1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,000 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,120 --> 00:00:12,960 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hello, and welcome 3 00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:16,000 Speaker 1: to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly 4 00:00:16,079 --> 00:00:18,880 Speaker 1: Frying and it's time for Unearthed and July Part two. 5 00:00:21,840 --> 00:00:24,960 Speaker 1: We got a lot of the favorite things in this edition, 6 00:00:25,079 --> 00:00:28,680 Speaker 1: including the edibles and potables, and the shipwrecks and just 7 00:00:29,240 --> 00:00:33,400 Speaker 1: some weird stuff. Is all grouped together because it was 8 00:00:33,440 --> 00:00:37,040 Speaker 1: all kind of odd, uh, and some other assorted findings. 9 00:00:37,240 --> 00:00:39,360 Speaker 1: I think weird stuff is a great category, but we 10 00:00:39,400 --> 00:00:42,520 Speaker 1: are going to start with edibles and potables. A team 11 00:00:42,520 --> 00:00:45,120 Speaker 1: in Manti in Sri Lanka believes that they have found 12 00:00:45,120 --> 00:00:49,600 Speaker 1: the world's oldest clove, estimated to be one thousand years old. 13 00:00:50,280 --> 00:00:53,239 Speaker 1: There have been other clove discoveries that were older than that, 14 00:00:53,320 --> 00:00:57,360 Speaker 1: but at this point they're believed to be misidentifications. Clothes 15 00:00:57,360 --> 00:00:59,760 Speaker 1: are not native to Sri Lanka, though they grow in 16 00:00:59,800 --> 00:01:02,760 Speaker 1: the Maluku Islands, which are about four thousand miles away. 17 00:01:02,800 --> 00:01:05,640 Speaker 1: So this is not just the oldest clove, but it's 18 00:01:05,680 --> 00:01:08,600 Speaker 1: also evidence of a wide ranging trade in spices that 19 00:01:08,720 --> 00:01:11,399 Speaker 1: dates back at least one thousand years, and this is 20 00:01:11,400 --> 00:01:14,280 Speaker 1: supported by peppercorns of about the same age found at 21 00:01:14,280 --> 00:01:17,640 Speaker 1: the same site, which probably came from the Indian subcontinent. 22 00:01:18,200 --> 00:01:22,240 Speaker 1: Archaeologists in China's Jangsu Province found a jar full of 23 00:01:22,400 --> 00:01:26,240 Speaker 1: eggs in a year old tomb, and that led newspapers 24 00:01:26,240 --> 00:01:28,120 Speaker 1: around the world to make a lot of jokes about 25 00:01:28,240 --> 00:01:32,280 Speaker 1: thousand year eggs, also known as century eggs. These were 26 00:01:32,400 --> 00:01:35,759 Speaker 1: just eggs. They were in very good condition considering their age. 27 00:01:36,080 --> 00:01:39,360 Speaker 1: Only one of them was obviously broken, although the team 28 00:01:39,360 --> 00:01:42,600 Speaker 1: did report that the material inside the eggs would have 29 00:01:42,640 --> 00:01:46,160 Speaker 1: been largely decomposed by now. They planned to conduct some 30 00:01:46,400 --> 00:01:49,040 Speaker 1: X ray studies to determine exactly how many eggs were 31 00:01:49,080 --> 00:01:51,840 Speaker 1: in this jar, because they were way too delicate to 32 00:01:51,880 --> 00:01:55,120 Speaker 1: handle without the risk of damaging them. They are not 33 00:01:55,240 --> 00:01:57,920 Speaker 1: certain why the eggs were placed in the tomb, whether 34 00:01:57,960 --> 00:01:59,880 Speaker 1: this was an offering or if it was more of 35 00:01:59,920 --> 00:02:03,560 Speaker 1: a symbol of reverse or whether the deceased just really 36 00:02:03,600 --> 00:02:05,640 Speaker 1: liked eggs and wanted to make sure that they had 37 00:02:05,720 --> 00:02:09,239 Speaker 1: some eggs in the afterlife. I want eggs in the afterlife. 38 00:02:11,000 --> 00:02:15,160 Speaker 1: Researchers in St. Thomas in the US Virgin Islands now 39 00:02:15,200 --> 00:02:18,680 Speaker 1: believe that the presence of very small snail and clam 40 00:02:18,760 --> 00:02:22,720 Speaker 1: shells and archaeological sites there are evidence of children helping 41 00:02:22,760 --> 00:02:27,320 Speaker 1: their parents gather food through foraging. Previously, the conclusion had 42 00:02:27,360 --> 00:02:29,840 Speaker 1: been that these types of shells were evidence of people 43 00:02:29,880 --> 00:02:32,480 Speaker 1: who were really close to starvation and we're just eating 44 00:02:32,480 --> 00:02:35,919 Speaker 1: whatever they could find. But this team looked at shell 45 00:02:36,040 --> 00:02:38,800 Speaker 1: midden's dating back to about sixteen hundred years ago and 46 00:02:38,840 --> 00:02:43,120 Speaker 1: concluded that the adult foragers were focusing on large shellfish 47 00:02:43,120 --> 00:02:45,560 Speaker 1: that were really worth their time and effort to crack into, 48 00:02:46,080 --> 00:02:48,840 Speaker 1: while the children were picking up whatever they found that 49 00:02:49,040 --> 00:02:52,440 Speaker 1: was small enough for them to handle easily. This is 50 00:02:52,560 --> 00:02:55,760 Speaker 1: all sort of speculative, but it's also similar to research 51 00:02:55,880 --> 00:02:59,200 Speaker 1: taking place with current populations of islands in the Pacific, 52 00:02:59,360 --> 00:03:02,640 Speaker 1: where four patterns have been the same for generations and 53 00:03:02,680 --> 00:03:06,560 Speaker 1: where children routinely gather with their parents moving on to 54 00:03:06,720 --> 00:03:10,200 Speaker 1: some other food stuffs. A team excavating a construction site 55 00:03:10,240 --> 00:03:14,280 Speaker 1: in Ontario, Canada found some charred keenewa seeds from a 56 00:03:14,320 --> 00:03:16,880 Speaker 1: species of the plant that was native to eastern North 57 00:03:16,919 --> 00:03:20,800 Speaker 1: America but is extinct today. These seeds date back to 58 00:03:20,840 --> 00:03:24,120 Speaker 1: around nine hundred b C, which isn't the oldest keenewa 59 00:03:24,240 --> 00:03:27,280 Speaker 1: seed ever, but it is the farthest north that they 60 00:03:27,280 --> 00:03:30,800 Speaker 1: have been found that far back in history by a lot. 61 00:03:31,440 --> 00:03:35,240 Speaker 1: The previous northernmost example of this kina was from Kentucky, 62 00:03:35,600 --> 00:03:38,240 Speaker 1: and then the next oldest crop found in this part 63 00:03:38,240 --> 00:03:41,360 Speaker 1: of Ontario is corn that dated back to five d 64 00:03:41,560 --> 00:03:45,040 Speaker 1: b C, so four hundred years younger. This is technically 65 00:03:46,040 --> 00:03:50,360 Speaker 1: find The seeds themselves were unearthed in but the excavation 66 00:03:50,440 --> 00:03:53,480 Speaker 1: they were part of had collected one hundred forty thousand 67 00:03:53,520 --> 00:03:55,920 Speaker 1: of them and most of them were charred, so it 68 00:03:55,960 --> 00:03:58,200 Speaker 1: took years to go through all of them to find 69 00:03:58,240 --> 00:04:01,040 Speaker 1: out what was what, So it was late when the 70 00:04:01,040 --> 00:04:04,480 Speaker 1: findings on this were published. Today people think of keenoas 71 00:04:04,560 --> 00:04:07,200 Speaker 1: coming from South America, and it does, but this is 72 00:04:07,240 --> 00:04:09,920 Speaker 1: a species of food crop that was living at the 73 00:04:09,920 --> 00:04:14,040 Speaker 1: time in what's now Kentucky, Illinois, and Arkansas. In similar news, 74 00:04:14,120 --> 00:04:17,599 Speaker 1: a team of researchers from universities and institutions in the US, 75 00:04:17,680 --> 00:04:22,080 Speaker 1: the UK, China, and Lithuania has cross referenced the findings 76 00:04:22,080 --> 00:04:26,000 Speaker 1: of hundreds of studies of charred food crops like rice, millet, wheat, 77 00:04:26,000 --> 00:04:28,960 Speaker 1: and barley to create a massive map of how these 78 00:04:29,000 --> 00:04:32,640 Speaker 1: foods moved around the prehistoric world and what they found 79 00:04:32,800 --> 00:04:36,200 Speaker 1: was that these staple foods moved a very long way 80 00:04:36,240 --> 00:04:40,359 Speaker 1: between eight thousand and fifteen hundred BC, so I wouldn't 81 00:04:40,400 --> 00:04:43,680 Speaker 1: necessarily put all of that into the prehistoric bucket. Wheat 82 00:04:43,760 --> 00:04:47,560 Speaker 1: and barley were carried from southwest Asia into Europe, China, 83 00:04:47,600 --> 00:04:51,799 Speaker 1: and the Indian subcontinent. Rice spread across much of Asia. 84 00:04:52,400 --> 00:04:55,919 Speaker 1: Millet and sorgham originated in western Africa but moved to 85 00:04:55,960 --> 00:04:58,440 Speaker 1: the eastern and sub Saharan part of the continent, as 86 00:04:58,440 --> 00:05:01,159 Speaker 1: well as across the Indian Ocean, and then different types 87 00:05:01,240 --> 00:05:04,200 Speaker 1: of millets started out in Eastern Asia and moved west 88 00:05:04,320 --> 00:05:07,799 Speaker 1: all the way to Europe. Basically, although people might imagine 89 00:05:07,800 --> 00:05:11,000 Speaker 1: that food became more globalized after Europeans started traveling to 90 00:05:11,040 --> 00:05:14,280 Speaker 1: North America, that whole thing really started much much earlier, 91 00:05:14,360 --> 00:05:17,960 Speaker 1: with ordinary farmers trying new crops and strategies just to 92 00:05:18,000 --> 00:05:20,960 Speaker 1: get enough food. Now we have several things about beer. 93 00:05:21,839 --> 00:05:25,839 Speaker 1: Researchers in Peru are crediting a beer like beverage called 94 00:05:25,960 --> 00:05:29,919 Speaker 1: Chicha with keeping the Warri civilization stable in that part 95 00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:34,840 Speaker 1: of the continent from about six hundred to eleven CE. 96 00:05:34,960 --> 00:05:38,520 Speaker 1: This team has done research into pottery and the residues 97 00:05:38,560 --> 00:05:41,200 Speaker 1: within the pottery vessels and suggests that these pots in 98 00:05:41,240 --> 00:05:43,960 Speaker 1: the ticha that was being made, they're all being made locally, 99 00:05:44,120 --> 00:05:46,800 Speaker 1: with people traveling to what was essentially a tap room 100 00:05:46,920 --> 00:05:50,520 Speaker 1: for festivals and for more casual gatherings. The beverage was 101 00:05:50,560 --> 00:05:53,560 Speaker 1: also made with drought resistant pepper berries, which would have 102 00:05:53,600 --> 00:05:56,840 Speaker 1: helped ensure a steady supply of beer even when other 103 00:05:56,920 --> 00:05:59,680 Speaker 1: ingredients are much harder to grow. A lot of headlines 104 00:05:59,720 --> 00:06:01,719 Speaker 1: about this was like the secret to a long lived 105 00:06:01,800 --> 00:06:07,039 Speaker 1: society is plenty of beer. In other beer news, in 106 00:06:07,760 --> 00:06:10,839 Speaker 1: six the s s Oregon sank off Long Island. There 107 00:06:10,839 --> 00:06:13,760 Speaker 1: were no fatalities, but sadly a load of beer went 108 00:06:13,800 --> 00:06:16,279 Speaker 1: down with the ship. And this year a diver brought 109 00:06:16,320 --> 00:06:18,880 Speaker 1: three bottles back up from the bottom and gave one 110 00:06:18,920 --> 00:06:21,479 Speaker 1: of those bottles to serious brewing company who planned to 111 00:06:21,520 --> 00:06:24,320 Speaker 1: see if they could extract living yeast from it, and 112 00:06:24,360 --> 00:06:27,680 Speaker 1: the diver was one of the brewery's regular customers. Staff 113 00:06:27,720 --> 00:06:30,640 Speaker 1: at the brewery also tasted this beer, just a few 114 00:06:30,720 --> 00:06:34,480 Speaker 1: drops of it. According to the breweries owner of Bill Felter, quote, 115 00:06:34,760 --> 00:06:37,800 Speaker 1: it was nasty. I mean, I feel like we could 116 00:06:37,839 --> 00:06:42,279 Speaker 1: have said that without tasting it, but that's just probably um. 117 00:06:42,320 --> 00:06:45,120 Speaker 1: A few days after the story broke about Sirius Brewing's 118 00:06:45,120 --> 00:06:48,440 Speaker 1: plan to brew shipwreck beer, another story made their rounds 119 00:06:48,480 --> 00:06:51,000 Speaker 1: that St. James Brewery and whole Brook, Long Island had 120 00:06:51,040 --> 00:06:53,800 Speaker 1: already been making beer with yeast extracted from a bottle 121 00:06:54,160 --> 00:06:57,080 Speaker 1: from that same wreck for at least a year. That 122 00:06:57,160 --> 00:07:00,000 Speaker 1: beer uses both the shipwreck yeast and the modern string 123 00:07:00,000 --> 00:07:02,719 Speaker 1: sane An owner brewer Jamie Adams, was at the time 124 00:07:03,040 --> 00:07:05,240 Speaker 1: planning a beer with only yeast from the wreck to 125 00:07:05,360 --> 00:07:09,239 Speaker 1: debut at the New York State Brewers Fest. So after 126 00:07:09,279 --> 00:07:11,680 Speaker 1: getting this news that another brewery had already been doing 127 00:07:11,720 --> 00:07:14,760 Speaker 1: the thing he planned to do, Felter shelved his plans 128 00:07:14,800 --> 00:07:17,239 Speaker 1: to make a similar beer, not of respect for Adams 129 00:07:17,240 --> 00:07:20,400 Speaker 1: having done it already. Basically, the two New York brewers 130 00:07:20,440 --> 00:07:23,160 Speaker 1: were trying not to horn in on each other's beers. 131 00:07:23,160 --> 00:07:26,200 Speaker 1: This seems like a pretty amicable resolution, especially since at 132 00:07:26,200 --> 00:07:29,040 Speaker 1: first Adams thought about filing a season desist over it. 133 00:07:29,600 --> 00:07:32,640 Speaker 1: So hooray for brewers being cool. Yeah, it's a whole 134 00:07:32,640 --> 00:07:37,480 Speaker 1: saga about this shipwreck beer. Uh. And in one last 135 00:07:37,560 --> 00:07:41,560 Speaker 1: piece of beer news, scientists in Israel have extracted yeast 136 00:07:41,600 --> 00:07:44,480 Speaker 1: from a pottery that was up to five thousand years old, 137 00:07:44,520 --> 00:07:46,720 Speaker 1: and they've used that to brew beer. We got a 138 00:07:46,760 --> 00:07:50,120 Speaker 1: note about this one from listener Shatta, who mentioned that 139 00:07:50,160 --> 00:07:52,360 Speaker 1: the yeast had come from an archaeological fine we had 140 00:07:52,360 --> 00:07:55,840 Speaker 1: talked about an unearthed in I think that's actually a 141 00:07:56,000 --> 00:07:59,320 Speaker 1: much older find. The pottery that we talked about in 142 00:07:59,320 --> 00:08:02,760 Speaker 1: that particular thing was much older. But it's totally possible 143 00:08:03,240 --> 00:08:05,920 Speaker 1: that we did talk about the same find at somewhere 144 00:08:05,920 --> 00:08:09,160 Speaker 1: in a previous unearthed, because when I looked at I 145 00:08:09,240 --> 00:08:12,720 Speaker 1: was just keyword searching the past scripts for the word beer. 146 00:08:13,160 --> 00:08:16,360 Speaker 1: We've talked about beer, and almost all of them I'm 147 00:08:16,400 --> 00:08:21,040 Speaker 1: I'm waiting for the giant vodka discovery. So since I'm 148 00:08:21,080 --> 00:08:23,760 Speaker 1: not really a beer drinker. Um, okay, so this next 149 00:08:23,800 --> 00:08:26,160 Speaker 1: one is not exactly about food, but bear with us. 150 00:08:27,000 --> 00:08:29,360 Speaker 1: There is a lot of variety and human speech, but 151 00:08:29,440 --> 00:08:32,760 Speaker 1: a prevailing theory has been that most speech sounds have 152 00:08:32,880 --> 00:08:35,839 Speaker 1: existed for most of human history, not really changing all 153 00:08:35,880 --> 00:08:39,280 Speaker 1: that much. So even though some sounds like m are 154 00:08:39,400 --> 00:08:41,760 Speaker 1: common in much of the world, while others like the 155 00:08:41,840 --> 00:08:45,360 Speaker 1: clicking sounds in some African languages are more localized, that 156 00:08:45,480 --> 00:08:48,280 Speaker 1: all of these specific sounds have actually stayed pretty much 157 00:08:48,320 --> 00:08:51,760 Speaker 1: the same over time, But there's some new research from 158 00:08:51,800 --> 00:08:55,559 Speaker 1: the University of Zurich and two Max Planck Institutes that suggests, 159 00:08:55,600 --> 00:09:01,040 Speaker 1: maybe not hypothesizing, that some sounds like and are relatively 160 00:09:01,120 --> 00:09:03,840 Speaker 1: new and they only came about as the shape of 161 00:09:03,880 --> 00:09:07,400 Speaker 1: our human palet changed, with the changes of the palette 162 00:09:07,400 --> 00:09:10,480 Speaker 1: coming along with changes to what we eat. So basically, 163 00:09:10,520 --> 00:09:13,199 Speaker 1: early humans had a diet that was full of tough 164 00:09:13,280 --> 00:09:15,920 Speaker 1: foods that were difficult to chew, so by the time 165 00:09:15,960 --> 00:09:19,120 Speaker 1: people reached adulthood, their upper and lower teeth meant edge 166 00:09:19,160 --> 00:09:23,160 Speaker 1: to edge. But over time people started eating softer foods, 167 00:09:23,200 --> 00:09:26,040 Speaker 1: shifting their palette so that they had a slight overbite 168 00:09:26,040 --> 00:09:28,680 Speaker 1: with their upper front teeth slightly in front of the 169 00:09:28,720 --> 00:09:31,280 Speaker 1: lower ones most of the time, and that may have 170 00:09:31,320 --> 00:09:34,360 Speaker 1: made it possible for languages to start including sounds known 171 00:09:34,400 --> 00:09:37,679 Speaker 1: as labya dentals, in which your lower lip touches your 172 00:09:37,760 --> 00:09:42,240 Speaker 1: upper teeth. These sounds exist in about half of languages worldwide, 173 00:09:42,320 --> 00:09:46,600 Speaker 1: and they're especially prevalent in European languages, apparently rising with 174 00:09:46,679 --> 00:09:49,720 Speaker 1: advances in milling and other technologies that helped people produce 175 00:09:49,800 --> 00:09:54,400 Speaker 1: softer foods. These aren't the first researchers to suggest this connection, 176 00:09:54,600 --> 00:09:57,920 Speaker 1: but earlier linguists have been a lot more cautious that 177 00:09:58,000 --> 00:10:00,839 Speaker 1: this could just be a correlation rather in a causation. 178 00:10:01,480 --> 00:10:03,240 Speaker 1: And now we're going to take a quick break so 179 00:10:03,320 --> 00:10:05,320 Speaker 1: Tracy and I can make lots of weird noises with 180 00:10:05,360 --> 00:10:07,840 Speaker 1: our mouths and figure out what we're doing and if 181 00:10:07,880 --> 00:10:11,320 Speaker 1: that is Palette related through history, we'll be back at 182 00:10:11,360 --> 00:10:23,240 Speaker 1: just a moment. Okay, we have a couple or three 183 00:10:23,960 --> 00:10:29,240 Speaker 1: discoveries coming up that basically confirm existing oral histories. First up, 184 00:10:29,320 --> 00:10:33,320 Speaker 1: archaeologists in Nova Scotia have been using ground penetrating radar 185 00:10:33,440 --> 00:10:36,600 Speaker 1: to try to confirm whether Fort Ann is the site 186 00:10:36,640 --> 00:10:40,679 Speaker 1: of an Acadian burial ground. There's a known British cemetery 187 00:10:40,760 --> 00:10:43,080 Speaker 1: at that site, but it's also believed that there are 188 00:10:43,080 --> 00:10:46,640 Speaker 1: at least two thousand Acadian people buried there as well, 189 00:10:46,679 --> 00:10:51,040 Speaker 1: without any sort of marker remaining for them. Preliminary evidence 190 00:10:51,080 --> 00:10:54,320 Speaker 1: suggests that this is the case. This radar study found 191 00:10:54,440 --> 00:10:58,480 Speaker 1: very regularly spaced disturbances that were arranged in lines at 192 00:10:58,520 --> 00:11:01,600 Speaker 1: the same depth every time, So if this is accurate, 193 00:11:01,600 --> 00:11:05,120 Speaker 1: it would confirm the Acadian belief that they have ancestors 194 00:11:05,160 --> 00:11:09,280 Speaker 1: buried at Fort Anne. This ground penetrating radar work really 195 00:11:09,280 --> 00:11:11,000 Speaker 1: happened at the end of December, but it was just 196 00:11:11,120 --> 00:11:13,440 Speaker 1: making news at the start of this year. And I'll 197 00:11:13,480 --> 00:11:16,040 Speaker 1: also note that we do have the Acadian expulsion on 198 00:11:16,120 --> 00:11:19,440 Speaker 1: the idealist for a future episode. Don't know when it 199 00:11:19,480 --> 00:11:22,719 Speaker 1: will happen. Archaeologists have confirmed the oral histories of the 200 00:11:22,800 --> 00:11:26,920 Speaker 1: Lake Bebean First Nation in northern British Columbia, Canada, something 201 00:11:26,960 --> 00:11:29,959 Speaker 1: the nation had asked to have done. According to the 202 00:11:30,040 --> 00:11:33,000 Speaker 1: nation's oral history, there were fishing villages along the shores 203 00:11:33,040 --> 00:11:36,080 Speaker 1: of Lake Bebing before the arrival of European colonists in 204 00:11:36,120 --> 00:11:39,480 Speaker 1: the area. The team found evidence of these villages, one 205 00:11:39,480 --> 00:11:42,480 Speaker 1: of them quite large, along with wooden fishing weirs which 206 00:11:42,480 --> 00:11:45,200 Speaker 1: would have been used to catch sakey salmon. And in 207 00:11:45,240 --> 00:11:49,880 Speaker 1: our last confirmation, researchers have also discovered that First Nations 208 00:11:49,920 --> 00:11:53,320 Speaker 1: people in the northwestern coast of North America were farming 209 00:11:53,520 --> 00:11:57,760 Speaker 1: clams for about three thousand years, longer than previously thought, 210 00:11:58,160 --> 00:12:00,720 Speaker 1: and that study had focused on claim and beds that 211 00:12:00,760 --> 00:12:04,280 Speaker 1: had been recorded in native oral histories. We are now 212 00:12:04,320 --> 00:12:07,000 Speaker 1: moving on to one of my favorite things art, in 213 00:12:07,040 --> 00:12:10,200 Speaker 1: this case cave art and rock art Uh there's a 214 00:12:10,240 --> 00:12:13,800 Speaker 1: massive collection of witch marks in a limestone gorge called 215 00:12:13,840 --> 00:12:18,760 Speaker 1: Creswell Craigs in East Midlands. In the UK, staff knew 216 00:12:18,800 --> 00:12:20,640 Speaker 1: there were some kind of markings down there, but they 217 00:12:20,640 --> 00:12:23,240 Speaker 1: didn't really know much about them, and they described them 218 00:12:23,240 --> 00:12:27,400 Speaker 1: to visitors as Victorian graffiti. But a couple of cavers 219 00:12:27,440 --> 00:12:30,160 Speaker 1: remarked on them last year, leading experts to take a 220 00:12:30,160 --> 00:12:33,640 Speaker 1: closer look. What they found was not the two or 221 00:12:33,679 --> 00:12:36,200 Speaker 1: three markings that they were kind of expecting. There were 222 00:12:36,240 --> 00:12:40,280 Speaker 1: as many as a thousand marks. These were meant as 223 00:12:40,440 --> 00:12:43,800 Speaker 1: wards against evil. They included marks that looked like a 224 00:12:43,920 --> 00:12:46,679 Speaker 1: V to stand for the Virgin Mary, and shapes that 225 00:12:46,720 --> 00:12:50,200 Speaker 1: look like crosses, and the letters PM, which stands for 226 00:12:50,240 --> 00:12:53,280 Speaker 1: pot Maria. These types of marks were common in the 227 00:12:53,320 --> 00:12:56,719 Speaker 1: area from the sixteenth through the nineteen centuries, although it's 228 00:12:56,760 --> 00:13:00,240 Speaker 1: not completely clear exactly when these particular marks were made 229 00:13:00,720 --> 00:13:03,360 Speaker 1: or exactly what people were hoping to keep out or 230 00:13:03,559 --> 00:13:06,760 Speaker 1: for that matter, in by making these marks. Yeah, these 231 00:13:06,800 --> 00:13:08,280 Speaker 1: are these are the sorts of marks that you were 232 00:13:08,320 --> 00:13:10,320 Speaker 1: really see in a lot of places, like not just 233 00:13:11,000 --> 00:13:15,080 Speaker 1: in the UK, if you go to um Old like 234 00:13:15,280 --> 00:13:19,360 Speaker 1: colonial era homes in North America, A lot of times 235 00:13:19,360 --> 00:13:21,840 Speaker 1: there are vs and crosses and things in places that 236 00:13:21,880 --> 00:13:24,080 Speaker 1: were meant a word evil away. This is just an 237 00:13:24,120 --> 00:13:28,439 Speaker 1: astoundingly large collection of them. Uh, And I am really 238 00:13:28,480 --> 00:13:30,400 Speaker 1: curious of Like, did you think there was a hell 239 00:13:30,440 --> 00:13:35,559 Speaker 1: mouth down there? What was happening? Researchers have also recorded 240 00:13:35,559 --> 00:13:39,040 Speaker 1: and interpreted a set of Cherokee inscriptions in Manitou Cave 241 00:13:39,120 --> 00:13:42,400 Speaker 1: in Alabama. The first of these inscriptions dates back to 242 00:13:42,480 --> 00:13:44,720 Speaker 1: April of eighteen twenty eight, so that was just a 243 00:13:44,760 --> 00:13:48,040 Speaker 1: few years before the Cherokee and other native people's were 244 00:13:48,080 --> 00:13:51,520 Speaker 1: removed from the area under the Indian Removal activate teen thirty, 245 00:13:51,640 --> 00:13:55,560 Speaker 1: and also just three years after the Cherokee adopted the 246 00:13:55,600 --> 00:13:59,760 Speaker 1: Cherokee syllabary as a system of writing for the Cherokee language. 247 00:14:00,200 --> 00:14:03,199 Speaker 1: The inscriptions in the cave document things like a stickball 248 00:14:03,240 --> 00:14:07,040 Speaker 1: game and the religious ceremony surrounding it. Stickball is not 249 00:14:07,160 --> 00:14:10,640 Speaker 1: a simple sport, it has important ritual significance within Cherokee 250 00:14:10,720 --> 00:14:13,680 Speaker 1: culture and religion, and there are also inscriptions on the 251 00:14:13,720 --> 00:14:16,520 Speaker 1: ceiling of the cave written backwards as if the reader 252 00:14:16,600 --> 00:14:19,920 Speaker 1: is somewhere within the rock. So this research team included 253 00:14:19,920 --> 00:14:23,240 Speaker 1: European Americans as well as members of the Eastern Band 254 00:14:23,240 --> 00:14:26,920 Speaker 1: of Cherokee Indians, the United Katua Band of Cherokees, and 255 00:14:26,960 --> 00:14:30,040 Speaker 1: the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, and they all work together 256 00:14:30,160 --> 00:14:33,800 Speaker 1: to determine both how to interpret what the inscriptions mean 257 00:14:34,560 --> 00:14:37,600 Speaker 1: and to decide what should and shouldn't be published in 258 00:14:37,640 --> 00:14:40,240 Speaker 1: academic works, and some of these inscriptions were just not 259 00:14:40,320 --> 00:14:42,960 Speaker 1: meant to be read beyond the Cherokee. This work was 260 00:14:43,000 --> 00:14:46,160 Speaker 1: also important because there's not a lot of archaeological evidence 261 00:14:46,200 --> 00:14:49,400 Speaker 1: of a Cherokee presence in the area. The cave became 262 00:14:49,440 --> 00:14:53,520 Speaker 1: a tourist attraction in and other physical connections to the 263 00:14:53,600 --> 00:14:57,360 Speaker 1: Cherokee were removed or destroyed at that time. Moving on, 264 00:14:57,960 --> 00:15:02,960 Speaker 1: archaeologists studying indigenous petroglyphs in Australia have discovered the crews 265 00:15:03,080 --> 00:15:07,600 Speaker 1: of nineteenth century whaling ships added their own carvings to 266 00:15:07,640 --> 00:15:11,160 Speaker 1: the same area as well, sometimes right on top of 267 00:15:11,200 --> 00:15:14,680 Speaker 1: the existing indigenous art. Some of the carvings in the 268 00:15:15,040 --> 00:15:18,760 Speaker 1: Damp Year Archipelago are up to fifty thousand years old, 269 00:15:19,000 --> 00:15:21,800 Speaker 1: and the whalers additions are from eighteen forty one and 270 00:15:21,880 --> 00:15:25,800 Speaker 1: eighteen forty nine. The team found carvings from crew members 271 00:15:25,840 --> 00:15:28,600 Speaker 1: of the Connecticut and the Delta, both of which were 272 00:15:28,600 --> 00:15:32,520 Speaker 1: whalers that hailed from the United States. It's not clear 273 00:15:32,600 --> 00:15:36,080 Speaker 1: whether the whaling crews interacted with the local population at all, 274 00:15:36,760 --> 00:15:40,320 Speaker 1: or what their motivations were for choosing these particular carving sites. 275 00:15:40,880 --> 00:15:43,880 Speaker 1: It could have been an intentional signal of disrespect, or 276 00:15:43,920 --> 00:15:45,960 Speaker 1: they could have just thought they were adding graffiti to 277 00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:48,800 Speaker 1: a place that already had a lot of graffiti on it. 278 00:15:49,960 --> 00:15:53,520 Speaker 1: This particular study also noted that the interactions between these 279 00:15:53,520 --> 00:15:56,720 Speaker 1: whaling crews and the indigenous people of Australia is something 280 00:15:56,800 --> 00:15:59,640 Speaker 1: that warrants for their study because in a lot of 281 00:15:59,680 --> 00:16:02,360 Speaker 1: places it's not clear whether anybody came ashore, whether they 282 00:16:02,440 --> 00:16:04,800 Speaker 1: had any contact with anyone. But it's also clear that 283 00:16:04,840 --> 00:16:07,200 Speaker 1: the native people knew that there were quailers off the 284 00:16:07,240 --> 00:16:10,840 Speaker 1: coast of Australia up so there's lots of room for 285 00:16:10,880 --> 00:16:14,320 Speaker 1: more work to be done. Moving on. A team has 286 00:16:14,440 --> 00:16:17,680 Speaker 1: determined that cave art found in the Balkan Peninsula in 287 00:16:18,520 --> 00:16:22,600 Speaker 1: is the peninsula's oldest known figurative cave art, so that 288 00:16:22,680 --> 00:16:26,080 Speaker 1: oldest known designation is what happened this year. The paintings 289 00:16:26,160 --> 00:16:29,640 Speaker 1: date back about thirty four thousand years and they include 290 00:16:29,680 --> 00:16:34,120 Speaker 1: a bison and ibis and what maybe human figures. Researchers 291 00:16:34,120 --> 00:16:37,000 Speaker 1: at the University of Barcelona have also found a piece 292 00:16:37,040 --> 00:16:41,000 Speaker 1: of Paleolithic art carved into limestone that they're describing as 293 00:16:41,040 --> 00:16:44,640 Speaker 1: a very early example of narrative art. The pieces about 294 00:16:44,680 --> 00:16:47,720 Speaker 1: twelve thousand, five hundred years old and appears to depict 295 00:16:48,040 --> 00:16:51,000 Speaker 1: two people chasing two birds, which appear to be an 296 00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:54,920 Speaker 1: adult and a young crane. There are only three scenes 297 00:16:54,920 --> 00:16:59,160 Speaker 1: found in Paleolithic art so far that depict humans alongside birds. 298 00:17:00,000 --> 00:17:02,800 Speaker 1: So next up we have a whole collection of findings 299 00:17:02,840 --> 00:17:07,120 Speaker 1: that in some way are connected to like a technological acronym, 300 00:17:07,359 --> 00:17:10,640 Speaker 1: so it's things like DNA and CT scans and lighter 301 00:17:11,560 --> 00:17:16,639 Speaker 1: stuff like that. First up, researchers used DNA analysis to 302 00:17:16,680 --> 00:17:19,640 Speaker 1: study some chewed up pieces of pitch that were unearthed 303 00:17:19,640 --> 00:17:23,040 Speaker 1: in western Sweden back in the nineteen eighties. These were 304 00:17:23,040 --> 00:17:26,119 Speaker 1: about eight thousand years old and at the time they 305 00:17:26,160 --> 00:17:28,560 Speaker 1: were being used to make weapons, so people would heat 306 00:17:28,640 --> 00:17:30,520 Speaker 1: up this pitch and then chew on it to make 307 00:17:30,560 --> 00:17:32,920 Speaker 1: it really soft and sticky, and then use little bits 308 00:17:32,960 --> 00:17:36,920 Speaker 1: of it to do things like attached points to weapon shafts. 309 00:17:37,240 --> 00:17:41,000 Speaker 1: The DNA analysis suggested that three different people had chewed 310 00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:44,320 Speaker 1: on this pitch, two female and one male, and they 311 00:17:44,320 --> 00:17:46,679 Speaker 1: may have been quite young, based on the size of 312 00:17:46,680 --> 00:17:49,879 Speaker 1: the tooth impressions, as young as five years old. But 313 00:17:50,280 --> 00:17:52,480 Speaker 1: they did not find any weapons that were made with 314 00:17:52,520 --> 00:17:55,399 Speaker 1: this particular pitch, so it's possible that they were just 315 00:17:55,520 --> 00:17:57,960 Speaker 1: kids chewing on the same stuff used to make weapons, 316 00:17:58,240 --> 00:18:02,359 Speaker 1: and we're not weapon makers. Them Elves and another discovery. 317 00:18:02,600 --> 00:18:06,040 Speaker 1: In previous installments of Unearthed, we have talked about vikings 318 00:18:06,040 --> 00:18:08,600 Speaker 1: a lot, and we have also talked about horse burials 319 00:18:08,640 --> 00:18:10,920 Speaker 1: a lot, and now we have both at the same time. 320 00:18:11,600 --> 00:18:15,040 Speaker 1: We knew that Viking warriors were often buried with their horses, 321 00:18:15,240 --> 00:18:17,840 Speaker 1: and now, thanks to DNA evidence, we know that most 322 00:18:17,920 --> 00:18:20,520 Speaker 1: of the Viking warriors were mail and so were the 323 00:18:20,600 --> 00:18:24,280 Speaker 1: horses that were buried with them. Of the nineteen horses 324 00:18:24,320 --> 00:18:27,720 Speaker 1: that were studied in this particular project, eighteen of them 325 00:18:27,720 --> 00:18:30,520 Speaker 1: were male. All of them appeared to be healthy and 326 00:18:30,560 --> 00:18:33,720 Speaker 1: well cared for before being killed, apparently for the purpose 327 00:18:33,840 --> 00:18:38,359 Speaker 1: of the burial. In researchers performed CT scans on a 328 00:18:38,400 --> 00:18:41,680 Speaker 1: group of mummies at a hospital in Madrid. This year, 329 00:18:41,720 --> 00:18:44,280 Speaker 1: They announced their findings that one of them was a 330 00:18:44,320 --> 00:18:48,320 Speaker 1: priest named Nespamdo who was paraoh Ptolemy the seconds eye Doctor, 331 00:18:48,520 --> 00:18:52,240 Speaker 1: possibly also Ptolemy the Third's eye doctor, although that is 332 00:18:52,280 --> 00:18:55,119 Speaker 1: a matter of dispute uh and they made this conclusion 333 00:18:55,119 --> 00:18:57,960 Speaker 1: based on a collection of plaques from within the bandages, 334 00:18:58,080 --> 00:19:01,520 Speaker 1: one of which was thought God of eye doctors. He 335 00:19:01,640 --> 00:19:04,560 Speaker 1: has a designation because of a story within the mythology 336 00:19:04,560 --> 00:19:07,200 Speaker 1: of replacing somebody's eye after it was not God, I 337 00:19:07,280 --> 00:19:11,480 Speaker 1: think in battle. In previous installments of Unearthed, we have 338 00:19:11,560 --> 00:19:14,840 Speaker 1: talked about the use of ground penetrating radar and other 339 00:19:14,880 --> 00:19:17,919 Speaker 1: non invasive technologies which has led to the discovery of 340 00:19:18,200 --> 00:19:22,320 Speaker 1: massive cities and buried structures in South America and in Europe. 341 00:19:22,440 --> 00:19:26,280 Speaker 1: Similar discoveries have also been happening in Africa, where light 342 00:19:26,359 --> 00:19:29,880 Speaker 1: our scans in a South African nature preserve have pinpointed 343 00:19:29,920 --> 00:19:33,400 Speaker 1: the location of the city of Quinning, which thrived from 344 00:19:33,400 --> 00:19:37,199 Speaker 1: the fourteen hundreds until the late nineteenth century. It's basic 345 00:19:37,280 --> 00:19:40,640 Speaker 1: location was already known, but this pinpointed it more specifically, 346 00:19:40,800 --> 00:19:43,359 Speaker 1: and this new study also suggests that it had about 347 00:19:43,520 --> 00:19:48,000 Speaker 1: three times as many buildings as previously thought. It's likely 348 00:19:48,040 --> 00:19:50,800 Speaker 1: that the city was composed of between eight hundred and 349 00:19:50,880 --> 00:19:55,359 Speaker 1: nine hundred walled compounds housing as many as ten thousand people. 350 00:19:55,880 --> 00:19:59,000 Speaker 1: A team from the University of Cincinnati have discovered evidence 351 00:19:59,040 --> 00:20:02,040 Speaker 1: that suggests that the Maya did more than a subsistence 352 00:20:02,119 --> 00:20:05,320 Speaker 1: level of farming, growing a surplus of things like cotton 353 00:20:05,400 --> 00:20:09,240 Speaker 1: to trade all around the Yucatan Peninsula. This research has 354 00:20:09,280 --> 00:20:12,400 Speaker 1: involved satellite imaging and light our studies that have revealed 355 00:20:12,480 --> 00:20:16,280 Speaker 1: drainage and irrigation systems along with Rhodes. In the words 356 00:20:16,320 --> 00:20:19,120 Speaker 1: of Nicholas Dunning, a professor of geography who was part 357 00:20:19,160 --> 00:20:21,680 Speaker 1: of this research team, quote, it was a much more 358 00:20:21,720 --> 00:20:25,280 Speaker 1: complex market economy than the Maya are often given credit for. 359 00:20:25,800 --> 00:20:29,320 Speaker 1: And last we have a little lengthier fine. DNA testing 360 00:20:29,359 --> 00:20:33,520 Speaker 1: has been conducted on the remains of Casimir Pulaski. Pulaski 361 00:20:33,600 --> 00:20:36,560 Speaker 1: was an immigrant from Poland to North America. He became 362 00:20:36,600 --> 00:20:40,720 Speaker 1: a general in George Washington's Continental Army. He's considered now 363 00:20:40,760 --> 00:20:43,280 Speaker 1: to be a war hero in both Poland and in 364 00:20:43,320 --> 00:20:47,800 Speaker 1: the United States. Scientists who examined his skeleton a couple 365 00:20:47,840 --> 00:20:51,239 Speaker 1: of decades ago found that his pelvis looked more like 366 00:20:51,359 --> 00:20:54,640 Speaker 1: what they would expect on a female skeleton. They were 367 00:20:54,680 --> 00:20:58,040 Speaker 1: surprised enough by the pelvis's appearance that they wondered whether 368 00:20:58,119 --> 00:21:01,760 Speaker 1: his bones had been replaced with someone else's. At the time, 369 00:21:01,840 --> 00:21:05,200 Speaker 1: they planned to compare DNA from the remains to Pulaski's 370 00:21:05,240 --> 00:21:08,959 Speaker 1: living grand niece, but the technology in n was not 371 00:21:09,040 --> 00:21:12,520 Speaker 1: yet advanced enough to give a truly conclusive answer. That 372 00:21:12,680 --> 00:21:15,639 Speaker 1: is not the case today, and this year researchers concluded 373 00:21:15,680 --> 00:21:19,720 Speaker 1: that yes, the bones really are Pulaski's. So this evidence 374 00:21:19,760 --> 00:21:23,200 Speaker 1: also suggests that Pulaski may have been intersex or had 375 00:21:23,240 --> 00:21:26,320 Speaker 1: physical traits that don't clearly fit into a binary of 376 00:21:26,400 --> 00:21:30,000 Speaker 1: male and female. So in Pulaski's case, this includes that 377 00:21:30,119 --> 00:21:33,679 Speaker 1: his bone structure appeared more female, while he also had 378 00:21:33,760 --> 00:21:36,639 Speaker 1: male pattern baldness and facial hair. Facial hair is not 379 00:21:36,680 --> 00:21:40,120 Speaker 1: an exclusively male trait, but his pattern of facial hair 380 00:21:40,200 --> 00:21:43,560 Speaker 1: was definitely more masculine. This news led to a number 381 00:21:43,560 --> 00:21:47,240 Speaker 1: of articles suggesting that Pulaski might have been female, or 382 00:21:47,280 --> 00:21:49,240 Speaker 1: that we might need to refer to him with she 383 00:21:49,400 --> 00:21:53,320 Speaker 1: her pronouns instead of male pronouns, but that also doesn't 384 00:21:53,359 --> 00:21:56,400 Speaker 1: really match up what we know of Pulaski's life. He 385 00:21:56,520 --> 00:21:58,919 Speaker 1: was recorded as a boy when he was baptized, and 386 00:21:59,000 --> 00:22:01,720 Speaker 1: he really doesn't seemed to have gone outside the gender 387 00:22:01,760 --> 00:22:05,119 Speaker 1: norms for men during his life. If he or his 388 00:22:05,200 --> 00:22:08,159 Speaker 1: family thought anything was unusual about his body, that is 389 00:22:08,160 --> 00:22:11,520 Speaker 1: not recorded anywhere. So taking all of our cues from 390 00:22:11,600 --> 00:22:16,159 Speaker 1: Pulaski himself, he remains the right pronoun. Yeah. We we 391 00:22:16,200 --> 00:22:21,280 Speaker 1: should not reassign people's pronouns based on DNA evidence contrary 392 00:22:21,359 --> 00:22:25,840 Speaker 1: to how they actually lived. Uh. This was also part 393 00:22:25,880 --> 00:22:28,600 Speaker 1: of a Smithsonian Channel documentary, which, to be clear, I 394 00:22:28,640 --> 00:22:30,320 Speaker 1: have not watched. I don't know what all it says 395 00:22:30,320 --> 00:22:33,399 Speaker 1: in there. It's called America's Hidden Stories. The general was 396 00:22:33,480 --> 00:22:36,600 Speaker 1: female question mark and maybe we will have an episode 397 00:22:36,600 --> 00:22:39,359 Speaker 1: about Pulaski at some point in the future. Yeah, he 398 00:22:39,400 --> 00:22:43,359 Speaker 1: seems really interesting. Um. This research is also really interesting, 399 00:22:43,400 --> 00:22:48,160 Speaker 1: and it's also always interesting to have another potentially intersex 400 00:22:48,280 --> 00:22:53,080 Speaker 1: person um in our library of episodes. And the last 401 00:22:53,240 --> 00:22:56,520 Speaker 1: bit before we take a break isn't directly related to 402 00:22:56,560 --> 00:22:59,680 Speaker 1: Casimir Pulaski, but it does follow on with this practice 403 00:23:00,080 --> 00:23:03,080 Speaker 1: of trying to figure out sex and gender based on 404 00:23:03,119 --> 00:23:06,760 Speaker 1: a person's remains, and the idea of researchers figuring out 405 00:23:06,800 --> 00:23:09,399 Speaker 1: a person's sex based on their skeletal remains. It's come 406 00:23:09,480 --> 00:23:12,120 Speaker 1: up pretty frequently on our Unearthed episodes and in other 407 00:23:12,160 --> 00:23:15,120 Speaker 1: episodes of the show, but this is a really difficult 408 00:23:15,160 --> 00:23:19,120 Speaker 1: task in cultures that practice cremation. In a paper published 409 00:23:19,119 --> 00:23:23,840 Speaker 1: in January, Claudio Cavazouti of Durham University discusses analyzing the 410 00:23:23,840 --> 00:23:26,800 Speaker 1: cremated remains of a hundred and twenty four people which 411 00:23:26,800 --> 00:23:30,359 Speaker 1: were buried along with gendered grave goods, as in, a 412 00:23:30,440 --> 00:23:33,639 Speaker 1: grave containing weapons probably belonged to a man, and a 413 00:23:33,680 --> 00:23:37,240 Speaker 1: grave containing a yarn spindle was probably a woman's. They 414 00:23:37,280 --> 00:23:40,919 Speaker 1: cross referenced twenty four different skeletal traits with the goods 415 00:23:40,960 --> 00:23:43,280 Speaker 1: those remains were buried with to see if they could 416 00:23:43,280 --> 00:23:46,640 Speaker 1: find anything that seemed to predict gender. Out of these 417 00:23:46,680 --> 00:23:50,159 Speaker 1: twenty four traits, eight of them predicted the grave goods 418 00:23:50,280 --> 00:23:54,280 Speaker 1: gender with an accuracy rate of about eighty percent or better, 419 00:23:54,440 --> 00:23:56,679 Speaker 1: which is comparable with the methods that are used to 420 00:23:56,760 --> 00:24:01,119 Speaker 1: evaluate uncremated remains. So measurement of specific parts of the 421 00:24:01,160 --> 00:24:03,720 Speaker 1: bones like the thigh, the upper arm, the jaw, and 422 00:24:03,760 --> 00:24:07,399 Speaker 1: the big toe, among others, seemed to correlate with the 423 00:24:07,440 --> 00:24:11,480 Speaker 1: grave goods. Even after the body had been cremated, there 424 00:24:11,560 --> 00:24:14,440 Speaker 1: is still a lot of room for uncertainty in this though. 425 00:24:14,800 --> 00:24:17,720 Speaker 1: It all rests on the assumption that a society had 426 00:24:17,840 --> 00:24:20,639 Speaker 1: very clear gender roles in which people did not really 427 00:24:20,720 --> 00:24:24,360 Speaker 1: deviate from those roles, and that people's grave goods were 428 00:24:24,400 --> 00:24:28,040 Speaker 1: closely connected to their gender. It also assumes that there's 429 00:24:28,080 --> 00:24:31,200 Speaker 1: a close correlation between gender and sex, and in the 430 00:24:31,240 --> 00:24:35,200 Speaker 1: words of a press release on this discovery, quote anatomical 431 00:24:35,280 --> 00:24:39,400 Speaker 1: sex determination is possible in cremated remains, though they caution 432 00:24:39,480 --> 00:24:42,359 Speaker 1: that the measurements identified in this study differ from those 433 00:24:42,480 --> 00:24:47,400 Speaker 1: used to sex modern cremated remains, indicating that sexually diagnostic 434 00:24:47,440 --> 00:24:52,000 Speaker 1: traits differ between populations across time and space, but it 435 00:24:52,160 --> 00:24:55,080 Speaker 1: is still an interesting potential new source of data. Now 436 00:24:55,080 --> 00:24:58,400 Speaker 1: we're gonna take a quick sponsor break before getting into 437 00:24:58,440 --> 00:25:10,119 Speaker 1: some other things. Next up, we have a whole collection 438 00:25:10,240 --> 00:25:13,760 Speaker 1: of things that were repatriated or returned to where they 439 00:25:13,760 --> 00:25:17,760 Speaker 1: came from. First up, art Detective Arthur Brand returned to 440 00:25:18,040 --> 00:25:20,920 Speaker 1: Spanish reliefs that were at least a thousand years old, 441 00:25:21,320 --> 00:25:24,360 Speaker 1: handing them over to two officers and two museum curators 442 00:25:24,359 --> 00:25:28,200 Speaker 1: at the Spanish Embassy in London. These reliefs had been 443 00:25:28,240 --> 00:25:31,080 Speaker 1: stolen from the Santa Maria de Lara church in northern 444 00:25:31,160 --> 00:25:34,000 Speaker 1: Spain in two thousand four, and then a British couple 445 00:25:34,080 --> 00:25:36,760 Speaker 1: bought them, having no idea what they are or that 446 00:25:36,800 --> 00:25:40,160 Speaker 1: they had been stolen. The British Library returned three historic 447 00:25:40,240 --> 00:25:43,199 Speaker 1: documents that had been removed from a Greek monastery in 448 00:25:43,320 --> 00:25:47,880 Speaker 1: nineteen nine. Authorities in Greece had traced the illegally traffic 449 00:25:47,960 --> 00:25:51,600 Speaker 1: documents to the British Library, which immediately returned the documents 450 00:25:51,920 --> 00:25:55,840 Speaker 1: through the Greek embassy in London. And another similar story, 451 00:25:55,920 --> 00:25:59,040 Speaker 1: a Bible that was stolen out of the Carnegie Library 452 00:25:59,080 --> 00:26:01,920 Speaker 1: of Pittsburgh and then nineties was found in a museum 453 00:26:01,920 --> 00:26:05,520 Speaker 1: in the Netherlands and returned. The Bible was four hundred 454 00:26:05,520 --> 00:26:08,399 Speaker 1: four years old and it's theft had gone unnoticed for 455 00:26:08,440 --> 00:26:13,359 Speaker 1: several years until auditors surveyed the rare Books room where 456 00:26:13,400 --> 00:26:17,359 Speaker 1: it was housed. There were three hundred fourteen books missing 457 00:26:17,400 --> 00:26:21,359 Speaker 1: from this room, allegedly thanks to library archivist Gregory Prior 458 00:26:21,480 --> 00:26:24,840 Speaker 1: and Caliban bookshop owner John Schulman, who were in on 459 00:26:24,880 --> 00:26:28,040 Speaker 1: the job together. It appears that the criminal case so 460 00:26:28,080 --> 00:26:31,359 Speaker 1: the two of them, is ongoing. Yeah, as as I 461 00:26:31,400 --> 00:26:32,840 Speaker 1: was looking at this, there was there were a lot 462 00:26:32,880 --> 00:26:35,000 Speaker 1: of indictments and hearings and things like that, and it 463 00:26:35,080 --> 00:26:39,640 Speaker 1: doesn't appear that there have been convictions or acquittals yet 464 00:26:40,440 --> 00:26:44,199 Speaker 1: unless I missed something. This is not the only huge 465 00:26:44,640 --> 00:26:47,600 Speaker 1: document or book theft that we have to talk about, 466 00:26:47,640 --> 00:26:51,280 Speaker 1: because in similar news, in the nineteen forties, Harold E. Perry, 467 00:26:51,320 --> 00:26:55,400 Speaker 1: who was a clerk in the Massachusetts State Archives, meticulously 468 00:26:55,520 --> 00:26:59,479 Speaker 1: stole an extensive collection of historical documents and then covered 469 00:26:59,560 --> 00:27:02,919 Speaker 1: his acts by destroying the records of those documents in 470 00:27:02,960 --> 00:27:07,679 Speaker 1: the archive catalog. This is just evil archivists day. A 471 00:27:07,720 --> 00:27:09,720 Speaker 1: lot of these letters were kept in a bound book, 472 00:27:09,800 --> 00:27:12,359 Speaker 1: and he also clipped out the index page of the 473 00:27:12,400 --> 00:27:16,120 Speaker 1: book that listed the documents. His crime came to light, 474 00:27:16,200 --> 00:27:19,040 Speaker 1: and he was arrested in nineteen fifty and he received 475 00:27:19,080 --> 00:27:22,359 Speaker 1: a suspended sentence in exchange for helping track down the 476 00:27:22,440 --> 00:27:26,720 Speaker 1: material that he had stolen and then sold. Last year, 477 00:27:26,880 --> 00:27:30,040 Speaker 1: authorities tracked down one of the documents, a letter from 478 00:27:30,080 --> 00:27:33,840 Speaker 1: Alexander Hamilton's to the Marquis de Lafayette written in seventeen 479 00:27:33,880 --> 00:27:38,359 Speaker 1: eighty during the Revolutionary War. The FBI ultimately seized the 480 00:27:38,440 --> 00:27:41,920 Speaker 1: letter from an auction house in late and in May 481 00:27:41,960 --> 00:27:44,560 Speaker 1: of this year, the U s Attorney filed a forfeiture 482 00:27:44,600 --> 00:27:47,320 Speaker 1: complaint in Federal court to try to get the letter 483 00:27:47,400 --> 00:27:51,480 Speaker 1: back into the Commonwealth archive. That process seems to still 484 00:27:51,520 --> 00:27:55,920 Speaker 1: be ongoing. A relief found in Australia's Macquarie Museum has 485 00:27:55,960 --> 00:27:59,159 Speaker 1: been repatriated to Egypt after it was discovered that the 486 00:27:59,160 --> 00:28:01,919 Speaker 1: piece had been sled out of Egypt in the nineteen nineties. 487 00:28:02,280 --> 00:28:05,760 Speaker 1: The fragment was initially unearthed in the nineteen seventies or eighties, 488 00:28:05,800 --> 00:28:08,720 Speaker 1: but then officials at the storehouse where it was being 489 00:28:08,800 --> 00:28:12,719 Speaker 1: kept discovered that it was missing. In Now we're shifting 490 00:28:12,760 --> 00:28:16,200 Speaker 1: gears to talk about the remains of people, and in April, 491 00:28:16,280 --> 00:28:19,480 Speaker 1: Germany began the process of returning the remains of Aboriginal 492 00:28:19,520 --> 00:28:23,120 Speaker 1: people to Australia. These remains had been removed from Australia 493 00:28:23,160 --> 00:28:26,720 Speaker 1: in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The April 494 00:28:26,760 --> 00:28:30,119 Speaker 1: ceremony was the first of several, described by Australia's Minister 495 00:28:30,240 --> 00:28:34,160 Speaker 1: for Communications as quote the largest number of ancestors returned 496 00:28:34,160 --> 00:28:37,640 Speaker 1: from Germany to date in Australia. Attempts will be made 497 00:28:37,640 --> 00:28:39,920 Speaker 1: to confirm the identity of each so they can be 498 00:28:39,960 --> 00:28:43,480 Speaker 1: returned to the appropriate people, and for one last gear 499 00:28:43,520 --> 00:28:47,600 Speaker 1: shift in this section. In opposite news to all of that, 500 00:28:47,720 --> 00:28:50,880 Speaker 1: and April, Greek President pro Copus Pavlopolis called for the 501 00:28:50,920 --> 00:28:53,640 Speaker 1: British Museum to return a collection of two thousand, five 502 00:28:53,720 --> 00:28:58,760 Speaker 1: hundred year old sculptures known as the Parthenon Marbles, which 503 00:28:58,800 --> 00:29:01,840 Speaker 1: were removed from Greece by Lord elgin In and are 504 00:29:01,840 --> 00:29:04,600 Speaker 1: now in the collection of the British Museum. So Greece 505 00:29:04,680 --> 00:29:07,760 Speaker 1: has been requesting for these marbles to be returned since 506 00:29:07,800 --> 00:29:11,280 Speaker 1: it became independent in eighteen thirty two, and this is 507 00:29:11,320 --> 00:29:14,680 Speaker 1: also a developing story, with protests taking place over it 508 00:29:14,720 --> 00:29:18,520 Speaker 1: at the British Museum in June. The museum has maintained 509 00:29:18,560 --> 00:29:21,600 Speaker 1: that these were acquired through a legal agreement with the 510 00:29:21,640 --> 00:29:25,160 Speaker 1: Ottoman Empire, which ruled Greece at the time, and has 511 00:29:25,240 --> 00:29:28,600 Speaker 1: so far returned refused to return the marbles. Now we're 512 00:29:28,600 --> 00:29:32,200 Speaker 1: doing a bigger gear shift to kind of nuttier topics. Yeah, 513 00:29:32,240 --> 00:29:33,800 Speaker 1: this was just the stuff that was just weird. It 514 00:29:33,880 --> 00:29:37,680 Speaker 1: goes together because it's weird. The Calby potato chip factory. 515 00:29:37,800 --> 00:29:40,160 Speaker 1: So there's your clue. We're really shifting gears at this point. 516 00:29:40,240 --> 00:29:43,720 Speaker 1: In Hong Kong has been using French potatoes to make 517 00:29:43,760 --> 00:29:46,760 Speaker 1: its chips, and one of its shipments earlier this year 518 00:29:46,800 --> 00:29:50,960 Speaker 1: contained not a potato but an unexploded World War One 519 00:29:51,080 --> 00:29:54,400 Speaker 1: hand grenade. It's a fine how do you do? Uh? 520 00:29:54,480 --> 00:29:57,560 Speaker 1: The grenade had been discharged, but it had not been detonated, 521 00:29:57,640 --> 00:29:59,960 Speaker 1: and then it probably just lay in a field until 522 00:30:00,040 --> 00:30:03,920 Speaker 1: it was accidentally dug up along with potatoes. A bomb 523 00:30:03,960 --> 00:30:07,680 Speaker 1: squad detonated it on site. No one was injured, and 524 00:30:07,800 --> 00:30:10,040 Speaker 1: then the news reports called it a bomb to tear, 525 00:30:11,520 --> 00:30:14,400 Speaker 1: which is great. Yes, if you do not speak French, 526 00:30:15,560 --> 00:30:18,680 Speaker 1: a pum to tear is what you call a potato. 527 00:30:18,840 --> 00:30:22,120 Speaker 1: It means apple of the earth, yep. But this is 528 00:30:22,120 --> 00:30:25,080 Speaker 1: a bomb to tear. I'm not usually really into the puns, 529 00:30:25,160 --> 00:30:27,760 Speaker 1: but the fact that this one combined the French that 530 00:30:27,880 --> 00:30:31,400 Speaker 1: delighted me. A plumber and machine operator in Aubourg, Denmark 531 00:30:31,720 --> 00:30:34,440 Speaker 1: pulled a medieval sword out of the ground in February, 532 00:30:34,880 --> 00:30:38,280 Speaker 1: having just found it on the job. The Historical Museum 533 00:30:38,320 --> 00:30:41,040 Speaker 1: of Northern Jutland was called in and identified the sword 534 00:30:41,040 --> 00:30:44,880 Speaker 1: as probably dating back to the fourteenth century. They noted 535 00:30:44,920 --> 00:30:46,960 Speaker 1: that it was very well made and was the type 536 00:30:46,960 --> 00:30:48,920 Speaker 1: of item that normally would have been buried with the 537 00:30:48,960 --> 00:30:51,800 Speaker 1: person who owned it, so they speculated that it may 538 00:30:51,840 --> 00:30:53,760 Speaker 1: have been lost during a battle and then it just 539 00:30:53,800 --> 00:30:57,160 Speaker 1: stayed where it fell for the centuries that followed. This 540 00:30:57,240 --> 00:31:00,280 Speaker 1: is not the first just discovered sword that we've talked about, 541 00:31:00,320 --> 00:31:01,960 Speaker 1: but it's been a while since we had one that 542 00:31:02,080 --> 00:31:05,480 Speaker 1: wasn't in a lake. A team at the University of 543 00:31:05,640 --> 00:31:08,680 Speaker 1: York has unearthed an account of a nun faking her 544 00:31:08,760 --> 00:31:13,200 Speaker 1: death to escape the convents. The register that contained this 545 00:31:13,280 --> 00:31:15,840 Speaker 1: account was in the archive the whole time, so the 546 00:31:15,840 --> 00:31:19,000 Speaker 1: book itself was not lost, but this was part of 547 00:31:19,000 --> 00:31:22,280 Speaker 1: a marginal note in one of them, so somebody had 548 00:31:22,320 --> 00:31:24,560 Speaker 1: to actually read all the scribbling to get to it. 549 00:31:24,560 --> 00:31:29,440 Speaker 1: It dates back to thirteen eighteen. Archbishop William Melton wrote 550 00:31:29,440 --> 00:31:32,080 Speaker 1: the nun Joan of Leeds was after quote the way 551 00:31:32,160 --> 00:31:35,240 Speaker 1: of carnal lust, but really that may have just meant 552 00:31:35,240 --> 00:31:37,840 Speaker 1: that she wanted to leave the religious life behind and 553 00:31:37,880 --> 00:31:40,800 Speaker 1: get married. He wrote that she quote out of a 554 00:31:40,840 --> 00:31:45,000 Speaker 1: malicious mind, simulating a bodily illness. She pretended to be dead, 555 00:31:45,160 --> 00:31:47,600 Speaker 1: not dreading for the health of her soul, and with 556 00:31:47,640 --> 00:31:51,280 Speaker 1: the help of numerous of her accomplices evildoers with malice 557 00:31:51,280 --> 00:31:54,720 Speaker 1: aforethought crafted a dummy in the likeness of her body 558 00:31:54,800 --> 00:31:57,960 Speaker 1: in order to mislead the devoted faithful, and she had 559 00:31:58,000 --> 00:32:01,840 Speaker 1: no shame in procuring its burial the sacred space amongst 560 00:32:01,840 --> 00:32:06,000 Speaker 1: the religious of that place. He later described it as 561 00:32:06,080 --> 00:32:09,120 Speaker 1: a scandal of all of her order. So in the 562 00:32:09,240 --> 00:32:12,800 Speaker 1: reporting about this, Professor Sarah Rees Jones described this as 563 00:32:12,840 --> 00:32:16,440 Speaker 1: being like a Monty Python sketch. And so far no 564 00:32:16,520 --> 00:32:19,400 Speaker 1: one has found an update about the resolution to all 565 00:32:19,440 --> 00:32:21,440 Speaker 1: of this. We don't know what happened with jan of 566 00:32:21,600 --> 00:32:25,520 Speaker 1: Leeds or what happened with the rest of her orders. Mystery. 567 00:32:25,920 --> 00:32:29,480 Speaker 1: I hope she had a very fun life. According to 568 00:32:29,520 --> 00:32:32,920 Speaker 1: a paper published in the Journal of Archaeological Science, iron 569 00:32:32,960 --> 00:32:36,000 Speaker 1: age celts in southern France may have tried to embalm 570 00:32:36,080 --> 00:32:40,160 Speaker 1: decapitated heads. They came to this conclusion while studying skull 571 00:32:40,200 --> 00:32:42,760 Speaker 1: fragments that dated back to the third century b C. 572 00:32:43,680 --> 00:32:46,640 Speaker 1: With the fragments likely coming from people who were decapitated 573 00:32:46,800 --> 00:32:50,320 Speaker 1: after having been killed in battle. They found traces of 574 00:32:50,360 --> 00:32:53,400 Speaker 1: resin that are not present in animal skulls from the area, 575 00:32:53,840 --> 00:32:57,640 Speaker 1: suggesting that the resident was applied intentionally, probably to try 576 00:32:57,640 --> 00:33:01,280 Speaker 1: to slow down the decay process. These skull fragments were 577 00:33:01,320 --> 00:33:04,800 Speaker 1: also found within the walls of a compound, so they 578 00:33:04,840 --> 00:33:07,920 Speaker 1: suspect that this was done for the fort's own warriors 579 00:33:07,960 --> 00:33:11,000 Speaker 1: as a mark of respect, maybe to display them, not 580 00:33:11,120 --> 00:33:15,320 Speaker 1: to preserve the skulls for display outside as a warning 581 00:33:15,360 --> 00:33:18,800 Speaker 1: to their enemies. I guess maybe if you were really 582 00:33:18,840 --> 00:33:21,240 Speaker 1: into it, you might preserve your enemies skulls and hang 583 00:33:21,280 --> 00:33:26,280 Speaker 1: them inside to look upon them in victory things. Just 584 00:33:26,320 --> 00:33:29,640 Speaker 1: a little. Let's preserve this head and keep it indoors 585 00:33:29,760 --> 00:33:32,600 Speaker 1: all I can think of his future AMAS Head museum. Yeah, 586 00:33:32,640 --> 00:33:34,680 Speaker 1: where they just keep heads alive so that you could 587 00:33:34,720 --> 00:33:39,440 Speaker 1: talk to former presidents. Uh. We are once again moving 588 00:33:39,480 --> 00:33:41,720 Speaker 1: into a new area of discussion. Now we are to 589 00:33:42,400 --> 00:33:45,760 Speaker 1: a fan favorite, which is shipwrecks. Yep, who doesn't love 590 00:33:45,760 --> 00:33:49,360 Speaker 1: a shipwreck story? Uh? An anchor off the coast of Cornwall, 591 00:33:49,480 --> 00:33:52,000 Speaker 1: maybe from the Merchant Royal, which was a ship that 592 00:33:52,040 --> 00:33:55,440 Speaker 1: wrecked in the seventeenth century and is described as the 593 00:33:55,480 --> 00:33:59,480 Speaker 1: most valuable shipwreck of all time. A fishing vessel called 594 00:33:59,480 --> 00:34:03,200 Speaker 1: the Spirit and Lady caught the anchor while trawling separately, 595 00:34:03,520 --> 00:34:08,600 Speaker 1: Alexandria University's Archaeological Mission found several submerged anchors off the 596 00:34:08,600 --> 00:34:12,040 Speaker 1: coast of Egypt, as well a shipwreck found off the 597 00:34:12,080 --> 00:34:14,920 Speaker 1: Mediterranean coast of Egypt in what was the sunken port 598 00:34:15,000 --> 00:34:19,080 Speaker 1: city of what I think is pronounced Sonus Heracleon, that 599 00:34:19,200 --> 00:34:22,960 Speaker 1: is a guess, has confirmed herodotus description of a type 600 00:34:22,960 --> 00:34:26,000 Speaker 1: of boat known as a barrass. These ships were used 601 00:34:26,040 --> 00:34:28,800 Speaker 1: to sail along the Nile, and Herodotus wrote a lengthy 602 00:34:28,800 --> 00:34:32,759 Speaker 1: description of them and their construction in his history. He 603 00:34:32,800 --> 00:34:35,520 Speaker 1: said that they were using planks arranged like bricks and 604 00:34:35,560 --> 00:34:39,120 Speaker 1: connected with tenens, with beams stretched over the planks, with 605 00:34:39,200 --> 00:34:42,200 Speaker 1: a rudder and keel, and the whole thing made waterproof 606 00:34:42,280 --> 00:34:45,919 Speaker 1: with papyrus. So he wrote this description about twenty five 607 00:34:46,040 --> 00:34:49,000 Speaker 1: hundred years ago, But this is the first time anybody 608 00:34:49,000 --> 00:34:51,640 Speaker 1: has found the exact type of vessel that he was 609 00:34:51,719 --> 00:34:54,600 Speaker 1: talking about. I don't know if anybody is super doubted 610 00:34:54,640 --> 00:34:57,120 Speaker 1: whether he was being truthful in this account of boats. 611 00:34:57,160 --> 00:35:02,480 Speaker 1: There are plenty of questions and Herodotus history, but it 612 00:35:02,520 --> 00:35:05,400 Speaker 1: was nice to have it validated. In other news, and 613 00:35:05,520 --> 00:35:08,200 Speaker 1: astrolabe was pulled up for the wreck of the Esmerelda, 614 00:35:08,280 --> 00:35:12,080 Speaker 1: one of Vasco da Gama ships. In this year. It 615 00:35:12,120 --> 00:35:15,719 Speaker 1: was confirmed to be the oldest astrolabe ever found. Da 616 00:35:15,800 --> 00:35:18,400 Speaker 1: Gama had left the Esmerelda off the coast of Portugal 617 00:35:18,719 --> 00:35:21,319 Speaker 1: in fifteen o three, and the ship later sank in 618 00:35:21,360 --> 00:35:24,640 Speaker 1: a storm. This astrolabe was so warned by the time 619 00:35:24,680 --> 00:35:27,440 Speaker 1: it was discovered that it's markings were no longer visible 620 00:35:27,480 --> 00:35:29,759 Speaker 1: to the naked eye. It just looks like kind of 621 00:35:29,800 --> 00:35:33,239 Speaker 1: a corroded disc, so it took laser scanning and the 622 00:35:33,760 --> 00:35:36,480 Speaker 1: construction of a three D model to actually confirm what 623 00:35:36,600 --> 00:35:39,520 Speaker 1: it was. A whole bunch of shipping containers fell off 624 00:35:39,520 --> 00:35:41,520 Speaker 1: a ship in the North Sea at the beginning of 625 00:35:41,520 --> 00:35:45,080 Speaker 1: this year. Some of those contained hazardous materials and the 626 00:35:45,160 --> 00:35:48,640 Speaker 1: area is ecologically delicate, so salvage crews got to work 627 00:35:48,960 --> 00:35:51,799 Speaker 1: trying to track them all down, and they wound up 628 00:35:51,840 --> 00:35:54,680 Speaker 1: finding a shipwreck that dates back to fifteen forty and 629 00:35:54,800 --> 00:35:58,960 Speaker 1: is described as Dutch maritime histories missing link because it 630 00:35:59,000 --> 00:36:02,520 Speaker 1: represents a bridge between medieval maritime technology and the Dutch 631 00:36:02,560 --> 00:36:05,920 Speaker 1: Golden Age. This is at least fifty years older than 632 00:36:05,960 --> 00:36:09,319 Speaker 1: the previous oldest Dutch ship, and researchers are hoping to 633 00:36:09,400 --> 00:36:12,879 Speaker 1: use it to learn more about how Dutch maritime technology evolved. 634 00:36:13,160 --> 00:36:15,759 Speaker 1: An ancient shipwreck off the coast of Greece has been 635 00:36:15,760 --> 00:36:19,719 Speaker 1: opened up as a public underwater museum. And it's not 636 00:36:19,960 --> 00:36:23,160 Speaker 1: all that uncommon for shipwrecks to become dive sites. I mean, 637 00:36:23,200 --> 00:36:25,760 Speaker 1: we talked about beer brought up from a shipwreck earlier 638 00:36:25,800 --> 00:36:29,160 Speaker 1: in the show, but this is the first ancient shipwreck 639 00:36:29,320 --> 00:36:31,880 Speaker 1: in Greece to be open to the public. It's a 640 00:36:31,880 --> 00:36:34,719 Speaker 1: ship that went down in the late fifth century BC, 641 00:36:34,840 --> 00:36:37,920 Speaker 1: so it's very old. It was carrying a huge load 642 00:36:38,040 --> 00:36:40,920 Speaker 1: of m for a filled with wine. So divers can 643 00:36:40,960 --> 00:36:43,279 Speaker 1: see the remains of the ship and these jars that 644 00:36:43,320 --> 00:36:45,680 Speaker 1: are all over the sea floor, plus of course the 645 00:36:45,719 --> 00:36:48,040 Speaker 1: sea life that makes its home there now and then 646 00:36:48,080 --> 00:36:50,240 Speaker 1: our last thing is just a cool thing that Tracy 647 00:36:50,320 --> 00:36:56,160 Speaker 1: found and I love it. I thought you might. Archaeologists 648 00:36:56,200 --> 00:36:59,560 Speaker 1: from Washington State University have found what they believe is 649 00:36:59,600 --> 00:37:03,640 Speaker 1: North of America's oldest tattoo tool. It dates back about 650 00:37:03,640 --> 00:37:06,880 Speaker 1: two thousand years to the ancestral Puebloans in what is 651 00:37:06,880 --> 00:37:09,840 Speaker 1: now you Tom and it is made of a suma candle, 652 00:37:10,280 --> 00:37:13,799 Speaker 1: yucca leaves and cactus spines, and those cactus spines are 653 00:37:13,840 --> 00:37:17,560 Speaker 1: stained black at the tips. Yeah, I wonder what that 654 00:37:17,640 --> 00:37:22,879 Speaker 1: tattoo was. It's a good question, um, and that has 655 00:37:22,920 --> 00:37:28,480 Speaker 1: been unearthed for July. We'll have some more unearthed in 656 00:37:28,560 --> 00:37:31,719 Speaker 1: the fall. See how it goes in terms of having 657 00:37:31,719 --> 00:37:35,920 Speaker 1: them more than twice a year. Yeah, and in the 658 00:37:35,960 --> 00:37:39,319 Speaker 1: meantime while we ponder what that could be like. Uh, 659 00:37:39,320 --> 00:37:41,640 Speaker 1: do you have listener mail for us? I do. It 660 00:37:41,760 --> 00:37:46,480 Speaker 1: is another listener mail about Tiffany stained Glass. And so 661 00:37:46,520 --> 00:37:50,120 Speaker 1: this is from Nathaniel, who says, Hi, Holly and Tracy, 662 00:37:50,120 --> 00:37:52,760 Speaker 1: I'm a longtime listener, first time writer. I just listened 663 00:37:52,760 --> 00:37:55,600 Speaker 1: to your recent podcast on hap shuts It. I was 664 00:37:55,640 --> 00:37:58,080 Speaker 1: aware of her existence, but not much more than that, 665 00:37:58,160 --> 00:38:00,200 Speaker 1: and I'm amazed at how much more there is to 666 00:38:00,239 --> 00:38:03,279 Speaker 1: know about her and the mystery of poot. Thank you. 667 00:38:03,719 --> 00:38:05,560 Speaker 1: The reason I'm writing, though, is the letter you read 668 00:38:05,600 --> 00:38:07,520 Speaker 1: at the end of that episode from a listener and 669 00:38:07,719 --> 00:38:11,560 Speaker 1: stained glass artisan, Christopher. I loved hearing what Christopher wrote, 670 00:38:11,560 --> 00:38:13,960 Speaker 1: and I wanted to add more information in that vein. 671 00:38:14,080 --> 00:38:17,640 Speaker 1: I'm also a great fan of Tiffany stained Glass put 672 00:38:17,640 --> 00:38:20,320 Speaker 1: me down as another plus one request for an episode 673 00:38:20,320 --> 00:38:22,719 Speaker 1: on that or an adjacent topic, and wanted to let 674 00:38:22,719 --> 00:38:27,160 Speaker 1: you know about an even bigger Tiffany Treasure Trove close by. 675 00:38:27,360 --> 00:38:30,400 Speaker 1: I'd like to thank Christopher for having so many teas 676 00:38:30,440 --> 00:38:34,160 Speaker 1: in that sentence. The Church of the Covenant, at the 677 00:38:34,160 --> 00:38:37,400 Speaker 1: corner of Berkeley and Newberry Streets, just one block away 678 00:38:37,400 --> 00:38:40,160 Speaker 1: from the Arlington Street church in Boston, which Christopher named 679 00:38:40,160 --> 00:38:43,640 Speaker 1: in his letter, has not only an enormous intact collection 680 00:38:43,640 --> 00:38:48,560 Speaker 1: of Tiffany stained glass, the church sanctuaries whole interior design 681 00:38:48,680 --> 00:38:52,160 Speaker 1: was entirely done by Tiffany to coordinate with the windows, 682 00:38:52,200 --> 00:38:55,640 Speaker 1: and includes an enormous Tiffany chandelier that was displayed at 683 00:38:55,640 --> 00:39:00,480 Speaker 1: the Chicago World's Fair. It's the largest surviving church that 684 00:39:00,480 --> 00:39:04,920 Speaker 1: Tiffany ever did unchanged since completion apart from maintenance, and 685 00:39:05,080 --> 00:39:08,400 Speaker 1: is now a National Historic Landmark Tracy. Since you're a 686 00:39:08,400 --> 00:39:11,239 Speaker 1: fellow Boston area local, you might want to know there 687 00:39:11,239 --> 00:39:15,360 Speaker 1: are open tours of Sanctuary offered in season most days. 688 00:39:15,880 --> 00:39:17,760 Speaker 1: If you want to do you an episode on Tiffany 689 00:39:17,880 --> 00:39:19,919 Speaker 1: or stained Glass, I'm happy to put you in touch 690 00:39:19,960 --> 00:39:21,960 Speaker 1: with someone at the Church of the Covenant if you'd like. 691 00:39:22,080 --> 00:39:25,360 Speaker 1: Although not a frequent churchgoer, I grew up attending Covenant 692 00:39:25,400 --> 00:39:27,399 Speaker 1: and married there a few years ago, and I'm still 693 00:39:27,440 --> 00:39:30,279 Speaker 1: a member. I would be thrilled to be helpful to you. 694 00:39:31,000 --> 00:39:36,240 Speaker 1: Then Nathaniel passes on uh topic suggestion about the invention 695 00:39:36,239 --> 00:39:39,400 Speaker 1: and history of pipe organs, which is also really fascinating, 696 00:39:40,040 --> 00:39:42,480 Speaker 1: and then concludes, I love the podcast and love history. 697 00:39:42,520 --> 00:39:45,720 Speaker 1: Thank you for helping me discover fascinating kidds knowledge about 698 00:39:45,760 --> 00:39:48,120 Speaker 1: the world. You make me a better and more nuanced person. 699 00:39:48,239 --> 00:39:51,879 Speaker 1: Warm regards, Nathaniel, Thank you so much, Nathaniel. Um, Yeah, 700 00:39:51,880 --> 00:39:55,960 Speaker 1: there is a surprising amount of Tiffany Glass and Tiffany 701 00:39:56,040 --> 00:39:59,600 Speaker 1: designed stuff in Boston and I'm sure in a lot 702 00:39:59,640 --> 00:40:03,279 Speaker 1: of other cities too. Uh. The way back when we 703 00:40:03,400 --> 00:40:06,319 Speaker 1: first talked about Tiffany Stained Glass on the show, one 704 00:40:06,360 --> 00:40:08,440 Speaker 1: of the things that I had stumbled across in very 705 00:40:08,440 --> 00:40:13,719 Speaker 1: short succession was that a whole building that was originally designed, 706 00:40:13,760 --> 00:40:16,359 Speaker 1: the interior design was all done by Tiffany, and there's 707 00:40:16,400 --> 00:40:19,720 Speaker 1: this huge restoration project going on because it's a building 708 00:40:19,719 --> 00:40:23,560 Speaker 1: that changed hands a lot of times, so unlike this church. Uh, 709 00:40:23,640 --> 00:40:26,000 Speaker 1: like a bunch of stuff is covered over and moved around, 710 00:40:26,040 --> 00:40:27,520 Speaker 1: and they've been trying to put it back to what 711 00:40:27,640 --> 00:40:29,960 Speaker 1: it used to look like. So there's just there's so much. 712 00:40:30,760 --> 00:40:33,800 Speaker 1: So thank you Nathaniel for that note and to everybody 713 00:40:33,800 --> 00:40:36,279 Speaker 1: who has sent us lots of email lately if you 714 00:40:36,280 --> 00:40:38,239 Speaker 1: would like to write to us about this or any 715 00:40:38,280 --> 00:40:41,040 Speaker 1: other podcast. Where a history podcast at how stuff Works 716 00:40:41,080 --> 00:40:43,440 Speaker 1: dot com, and then we're all over social media at 717 00:40:43,520 --> 00:40:46,440 Speaker 1: miss in History. That's where you'll find our Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, 718 00:40:46,600 --> 00:40:49,640 Speaker 1: and Instagram. You can also come to our website missed 719 00:40:49,640 --> 00:40:51,719 Speaker 1: in History dot com and find show notes for all 720 00:40:51,719 --> 00:40:53,800 Speaker 1: the episodes Holly and I have ever worked on together. 721 00:40:53,960 --> 00:40:56,719 Speaker 1: This one includes the links to the original stories for 722 00:40:56,760 --> 00:40:59,160 Speaker 1: all of these things that were unearthed. You can also 723 00:40:59,160 --> 00:41:01,600 Speaker 1: find a searchable five it every episode ever and then 724 00:41:01,680 --> 00:41:03,040 Speaker 1: up at the top of the page where it says 725 00:41:03,120 --> 00:41:06,040 Speaker 1: live shows, you can see information about our upcoming live 726 00:41:06,120 --> 00:41:08,799 Speaker 1: shows and tour, and you can subscribe to our show 727 00:41:08,800 --> 00:41:11,200 Speaker 1: in Apple Podcasts, the I Heart Radio app, and wherever 728 00:41:11,239 --> 00:41:18,839 Speaker 1: else you get more podcasts. Stuff you Missed in History 729 00:41:18,840 --> 00:41:21,880 Speaker 1: Class is a production of I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. 730 00:41:21,920 --> 00:41:24,360 Speaker 1: For more podcasts for my heart Radio, visit the I 731 00:41:24,400 --> 00:41:27,520 Speaker 1: Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to 732 00:41:27,560 --> 00:41:28,360 Speaker 1: your favorite shows.