker 1: the stars doesn't mean that Charles's Tree is forgotten. To 437 00:29:33,880 --> 00:29:37,320 Speaker 1: this day, the Royal Oak remains a popular name for 438 00:29:37,440 --> 00:29:41,200 Speaker 1: establishments frequented by the labors the king had once spent 439 00:29:41,280 --> 00:29:51,520 Speaker 1: time with English pubs. Noble Blood is a co production 440 00:29:51,600 --> 00:29:54,520 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio and Aaron Minkey. The show was 441 00:29:54,560 --> 00:29:58,120 Speaker 1: written and hosted by Danis Schwartz and produced by Aaron Mankey, 442 00:29:58,320 --> 00:30:02,760 Speaker 1: Matt Frederick, Alex William and Trevor Young. Noble Blood is 443 00:30:02,800 --> 00:30:05,760 Speaker 1: on social media at Noble Blood Tales, and you can 444 00:30:05,840 --> 00:30:08,240 Speaker 1: learn more about the show over at Noble Blood Tales 445 00:30:08,320 --> 00:30:11,760 Speaker 1: dot com. For more podcasts from I Heart Radio, visit 446 00:30:11,760 --> 00:30:15,040 Speaker 1: the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 447 00:30:15,080 --> 00:30:16,440 Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows.