WEBVTT - How WiMAX Works

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<v Speaker 1>Brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve camera.

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<v Speaker 1>It's ready. Are you get in touch with technology? With

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<v Speaker 1>tech stuff from how stuff Works dot com, brought to

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<v Speaker 1>you by Visas. Y'all have things we like to think about.

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<v Speaker 1>Hi there, Welcome to the podcast. My name is Chris Polettiman,

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<v Speaker 1>editor here and How Stuff Works and with me is

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<v Speaker 1>the best writer on the staff. Jonathan Strickland darn tuton.

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<v Speaker 1>I hoped you wouldn't notice anyway. Today we are going

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<v Speaker 1>to talk about wireless connectivity. Yes, uh, specifically, we're looking

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<v Speaker 1>at WiFi and y max terms you've probably heard, maybe

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<v Speaker 1>you're a little familiar with them, but they can be

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<v Speaker 1>a little confusing. UM and WiFi has been in the

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<v Speaker 1>news recently because there were there were a lot of

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<v Speaker 1>cities that planned on rolling out municipal WiFi networks for citizens.

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<v Speaker 1>Now a lot of them have them for for emergency services,

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<v Speaker 1>but several cities were planning on having these available for

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<v Speaker 1>for anyone to use. UM basically any time you would

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<v Speaker 1>be walking around town with your computer. Maybe you're on

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<v Speaker 1>a business trip, for example, and you stop to UH

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<v Speaker 1>to grab some lunch, sit out on a park bench.

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<v Speaker 1>You could open up your laptop and check your email.

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<v Speaker 1>You know it's you know, while you're out on the

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<v Speaker 1>on the on the go. You don't have to be

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<v Speaker 1>at an office or at a coffee shop. You would

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<v Speaker 1>basically be on the street able to to connect with

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<v Speaker 1>your smartphone or your laptop computer. It seems like could

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<v Speaker 1>be a great idea. Unfortunately, one by one these cities

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<v Speaker 1>have been kind of abandoning these plans um and recently

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<v Speaker 1>this is from the Orange County Register UH the Orange

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<v Speaker 1>County in California, not the one in Florida. UH. Anaheim.

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<v Speaker 1>The Anaheim City Council voted on July twenty nine to

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<v Speaker 1>stop their program with earth Link. Earth Link was one

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<v Speaker 1>of the major providers for these kind of municipal WiFi

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<v Speaker 1>initiatives and and like I said, they've all been kind

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<v Speaker 1>of crumbling over the last year and a half or so. UM.

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<v Speaker 1>This was one of the last larger cities to to

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<v Speaker 1>try and implement municipal WiFi to to fold. So it's

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<v Speaker 1>kind of um, A lot of people are kind of

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<v Speaker 1>thinking of this as as the death knell for municipal WiFi. Now,

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<v Speaker 1>now we should go ahead and say that WiFi in

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<v Speaker 1>general is not in danger. We're talking about trying to

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<v Speaker 1>create a citywide network of WiFi. UM. So it looks

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<v Speaker 1>like those it looks like people were rushing into these

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<v Speaker 1>plans without really thinking them out all the way through

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<v Speaker 1>and specifically thinking about how do they make enough money

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<v Speaker 1>to support the plan and make a profit. Yeah. See,

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<v Speaker 1>a lot of these these networks that they had set

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<v Speaker 1>up basically had sort of if you will, two tiers pricing.

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<v Speaker 1>One would be free. You know, anybody could do that,

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<v Speaker 1>but a lot of a lot of the networks that

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<v Speaker 1>offered a free option. Uh, the connectivity was sort of iffy.

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<v Speaker 1>Uh from the reports I've read, it was slow, um.

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<v Speaker 1>And you could upgrade, you could pay to have access

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<v Speaker 1>to this this network like you would at a coffee

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<v Speaker 1>shop or a bookstore, um, you know, hotel, someplace where

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<v Speaker 1>you had to have something to get you in the

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<v Speaker 1>door of the network if you will. Um. But you know,

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<v Speaker 1>people weren't necessarily signing up for that. And if you

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<v Speaker 1>think about it, if you if you have a wireless

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<v Speaker 1>network at home, UM, you know, these these UH routers

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<v Speaker 1>don't really have a lot of range, so you've got

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<v Speaker 1>to if you're putting together a network like this, you've

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<v Speaker 1>got to get a lot of routers to cover all

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<v Speaker 1>this territory. You've got to get a lot of wiring

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<v Speaker 1>for your wireless routers to connect them to the to

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<v Speaker 1>the you know, the actual internet, UH. And you have

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<v Speaker 1>to have people running around making sure that you know,

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<v Speaker 1>when they're blackouts and individual routers, somebody's gotta go fix

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<v Speaker 1>it or repair the connection, or update the software and firmware.

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<v Speaker 1>So you know, these once you have it up, it's

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<v Speaker 1>not you know, one little node, you're covering an entire

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<v Speaker 1>city block. You know that we're talking a lot of equipment.

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<v Speaker 1>You don't just want the switch and and and have

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<v Speaker 1>it all work out just fine. Um Anaheim's approach was

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<v Speaker 1>to connect routers to things like UM city lights and

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<v Speaker 1>traffic signal polls, which was kind of interesting, you know,

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<v Speaker 1>using existing UH infrastructure to support this. UM still didn't work, unfortunately.

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<v Speaker 1>UH So some people are saying, maybe this is a

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<v Speaker 1>sign that we should just wait for a broader acceptance

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<v Speaker 1>of the Wi max UH format of wireless connectivity. I

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<v Speaker 1>guess we should probably talk a little bit about the

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<v Speaker 1>differences between WiFi and WiMAX. First of all, we'll just

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<v Speaker 1>get down to the very nitty gritty WiFi UH as

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<v Speaker 1>defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, the

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<v Speaker 1>I triple E or I yes, thank you very much,

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<v Speaker 1>and my my cajun friends thank you too. That's designated

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<v Speaker 1>as the eight O two dot eleven UH standard. There

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<v Speaker 1>are a series of standards there, Yeah, there are variations.

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<v Speaker 1>The original were eight O two dot eleven A and B,

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<v Speaker 1>and there was a G which is faster and which

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<v Speaker 1>is the latest, And it's really more of a proposal

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<v Speaker 1>then firmly accepted standard, but it's got more, you know,

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<v Speaker 1>each with each standard they're increasing the range and the

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<v Speaker 1>reliability and the speed and the speed for the network.

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<v Speaker 1>So you know, it's it's pretty robust to have a

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<v Speaker 1>series of standards like that, right and there in case

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<v Speaker 1>you're wondering why they skipped over certain letters, those letters

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<v Speaker 1>also are are part of the standards, but they deal

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<v Speaker 1>with very specific instances like like roving WiFi, like when

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<v Speaker 1>you when you move from one WiFi system to another,

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<v Speaker 1>how can you seamlessly make that transition so that the

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<v Speaker 1>user is not effect not affected when he or she

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<v Speaker 1>moves out of one network and into another. But the

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<v Speaker 1>ones that Chris mentioned are the specific standards that relate

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<v Speaker 1>to data transmission. UM Now, it's unlicensed, which means which

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<v Speaker 1>in this case means that, uh, when you try and

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<v Speaker 1>access a WiFi network, you're essentially battling it out with

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<v Speaker 1>everyone else who's also trying to access that network, and

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<v Speaker 1>this can affect your connection. It can make it go slower.

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<v Speaker 1>I can mean that you could have an unreliable connection.

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<v Speaker 1>You could get booted off if too many people are

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<v Speaker 1>trying to get into that connection at the same time. UM. So,

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<v Speaker 1>think of it like a big building that only has

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<v Speaker 1>one doorway and everyone is trying to go in and

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<v Speaker 1>out of that one doorway at the same time. Y Max,

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<v Speaker 1>on the other hand, is like a big building with

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<v Speaker 1>lots of doorways, and they only allow the number of

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<v Speaker 1>people to access the building the same numbers as there

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<v Speaker 1>are doors. So once you get to a point, like

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<v Speaker 1>if they're forty doors in this building, that means forty

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<v Speaker 1>people can access it going in and out of their

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<v Speaker 1>individual doorways. But if the forty one person comes in

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<v Speaker 1>they'll say, I'm sorry, you need to go to another building.

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<v Speaker 1>Because the y max is a licensed UH standard as

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<v Speaker 1>opposed to Wi Fi UM, and y MAX is also

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<v Speaker 1>governed by the I E UH. It's at two dot sixteen,

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<v Speaker 1>so it's uh. It can be a little confusing when

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<v Speaker 1>you're talking about all these at two's right, that's true.

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<v Speaker 1>That's true. Okay, So there are actually a couple of

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<v Speaker 1>ways that you can transmit y MAX signals, line of

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<v Speaker 1>sight and non line of sight UM. Non line of

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<v Speaker 1>sight operates on the range of Wi Fi frequencies. Generally

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<v Speaker 1>there's in a similar range two to eleven gigga hurts

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<v Speaker 1>and you know, covers generally five square miles which is

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<v Speaker 1>about sixty five square kilometers UM, which is you know,

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<v Speaker 1>pretty healthy range, but not as much as the line

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<v Speaker 1>of sight transmitters, and those actually require a dish antenna UM.

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<v Speaker 1>I guess similar to what you might see for satellite television.

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<v Speaker 1>You know, it's an antenna that would go on the

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<v Speaker 1>side of your house, and it actually does need to

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<v Speaker 1>connect uh, not physically, but it needs to be able

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<v Speaker 1>to if you will see the transmitter, and it can

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<v Speaker 1>cover areas of up to hundred square miles or square kilometers,

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<v Speaker 1>which is, you know, quite a range. But the benefit

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<v Speaker 1>of having the line of sight is it can use

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<v Speaker 1>a higher frequency and in that higher frequency there's more

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<v Speaker 1>room for for information you know, bandwidth, more bandwidth, and

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<v Speaker 1>it gives you a more robust connection. UM, so you'd

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<v Speaker 1>have fewer interruptions. We're talking a lot more bandwidth. UM.

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<v Speaker 1>You know, you could say that it's an option that

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<v Speaker 1>would really give some of the fiber optic connections to

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<v Speaker 1>run for their money too. In fact, that's that's one

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<v Speaker 1>of the main UH purposes for the y max technology.

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<v Speaker 1>It's not necessarily to replace WiFi and and a lot

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<v Speaker 1>of people kind of confused WiFi and y max, thinking

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<v Speaker 1>that that y max is really the common phrases WiFi

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<v Speaker 1>on steroids and that's not true, um, because they're they're

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<v Speaker 1>very different standards. UM. But y max one of the

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<v Speaker 1>purposes for it is to be that last mile It's

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<v Speaker 1>that's what's called in the industry, in the in the

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<v Speaker 1>s P industry, Internet service provider for you guys out there, UM,

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<v Speaker 1>it's to provide the connection to from the last mile

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<v Speaker 1>of the backbone UH to the customer. So that's why

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<v Speaker 1>you would think of it as a replacement for for

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<v Speaker 1>cable or for fiber optics, and uh, just to kind

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<v Speaker 1>of compare it to Wi fi, WiFi in general reaches

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<v Speaker 1>around a hundred and fifty feet indoors three feet in outdoors.

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<v Speaker 1>That's not very far at all really in comparison. So

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<v Speaker 1>one of the benefits of y max is that you

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<v Speaker 1>don't need as many devices to cover a large area.

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<v Speaker 1>You can use a few radio towers to transmit the

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<v Speaker 1>signal and you'll be able to cover the same amount

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<v Speaker 1>of area that you would. You would also required like

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<v Speaker 1>like a hundred or two hundred devices for a WiFi

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<v Speaker 1>version of that same network. UM. I should also point out,

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<v Speaker 1>you know, you mentioned the distance of the the line

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<v Speaker 1>of sight and the nonline of sight. Um some people

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<v Speaker 1>can test that the non line of sight the ones

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<v Speaker 1>where you don't need to have an antenna pointed at

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<v Speaker 1>the transmitter. Some argue that in the field it gets

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<v Speaker 1>down to maybe four to eight miles as opposed to

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<v Speaker 1>but um, whether there or not, that's an instrumountable obstacle.

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<v Speaker 1>It remains to be seen. And also, I mean that's

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<v Speaker 1>just one side. It may be that they were using

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<v Speaker 1>faulty technology just to test it. But either way, it

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<v Speaker 1>still transmitting a signal much further than WiFi is capable

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<v Speaker 1>of doing. So, Um, there's that now. The the other

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<v Speaker 1>issue with y max is that there's no real infrastructure

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<v Speaker 1>for y max uh, and that would cost a lot

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<v Speaker 1>of money to build up that infra infrastructure, which is

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<v Speaker 1>one reason why a lot of companies we're looking at

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<v Speaker 1>WiFi instead, because in general WiFi is cheap. Yeah, and

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<v Speaker 1>then just run down to your corner electronics store and

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<v Speaker 1>pick up a couple of routers that stoually cover it,

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<v Speaker 1>right Yeah, yeah, well maybe a little more than that,

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<v Speaker 1>but it's still like, it's still readily available and it's uh,

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<v Speaker 1>and it's easier to to use something that you know,

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<v Speaker 1>everyone's got a version of it out already. I mean

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<v Speaker 1>there's so many like laptops. Now, if you buy a laptop,

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<v Speaker 1>nine times of tenant's going to have a WiFi adapter

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<v Speaker 1>already built into it. Um to to change over to

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<v Speaker 1>y max would mean, because these are not using the

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<v Speaker 1>same signals, it would mean you would have to build in.

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<v Speaker 1>You would either have to have a lot of y

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<v Speaker 1>max adapters available or you would have to build them

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<v Speaker 1>in to the devices themselves. So you're talking about a

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<v Speaker 1>massive change across multiple industries. So that's why it's not

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<v Speaker 1>going to be a rapid adoption. I think, yeah, it

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<v Speaker 1>actually has been. Uh, this is the first time you're

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<v Speaker 1>hearing about why why Max. You might think that this

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<v Speaker 1>is a brand new thing that's been, you know, coming

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<v Speaker 1>up in the last few months. It has actually been

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<v Speaker 1>going on for many years now, um, and it I

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<v Speaker 1>would imagine that that expense and working out the different

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<v Speaker 1>kinds of technology than line of site and online of

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<v Speaker 1>site and how they're gonna administer that. Um. I think

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<v Speaker 1>that has a lot to do with why it hasn't

0:12:38.600 --> 0:12:44.040
<v Speaker 1>already shown up on everyone's doorstep. At this point, we

0:12:44.120 --> 0:12:46.520
<v Speaker 1>all have things to think about, like say, what's the

0:12:46.520 --> 0:12:49.000
<v Speaker 1>best site to buy a new leather jacket, whether to

0:12:49.040 --> 0:12:52.440
<v Speaker 1>buy the three or six megapixel cameras. But thankfully we

0:12:52.480 --> 0:12:55.200
<v Speaker 1>don't need to think about online fraud because for every

0:12:55.200 --> 0:12:57.880
<v Speaker 1>purchase you make, Visa keeps an eye out for fraud

0:12:58.200 --> 0:13:01.439
<v Speaker 1>with real time fraud monitoring and by making sure you're

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<v Speaker 1>not liable for any unauthorized purchases. How's that for peace

0:13:04.960 --> 0:13:11.240
<v Speaker 1>of mind? Safe, secure, decent. So I guess we'll we'll

0:13:11.360 --> 0:13:13.040
<v Speaker 1>We'll just have to wait and see whether or not

0:13:13.200 --> 0:13:17.400
<v Speaker 1>someone comes up with a viable way of providing WiFi

0:13:17.640 --> 0:13:22.240
<v Speaker 1>through uh a citywide network. Um, or if they'll just

0:13:22.280 --> 0:13:25.000
<v Speaker 1>scrap that idea, go to y max instead and hope

0:13:25.040 --> 0:13:28.120
<v Speaker 1>that the new format works, or of some other format

0:13:28.160 --> 0:13:30.280
<v Speaker 1>comes out that we're not even talking about right now,

0:13:30.280 --> 0:13:33.240
<v Speaker 1>that that takes over both and just surprises the heck

0:13:33.240 --> 0:13:35.520
<v Speaker 1>out of both of us. UM. We'll probably have to

0:13:35.520 --> 0:13:37.880
<v Speaker 1>write an article on it. Yeah, I have. I have

0:13:37.920 --> 0:13:40.520
<v Speaker 1>a good strong feeling that will be the case. But

0:13:40.640 --> 0:13:42.520
<v Speaker 1>if you guys want to learn more about this, you

0:13:42.559 --> 0:13:46.480
<v Speaker 1>can read how WiFi works or how y max works

0:13:46.800 --> 0:13:49.480
<v Speaker 1>and how stuff works dot com right now, and we'll

0:13:49.480 --> 0:13:53.120
<v Speaker 1>talk to you again soon. Let us know what you think.

0:13:53.440 --> 0:14:00.000
<v Speaker 1>Send an email to podcast at how stuff works dot com.

0:14:00.160 --> 0:14:02.720
<v Speaker 1>Brought to you by the Reinvented two thousand twelve Camere.

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<v Speaker 1>It's ready, are you