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Speaker 1: Welcome to Creature feature production of iHeartRadio. I'm your host

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Speaker 1: of Many Parasites, Katie Golden. I studied psychology and evolutionary biology,

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Speaker 1: and I really love birds. I just can't get enough

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Speaker 1: of them, dang birds. Today on the show Winter is Coming,

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Speaker 1: Remember that from the Dragons Show. Well, we won't be

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Speaker 1: talking about the Dragon show, but we will be talking

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Speaker 1: about how animals prepare for the winter, from hibernation to

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Speaker 1: magical wardrobe changes, to cryogenic freezing. To discover this and

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Speaker 1: more as we answer the angel question, when, if ever,

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Speaker 1: is the right time to breathe through your butt? What

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Speaker 1: is hibernation? How do you distinguish hibernation from a really,

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Speaker 1: really long nap. While there are definitely some distinctive features

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Speaker 1: of hibernation, like many behaviors and evolutionary biology, it's hard

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Speaker 1: to get away with one easy definition. But one thing's

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Speaker 1: for sure. Hibernation isn't just an extreme nap. It's more

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Speaker 1: akin to stasis, like something you'd come up with in

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Speaker 1: a science fiction setting. There are many ways that animals

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Speaker 1: cope with the winter, and we'll discuss some of the

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Speaker 1: wildest winter adaptations. So let's start with this most famous method,

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Speaker 1: and reveal the weird and sci fi details beyond our

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Speaker 1: childhood image of a really sleepy bear in a nightcap.

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Speaker 1: Joining me today to prepare for Winter's Comedian writer and

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Speaker 1: co host of The Bechdel Cast, Caitlin Dorante.

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Speaker 2: Hello, I'm also a sleepy bear.

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Speaker 1: Oh we're here in our picamas. I'll talk in you know,

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Speaker 1: old timey bed, very cozy, very cozy. Yes, yeah, So

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Speaker 1: listen to this when you're driving and just let yourself

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Speaker 1: drift off.

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Speaker 2: Yes, very safe.

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Speaker 1: How much do you know about hibernation? You know what?

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Speaker 2: Not a ton? My personal favorite bear is, of course, Paddington.

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Speaker 2: And Addington do not believe that Paddington hibernates in any

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Speaker 2: of the movies, right.

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Speaker 1: I don't remember him ever doing that or in the books,

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Speaker 1: in the novels the series.

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Speaker 2: Perhaps Peruvian bears do not hibernate. Well, they wouldn't need

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Speaker 2: to for the winter because a tropical issue environment.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. So.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, there hasn't been a lot of hibernation visibility on screen,

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Speaker 2: at least that I've seen.

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Speaker 1: That's right.

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Speaker 2: And I only ever learned things if I see them

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Speaker 2: in movies.

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Speaker 1: Right, And that's that's with the Bechdel cast you guys

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Speaker 1: talk about movies and sort of from a from the

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Speaker 1: perspective of like, hey, are there women in movies? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: we should, we should find that out. Usually not, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: sometimes you know, it's just like webs, we forgot to

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Speaker 1: put women in here. Oh, and then you put them

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Speaker 1: in and then they just spend the whole time talking

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Speaker 1: about boys. Yes, yeah, I think that hibernation is one

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Speaker 1: of those things that we learn about briefly in school

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Speaker 1: and it's just like, oh, Bear's school to sleep for

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Speaker 1: the winter, and then there's not much else learned about it.

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Speaker 1: Although maybe the education system is better now. I think

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Speaker 1: that maybe children are smarter than we ever used to be.

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Speaker 1: But yeah, let's get into some of the details about

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Speaker 1: it that I think are really bizarre. And it's one

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Speaker 1: of these things that everybody kind of knows about hibernation,

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Speaker 1: but when you actually look at the scientific facts behind it,

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Speaker 1: it gets a lot weirder than you expect. Can't wait, So,

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Speaker 1: hibernation occurs during the winter. In summer, there are there

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Speaker 1: is like a summer form of hibernation called estivation. It

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Speaker 1: occurs in mammals, for reptiles and amphibians, it's called brumation,

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Speaker 1: so it's a similar thing, but it's not called hibernation.

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Speaker 1: The only exception is the common poor will, which is

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Speaker 1: a nocturnal bird species in the family of night jars,

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Speaker 1: and it goes into a state of torpor for weeks

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Speaker 1: or months at a time, and this is I think

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Speaker 1: the only bird species that's known to do this. Of

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Speaker 1: the mammals that do hibernation, bears, squirrel, chipmunks, bats, skunks, hedgehogs,

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Speaker 1: and dwarf and fat tailed lemurs are among them. And

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Speaker 1: dwarf and fat tailed lumur is actually some of the

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Speaker 1: only primates known to hibernate, and they can go up

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Speaker 1: to ten minutes without breathing when they're hibernating. What yeah, yeah,

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Speaker 1: So this is where we get into some of the

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Speaker 1: things about hibernation that makes it really clear it's not

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Speaker 1: just sleeping, it's not just a nap. So to prepare

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Speaker 1: for hibernation, the body temperature drastically drops and brain activity

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Speaker 1: greatly decreases to a coma like state, and the metabolism

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Speaker 1: slows so that you can basically be in this coma

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Speaker 1: state without dying of starvation, and the heart rate can

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Speaker 1: drop drastically so a grizzly bear's heart goes from about

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Speaker 1: eighty four beats per minent to nineteen beats permanent, which

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Speaker 1: is pretty crazy. And there's the mechanism of how this

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Speaker 1: works is really interesting for a bear. So the heart

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Speaker 1: isn't damn imaged, which you would think it would. So

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Speaker 1: like if a heart beat slows too much in like

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Speaker 1: a human, you're going to really damage the heart, and

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Speaker 1: which could be fatal because the blood builds up in

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Speaker 1: the left ventricle and then that can cause the ventricle

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Speaker 1: to expand and become damaged. And yeah, that's no good.

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Speaker 1: You know, you don't want your heart to be like

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Speaker 1: an overly full water balloon.

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Speaker 2: Essential I mean when we learn about I mean, speaking

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Speaker 2: of wintertime, the grinch, when his heart grows three sizes,

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Speaker 2: he would die. He would die, He would die.

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Speaker 1: That would be very bad.

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Speaker 2: For well, unless I don't know what species the grinch is,

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Speaker 2: but maybe there's something about his heart that.

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Speaker 1: I don't I don't know. I think he would most

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Speaker 1: certainly suffer an errortic dissection from that, Like there's no green,

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Speaker 1: you know, Let's let's fix grench to be accurate, so

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Speaker 1: that the Grinch dies and everyone is sad. So in

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Speaker 1: the bear, well maybe the grinch has some special heart

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Speaker 1: physiology like a bear. Right. Yeah, So the bear's left

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Speaker 1: ventricle stiffens, so as the blood pools in it from

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Speaker 1: not beating as much, it doesn't damage the muscle and

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Speaker 1: the heartbeat is significantly weakened so that the stiffer heart

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Speaker 1: muscle won't be damaged by the left h or so. Okay,

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Speaker 1: the left atrium pumps blood into the left ventricle, and

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Speaker 1: so if the left atrium is like really pumping hard

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Speaker 1: blood into a stiff surface of the left atrium, it's

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Speaker 1: like taking a water balloon full of blood and like

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Speaker 1: smashing it against a brick wall.

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Speaker 2: It's kind of like something I do every Thursday.

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Speaker 1: Well it is cathartic, but instead of smashing, if you

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Speaker 1: kind of just like gently press it against the wall

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Speaker 1: and there's like a little opening where the blood can

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Speaker 1: squoosh out, like, then you know you got a functioning heart. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that is what I'm saying. So that's impressive. But a

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Speaker 1: chipmunk's heart rate slows from two hundred beats per minute

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Speaker 1: to only about five, which is.

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Speaker 2: It that decreases wild.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and it really it's almost like they're in the

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Speaker 1: state of almost death.

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Speaker 2: Like almost staceis that's like one beat for every ten seconds.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, roughly. Yeah, yeah, it's I mean, if we if

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Speaker 1: we got anywhere near that, you'd be dead. That it's

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Speaker 1: just you can't survive that kind of slow heartbeat. But

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Speaker 1: it is incredible that they're basic. And like one thing is,

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Speaker 1: if you wake up a hibernating animal like a squirrel,

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Speaker 1: the effort, it takes them a long time to wake up.

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Speaker 1: They can't just like instantly awake, right because their body

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Speaker 1: has to essentially come.

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Speaker 2: Back to life online.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, from this state of stace is kind of like

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Speaker 1: that scene in Austin Powers, like he gets frozen and

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Speaker 1: they unfreeze them and then he goes through all of

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Speaker 1: this like you know, hilarious unfreezing process.

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Speaker 2: In feminist text Austin Power.

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Speaker 1: Yes, yes, yes, you know, and it's really funny because

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Speaker 1: we get to see as butt.

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Speaker 2: That's I mean, that's comedy at its highest form.

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Speaker 1: It's it's you have to go to years of comedy

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Speaker 1: school to reach that level. So the breathing rate also

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Speaker 1: drops dramatically as there's less of a demand for oxygen

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Speaker 1: because your heart rate is so slow, Like I said,

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Speaker 1: it takes a while to wake up from. And in fact,

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Speaker 1: if they're waking prematurely for some reason, that can be

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Speaker 1: really disastrous because that takes so much energy to wake

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Speaker 1: up from the whole point of hibernation or partially the

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Speaker 1: point is to preserve your your energy stores throughout the

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Speaker 1: winter because the food supply drops, so you're inducing the

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Speaker 1: state of near death where you're not consuming energy so

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Speaker 1: you can survive. And so if you wake up use

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Speaker 1: all this energy to wake up, you're kind of screwed.

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Speaker 1: So it's really important to set your alarm clock like

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Speaker 1: your little time any chipmunk alarm clock right.

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Speaker 2: Otherwise it's like when your your battery on your phone,

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Speaker 2: is it like two percent, but you still need to

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Speaker 2: call your lift home, right, And it's like, what if

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Speaker 2: I call this lift, it's gonna make my phone die

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Speaker 2: and then I won't actually be able to take the run.

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Speaker 1: It's just like that, you know what I'm saying. Chipmunks

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Speaker 1: are exactly like that. Yeah, yeah, that's I mean, I

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Speaker 1: couldn't put it more precisely myself.

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Speaker 2: You're welcome.

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Speaker 1: Chimps are lifts that would be cool though, just like

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Speaker 1: you call.

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Speaker 2: A giant lift like a giant chipmunk. Yeah, it's like

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Speaker 2: the cat bus thing.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and then you can just like put all your

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Speaker 1: belongings in his little cheeks. Cute.

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Speaker 2: Why isn't that a thing?

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Speaker 1: Well, because it would probably.

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Speaker 2: Kill us, I guess.

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Speaker 1: So some scientists are hibernation purists and don't really think

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Speaker 1: bears qualify as true hibernators because their body temperature doesn't

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Speaker 1: drop that much and it's not too hard for the

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Speaker 1: bears to wake up. But you know, it's it's kind

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Speaker 1: of whatever your opinion is if you're in science, different science,

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Speaker 1: Like some people are like, well, you know, it's close

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Speaker 1: enough to hibernation.

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Speaker 2: Hibernation is a spectrum, and we need to respect that.

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Speaker 1: It is actually literally described as a spectrum. So yeah,

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Speaker 1: you're exactly right. So animals who are hibernating don't typically eat,

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Speaker 1: although some do require little food stores, so they'll wake

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Speaker 1: up briefly from hibernation, nibble on their little snack, and

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Speaker 1: then go back into hibernation. They also don't poop or pee,

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Speaker 1: and they don't produce They don't produce fecal matter because

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Speaker 1: their whole digestive system is slowed to a crawl if

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Speaker 1: not like shut down entirely. Yea. And they do produce urea,

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Speaker 1: which is like the main ingredient in urine, but the

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Speaker 1: body is able to break break it down and recycle it,

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Speaker 1: like bears break down urate into amino acids and recycle it. Okay, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: so they're not just like full of pea, although.

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Speaker 2: I'm sure pleasing themselves bed right exactly.

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Speaker 1: Uh you put up bears like paw and hot Yeah yeah,

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Speaker 1: timmy petem cells worm showering. So how do animals know

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Speaker 1: when to go into hibernation? Is it based on like

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Speaker 1: the like they know it's Academy Awards season coming up,

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Speaker 1: or like you know what, what's sort of the thing

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Speaker 1: like the.

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Speaker 2: Well, I mean when Paddington I didn't get nominated or

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Speaker 2: did get nominated but didn't win, Right, He's like, well,

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Speaker 2: I got to go into hibernation now just to cope

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Speaker 2: with this crub, is my guest.

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Speaker 1: I mean, yeah, you know that if you don't. If

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Speaker 1: weather's not a reason to go in a hibernation, trying

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Speaker 1: to cope with an oscar snub surely is. Yeah. So

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Speaker 1: in twenty fifteen, researchers discovered calendar cells inside animals who

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Speaker 1: undergo physiological changes during winter, such as hibernation, and these

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Speaker 1: cells are located inside a structure within the piture two

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Speaker 1: Glenn called the pars to barylous. The cells change what

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Speaker 1: proteins they produce during the year in response to the

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Speaker 1: amount of daylight. Actually, humans have a similar structure as

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Speaker 1: the pars to to barrel it to the pars to barylus.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, that's exactly right to me.

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Speaker 1: Pars to barylous, which indicates that we may also have

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Speaker 1: some sort of internal calendar and research even though we

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Speaker 1: don't hibernate. Obviously, speak for yourself. Yes, so your your

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Speaker 1: your heart essentially stops and you stop pooping and peeing

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Speaker 1: and yeah every winter. Wow, that's that's pretty marlow. Or

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Speaker 1: you're not getting enough fiber.

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Speaker 2: Right, I'm just constantly constipated.

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Speaker 1: That's as you know. Just call it hibernation then it

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Speaker 1: doesn't seem so bad. So there is a potential area

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Speaker 1: of research suggesting that our immunity may change depending on

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Speaker 1: the season, which means like maybe our immune system is

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Speaker 1: giving us more protection based on like when we will

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Speaker 1: most need it, and then that could potentially be regulated

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Speaker 1: by this pars to beryl Us.

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Speaker 2: Okay, got nailed it.

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Speaker 1: So many animals who hibernate will prepare a den and

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Speaker 1: insulate it with fur, dirt, vegetation, other cozy things. Some

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Speaker 1: animals will bulk up before hibernation, eating massive amounts of food.

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Speaker 1: This is often like large omnivores or carnivores like bears,

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Speaker 1: while others will store food in their dens, meaning they'll

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Speaker 1: wake up occasionally to eat. This is often the tiniest hibernators,

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Speaker 1: like mice and chipmunks, because they're little, tiny bodies can't

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Speaker 1: store enough fat and their metabolism can't slow down enough

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Speaker 1: to keep them alive throughout the entire winter. They need

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Speaker 1: their snacks, and in fact, chipmunks will really they'll like

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Speaker 1: steal from each other. They'll fight over food stores. It

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Speaker 1: gets quite quite nasty. There should be a movie about this, yeah, like, oh,

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Speaker 1: like a gritty reboot of Alvin and the Chipmunks, like

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Speaker 1: the squeak will where.

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Speaker 2: It's just like it's like the Irishman.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, like like I hear you know where my nuts are?

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Speaker 1: You do know exactly? You do know you will have

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Speaker 1: to die? But saw those squeaky chipmunk voices of like

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Speaker 1: I'm gonna kill you. It's like, oh my god, it's

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Speaker 1: Alvin's head in her bid. Oh I know. But actually,

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Speaker 1: some of the best hibernators are guess what, I bet

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Speaker 1: you won't guess this is where I'm.

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Speaker 2: Which which species? Yeah, oh my goodness, some of the best, oh, raccoons.

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Speaker 1: That's a good guess. But it's wrong because obviously I

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Speaker 1: love to do this, just spring a question on my

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Speaker 1: guests because it makes me feel so smugly superior because

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Speaker 1: I have all the answers written down. So some of

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Speaker 1: the best hibernators are bats, which is surprising, right, So

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Speaker 1: big brown bats in the wild can hibernate for around

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Speaker 1: sixty days, but in captivity, one of these guys broke

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Speaker 1: the record at three hundred and forty four days.

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Speaker 2: That's almost an entire year.

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Speaker 1: That's almost an entire year. It was. This is actually

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Speaker 1: a little sad. It was kept in a refrigerator in

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Speaker 1: a lab environment to see how long it would hibernate,

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Speaker 1: and it eventually died of starvation. Like cool scientists like

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Speaker 1: once he like got to three hundred forty four days,

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Speaker 1: you couldn't just be like, all right, buddy, that's long enough, like,

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Speaker 1: wake up, let's get you some nachas.

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Speaker 2: Right. That's horrible, I know, but sciences people dding sometimes.

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Speaker 1: It's sometimes a little gruesome. Yeah. So the for a

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Speaker 1: lot of bout species, the heart rate can go from

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Speaker 1: a thousand beats per minute when they're actively flying to

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Speaker 1: only about twenty five. And some species of bats only

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Speaker 1: need to take a breath every forty five minutes or

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Speaker 1: even up to two hours during hibernation. Wild that's it's

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Speaker 1: they're like almost you wouldn't be able. You would think

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Speaker 1: here's a dead bat, but it's not. The North American

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Speaker 1: red bat can lower its body temperature to freezing point

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Speaker 1: and can even survive its body tissues freezing, do in

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Speaker 1: part to its thick fur, extremely a low heart rate,

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Speaker 1: and its high red blood cell count, which is really crazy.

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Speaker 1: It's I think one of the only mammals I know

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Speaker 1: of that can really just kind of shake off having

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Speaker 1: tissue frozen like that without getting frostbite.

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Speaker 2: Right, Yeah, I certainly can't. If I go outside and

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Speaker 2: it's lower than fifty degrees, forget about it.

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Speaker 1: The first thing that happens to me when it gets

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Speaker 1: cold is my nose just starts running like a faucet

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Speaker 1: just streams and streams of like fluid and snot. I

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Speaker 1: used to live on the East Coast and then it'd

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Speaker 1: be great. You know, you go out and it's snowing,

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Speaker 1: it's beautiful, and it's like, oh, I got to take

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Speaker 1: a photo of me in the snow, and I turn

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Speaker 1: the camera around. I'm just just streaming every hole in

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Speaker 1: my face, streaming with fluid. Yeah, yeah, like you like

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Speaker 1: your because like the wind, it's like your eyeballs freeze over.

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Speaker 1: Does that happen to anyone else because it did to me?

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Speaker 1: But yeah, I mean, yeah, I cannot withstand any amount

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Speaker 1: of cold.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, they're so good for those bats.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that they've really I'm just so it's kind of

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Speaker 1: shocking to me that bats. I don't even really you

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Speaker 1: don't think of bats as the traditional winter animal. But

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Speaker 1: they're really good, really good hibernators. So proud, so proud.

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Speaker 1: So why don't humans hibernate? The most obvious reason is

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Speaker 1: that our ancestors didn't originally evolve in the frigid tundra,

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Speaker 1: so primates don't generally need to hibernate. But it's not

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Speaker 1: unheard of for primate to hibernate. Like I mentioned before,

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Speaker 1: one of the only types of primates who truly hibernates

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Speaker 1: are dwarf lemur species in Madagascar. The only other primate

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Speaker 1: known to hibernate is the pygmy slow loris, a tiny

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Speaker 1: primate from Southeast Asia who can inter states of tour

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Speaker 1: for up to sixty three hours at a time. But

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Speaker 1: these regions in Madagascar and Southeast Asia only drop to

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Speaker 1: about forty degrees in the winter, certainly not as cold

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Speaker 1: as the frigid areas where animals generally hibernate. So why

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Speaker 1: do these small primitive primates do it. It's speculated that

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Speaker 1: hibernation for small animals not only protects them from the colder,

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Speaker 1: harsher climate during the winter, but to stay hidden away

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Speaker 1: from predators who may be seeking to pack on extra calories.

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Speaker 1: This may be another reason why humans don't need to hibernate.

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Speaker 1: While we certainly have needed to fear some predators in

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Speaker 1: our evolutionary history, our line of primates are larger, with

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Speaker 1: more ways to defend ourselves than to bundle up and

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Speaker 1: hide away, and when we started to migrate into colder regions,

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Speaker 1: we already had our big, nerdy human brains to figure

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Speaker 1: out other ways to adapt to the cold. But maybe

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Speaker 1: in the future humans will need to hibernate, like when

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Speaker 1: we start to become space explorers. NASA is teaming up

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Speaker 1: with Professor of Pharmacology and anesthesiologist doctor Rob Hitting to

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Speaker 1: explore ways to induce hibernation in humans. After all, animals

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Speaker 1: can hibernate without losing too much muscle tone due to

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Speaker 1: how they slow their metabolism down. This would be of

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Speaker 1: great use to space station dwellers who often must compensate

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Speaker 1: for their weightlessness with exercises, which still doesn't make up

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Speaker 1: for their loss in muscle tone and bone mass. So

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Speaker 1: figuring out how to copy the animals technique for hibernating

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Speaker 1: would be great for astronauts. Or hear me out alternative idea,

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Speaker 1: Bears in Space. Bears in Space. When we return, we'll

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Speaker 1: check out some Arctic adapters who go through a spectacular

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Speaker 1: wardrobe change that's even more dazzling than those ugly holiday sweaters.

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Speaker 1: Imagine it's the dead of winter and you're snugly tucked

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Speaker 1: in a remote cottage that your pee Paul left you.

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Speaker 1: It's a quaint old home, all snowed in, but You've

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Speaker 1: got hot cocoa and cans of your favorite type of beans,

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Speaker 1: so you're all set for winter. You're in your life,

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Speaker 1: little fur lined bed, all cozy and comfortable. You think

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Speaker 1: back to your time with the local villagers who warned

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Speaker 1: you to be quiet when you go home to your

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Speaker 1: pea pause old cottage for a terrifying invisible beast roams

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Speaker 1: these snow covered hills and kills anything that dares breathe

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Speaker 1: too loudly. You chuckle to yourself. These villagers are probably

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Speaker 1: bored and have a bit of cabin fever to invent

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Speaker 1: such a ridiculous monster. But as you're drifting off to sleep,

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Speaker 1: you hear a weird sound, a soft crunching, like the

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Speaker 1: snow over your roof is being gently pressed upon Santa's reindeer. Perhaps.

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Speaker 1: Then you hear a muffled sound, as if someone's making

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Speaker 1: snow angels on the roof. You start to get a

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Speaker 1: little nervous and think back to what the villagers said.

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Speaker 1: You hold your breath, trying not to make a sound.

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Speaker 1: You hear a scraping and what sounds like a huge

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Speaker 1: vacuum sucking up snow. Then silence, just the soft pattering

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Speaker 1: of snowfall. It's been several minutes, so finally you exhale.

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Speaker 1: That's when suddenly boom, the whole house shakes, and then

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Speaker 1: again boom boom, until finally crash, a huge face instead

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Speaker 1: of jaws crashes through the ceiling. You've just been the

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Speaker 1: victim of one of the cutest Arctic adapters, the Arctic fox.

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Speaker 1: Awh terrifying, so for humans, of course, there are no threat.

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Speaker 1: They're about eighteen to twenty five inches long, not including

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Speaker 1: the tail, and about seven to seventeen pounds, so like

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Speaker 1: a little doggie, and like you probably guessed it, it

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Speaker 1: lives in the Arctic. They live in burrows and snow tunnels,

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Speaker 1: and they can survive temperatures as low as negative fifty

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Speaker 1: eight degrees fahrenheit. That's pretty chilly, pretty cold, yep. Their

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Speaker 1: coats change from being tan and brown in the summer

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Speaker 1: to fluffy white in the winter, and the coats help

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Speaker 1: them keep warm and camouflaged, both in terms of hunting

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Speaker 1: and from being hunted because they too have predators, so

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Speaker 1: their huge fluffy tail is used to wrap themselves up

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Speaker 1: like a blanket. It's very cute. They're omnivores and will

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Speaker 1: eat berries and scraps that they find. They're very opportunistic

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Speaker 1: because they have to be. They live in such a

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Speaker 1: hostile environment. They'll even store bird eggs in their dens

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Speaker 1: as snacks for later. So food can be very scarce

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Speaker 1: in the tundra, and they will sometimes tail after polar

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Speaker 1: bears and eat their leftovers. And they can travel up

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Speaker 1: to sixty miles a day and search for food, which

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Speaker 1: I don't think I've ever walked even like more than

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Speaker 1: two miles for food.

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Speaker 2: I mean that, Yeah, that is quite a distance. Are

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Speaker 2: polar bears one of their predators or yeah? No, okay, yeah,

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Speaker 2: they have to worry about polar bears.

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Speaker 1: They basically have to worry about anything, even like red

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Speaker 1: foxes will hunt them sometimes. Okay, yeah, they they're you know,

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Speaker 1: not the They're not the big big kid on the block,

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Speaker 1: I would say. But yeah, as long as they give

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Speaker 1: the polar bears their space, and the polar bears like

403
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Speaker 1: bigger kills, then they'll just eat the scraps the leftovers.

404
00:23:06,480 --> 00:23:10,199
Speaker 1: Got it. So when winter intensifies and there are no

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Speaker 1: scraps to scavenge, they have to become killers themselves. So

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Speaker 1: their big ears have such sensitive hearing that they can

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Speaker 1: listen for tiny rodents mainly limmings, deep under the snow

408
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Speaker 1: and find their exact location. So once a rodent is located,

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Speaker 1: they can dig into the snow, or even more excitingly,

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Speaker 1: they like to spring up and then dive into the snow.

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Speaker 2: And fifteen videos.

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Speaker 3: It's very cute.

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Speaker 1: You want to look at one right now. Yes, it's

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Speaker 1: really funny because they hop right up and then just

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Speaker 1: faceplant right into the snow.

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Speaker 2: But then do before that, they do a little like

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Speaker 2: toe touch.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, they're doing a little digging because they they've found

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Speaker 1: their location and the snow can be really hard and icy,

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Speaker 1: so they're trying to break through down into the burrow.

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Speaker 1: So they do big hop.

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Speaker 2: Oh, oh, that was a good one.

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Speaker 1: If the snow's too soft, they can get kind of

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Speaker 1: stuck and they kick their little legs in the air,

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Speaker 1: and if it's too hard, they'll just like bounce off

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Speaker 1: of it. So they have to get pretty good at determining,

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Speaker 1: like where's the best place to dive in sure, otherwise

428
00:24:12,119 --> 00:24:14,920
Speaker 1: it gets really embarrassing their butts just right in the

429
00:24:14,960 --> 00:24:18,840
Speaker 1: air and they're flailing around. But when they get it,

430
00:24:18,880 --> 00:24:21,480
Speaker 1: when they get it right, they can snatch a little

431
00:24:21,520 --> 00:24:22,800
Speaker 1: limming right out of its bed.

432
00:24:23,280 --> 00:24:25,960
Speaker 2: Also, I had no idea that lemmings were real things

433
00:24:26,040 --> 00:24:28,240
Speaker 2: until just now. I thought they were just that little

434
00:24:28,359 --> 00:24:29,160
Speaker 2: that computer game.

435
00:24:29,280 --> 00:24:32,280
Speaker 1: Now they're real, although they don't all run off of

436
00:24:32,280 --> 00:24:34,800
Speaker 1: a cliff at the same time. That's see, that's a

437
00:24:34,840 --> 00:24:41,679
Speaker 1: myth perpetrated by the evil documentarian industry. So yeah, it

438
00:24:41,680 --> 00:24:45,440
Speaker 1: looks like ritualistic face planting. It's extremely cute, and they

439
00:24:45,440 --> 00:24:49,919
Speaker 1: can smell limming popsicles two feet under the snow. So

440
00:24:50,320 --> 00:24:53,240
Speaker 1: what's I think is interesting is people usually see the

441
00:24:54,480 --> 00:24:58,000
Speaker 1: Arctic fox when they're completely fluffy in their white winter coat,

442
00:24:58,320 --> 00:25:01,760
Speaker 1: but they don't see them between seasons as much. And

443
00:25:01,800 --> 00:25:04,159
Speaker 1: it's very funny. Yeah, I don't know what that looks like.

444
00:25:04,520 --> 00:25:08,520
Speaker 1: So let me show you. Here's the fox with those

445
00:25:08,680 --> 00:25:14,240
Speaker 1: body patches of his coat growing in. Looks a little scraggly,

446
00:25:15,359 --> 00:25:15,800
Speaker 1: oh but.

447
00:25:15,920 --> 00:25:18,280
Speaker 2: Still cute, still very very patchy.

448
00:25:18,480 --> 00:25:24,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, And then here here he is shedding the coat.

449
00:25:23,800 --> 00:25:25,399
Speaker 2: He supposed to be like springtime.

450
00:25:25,600 --> 00:25:28,879
Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, this is shot in springtime. It kind of

451
00:25:28,880 --> 00:25:34,080
Speaker 1: looks like, what would you say, it looks like, oh,

452
00:25:34,119 --> 00:25:37,200
Speaker 1: good grief. It does look like good grief.

453
00:25:37,280 --> 00:25:41,359
Speaker 2: It's it's just like I'm trying to think of like

454
00:25:41,440 --> 00:25:45,479
Speaker 2: what like maybe like Jack Nicholson, as he's like getting

455
00:25:46,119 --> 00:25:49,119
Speaker 2: as he's you know, getting up there in age, I

456
00:25:49,200 --> 00:25:50,720
Speaker 2: was looking a bit haggard and.

457
00:25:51,160 --> 00:25:54,160
Speaker 1: Bits are falling off of him. Yeah, sort of an

458
00:25:54,160 --> 00:25:57,680
Speaker 1: in sort of chunks. Yeah, yeah, no, I see that.

459
00:25:57,840 --> 00:26:01,520
Speaker 1: I do see that. But still cute in some sort

460
00:26:01,520 --> 00:26:07,600
Speaker 1: of ineffable way. So other animals obviously change their coats

461
00:26:07,640 --> 00:26:12,800
Speaker 1: during the winter as well, including snowshoe hairs, stoats, purie caribou,

462
00:26:12,920 --> 00:26:16,959
Speaker 1: and the snowy owl. And one thing that's interesting is

463
00:26:17,119 --> 00:26:19,399
Speaker 1: kind of like how do you think, like how do

464
00:26:19,480 --> 00:26:22,120
Speaker 1: they do this? Like it it seems magical that they

465
00:26:22,200 --> 00:26:26,000
Speaker 1: know every winter just to change their coat. So one

466
00:26:26,040 --> 00:26:29,560
Speaker 1: thing is that the fur itself isn't changing color like

467
00:26:29,600 --> 00:26:34,200
Speaker 1: once it's already grown, because basic hair fur like once

468
00:26:34,240 --> 00:26:36,639
Speaker 1: it's already grown, it's not that part of it is

469
00:26:36,680 --> 00:26:41,360
Speaker 1: not really alive anymore. So it's the hair follicles themselves

470
00:26:41,400 --> 00:26:44,159
Speaker 1: that are changing at that level, so they have to

471
00:26:44,200 --> 00:26:47,639
Speaker 1: grow a totally new coat. So similar to animals that

472
00:26:47,760 --> 00:26:52,280
Speaker 1: undergo hibernation, they have a body clock that triggers hormonal

473
00:26:52,359 --> 00:26:56,600
Speaker 1: changes that causes the change in growth of denser white

474
00:26:56,680 --> 00:27:01,360
Speaker 1: coats from the follicular level. And so that's why between

475
00:27:01,520 --> 00:27:05,520
Speaker 1: seasons you see these kind of Jack Nicholson esque patchy

476
00:27:07,160 --> 00:27:10,120
Speaker 1: with the with the weird little little tufts of white

477
00:27:10,200 --> 00:27:12,920
Speaker 1: hair growing in or and then like in the springtime,

478
00:27:13,040 --> 00:27:14,760
Speaker 1: they shed it, so it all comes out in these

479
00:27:14,800 --> 00:27:18,360
Speaker 1: big tufts and I think it's to me really cute,

480
00:27:18,720 --> 00:27:21,200
Speaker 1: just like they look like they ran through a chicken coop,

481
00:27:21,280 --> 00:27:24,720
Speaker 1: but then they got sticky and then all covered in feathers.

482
00:27:25,480 --> 00:27:27,160
Speaker 2: Ah, that's a great description.

483
00:27:27,440 --> 00:27:31,840
Speaker 1: But there is an animal that also has a coat change.

484
00:27:31,920 --> 00:27:33,959
Speaker 1: I don't think you'd ever guess what it is and

485
00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:37,080
Speaker 1: the method that it does it is really crazy. So

486
00:27:37,640 --> 00:27:42,680
Speaker 1: bluega whales actually molt their skin every summer, and their

487
00:27:42,800 --> 00:27:45,760
Speaker 1: skin over time will become a little more yellow and

488
00:27:45,800 --> 00:27:48,560
Speaker 1: a little more marred. And that's not good for wanting

489
00:27:48,600 --> 00:27:51,440
Speaker 1: to blend in with the ice. Especially in the winter,

490
00:27:51,560 --> 00:27:58,120
Speaker 1: as you know, they're surrounded by these icy icebergs, and

491
00:27:58,760 --> 00:28:03,160
Speaker 1: they actually do more and they in order to get

492
00:28:03,200 --> 00:28:06,440
Speaker 1: that old layer of skin to come off, they have

493
00:28:06,680 --> 00:28:10,560
Speaker 1: a spa day or multiple spot days. Treat yourself, treat

494
00:28:10,600 --> 00:28:14,160
Speaker 1: yourself self care. Believe us know about self care.

495
00:28:14,720 --> 00:28:16,760
Speaker 2: I could take a lesson from a blugal way.

496
00:28:16,760 --> 00:28:20,040
Speaker 1: We really all could. They're great. We we talked about

497
00:28:20,080 --> 00:28:22,439
Speaker 1: them on a previous episode. They are one of the

498
00:28:22,440 --> 00:28:25,480
Speaker 1: only whales who can actually swivel their heads freely. Oh,

499
00:28:25,800 --> 00:28:29,160
Speaker 1: which means that they can communicate by looking at each

500
00:28:29,200 --> 00:28:34,240
Speaker 1: other and using expressions more than other whales. Yeah. So,

501
00:28:34,560 --> 00:28:38,000
Speaker 1: I just I love because now I'm imagining them like

502
00:28:38,280 --> 00:28:40,880
Speaker 1: kind of filing down their back and just like throwing

503
00:28:40,920 --> 00:28:42,840
Speaker 1: their head back and looking really content.

504
00:28:42,560 --> 00:28:44,720
Speaker 2: Which it's an herbal Essence commercial.

505
00:28:44,840 --> 00:28:47,000
Speaker 1: Oh my god. They would be so good in an

506
00:28:47,040 --> 00:28:48,600
Speaker 1: rbal Essence commercial, like.

507
00:28:48,960 --> 00:28:54,600
Speaker 2: You know, just like, yeah, tell me about it.

508
00:28:55,400 --> 00:28:59,200
Speaker 1: Yeah. So, they will rub their bodies on gravel or

509
00:28:59,320 --> 00:29:03,520
Speaker 1: river sand help exfoliate the outer layer of skin, and

510
00:29:03,640 --> 00:29:07,280
Speaker 1: this reveals that icy white skin underneath that will blend

511
00:29:07,320 --> 00:29:12,640
Speaker 1: in better with their surroundings. And yeah, I just I wanna.

512
00:29:13,320 --> 00:29:16,000
Speaker 1: I would love to join Belugas on a spa A

513
00:29:16,280 --> 00:29:19,320
Speaker 1: Now I don't My objective wouldn't be to look more

514
00:29:19,520 --> 00:29:23,040
Speaker 1: icy white than I already am with all my blue

515
00:29:23,120 --> 00:29:24,200
Speaker 1: veins popping.

516
00:29:23,920 --> 00:29:28,440
Speaker 2: Out everywhere, right, I mean it sounds just being exfoliated

517
00:29:28,640 --> 00:29:31,880
Speaker 2: feels nice, you know, I do an apricot scrub on

518
00:29:31,920 --> 00:29:35,440
Speaker 2: my face sometimes, yeah, and then you know, you leave

519
00:29:35,520 --> 00:29:38,800
Speaker 2: the shower feeling refreshed and right rejuvenated.

520
00:29:39,080 --> 00:29:43,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, I get it. There are certain skin exfoliating products

521
00:29:43,440 --> 00:29:47,200
Speaker 1: that advertise that you'll see the like pilled up layers

522
00:29:47,240 --> 00:29:50,520
Speaker 1: of skin just slough off your body. And it's that's

523
00:29:50,560 --> 00:29:53,800
Speaker 1: an extreme level. That is a dedication to the exfoliation

524
00:29:53,920 --> 00:29:55,960
Speaker 1: that I feel like Belugas would really appreciate.

525
00:29:56,080 --> 00:29:57,400
Speaker 2: True, Like if you.

526
00:29:57,360 --> 00:30:00,520
Speaker 1: Can't see your skin kind of coming up and umps, like,

527
00:30:00,600 --> 00:30:04,000
Speaker 1: is it really exfoliation? Yeah, I don't know.

528
00:30:04,360 --> 00:30:08,320
Speaker 3: Extreme extreme body Yeah.

529
00:30:08,400 --> 00:30:11,680
Speaker 1: Yeah. I went to a spa where they offered that

530
00:30:11,880 --> 00:30:15,400
Speaker 1: treatment where apparently they just really scrub you down until

531
00:30:15,440 --> 00:30:18,080
Speaker 1: you're raw and like get all the dead skin off.

532
00:30:18,080 --> 00:30:20,200
Speaker 1: And I was like, you know what, my dead skin

533
00:30:20,280 --> 00:30:22,160
Speaker 1: can hang around a little while longer, that's.

534
00:30:22,000 --> 00:30:25,080
Speaker 2: Okay, okay, with some of its staying.

535
00:30:25,040 --> 00:30:27,000
Speaker 1: You know what, you know what, it'll leave when it

536
00:30:27,040 --> 00:30:33,920
Speaker 1: wants to leave. Right Throughout human history, we've had to

537
00:30:33,920 --> 00:30:36,560
Speaker 1: figure out how to adapt to the coldness of winter,

538
00:30:36,760 --> 00:30:40,400
Speaker 1: and in some cases camouflage ourselves against the snow. But

539
00:30:40,520 --> 00:30:44,800
Speaker 1: that big white winter blanket presents another problem, snow blindness.

540
00:30:45,240 --> 00:30:49,400
Speaker 1: Snow blindness also known as photocare titus, is damaged to

541
00:30:49,480 --> 00:30:52,120
Speaker 1: the eyes caused by U V rays from the sun,

542
00:30:52,520 --> 00:30:56,680
Speaker 1: sort of like an eyeball sunburn. It's painful and it

543
00:30:56,720 --> 00:31:00,720
Speaker 1: can cause temporary loss and vision. When sun light reflects

544
00:31:00,720 --> 00:31:04,880
Speaker 1: off snow, eighty percent of UV radiation is reflected back.

545
00:31:05,280 --> 00:31:08,560
Speaker 1: That's a nifty reminder to always wear sunscreen and sunglasses

546
00:31:08,600 --> 00:31:11,280
Speaker 1: even in the winter. But how did we cope with

547
00:31:11,360 --> 00:31:15,800
Speaker 1: snow blindness before we had sunglasses like in prehistoric times? Well,

548
00:31:15,960 --> 00:31:20,080
Speaker 1: short answer, we actually did have sunglasses. Prehistoric people who

549
00:31:20,120 --> 00:31:23,640
Speaker 1: lived in the Arctic Circle invented snow goggles over four

550
00:31:23,760 --> 00:31:28,320
Speaker 1: thousand years ago. These goggles were carved from bone antlers

551
00:31:28,400 --> 00:31:32,400
Speaker 1: or walrus ivory. Later they could be carved from driftwood.

552
00:31:32,960 --> 00:31:36,720
Speaker 1: They were carved to fit the wearer's eyes with a thin, long,

553
00:31:36,840 --> 00:31:40,200
Speaker 1: horizontal slit to see out of. This slit allowed the

554
00:31:40,240 --> 00:31:43,440
Speaker 1: wear to see while minimizing the amount of reflected UV

555
00:31:43,680 --> 00:31:47,120
Speaker 1: light from entering the eye. Sometimes a black soot was

556
00:31:47,200 --> 00:31:50,480
Speaker 1: rubbed inside the goggles to cut down on glare. In

557
00:31:50,560 --> 00:31:54,560
Speaker 1: some ways, these goggles remained superior to modern goggles as

558
00:31:54,600 --> 00:31:58,400
Speaker 1: they don't ice over in harsh conditions. That's why these goggles.

559
00:31:58,440 --> 00:32:01,840
Speaker 1: The first ever sunglasses, remained a vital piece of equipment

560
00:32:01,880 --> 00:32:04,719
Speaker 1: for people of the Arctic Circle for thousands of years,

561
00:32:05,240 --> 00:32:08,560
Speaker 1: and though they weren't necessarily designed to be fashionable, they

562
00:32:08,560 --> 00:32:12,240
Speaker 1: look pretty dang cool too. Speaking of cool, when we return,

563
00:32:12,320 --> 00:32:14,920
Speaker 1: we'll talk about how some animals survive being turned into

564
00:32:15,040 --> 00:32:25,320
Speaker 1: living popsicles. When Jack frost nips at your toes, sometimes

565
00:32:25,360 --> 00:32:28,600
Speaker 1: he bites off a whole chunk. Frostbite is damaged to

566
00:32:28,680 --> 00:32:32,680
Speaker 1: the tissues, usually on extremities, such as fingers, toes, and noses,

567
00:32:33,080 --> 00:32:36,600
Speaker 1: as a result of being exposed to extreme low temperatures.

568
00:32:37,080 --> 00:32:40,640
Speaker 1: While frostbite may not seem like a great coping strategy,

569
00:32:40,720 --> 00:32:44,400
Speaker 1: the fact that your extremities suffer frostbite first is caused

570
00:32:44,440 --> 00:32:47,560
Speaker 1: in part by your body's last ditch effort to save itself.

571
00:32:47,600 --> 00:32:51,680
Speaker 1: In freezing temperatures, the blood vessels throughout the body narrow,

572
00:32:51,760 --> 00:32:55,920
Speaker 1: which is called vasoconstriction. This prevents heat from escaping out

573
00:32:55,920 --> 00:32:59,120
Speaker 1: your extremities, keeping it inside towards the more vital parts

574
00:32:59,120 --> 00:33:02,760
Speaker 1: of your body, such as your brain, guts, and chest. Normally,

575
00:33:02,880 --> 00:33:06,600
Speaker 1: this only results in cold, maybe slightly painful fingers and toes,

576
00:33:06,920 --> 00:33:09,360
Speaker 1: But if you don't warm up soon the process of

577
00:33:09,440 --> 00:33:13,680
Speaker 1: frost bite will begin. First comes frost nip, where the

578
00:33:13,800 --> 00:33:18,040
Speaker 1: extremities start to lose feeling and go unnaturally pale. Blood

579
00:33:18,080 --> 00:33:20,560
Speaker 1: flow to the outer parts of your body is reduced

580
00:33:20,560 --> 00:33:22,600
Speaker 1: to the point where the tissues will start to become

581
00:33:22,680 --> 00:33:26,320
Speaker 1: damaged if not warmed up soon enough. Frost nip can

582
00:33:26,360 --> 00:33:28,880
Speaker 1: even result in a sunburn like injury due to the

583
00:33:28,920 --> 00:33:32,080
Speaker 1: surface of the skin being frozen off, but this is

584
00:33:32,120 --> 00:33:35,280
Speaker 1: not as concerning as frost bite. If you don't warm

585
00:33:35,320 --> 00:33:38,280
Speaker 1: your fingers and toes in time, your tissues will fall

586
00:33:38,280 --> 00:33:41,600
Speaker 1: below freezing point and ice crystals start to form in

587
00:33:41,640 --> 00:33:46,280
Speaker 1: the cells. Ice crystals, biologically speaking, are ticking time bombs

588
00:33:46,320 --> 00:33:49,920
Speaker 1: for cells, either destroying them during the freezing process itself

589
00:33:50,320 --> 00:33:52,800
Speaker 1: or causing the cells to rupture when they start to thaw.

590
00:33:53,360 --> 00:33:56,239
Speaker 1: This is why frost bite must be treated carefully and

591
00:33:56,280 --> 00:33:58,720
Speaker 1: not warmed up too fast, or the damage will be

592
00:33:58,760 --> 00:34:02,800
Speaker 1: even more severe. Frostbite can range in superficial damage and

593
00:34:02,840 --> 00:34:05,800
Speaker 1: blisters to the skin to the loss of entire digits

594
00:34:05,880 --> 00:34:08,480
Speaker 1: or body parts if muscle and other tissues are affected.

595
00:34:09,160 --> 00:34:12,600
Speaker 1: Humans aren't really built to endure being frozen, but some

596
00:34:12,760 --> 00:34:17,839
Speaker 1: animals cope with being popsicles surprisingly well. So I know

597
00:34:17,920 --> 00:34:20,520
Speaker 1: that we have a lot of hopes that Walt Disney's

598
00:34:20,560 --> 00:34:22,840
Speaker 1: frozen head could be brought back to life if you

599
00:34:22,880 --> 00:34:26,319
Speaker 1: on thought. Of course, Walt Disney's head wasn't frozen. Don't

600
00:34:26,360 --> 00:34:30,319
Speaker 1: see it anyways. One of the problems with cryogenics and

601
00:34:30,400 --> 00:34:36,000
Speaker 1: humans is, sure, you could freeze a body, but unthawing

602
00:34:36,040 --> 00:34:39,120
Speaker 1: it is really difficult to do without those ice crystals,

603
00:34:39,160 --> 00:34:41,640
Speaker 1: just like rupturing the cells due to the nature that

604
00:34:41,680 --> 00:34:44,520
Speaker 1: the cells will contain liquid and then if the liquid

605
00:34:45,040 --> 00:34:49,480
Speaker 1: density changes, that can just burst open the cell. But

606
00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:52,120
Speaker 1: you know, we're not the only animals on Earth, and

607
00:34:52,160 --> 00:34:57,080
Speaker 1: some animals actually manage this fabulously well. So wood frogs

608
00:34:57,200 --> 00:34:59,600
Speaker 1: we've actually talked about on the show in our Eat,

609
00:34:59,680 --> 00:35:03,839
Speaker 1: Prey Die episode. But I think they bear another mention

610
00:35:04,320 --> 00:35:07,640
Speaker 1: because they can remain frozen at zero degrees fahrenheit for

611
00:35:07,760 --> 00:35:12,560
Speaker 1: up to seven months. Yeah. They're found all over North America,

612
00:35:12,600 --> 00:35:16,359
Speaker 1: including in boreal forests. They're this little brown frog. They're

613
00:35:16,480 --> 00:35:19,080
Speaker 1: very unassuming looking. They don't look like some kind of

614
00:35:19,080 --> 00:35:23,359
Speaker 1: science fiction Star Wars blue you know, Baby Yoda thing. Sure,

615
00:35:25,160 --> 00:35:28,719
Speaker 1: and they go through a process of partially freezing then

616
00:35:28,800 --> 00:35:32,759
Speaker 1: rethawing over and over again until the glucose levels and

617
00:35:32,800 --> 00:35:36,080
Speaker 1: their cell and their cells rise to an abnormal degree

618
00:35:36,160 --> 00:35:40,600
Speaker 1: and glucose which is also you know, sugars can actually

619
00:35:40,640 --> 00:35:43,359
Speaker 1: act as an anti freeze. Now that doesn't mean you

620
00:35:43,400 --> 00:35:45,720
Speaker 1: can like eat a bunch of sugar and then survive

621
00:35:45,760 --> 00:35:49,840
Speaker 1: being frozen. But these frogs, by introducing the high glucose

622
00:35:49,920 --> 00:35:52,840
Speaker 1: levels inside each of their cells, will protect the cells

623
00:35:52,840 --> 00:35:56,759
Speaker 1: from the freezing process, keeping water inside the cells, which

624
00:35:56,840 --> 00:36:01,680
Speaker 1: keeps them alive and in suspended animation. So like the

625
00:36:01,760 --> 00:36:05,879
Speaker 1: wood frogs become so frozen, they're like literally like a rock,

626
00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:08,960
Speaker 1: you could throw it against the brick wall and they'd

627
00:36:09,000 --> 00:36:10,760
Speaker 1: shout something I do every Friday.

628
00:36:11,120 --> 00:36:14,680
Speaker 2: Yeah, you know Thursdays are blood. Thursdays are against the

629
00:36:14,680 --> 00:36:15,160
Speaker 2: brick wall.

630
00:36:15,360 --> 00:36:18,640
Speaker 1: Friday is smashing frozen frogs against it. I mean it

631
00:36:18,800 --> 00:36:21,359
Speaker 1: is like we all need ways.

632
00:36:21,040 --> 00:36:23,200
Speaker 2: To blow off steam, exactly.

633
00:36:23,040 --> 00:36:25,960
Speaker 1: And if blowing off steam means shattering a bunch of

634
00:36:26,080 --> 00:36:29,359
Speaker 1: frozen wood frogs, I mean I'm not going to judge that.

635
00:36:30,120 --> 00:36:33,200
Speaker 1: I think I would, but right, I mean I blow

636
00:36:33,239 --> 00:36:36,400
Speaker 1: off steam by like, you know, making things out of clay,

637
00:36:36,800 --> 00:36:40,719
Speaker 1: so that's much less violent making pottery. Yeah, you know,

638
00:36:41,400 --> 00:36:42,560
Speaker 1: Smashing Frogs.

639
00:36:43,440 --> 00:36:47,200
Speaker 3: It's all the same thing, right, it's it's therapeutic self care.

640
00:36:47,400 --> 00:36:51,799
Speaker 2: Yes, is what you should do.

641
00:36:51,960 --> 00:36:53,960
Speaker 1: I want to have a spot day with Belugas and

642
00:36:53,960 --> 00:36:59,120
Speaker 1: then we could have great fun just smashing Frozen Frogs.

643
00:36:58,880 --> 00:37:02,880
Speaker 2: Is the all alternative rock band, Smashing.

644
00:37:02,480 --> 00:37:06,160
Speaker 1: Frogs right now, right.

645
00:37:06,920 --> 00:37:08,960
Speaker 2: I play the clarinet, so I don't know if you

646
00:37:09,000 --> 00:37:10,000
Speaker 2: bring any instruments to this.

647
00:37:10,120 --> 00:37:14,120
Speaker 3: I sort of play the ukulele badly, okay, I mean

648
00:37:14,160 --> 00:37:16,840
Speaker 3: I have played clarinet in like twenty years, so I

649
00:37:16,960 --> 00:37:18,040
Speaker 3: don't remember it.

650
00:37:18,239 --> 00:37:20,840
Speaker 1: I think we have a band. I think it's banned.

651
00:37:21,080 --> 00:37:24,560
Speaker 1: That's banned. We did it, yes, yes, Smashing Frogs the band.

652
00:37:24,840 --> 00:37:29,600
Speaker 1: We did it. Clarinet and ukulele neither very good, but

653
00:37:29,719 --> 00:37:30,680
Speaker 1: it is banned now.

654
00:37:30,840 --> 00:37:31,520
Speaker 2: It is banned.

655
00:37:32,280 --> 00:37:38,200
Speaker 1: So there's another contender for the best animal at enduring popsicleness,

656
00:37:38,719 --> 00:37:42,759
Speaker 1: which is the Siberian salamander. So this is found in

657
00:37:43,160 --> 00:37:47,719
Speaker 1: well Siberia and Northeast Asia in wet woods, so that's

658
00:37:47,760 --> 00:37:50,880
Speaker 1: like wooded areas where you have ponds and such, so

659
00:37:51,200 --> 00:37:55,160
Speaker 1: they can survive being frozen at negative twenty two degrees fahrenheit,

660
00:37:55,600 --> 00:37:58,800
Speaker 1: but for shorter periods of time. So that's a colder

661
00:37:58,880 --> 00:38:02,759
Speaker 1: temperature than the woods, but they can't last quite as long.

662
00:38:03,200 --> 00:38:05,920
Speaker 1: They can last up to forty five days, but they

663
00:38:06,040 --> 00:38:08,560
Speaker 1: also have a lower survival rate, so they're sort of

664
00:38:08,560 --> 00:38:10,400
Speaker 1: the more risk takers.

665
00:38:11,440 --> 00:38:13,839
Speaker 2: So it is the idea that like ponds that they

666
00:38:13,880 --> 00:38:16,759
Speaker 2: live in will like freeze over and then they'll but

667
00:38:16,800 --> 00:38:19,080
Speaker 2: they'll survive like within the frozen.

668
00:38:18,800 --> 00:38:20,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, be frozen in the permafrost.

669
00:38:20,640 --> 00:38:21,239
Speaker 2: Yeah, got it.

670
00:38:21,600 --> 00:38:26,160
Speaker 1: Yeah. So though there are stories of these salamanders surviving

671
00:38:26,239 --> 00:38:29,040
Speaker 1: being frozen in permafrost for years and waking up like,

672
00:38:29,360 --> 00:38:33,080
Speaker 1: those haven't really been confirmed scientifically. It kind of seems

673
00:38:33,200 --> 00:38:37,280
Speaker 1: unlikely given that laboratory research shows they can only survive

674
00:38:37,360 --> 00:38:42,759
Speaker 1: like forty five days. But I guess it's technically possible.

675
00:38:42,840 --> 00:38:45,040
Speaker 1: I just don't I'm pretty doubtful.

676
00:38:45,520 --> 00:38:47,759
Speaker 3: But like they're Let's put a Siberian find out, right,

677
00:38:47,840 --> 00:38:51,000
Speaker 3: Let's put a bunch of Siberian salamanders like in the

678
00:38:51,080 --> 00:38:52,319
Speaker 3: snow and.

679
00:38:52,600 --> 00:38:55,719
Speaker 1: See how they do. Yeah, and sit there for you know,

680
00:38:55,960 --> 00:38:59,520
Speaker 1: several years, several years. Yeah, I can't wait. I mean,

681
00:38:59,640 --> 00:39:03,280
Speaker 1: if if we have enough water balloons full of blood

682
00:39:03,280 --> 00:39:06,200
Speaker 1: and enough frozen frogs and our beluga friends, then you know,

683
00:39:06,360 --> 00:39:10,279
Speaker 1: we'll be fine to be said. So now I want

684
00:39:10,320 --> 00:39:14,400
Speaker 1: to talk about painted turtles. So these are pretty red

685
00:39:14,440 --> 00:39:17,320
Speaker 1: and yellow streaked turtles that are found in North America

686
00:39:17,880 --> 00:39:21,360
Speaker 1: and they live on land and in freshwater aquatic environments.

687
00:39:21,920 --> 00:39:26,520
Speaker 1: And painted turtles don't hibernate. They brumate because they're reptiles

688
00:39:26,719 --> 00:39:32,840
Speaker 1: and I am a really pedantic person. So they breathe

689
00:39:32,920 --> 00:39:37,000
Speaker 1: through their asses during winter to survive. Tell me more, Ah,

690
00:39:37,000 --> 00:39:40,240
Speaker 1: this is my favorite part. When their ponds freeze over,

691
00:39:40,840 --> 00:39:43,720
Speaker 1: they can't rise to the surface to take a breath,

692
00:39:43,920 --> 00:39:47,439
Speaker 1: which seems like a pretty bad problem to have when

693
00:39:47,440 --> 00:39:49,640
Speaker 1: you need to breathe, because you know they're not fish.

694
00:39:50,040 --> 00:39:53,440
Speaker 1: So since they can't breathe using their lungs, they'll use

695
00:39:53,480 --> 00:39:58,200
Speaker 1: their little buttholes. And actually a turtle's butthole is a kloaca,

696
00:39:58,400 --> 00:40:02,759
Speaker 1: and a kloaca is the all purpose butt of reptiles, birds, amphibians,

697
00:40:02,800 --> 00:40:05,960
Speaker 1: and sharks, and also monotremes such as platypus. They all

698
00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:09,280
Speaker 1: have cloaca. The kloaca is the whole that can do everything.

699
00:40:09,840 --> 00:40:13,719
Speaker 1: So it can it can excrete, poop and urine. It

700
00:40:13,800 --> 00:40:20,120
Speaker 1: can reproduce, It houses the reproductive organs, it can lay eggs,

701
00:40:20,520 --> 00:40:23,080
Speaker 1: it's just it's like Nustave.

702
00:40:24,160 --> 00:40:29,080
Speaker 2: Triple threat. Yes, yes, for disgusting things that bodies do.

703
00:40:29,480 --> 00:40:31,120
Speaker 1: It's the omnihole omni hoole.

704
00:40:31,200 --> 00:40:31,560
Speaker 2: Yes.

705
00:40:32,000 --> 00:40:35,600
Speaker 1: So the blood vessels around the cloaca are able to

706
00:40:35,880 --> 00:40:42,239
Speaker 1: extract oxygen from water molecules, so they engage in chloachal respiration,

707
00:40:42,440 --> 00:40:46,040
Speaker 1: which is butt breathing, and their chloac is second oxygen

708
00:40:46,120 --> 00:40:48,320
Speaker 1: from the water like butt gills.

709
00:40:48,480 --> 00:40:53,000
Speaker 2: Wow. Yeah, incredible. That's my favorite thing so far I've

710
00:40:53,040 --> 00:40:54,160
Speaker 2: learned today.

711
00:40:54,320 --> 00:40:57,520
Speaker 1: Yes, if we could just breathe with our butts a

712
00:40:57,520 --> 00:41:00,800
Speaker 1: little bit, you know, swimming would be so much easier

713
00:41:00,960 --> 00:41:06,040
Speaker 1: because your butt is usually submerged, right, extract the oxygen.

714
00:41:07,160 --> 00:41:10,560
Speaker 1: But you know, they used to try to save people

715
00:41:10,640 --> 00:41:15,280
Speaker 1: who were drowning victims by blowing smoke into their buttthole.

716
00:41:15,760 --> 00:41:18,800
Speaker 1: And that's like true, yes, and it's I mean, it's

717
00:41:18,840 --> 00:41:20,960
Speaker 1: true in that it happened. It's not true in that

718
00:41:21,000 --> 00:41:25,440
Speaker 1: it worn't help. But yeah, so that's where I think

719
00:41:25,480 --> 00:41:28,399
Speaker 1: that's where the sayres showing smoke up my ass comes from,

720
00:41:28,960 --> 00:41:32,960
Speaker 1: because yeah, it's like it doesn't actually do anything, but

721
00:41:33,040 --> 00:41:36,799
Speaker 1: it's acting as if you're helping. So yeah, and it

722
00:41:36,880 --> 00:41:40,640
Speaker 1: was thought that this would revive someone suffering from drowning.

723
00:41:41,280 --> 00:41:43,200
Speaker 1: And I guess the only way it would work is

724
00:41:43,239 --> 00:41:46,080
Speaker 1: just the surprise of someone blowing smoke up your butt

725
00:41:46,400 --> 00:41:50,399
Speaker 1: might kind of bring you back. But I don't think

726
00:41:50,560 --> 00:41:51,280
Speaker 1: there was any.

727
00:41:51,080 --> 00:41:55,480
Speaker 2: Actual How would that even work, Like you put a tube,

728
00:41:55,920 --> 00:41:58,200
Speaker 2: it would have like a special butt pipe.

729
00:41:58,239 --> 00:42:00,480
Speaker 1: I think that they stuck in the butt and then

730
00:42:00,520 --> 00:42:03,600
Speaker 1: blow smoke up the butt. Okay, I don't know why

731
00:42:03,640 --> 00:42:04,959
Speaker 1: they thought that would work.

732
00:42:05,040 --> 00:42:08,080
Speaker 2: I what era are we talking about here. It's just

733
00:42:08,120 --> 00:42:14,399
Speaker 2: like nineteen hundred, eighteen to early eighteen hundred. I think, yeah, yeah, yeah,

734
00:42:14,440 --> 00:42:16,640
Speaker 2: we don't know anything back then about it. No, No,

735
00:42:16,760 --> 00:42:17,120
Speaker 2: I do know.

736
00:42:17,280 --> 00:42:20,440
Speaker 1: We were We thought we could just go in to

737
00:42:20,600 --> 00:42:23,880
Speaker 1: a human body and toss things around and see what happened.

738
00:42:24,360 --> 00:42:26,040
Speaker 2: Those were the days of like, yeah, you have like

739
00:42:26,120 --> 00:42:29,000
Speaker 2: seven types of bile in your body and everything else.

740
00:42:28,880 --> 00:42:31,799
Speaker 1: Right, let's put slugs in your eyes just, you know,

741
00:42:31,880 --> 00:42:34,760
Speaker 1: see what happens. I don't know. I don't know. I'm trying.

742
00:42:35,040 --> 00:42:38,800
Speaker 1: I am a I'm a medical doctor in seventeen fifty,

743
00:42:38,840 --> 00:42:39,680
Speaker 1: and I don't know.

744
00:42:39,920 --> 00:42:40,960
Speaker 2: No one knows.

745
00:42:42,440 --> 00:42:46,759
Speaker 1: Let's let's breathe through our butts and just smash some

746
00:42:46,840 --> 00:42:51,600
Speaker 1: frozen frogs and maybe that'll cure your consumption. I don't know.

747
00:42:51,960 --> 00:42:57,719
Speaker 1: I am trying my best. My name is Hieronymous J. Fitzwelling,

748
00:42:57,880 --> 00:43:01,880
Speaker 1: and I am trying my best. Good name. Thank you.

749
00:43:02,560 --> 00:43:06,880
Speaker 1: Now I want to talk about something pretty cute. And

750
00:43:07,040 --> 00:43:09,720
Speaker 1: it is so like if you don't have the special

751
00:43:09,800 --> 00:43:12,960
Speaker 1: trick of breathing through your butt or being able to

752
00:43:13,000 --> 00:43:16,319
Speaker 1: be frozen solid, what do you do and how do

753
00:43:16,360 --> 00:43:19,320
Speaker 1: you evolve in a short period of time to survive

754
00:43:19,680 --> 00:43:22,800
Speaker 1: just freezing cold temperatures? So I want to talk about

755
00:43:23,040 --> 00:43:28,960
Speaker 1: wild Yakut horses. They are found in Yakushia in Siberia,

756
00:43:29,600 --> 00:43:33,480
Speaker 1: and they can survive temperatures as low as ninety negative

757
00:43:33,600 --> 00:43:38,799
Speaker 1: ninety four degrees fahrenheit. Wow, which is fairly cold, I

758
00:43:38,800 --> 00:43:44,040
Speaker 1: would say, so a little chili. So these are horses

759
00:43:44,080 --> 00:43:48,480
Speaker 1: that are thirteen hands. Now I'm not a horse girl.

760
00:43:49,120 --> 00:43:52,000
Speaker 1: I don't know what hands are or what that means,

761
00:43:52,160 --> 00:43:55,719
Speaker 1: like if they have thirteen hands, what's going on? So

762
00:43:55,800 --> 00:43:59,200
Speaker 1: I looked it up. Apparently a hand is four inches

763
00:44:00,120 --> 00:44:04,280
Speaker 1: and the you measure it at the horse's highest point

764
00:44:04,360 --> 00:44:05,160
Speaker 1: of the withers.

765
00:44:05,840 --> 00:44:08,200
Speaker 2: Oh, the horse withers, horse withers. Of course.

766
00:44:08,280 --> 00:44:10,560
Speaker 1: Now I didn't know what withers were.

767
00:44:10,680 --> 00:44:11,960
Speaker 2: So I looked that up.

768
00:44:11,840 --> 00:44:15,400
Speaker 1: Too, and apparently the withers is the ridge between the

769
00:44:15,440 --> 00:44:18,839
Speaker 1: shoulder blades of the horse. Okay, so you put your

770
00:44:18,920 --> 00:44:22,800
Speaker 1: hands on the withers. You have to have four inch hands.

771
00:44:22,880 --> 00:44:25,080
Speaker 1: I guess you put your hands.

772
00:44:25,920 --> 00:44:27,840
Speaker 2: My hands are exactly four inches.

773
00:44:27,920 --> 00:44:29,800
Speaker 1: Why, I you'd be great at measuring horses.

774
00:44:29,840 --> 00:44:31,680
Speaker 2: Then a new career.

775
00:44:33,239 --> 00:44:37,600
Speaker 1: AD wanted someone with exactly four inch hands to measure horses.

776
00:44:39,120 --> 00:44:42,480
Speaker 1: So I guess that's like at it is four feet

777
00:44:42,520 --> 00:44:45,319
Speaker 1: tall at the highest point between the shoulders. Is what

778
00:44:45,400 --> 00:44:46,399
Speaker 1: thirteen hands means?

779
00:44:46,520 --> 00:44:46,839
Speaker 2: I see.

780
00:44:46,840 --> 00:44:49,279
Speaker 1: Okay, you know, come over here, horse people, I just

781
00:44:49,320 --> 00:44:53,760
Speaker 1: want to talk to you for a second. Why why why? Yeah?

782
00:44:53,800 --> 00:44:57,480
Speaker 2: Because I think hands are only ever used to measure

783
00:44:57,640 --> 00:45:01,120
Speaker 2: specifically horses. I don't think any other and I mean

784
00:45:01,640 --> 00:45:04,320
Speaker 2: slide into my men. I might be wrong about this, but.

785
00:45:04,480 --> 00:45:06,919
Speaker 1: Do horses not like a tape measure? Do they get real?

786
00:45:07,120 --> 00:45:09,239
Speaker 1: Do they get angry at a tape measure? Is thus

787
00:45:09,360 --> 00:45:10,839
Speaker 1: why hands are necessary?

788
00:45:10,840 --> 00:45:14,000
Speaker 2: Desperate for human contact? I see they they just don't

789
00:45:14,080 --> 00:45:15,120
Speaker 2: it's too informal.

790
00:45:15,200 --> 00:45:19,320
Speaker 1: They want the laying of the hands. They want evangelicals exactly.

791
00:45:21,400 --> 00:45:25,080
Speaker 1: The most important fact about these Yakut horses is that

792
00:45:25,120 --> 00:45:29,520
Speaker 1: they are super super, super duper fluffy. They are so fluffy.

793
00:45:29,560 --> 00:45:34,360
Speaker 1: They are the fluffiest horses you see. Well, good news.

794
00:45:34,640 --> 00:45:35,600
Speaker 2: Have you got pictures?

795
00:45:35,719 --> 00:45:40,200
Speaker 1: I do. They're so poofy there. They look like if you,

796
00:45:41,120 --> 00:45:44,200
Speaker 1: I guess, if you put a horse, a long haired

797
00:45:44,239 --> 00:45:47,160
Speaker 1: horse in the dryer and just like it came out

798
00:45:47,200 --> 00:45:50,080
Speaker 1: and it was just a poofball. You know, like in

799
00:45:50,120 --> 00:45:53,279
Speaker 1: the cartoons where something that's not supposed to be put

800
00:45:53,280 --> 00:45:55,080
Speaker 1: in a dryer comes out of a dryer and it's

801
00:45:55,120 --> 00:45:57,640
Speaker 1: just a little poofball. Yeah, yeah, it's just like this.

802
00:45:57,800 --> 00:46:00,680
Speaker 1: They're so fluffy. I just want to dive my face

803
00:46:00,760 --> 00:46:03,360
Speaker 1: right in there. I'll put my hands on this horse.

804
00:46:03,480 --> 00:46:05,280
Speaker 2: I bet your hands would disappear into.

805
00:46:05,120 --> 00:46:07,799
Speaker 1: Those How do you even know how many hands this

806
00:46:07,880 --> 00:46:09,600
Speaker 1: horse is? You can't see your hands.

807
00:46:09,800 --> 00:46:10,880
Speaker 2: Oh my goodness.

808
00:46:10,960 --> 00:46:14,840
Speaker 1: They are very very cute. They have the thickest coat

809
00:46:14,920 --> 00:46:17,759
Speaker 1: of any horse, and they are kind of chunky and

810
00:46:17,800 --> 00:46:21,520
Speaker 1: compact built, which is good because you don't want to

811
00:46:21,840 --> 00:46:24,440
Speaker 1: like we talked about with frostbite, The more compact you

812
00:46:24,520 --> 00:46:27,200
Speaker 1: are in the cold kind of the better because your

813
00:46:27,719 --> 00:46:29,680
Speaker 1: blood doesn't have to work so hard to pump out

814
00:46:29,680 --> 00:46:34,040
Speaker 1: to your extremities. They have slow metabolic rates relative to

815
00:46:34,200 --> 00:46:37,359
Speaker 1: other horses, and they can dig in the snow for

816
00:46:37,440 --> 00:46:42,200
Speaker 1: food like like dig dig, dig, find some vegetation under

817
00:46:42,200 --> 00:46:45,720
Speaker 1: all that snow. And they actually didn't evolve from native

818
00:46:45,800 --> 00:46:49,600
Speaker 1: species of horses in the area. Instead, these were horses

819
00:46:49,680 --> 00:46:52,240
Speaker 1: that were brought to the area by the Yakout people

820
00:46:52,440 --> 00:46:56,239
Speaker 1: eight hundred years ago, around the thirteenth century. And they're

821
00:46:56,280 --> 00:47:02,080
Speaker 1: an example of rapid evolutionary adaptation on by human interactions.

822
00:47:02,160 --> 00:47:05,400
Speaker 1: So we brought we brought horses who are not adapted

823
00:47:05,440 --> 00:47:08,759
Speaker 1: to this cold weather over eight hundred years ago, and

824
00:47:08,920 --> 00:47:13,880
Speaker 1: over that period of time they developed these adaptations like

825
00:47:13,920 --> 00:47:18,360
Speaker 1: being really really fluffy, being stout, and having that slower

826
00:47:18,400 --> 00:47:22,759
Speaker 1: metabolic rate. And they even have anti freezing properties of

827
00:47:22,800 --> 00:47:26,480
Speaker 1: glucose in the blood like frogs like the wood frogs.

828
00:47:26,520 --> 00:47:29,160
Speaker 1: Not you can't freeze. You can't turn it into a

829
00:47:29,160 --> 00:47:32,640
Speaker 1: horse sickle like that will work, but it does help

830
00:47:32,840 --> 00:47:33,799
Speaker 1: prevent frostbite.

831
00:47:33,880 --> 00:47:36,440
Speaker 2: So what would have happened based on what I know

832
00:47:36,520 --> 00:47:40,640
Speaker 2: about evolution, which I am not an expert by any means,

833
00:47:40,719 --> 00:47:44,600
Speaker 2: but I did take a few you know, anthropology classes

834
00:47:45,040 --> 00:47:52,080
Speaker 2: in college. So nice yiss rag, so they would have

835
00:47:52,080 --> 00:47:54,399
Speaker 2: brought these horses over, and I'm guessing most of them

836
00:47:54,640 --> 00:47:57,880
Speaker 2: would have died, but the ones that happened to be

837
00:47:58,800 --> 00:48:03,040
Speaker 2: maybe fluffier or like carried the genes of fluffiness would

838
00:48:03,120 --> 00:48:06,480
Speaker 2: have survived, and then they would mate with each other

839
00:48:06,560 --> 00:48:09,000
Speaker 2: and then keep perpetuating that trait that enabled them to

840
00:48:09,040 --> 00:48:12,840
Speaker 2: survive exactly. Thus the fluffiest horses we've ever seen.

841
00:48:13,040 --> 00:48:15,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, and I don't know this for a fact, but

842
00:48:15,400 --> 00:48:18,440
Speaker 1: it is possible that we even helped along. Because humans

843
00:48:18,480 --> 00:48:22,080
Speaker 1: are great, well, depending on how you define the word great.

844
00:48:22,080 --> 00:48:26,880
Speaker 1: We're great at selective breeding and creating ridiculous features and animals.

845
00:48:26,920 --> 00:48:31,280
Speaker 1: But in this case, because the horses were very crucial

846
00:48:31,320 --> 00:48:34,839
Speaker 1: to our survival as humans, there's a good chance that

847
00:48:34,880 --> 00:48:35,960
Speaker 1: we maybe.

848
00:48:35,760 --> 00:48:36,400
Speaker 2: People saw.

849
00:48:38,560 --> 00:48:40,880
Speaker 1: Or like we saw horses that were doing really well,

850
00:48:41,120 --> 00:48:43,600
Speaker 1: and we're like, Okay, we got to get this one

851
00:48:43,640 --> 00:48:46,759
Speaker 1: breeding a lot of baby horses because they've survived and

852
00:48:46,800 --> 00:48:49,160
Speaker 1: they're doing really well. You know, I think we could have.

853
00:48:49,440 --> 00:48:53,160
Speaker 1: It's well within our abilities to have done that at

854
00:48:53,160 --> 00:48:56,040
Speaker 1: that time. So you know, it was probably a mixture

855
00:48:56,200 --> 00:48:59,200
Speaker 1: of I would say it's mostly the environmental pressures, but

856
00:48:59,239 --> 00:49:02,240
Speaker 1: then maybe we were assisted in their survival by humans,

857
00:49:02,280 --> 00:49:04,400
Speaker 1: and then that's how they evolved so quickly without just

858
00:49:04,480 --> 00:49:08,760
Speaker 1: immediately all tying out. Actually, comparisons of the Yakut horses

859
00:49:08,800 --> 00:49:14,440
Speaker 1: to mammoth genome found similarities in metabolism, hair growth, and

860
00:49:14,520 --> 00:49:17,920
Speaker 1: body proportions, which is an example of convergent evolution. So

861
00:49:18,320 --> 00:49:21,160
Speaker 1: convergent evolution is when you have very similar traits but

862
00:49:21,239 --> 00:49:24,200
Speaker 1: they have evolve at different points in evolutionary history, and

863
00:49:24,200 --> 00:49:27,680
Speaker 1: they're like in different species or in the same species,

864
00:49:27,680 --> 00:49:28,600
Speaker 1: but at different times.

865
00:49:28,840 --> 00:49:29,160
Speaker 2: Got it.

866
00:49:29,239 --> 00:49:32,239
Speaker 1: So one of the important things about Yakut horses is

867
00:49:32,239 --> 00:49:35,480
Speaker 1: that they are mostly wild horses, so they don't they

868
00:49:35,480 --> 00:49:38,520
Speaker 1: aren't kept in pins all year round, they're not kept

869
00:49:38,560 --> 00:49:42,000
Speaker 1: at a corral are kept they're allowed to roam wild.

870
00:49:42,560 --> 00:49:46,360
Speaker 1: And Yacot horse breeders have a really tough job because

871
00:49:46,400 --> 00:49:48,560
Speaker 1: the horses get to go live free and wild for

872
00:49:48,680 --> 00:49:50,960
Speaker 1: much of the time, and the horse breeders have to

873
00:49:51,560 --> 00:49:54,160
Speaker 1: convince them to come back to get fed and get

874
00:49:54,200 --> 00:49:57,600
Speaker 1: metical attention and to help them in their breeding. And

875
00:49:57,680 --> 00:50:01,000
Speaker 1: so they'll drive out for miles and ailes to search

876
00:50:01,040 --> 00:50:03,920
Speaker 1: for these horses, and then once they get there, they'll

877
00:50:03,960 --> 00:50:06,759
Speaker 1: call them. They really have to convince them to come

878
00:50:06,800 --> 00:50:09,319
Speaker 1: in because it's these big, these herds of horses. You

879
00:50:09,360 --> 00:50:11,960
Speaker 1: can't just like last so all the horses and have

880
00:50:12,040 --> 00:50:14,680
Speaker 1: them come in you. You have to kind of it's

881
00:50:14,680 --> 00:50:17,160
Speaker 1: got to be a cooperative effort, like hey, we got

882
00:50:17,280 --> 00:50:27,040
Speaker 1: hey hey remember remember remember hey, hey hey? Yes, And

883
00:50:27,120 --> 00:50:30,839
Speaker 1: so they also will like call them out, like be like, hey,

884
00:50:30,880 --> 00:50:33,880
Speaker 1: come on, Fred. The horse probably not named Fred, but

885
00:50:34,000 --> 00:50:34,279
Speaker 1: you know.

886
00:50:35,680 --> 00:50:40,440
Speaker 2: I think there's definitely a Fred come on, Ginger and

887
00:50:40,440 --> 00:50:43,000
Speaker 2: and Jasper Jasper.

888
00:50:44,080 --> 00:50:49,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, not clearly. I'm not good at measuring nor naming horses.

889
00:50:49,800 --> 00:50:52,600
Speaker 2: I mean I named a bear Timmy earlier in this episode.

890
00:50:52,760 --> 00:50:55,479
Speaker 1: That's a good bear name, though you sell yourself short

891
00:50:55,520 --> 00:50:55,799
Speaker 1: on that.

892
00:50:56,000 --> 00:50:56,640
Speaker 2: Thanks.

893
00:50:57,000 --> 00:51:00,919
Speaker 1: So that's this habit of litting animals roam and then

894
00:51:00,960 --> 00:51:05,359
Speaker 1: calling them back in over long distances is actually also

895
00:51:05,560 --> 00:51:08,520
Speaker 1: done in Norway and Sweden and has been done since

896
00:51:08,560 --> 00:51:12,200
Speaker 1: the Middle Ages. And there's this practice called kuning, which

897
00:51:12,360 --> 00:51:15,760
Speaker 1: is the term for a herding call to let livestock

898
00:51:15,840 --> 00:51:18,839
Speaker 1: know it's time to come home. So it is a

899
00:51:18,920 --> 00:51:23,000
Speaker 1: specific type of song or call that has similar mechanics

900
00:51:23,000 --> 00:51:25,480
Speaker 1: to yodeling, so that it can bounce off of the

901
00:51:25,600 --> 00:51:29,920
Speaker 1: hills and really drink for long distances so that livestock

902
00:51:29,960 --> 00:51:32,160
Speaker 1: can hear it even when they're far off into the mountains.

903
00:51:32,680 --> 00:51:36,200
Speaker 1: And typically it's a tradition carried on by women because

904
00:51:36,360 --> 00:51:39,920
Speaker 1: historically they were tasked with tending to flocks and herds,

905
00:51:40,480 --> 00:51:43,880
Speaker 1: although men do also carry on the tradition, and each

906
00:51:44,000 --> 00:51:47,000
Speaker 1: herder or shepherd would have their own unique call for

907
00:51:47,239 --> 00:51:51,200
Speaker 1: their livestock and this so I have a clip from

908
00:51:51,280 --> 00:51:55,600
Speaker 1: a very talented Kohing singer. Her name's Joanna Jenten, and

909
00:51:55,640 --> 00:51:58,960
Speaker 1: she's calling her cows. I'll provide a link to the

910
00:51:58,960 --> 00:52:01,640
Speaker 1: full video and the shit I really recommend looking at it.

911
00:52:01,640 --> 00:52:04,719
Speaker 1: It's it's really hauntingly beautiful. But I'll just play a

912
00:52:04,800 --> 00:52:06,799
Speaker 1: really short clip so you get an idea of what

913
00:52:06,840 --> 00:52:20,759
Speaker 1: it sounds like. And in this clip you can see

914
00:52:20,800 --> 00:52:23,560
Speaker 1: the little cow just like they're ambling on over like okay,

915
00:52:23,680 --> 00:52:24,440
Speaker 1: I'm going.

916
00:52:24,719 --> 00:52:26,920
Speaker 2: I recognize that. So it's the idea that all of

917
00:52:27,000 --> 00:52:33,719
Speaker 2: the the animals that get hurted by the particular herders

918
00:52:34,200 --> 00:52:37,839
Speaker 2: like recognize the sound of like their specific call.

919
00:52:38,000 --> 00:52:40,520
Speaker 1: So yeah, I think so, And I think they they'll

920
00:52:40,560 --> 00:52:43,439
Speaker 1: probably recognize the voice of their their herder and they'll

921
00:52:43,440 --> 00:52:46,919
Speaker 1: recognize the specific call. They'll they know to come come

922
00:52:46,960 --> 00:52:48,759
Speaker 1: home because then they get fed and they get a

923
00:52:48,800 --> 00:52:54,080
Speaker 1: warm place. Yeah. I really love this, the practice of

924
00:52:54,239 --> 00:52:57,200
Speaker 1: letting these animals just wander around, frolic around and play

925
00:52:57,239 --> 00:53:02,640
Speaker 1: and occasionally get eaten by predator. But you know, and

926
00:53:02,680 --> 00:53:04,680
Speaker 1: then you're just like, all right, come home, and they're

927
00:53:04,719 --> 00:53:05,400
Speaker 1: like sure.

928
00:53:06,360 --> 00:53:09,960
Speaker 2: Wow, that's how man, That's how farming should be done

929
00:53:10,200 --> 00:53:11,239
Speaker 2: here to you.

930
00:53:11,200 --> 00:53:13,719
Speaker 1: Know, just let the let the let the pigs just

931
00:53:13,840 --> 00:53:16,160
Speaker 1: run around the city do their thing.

932
00:53:16,560 --> 00:53:18,640
Speaker 2: I've seen Babe Pig in the City.

933
00:53:18,400 --> 00:53:23,640
Speaker 1: That's doing exactly. The renowned documentary Big in the City.

934
00:53:23,680 --> 00:53:26,960
Speaker 2: I love. I love the George Miller, famous documentarian.

935
00:53:27,480 --> 00:53:29,640
Speaker 1: I loved both of those movies. When I was a kid,

936
00:53:30,320 --> 00:53:33,000
Speaker 1: I was always horrified. Everyone's just like, yeah, you'll be

937
00:53:33,040 --> 00:53:36,080
Speaker 1: baking someday, and he's like what and there he's calm down.

938
00:53:36,160 --> 00:53:41,520
Speaker 1: It's the way of things here. So I wanted to

939
00:53:41,760 --> 00:53:45,319
Speaker 1: do an update to crow boarding. So a little while ago,

940
00:53:45,440 --> 00:53:48,839
Speaker 1: we did an episode on play and I talked about crowboarding,

941
00:53:48,840 --> 00:53:52,200
Speaker 1: where there's this video of a crow picking up a

942
00:53:52,320 --> 00:53:54,799
Speaker 1: metal lid to like a jar, and he walks up

943
00:53:54,840 --> 00:53:57,560
Speaker 1: a snowy rope roof, sits on the lid and slides

944
00:53:57,640 --> 00:54:01,680
Speaker 1: down and does this a few times. And of course, okay,

945
00:54:01,719 --> 00:54:04,279
Speaker 1: so this is just one example. You know, maybe this

946
00:54:04,440 --> 00:54:09,400
Speaker 1: was just some some man, you know, malfunctioning crow or something.

947
00:54:09,800 --> 00:54:14,120
Speaker 1: But actually I found online that there were there have

948
00:54:14,160 --> 00:54:19,080
Speaker 1: been more sightings of crows and ravens sliding down snow

949
00:54:19,080 --> 00:54:22,120
Speaker 1: covered roofs just to fly back and repeat it over

950
00:54:22,160 --> 00:54:24,759
Speaker 1: and over again. So this is an observed behavior that

951
00:54:24,880 --> 00:54:26,120
Speaker 1: ravens and crows do.

952
00:54:26,360 --> 00:54:27,880
Speaker 2: And they're just doing it for fun.

953
00:54:28,040 --> 00:54:30,280
Speaker 1: We don't know why they're doing it, but there seems

954
00:54:30,280 --> 00:54:32,960
Speaker 1: to be no purpose. And one of the definitions of

955
00:54:33,000 --> 00:54:37,040
Speaker 1: play is that it's a repetitive action that has no purpose. Right,

956
00:54:37,280 --> 00:54:40,040
Speaker 1: And then like logically you would conclude that it is

957
00:54:40,120 --> 00:54:43,640
Speaker 1: just for fun or for some some pleasurable reason, right.

958
00:54:44,040 --> 00:54:48,200
Speaker 1: And and then there's another report that birds would fly

959
00:54:48,680 --> 00:54:51,880
Speaker 1: to a snow covered stump and then they would slide

960
00:54:51,920 --> 00:54:55,680
Speaker 1: down the slope on their backs, and sometimes they would

961
00:54:55,680 --> 00:54:59,399
Speaker 1: hold sticks as they would slide down, just like.

962
00:54:59,440 --> 00:55:01,640
Speaker 2: Scared, just do their whatever.

963
00:55:01,760 --> 00:55:05,640
Speaker 3: Those things are called those ski poles. Yeah, they're crow poles.

964
00:55:07,000 --> 00:55:07,799
Speaker 2: I love that.

965
00:55:08,160 --> 00:55:11,120
Speaker 1: Yeah. Sometimes they seem to do it for attention, like

966
00:55:11,160 --> 00:55:14,120
Speaker 1: they'll slide down a steep incline and then seem to

967
00:55:14,400 --> 00:55:17,080
Speaker 1: try to attract mates by showing them how cool they

968
00:55:17,080 --> 00:55:20,440
Speaker 1: are at crowboarding. And sometimes they do it because there's

969
00:55:20,440 --> 00:55:23,640
Speaker 1: this lodge that's been in their family for generations and

970
00:55:23,800 --> 00:55:26,160
Speaker 1: this rich kid comes. It's like, I'm gonna buy your

971
00:55:26,239 --> 00:55:28,239
Speaker 1: lodge and then you won't be allowed back in it,

972
00:55:28,320 --> 00:55:30,239
Speaker 1: and the crows are like, we'll see about that, and

973
00:55:30,280 --> 00:55:34,959
Speaker 1: then they raise them down death mountains, just.

974
00:55:34,880 --> 00:55:37,560
Speaker 2: Like the plot of Oh my god, what movie is

975
00:55:37,560 --> 00:55:40,600
Speaker 2: that crap? It's that it's a John Cusack movie.

976
00:55:40,640 --> 00:55:42,160
Speaker 1: I think No Runnings.

977
00:55:42,480 --> 00:55:48,280
Speaker 2: It's yes, the famous movie is not running Better Off Dead.

978
00:55:48,440 --> 00:55:51,239
Speaker 1: Let's see John. His name is John Cusy.

979
00:55:51,000 --> 00:55:55,080
Speaker 2: Parody that plot in movie in an episode.

980
00:55:54,719 --> 00:55:58,040
Speaker 1: Of Yeah Better Are Dead Okay in nineteen eighty five

981
00:55:58,120 --> 00:56:01,080
Speaker 1: American teen black comedy films aarring John Cusack.

982
00:56:02,000 --> 00:56:05,520
Speaker 2: Do I know film or do I know film? I

983
00:56:05,560 --> 00:56:07,680
Speaker 2: do have a master's green screenwriting. I hate to bring

984
00:56:07,680 --> 00:56:08,000
Speaker 2: it up.

985
00:56:09,320 --> 00:56:12,520
Speaker 1: In the town of Green Okay, according to Wikipedia, in

986
00:56:12,560 --> 00:56:15,399
Speaker 1: the town of Greendale, Northern California, high school student blah

987
00:56:15,440 --> 00:56:19,000
Speaker 1: blah blah blah blah.

988
00:56:18,920 --> 00:56:20,319
Speaker 2: Am I totally wrong about this?

989
00:56:20,560 --> 00:56:22,840
Speaker 1: Oh no, no, no. They try to ski the K twelve,

990
00:56:22,840 --> 00:56:26,360
Speaker 1: the highest peak in towns in hopes of getting winning

991
00:56:26,400 --> 00:56:27,440
Speaker 1: back Beth's love.

992
00:56:27,719 --> 00:56:30,239
Speaker 2: Oh right, there's a race and who the race gets

993
00:56:30,280 --> 00:56:34,160
Speaker 2: to get the woman as a reward because women are prizes.

994
00:56:34,360 --> 00:56:37,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, I you know, Like I actually it was weird.

995
00:56:37,440 --> 00:56:39,680
Speaker 1: I went to this arcade and there's this big vending

996
00:56:39,760 --> 00:56:42,960
Speaker 1: machine and then there're just a bunch of ladies in

997
00:56:43,000 --> 00:56:46,680
Speaker 1: there as like trying to trying to like like get them,

998
00:56:46,719 --> 00:56:49,040
Speaker 1: and they're like, please let us out of this giant

999
00:56:49,080 --> 00:56:51,959
Speaker 1: claw machine. We're actually stuck in here because we tried

1000
00:56:51,960 --> 00:56:54,040
Speaker 1: to get the bears out by reaching our hands and

1001
00:56:54,120 --> 00:56:56,120
Speaker 1: we got sucked in. But I think that was just

1002
00:56:56,520 --> 00:56:59,520
Speaker 1: to add to the charm of the machine for sure.

1003
00:57:01,480 --> 00:57:05,560
Speaker 2: Okay, so back to the crows who are sledding for fun.

1004
00:57:06,120 --> 00:57:09,680
Speaker 2: Now wait, you suggested that maybe it's like could be

1005
00:57:09,840 --> 00:57:12,560
Speaker 2: sort of like the winter sports version of like the

1006
00:57:12,680 --> 00:57:18,640
Speaker 2: dances that birds do for like the mating dances, because

1007
00:57:18,640 --> 00:57:25,080
Speaker 2: they need a training montage to get better at.

1008
00:57:23,480 --> 00:57:26,160
Speaker 1: It's just this little crow like lifting sticks with its feet.

1009
00:57:28,920 --> 00:57:30,760
Speaker 2: I would watch that training montage.

1010
00:57:30,880 --> 00:57:35,320
Speaker 1: I would watch a whole movie trilogy about crows snowboarding

1011
00:57:35,520 --> 00:57:40,560
Speaker 1: and winning the winning the crow girls as prizes and

1012
00:57:40,640 --> 00:57:45,000
Speaker 1: winning the lodges as prizes. Sometimes the crow Girl wins

1013
00:57:45,000 --> 00:57:46,120
Speaker 1: skis as a prize.

1014
00:57:46,320 --> 00:57:48,280
Speaker 2: Sometimes the crow Girl gets to ski.

1015
00:57:49,080 --> 00:57:54,120
Speaker 1: Yes, the crow Girls skis sometimes, and sometimes the lodge

1016
00:57:54,200 --> 00:57:58,640
Speaker 1: skis and wins the prize of the year. Okay, yeah,

1017
00:57:59,080 --> 00:58:01,000
Speaker 1: you just mix it all up. Crows are in it.

1018
00:58:01,080 --> 00:58:02,920
Speaker 1: I think we could we could get.

1019
00:58:04,080 --> 00:58:09,640
Speaker 2: This franchise, and then we also need the Chipmunks as mafia.

1020
00:58:09,040 --> 00:58:11,200
Speaker 1: Right right, stories right, Oh, and we could have a

1021
00:58:11,240 --> 00:58:15,680
Speaker 1: crossover like this could be sort of the Crowboarding universe.

1022
00:58:15,320 --> 00:58:18,400
Speaker 2: Right that we need like an animal cinematic universe.

1023
00:58:18,440 --> 00:58:22,320
Speaker 1: Yes, yes, the Crowboarding cinematic universe. Who got the chipmunks

1024
00:58:22,360 --> 00:58:26,000
Speaker 1: who are like killing each other for for acorns. You

1025
00:58:26,120 --> 00:58:30,800
Speaker 1: got the crows trying to win ski contests. You got

1026
00:58:30,960 --> 00:58:34,720
Speaker 1: Beluga like a sort of Bridesmaid's movie but with Belugas

1027
00:58:34,720 --> 00:58:38,160
Speaker 1: going out and getting a spot a but everything goes

1028
00:58:38,160 --> 00:58:40,640
Speaker 1: horribly wrong. But then at the end they found out

1029
00:58:40,720 --> 00:58:43,760
Speaker 1: the the the Belugas were the friends you made along

1030
00:58:43,800 --> 00:58:44,160
Speaker 1: the way.

1031
00:58:44,320 --> 00:58:46,880
Speaker 2: Exactly. Yeah, there's a lot of content.

1032
00:58:47,160 --> 00:58:52,880
Speaker 1: There's a lot of minable content, guys, movie people, minable content. Yeah, exactly.

1033
00:58:53,000 --> 00:58:54,840
Speaker 2: Again, I'm a screenwriter.

1034
00:58:55,160 --> 00:59:02,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, we start writing, start me, please write me. Crowboarding screenplay. Okay,

1035
00:59:03,000 --> 00:59:05,160
Speaker 1: well yes, but we call it.

1036
00:59:05,200 --> 00:59:09,240
Speaker 2: Oh, there's got to be a pun or something.

1037
00:59:08,480 --> 00:59:10,840
Speaker 1: A pun, but like we need an extra one just

1038
00:59:10,880 --> 00:59:12,480
Speaker 1: to send it over the top, Like.

1039
00:59:13,000 --> 00:59:16,400
Speaker 2: Why is this so hard for that? Take an improvs?

1040
00:59:18,680 --> 00:59:20,360
Speaker 1: Not me? Corvas?

1041
00:59:21,320 --> 00:59:25,760
Speaker 2: Wait what is corvas? That's the family of the Oh

1042
00:59:25,800 --> 00:59:27,400
Speaker 2: I see that. That might.

1043
00:59:28,760 --> 00:59:30,480
Speaker 1: That slogan.

1044
00:59:30,720 --> 00:59:34,400
Speaker 2: Yeah, maybe it's a little too it's maybe too high

1045
00:59:34,400 --> 00:59:38,720
Speaker 2: brow for the for the audience. We'll figure it out.

1046
00:59:39,120 --> 00:59:39,480
Speaker 2: Or if you have.

1047
00:59:39,560 --> 00:59:44,600
Speaker 1: Crowboard and we'll have a raven good time. There we are,

1048
00:59:45,280 --> 00:59:48,360
Speaker 1: clar do send it to print DreamWorks.

1049
00:59:48,480 --> 00:59:49,520
Speaker 2: Wrap that up.

1050
00:59:50,360 --> 00:59:54,280
Speaker 1: Well, thank you so much for joining me today. Yeah,

1051
00:59:54,320 --> 00:59:55,360
Speaker 1: this is really fun.

1052
00:59:56,240 --> 00:59:58,880
Speaker 2: Raven good time.

1053
01:00:00,040 --> 01:00:02,240
Speaker 1: Oh and there because my audience, they're all gone out by.

1054
01:00:02,520 --> 01:00:06,240
Speaker 1: Sorry about that, you guys, Do you have anything to plug? Oh?

1055
01:00:06,280 --> 01:00:09,960
Speaker 2: Sure, you can listen to my podcast right here on

1056
01:00:10,000 --> 01:00:10,920
Speaker 2: the same network.

1057
01:00:11,640 --> 01:00:14,280
Speaker 1: Do you see you guys around a lot? Here we are.

1058
01:00:15,240 --> 01:00:19,480
Speaker 2: It is called the Bechdel Cast, and we analyze movies

1059
01:00:19,720 --> 01:00:21,160
Speaker 2: through a feminist lens.

1060
01:00:21,440 --> 01:00:21,960
Speaker 1: Have dare you?

1061
01:00:22,480 --> 01:00:26,720
Speaker 2: I know how dare I? And you can follow me.

1062
01:00:27,120 --> 01:00:30,000
Speaker 2: You can check that out at Bechdelcast on Twitter and Instagram,

1063
01:00:30,000 --> 01:00:32,200
Speaker 2: and then you can follow me on those places as

1064
01:00:32,240 --> 01:00:34,120
Speaker 2: well at Kitlinderontay.

1065
01:00:34,760 --> 01:00:39,400
Speaker 1: You can find us on Inside the Internet, Creature featurepod

1066
01:00:39,520 --> 01:00:42,919
Speaker 1: dot com, Creature Future Pod on Instagram, Creature Feet Pod

1067
01:00:43,000 --> 01:00:45,160
Speaker 1: on Twitter. That's f e a T, not fee T.

1068
01:00:45,320 --> 01:00:49,760
Speaker 1: That's something very very different. And I have been Katie

1069
01:00:49,760 --> 01:00:51,960
Speaker 1: Golden and you can find me on Twitter, and you

1070
01:00:51,960 --> 01:00:54,200
Speaker 1: can also find me on Twitter at pro bird Rights,

1071
01:00:54,240 --> 01:00:58,280
Speaker 1: where I ensure that birds will one day take the

1072
01:00:58,360 --> 01:01:01,680
Speaker 1: reins to this planet and really steered in the right direction,

1073
01:01:01,800 --> 01:01:03,760
Speaker 1: a more birdie direction.

1074
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Speaker 2: I love it.

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Speaker 1: Thanks to the Space Cossics for their super groovy song

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Speaker 1: ex Alumina. Creature features a production of iHeartRadio's House Stuff Works.

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Speaker 1: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, app podcasts,

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Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.