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Speaker 1: Hey everyone. Technically you're getting two days in History today

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Speaker 1: because we were running two episodes from the History Vault.

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Speaker 1: You'll also here two hosts, me and Tracy V. Wilson.

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Speaker 1: Hope you enjoy. Welcome to this Day in History Class

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Speaker 1: from how Stuff Works dot Com and from the desk

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Speaker 1: of Stuff you Missed in History Class. It's the show

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Speaker 1: where we explore the past one day at a time

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Speaker 1: with a quick look at what happened today in history. Hello,

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Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson, and

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Speaker 1: it's November twenty one. The Mayflower Compact was signed on

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Speaker 1: this day in sixteen twenty under the Gregorian calendar. In

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Speaker 1: the old style Julian calendar, it's marked as November eleven.

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Speaker 1: Parts of the world had already adopted the Gregorian calendar

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Speaker 1: by six but England had not, and that's why you'll

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Speaker 1: sometimes see two different dates used in discussions of the

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Speaker 1: Mayflower and the Plymouth Colony. As its name suggests, the

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Speaker 1: Mayflower Compact was signed by people who had come to

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Speaker 1: North America aboard the Mayflower in sixteen twenty. They had

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Speaker 1: a contract with the Virginia Company of London that authorized

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Speaker 1: them to colonize a particular piece of land, but they

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Speaker 1: wound up off course far north of their original course

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Speaker 1: on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and this was territory where the

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Speaker 1: Virginia Company of London didn't have any jurisdiction. This put

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Speaker 1: them in a predicament. They weren't where they were supposed

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Speaker 1: to be, They had no outside authority giving them the

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Speaker 1: right to be there, and it was unclear who was

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Speaker 1: in charge of them. There were some arguments among the

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Speaker 1: passengers about whether their contract was still valid and whose

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Speaker 1: jurisdiction they were under, if any, And this is aside

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Speaker 1: from the fact that there were already indigenous people living there.

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Speaker 1: The people aboard the Mayflower are often described as Pilgrims,

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Speaker 1: and there were forty one Pilgrims out of the one

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Speaker 1: passengers aboard. The Pilgrims are trying to get away from

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Speaker 1: the religious authority of the Church of England so they

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Speaker 1: could worship freely, but the rest of the passengers were

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Speaker 1: from a variety of other walks of life. So with

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Speaker 1: all this together in mind, these people needed some kind

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Speaker 1: of framework for a functioning community, and the result was

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Speaker 1: what's now known as the Mayflower Compact, which was signed

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Speaker 1: by forty one adult men, two of them indentured servants.

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Speaker 1: The original document has been lost, but a number of

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Speaker 1: copies surviving colonists personal records, including one that was written

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Speaker 1: down by William Bradford, who was a governor of Plymouth Colony.

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Speaker 1: Later on, the signatory has declared themselves to be loyal

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Speaker 1: subjects of their dread sovereign, Lord King James. They combined

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Speaker 1: themselves into what they called a civil body politic, and

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Speaker 1: this compact went on to say, quote for our better

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Speaker 1: ordering and preservation, and further into the ends after said,

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Speaker 1: and by virtue here of, to enact, constitute, and frame

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Speaker 1: such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and officers,

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Speaker 1: from time to time as shall be thought most meat

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Speaker 1: and convenient for the general good of the colony, unto

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Speaker 1: which we promise all due submission and obedience. This agreement

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Speaker 1: basically gave them a common purpose and a general framework

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Speaker 1: for self governance. It probably helped them survived their first

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Speaker 1: incredibly difficult winter. By the time spring arrived, a lot

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Speaker 1: of the colonists were still living aboard the Mayflower, and

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Speaker 1: a lot of those who weren't were in dwellings that

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Speaker 1: could barely be considered permanent. Their first governor, John Carver,

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Speaker 1: survived that winter along with about half of the colonists,

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Speaker 1: but he died the following spring, and that's when William

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Speaker 1: Bradford succeeded him. The Mayflower went back to England that April,

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Speaker 1: carrying with it a request for a new patent that

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Speaker 1: would give the Mayflower colonists the authority formally to colonize

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Speaker 1: the area where they had landed. This request was granted

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Speaker 1: in the form of the Second Pierce Patent of six one.

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Speaker 1: The Plymouth Colony continued until it was absorbed into the

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Speaker 1: Massachusetts a Colony in and that was after a long

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Speaker 1: and convoluted series of shifts and wars in both England

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Speaker 1: and North America. Thanks to Eves Jeff Cope for her

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Speaker 1: research work on this podcast, and Casey Pigraham and Chandler

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Speaker 1: Maze for their audio work on the show. You can

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Speaker 1: subscribe to the Stay in History Class on Apple Podcasts,

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Speaker 1: Google Podcasts, and wherever else you get your podcasts, and

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Speaker 1: you can tune in tomorrow for the Death of a Pirate.

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Speaker 1: Hi again, everyone, it's Eves and welcome to This Day

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Speaker 1: in History Class, a show where history waits for no one.

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Speaker 1: The day was November one, nineteen fifty three. The polpe

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Speaker 1: Down Man, the supposed fossil remains of a species of

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Speaker 1: extinct comin in, was exposed as a hoax. Charles Dawson

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Speaker 1: was an mature antiquarian who lived in Lewis, Sussex. He

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Speaker 1: claimed that in nineteen o eight he began to find

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Speaker 1: fossilized remains in a gravel formation at Piltdown Common. Major

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Speaker 1: evidence of early humans in the British Aisles had not

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Speaker 1: yet been uncovered, so his discoveries were potentially groundbreaking. They

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Speaker 1: attracted the attention of Arthur Smith Woodward, keeper of the

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Speaker 1: Geological Department of the British Museum. Woodward and Dawson continued

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Speaker 1: to search the gravel pit and discovered fragments of a cranium,

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Speaker 1: jaw and teeth. They suggested that all of the fragments

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Speaker 1: belonged to one individual. At a meeting of the Geological

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Speaker 1: Society of London on December eighteenth, nineteen twelve, Woodward announced

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Speaker 1: the discovery of the Piltdown remains. He proposed that the

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Speaker 1: pilt Down Man represented an unknown species of extinct hominin

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Speaker 1: that was the missing evolutionary link between apes and early humans.

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Speaker 1: He dubbed the pilt Down Man theoanthropist Dawson E or

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Speaker 1: Dawn Man after DAWs In. From nineteen thirteen to nineteen fifteen,

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Speaker 1: more fragments were excavated from the site and another one nearby.

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Speaker 1: Dawson died in nineteen sixteen. Many scientists accepted his view

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Speaker 1: that the fragments all belonged to the same individual, but

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Speaker 1: others believed that the fragments came from more than one source,

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Speaker 1: possibly a modern man and an anthropoid eight. In nineteen fifteen,

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Speaker 1: Garrett Miller published the results of a study that concluded

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Speaker 1: that the job was that of a chimpanzee. This conclusion

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Speaker 1: was supported by other scientists, but debate continued over the

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Speaker 1: origin of the Piltdown remains. People began to doubt the

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Speaker 1: legitimacy of the Piltdown Man in the nineteen twenties and

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Speaker 1: nineteen thirties, when other early human remains began to be

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Speaker 1: discovered around the world, plus it was determined that the

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Speaker 1: Piltdown gravels were not as old as they were once

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Speaker 1: thought to be. By the nineteen forties, more advanced dating

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Speaker 1: technologies had been developed. In nineteen forty nine, paleontologists and

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Speaker 1: its Oakley and colleague cr. Hoskins tested the Piltdown remains

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Speaker 1: using a kind of chemical analysis called florine testing. It

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Speaker 1: was determined that all the fragments were from around the

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Speaker 1: same time period, but we're much younger than suggested, possibly

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Speaker 1: somewhere around fifty thousand years old rather than five hundred thousand.

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Speaker 1: That meant that the pilt Down Man could not be

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Speaker 1: the missing link between apes and humans. In nineteen fifty three,

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Speaker 1: after an improved method of florine analysis had developed, Oakley

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Speaker 1: physical anthropology professor Joseph Winer and Oxford anthropologist Wilfrid Legros

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Speaker 1: Clark determined that the jaw and teeth were not the

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Speaker 1: same age as the skull. They reported their discovery in

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Speaker 1: the Bulletin of the Natural History Museum on November nineteen

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Speaker 1: fifty three. The next day, the hoax was announced in

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Speaker 1: the press. The remains included fragments of a six hundred

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Speaker 1: year old human cranium, the jaw and teeth of an orangutan,

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Speaker 1: and the tooth of what was likely a champion z

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Speaker 1: The fragments had been stained with chromium and an iron

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Speaker 1: soul fate solution, and the teeth had been artificially rated

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Speaker 1: to simulate where. On top of that, the remains were

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Speaker 1: not even from Britain. The pelt Down Man was a hoax.

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Speaker 1: A number of people have been pegged as the perpetrator

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Speaker 1: of the hoax, including Dawson and a museum volunteer turn

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Speaker 1: keeper of zoology at the museum named Martin A. C. Hinton.

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Speaker 1: In researchers published an article that concluded new evidence suggested

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Speaker 1: Dawson was responsible for the hoax, though he may not

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Speaker 1: have acted alone. They said his quote hunger for acclaim

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Speaker 1: may have driven him to risk his reputation and misdirect

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Speaker 1: the course of anthropology for decades. I'm eave Jeff Coo

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Speaker 1: and hopefully you know a little more about history today

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Speaker 1: than you did yesterday. If you know you already spend

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Speaker 1: too much time on social media, spend some of that

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Speaker 1: time with us at T D I h C Podcast

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Speaker 1: on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. You can also shoot us

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Speaker 1: an email at this day at I heart media dot com.

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Speaker 1: Thanks for going on this trip through history with us.

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Speaker 1: We'll see you again tomorrow with another episode. MS