1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:14,600 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. 3 00:00:14,760 --> 00:00:18,400 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. This is part two of 4 00:00:18,440 --> 00:00:24,439 Speaker 1: our most recent quarterly installment of Unearthed. This part has 5 00:00:24,600 --> 00:00:27,600 Speaker 1: shipwrecks and edibles and potables. 6 00:00:27,000 --> 00:00:28,200 Speaker 2: And books and letters. 7 00:00:28,800 --> 00:00:34,360 Speaker 1: For the first time in a while, enough historically relevant 8 00:00:34,400 --> 00:00:38,720 Speaker 1: exhumations to actually have an exhumation category. 9 00:00:38,920 --> 00:00:42,160 Speaker 2: Woo. I feel like that hasn't happened in a long time. 10 00:00:43,280 --> 00:00:46,800 Speaker 1: Also, we as always we're starting off with just some 11 00:00:46,880 --> 00:00:49,280 Speaker 1: stuff that I thought was cool, but I always throw 12 00:00:49,360 --> 00:00:53,320 Speaker 1: together and call it potpoury. First DNA research done at 13 00:00:53,360 --> 00:00:57,560 Speaker 1: the request of Picures Pueblo has confirmed that nation's ancestral 14 00:00:57,640 --> 00:01:01,520 Speaker 1: ties to sites in and near Chaco Canyon in New Mexico. 15 00:01:02,320 --> 00:01:06,320 Speaker 1: This research involved comparison of DNA from sixteen people who 16 00:01:06,360 --> 00:01:10,679 Speaker 1: lived between the years thirteen hundred and fifteen hundred and 17 00:01:10,720 --> 00:01:14,440 Speaker 1: thirteen members of Picures Pueblo living today, as well as 18 00:01:14,560 --> 00:01:20,040 Speaker 1: oral history. So DNA research can be really controversial among 19 00:01:20,160 --> 00:01:24,520 Speaker 1: indigenous communities and for a lot of reasons. This includes 20 00:01:24,760 --> 00:01:30,280 Speaker 1: a longstanding practice of DNA research being conducted on ancestral 21 00:01:30,400 --> 00:01:34,959 Speaker 1: remains without the consent of the appropriate indigenous nations living today, 22 00:01:35,840 --> 00:01:38,720 Speaker 1: and also the use of DNA testing for people to 23 00:01:38,920 --> 00:01:43,800 Speaker 1: basically claim indigeneity when they don't have an actual cultural 24 00:01:43,840 --> 00:01:46,839 Speaker 1: connection to an indigenous tribe or nation. 25 00:01:47,840 --> 00:01:49,200 Speaker 2: In this case, though. 26 00:01:49,080 --> 00:01:52,400 Speaker 1: Pueblo members and leaders wanted to use this as a 27 00:01:52,440 --> 00:01:56,120 Speaker 1: tool to hopefully have a greater say in what happens 28 00:01:56,200 --> 00:01:59,600 Speaker 1: in Shaco Canyon, including decisions around things like oil and 29 00:01:59,680 --> 00:02:03,920 Speaker 1: gas drilling, and also to try to bridge some gaps 30 00:02:04,000 --> 00:02:08,520 Speaker 1: in their oral histories. This was a collaborative study and 31 00:02:08,760 --> 00:02:12,400 Speaker 1: to be clear, its results do not invalidate any other 32 00:02:12,560 --> 00:02:17,840 Speaker 1: Pueblo nations connections to Chaco Canyon. That DNA research was 33 00:02:17,840 --> 00:02:20,880 Speaker 1: published in the journal Nature, and so was our next 34 00:02:20,919 --> 00:02:24,840 Speaker 1: piece of potpoury. Researchers working at a cave in Malta 35 00:02:24,960 --> 00:02:29,320 Speaker 1: have found stone tools, food waste, and hearts, including evidence 36 00:02:29,639 --> 00:02:33,840 Speaker 1: of cooking and eating marine animals and now extinct mammals. 37 00:02:34,520 --> 00:02:38,200 Speaker 1: This site dates back about eighty five hundred years, meaning 38 00:02:38,240 --> 00:02:42,120 Speaker 1: that people crossed about one hundred kilometers or about sixty 39 00:02:42,160 --> 00:02:46,160 Speaker 1: two miles of open water. This would be the oldest 40 00:02:46,200 --> 00:02:49,680 Speaker 1: known long distance seafaring, A lot longer ago than people 41 00:02:49,720 --> 00:02:52,680 Speaker 1: were believed to have taken these kinds of ocean voyages, 42 00:02:53,120 --> 00:02:57,040 Speaker 1: and especially remarkable considering that they were probably doing this 43 00:02:57,240 --> 00:03:02,440 Speaker 1: in dugout canoes. Researchers have been studying a rock that 44 00:03:02,600 --> 00:03:05,320 Speaker 1: was found in a rock shelter in central Spain in 45 00:03:05,360 --> 00:03:09,280 Speaker 1: twenty twenty two, and that rock has a distinctive red 46 00:03:09,440 --> 00:03:12,160 Speaker 1: dot roughly in the middle of one surface of it. 47 00:03:12,919 --> 00:03:15,760 Speaker 1: The rock is about eight inches long by four inches wide, 48 00:03:15,880 --> 00:03:19,400 Speaker 1: or twenty y ten centimeters, and this red dot is 49 00:03:19,440 --> 00:03:23,240 Speaker 1: made from ochre. It turns out that the red ochre 50 00:03:23,360 --> 00:03:26,919 Speaker 1: dot is a fingerprint, and it was probably made by 51 00:03:26,919 --> 00:03:31,160 Speaker 1: an adult male Neanderthal more than forty two thousand years ago. 52 00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:35,240 Speaker 1: The question is why, and one possible answer is that 53 00:03:35,280 --> 00:03:38,080 Speaker 1: the rock looks kind of like a face, with indentations 54 00:03:38,120 --> 00:03:40,920 Speaker 1: at one end that look like eyes and a ridge 55 00:03:41,000 --> 00:03:43,720 Speaker 1: leading down from between them that kind of resembles a 56 00:03:43,800 --> 00:03:48,000 Speaker 1: nose and another indentation for a mouth, So maybe that 57 00:03:48,080 --> 00:03:51,480 Speaker 1: Neanderthal put the dot there to add to that effect, 58 00:03:51,800 --> 00:03:56,760 Speaker 1: marking the end of the rock's nose. If that's the case, 59 00:03:57,200 --> 00:04:01,840 Speaker 1: this fingerprint is the most complete Neanderthal fingerprints who have 60 00:04:01,960 --> 00:04:04,560 Speaker 1: been discovered so far, and. 61 00:04:04,640 --> 00:04:06,440 Speaker 2: If it's really like that. 62 00:04:06,640 --> 00:04:08,760 Speaker 1: If that dot really is supposed to be the nose, 63 00:04:09,000 --> 00:04:12,880 Speaker 1: then it's one of the oldest known abstract representations of 64 00:04:12,920 --> 00:04:18,280 Speaker 1: a face. This also ties into questions about whether Neanderthals 65 00:04:18,320 --> 00:04:23,720 Speaker 1: could think abstractly and symbolically like we know modern humans 66 00:04:23,760 --> 00:04:27,080 Speaker 1: are primed to see patterns in things and primed to 67 00:04:27,120 --> 00:04:29,839 Speaker 1: see things like faces in the clouds, and we don't 68 00:04:30,040 --> 00:04:34,520 Speaker 1: really know if the same was true of Neanderthals. If 69 00:04:34,720 --> 00:04:37,839 Speaker 1: this person thought that this rock was a face, maybe so. 70 00:04:38,960 --> 00:04:42,359 Speaker 1: Moving on, archaeologists in the Czech Republic have found part 71 00:04:42,440 --> 00:04:45,760 Speaker 1: of a Roman soldier's wrist purse made of bronze, which 72 00:04:45,800 --> 00:04:49,080 Speaker 1: is about eighteen hundred years old. It's like a little 73 00:04:49,080 --> 00:04:52,520 Speaker 1: money box that soldiers used sliding it onto their forearm 74 00:04:52,640 --> 00:04:56,320 Speaker 1: like a Bengal. Only about a third of that purse 75 00:04:56,480 --> 00:04:59,760 Speaker 1: was found and no coins, but when intact it could 76 00:04:59,760 --> 00:05:04,000 Speaker 1: have about fifty silver denari. That was almost a full 77 00:05:04,080 --> 00:05:07,159 Speaker 1: year of pay for a common soldier. So this might 78 00:05:07,200 --> 00:05:10,120 Speaker 1: have belonged to an officer or to someone whose duties 79 00:05:10,160 --> 00:05:13,880 Speaker 1: required that they carry larger amounts of money. For some reason, 80 00:05:14,640 --> 00:05:17,359 Speaker 1: this area was not Roman territory at the time. This 81 00:05:17,480 --> 00:05:20,040 Speaker 1: purse would have been worn, but it was an area 82 00:05:20,160 --> 00:05:24,160 Speaker 1: Marcus Aurelius was hoping to take over. He did not 83 00:05:24,400 --> 00:05:28,560 Speaker 1: take it over. He later died and his successor boiled 84 00:05:28,560 --> 00:05:29,760 Speaker 1: all the troops out of there. 85 00:05:30,760 --> 00:05:32,200 Speaker 2: Our last little bit of potpourri. 86 00:05:33,000 --> 00:05:37,400 Speaker 1: Archaeologists believe they have figured out what an ornate Byzantine 87 00:05:37,520 --> 00:05:42,440 Speaker 1: era bucket discovered at Sutton Who was for Sutton Who, 88 00:05:42,480 --> 00:05:46,240 Speaker 1: of course, is the early English burial site in Suffolk, England, 89 00:05:46,720 --> 00:05:51,360 Speaker 1: but this bucket predates Sutton Whose use is a burial site. 90 00:05:52,000 --> 00:05:54,840 Speaker 1: It was probably made in what's now Turkya about one 91 00:05:55,000 --> 00:05:59,520 Speaker 1: hundred years before making its way to Sutton Who. Pieces 92 00:05:59,560 --> 00:06:02,240 Speaker 1: of this bucket, which is known as the Bromeswell bucket, 93 00:06:02,480 --> 00:06:06,039 Speaker 1: have been found since nineteen eighty six, adorned with a 94 00:06:06,120 --> 00:06:09,840 Speaker 1: hunting scene. Once enough of those pieces were assembled, it 95 00:06:09,880 --> 00:06:12,920 Speaker 1: was clear that there was also an inscription in Greek 96 00:06:13,160 --> 00:06:17,080 Speaker 1: reading use this in good health, master Count for many 97 00:06:17,160 --> 00:06:20,839 Speaker 1: happy years. It was believed that this bucket may have 98 00:06:20,960 --> 00:06:23,880 Speaker 1: been a diplomatic gift to whatever count was being a 99 00:06:23,880 --> 00:06:27,000 Speaker 1: referenced there, and it's possible that the bucket was brought 100 00:06:27,080 --> 00:06:30,960 Speaker 1: back to England as a spoil of war. There have 101 00:06:31,200 --> 00:06:36,200 Speaker 1: been ongoing questions about what this bucket was doing at 102 00:06:36,279 --> 00:06:41,160 Speaker 1: Sutton Who The base of the bucket was unearthed more 103 00:06:41,240 --> 00:06:44,479 Speaker 1: recently and that made it possible for researchers to examine 104 00:06:44,480 --> 00:06:47,680 Speaker 1: what the bucket had actually contained, and it turns out 105 00:06:47,720 --> 00:06:52,120 Speaker 1: that it contained cremated human and animal remains. So it 106 00:06:52,160 --> 00:06:55,599 Speaker 1: appears that this vessel was used as a cremation vessel, 107 00:06:55,960 --> 00:06:59,200 Speaker 1: probably for somebody who was important in the Sutton Hue community. 108 00:07:00,160 --> 00:07:03,200 Speaker 1: It's not yet known what kind of animal they were 109 00:07:03,240 --> 00:07:06,680 Speaker 1: cremated along with, but it is possible that it was 110 00:07:06,760 --> 00:07:11,000 Speaker 1: a horse. Was there any mention of the possibility that 111 00:07:11,040 --> 00:07:16,280 Speaker 1: this could have been brought to England and then used 112 00:07:16,720 --> 00:07:20,320 Speaker 1: as a cremation vessel? Maybe not as its initial intent? 113 00:07:21,120 --> 00:07:24,000 Speaker 1: That is what I think they are saying. Yes, like 114 00:07:24,080 --> 00:07:27,240 Speaker 1: that someone else just repurposed it. Yeah, okay, that that 115 00:07:27,400 --> 00:07:31,240 Speaker 1: is the impression that I am getting from it. It's 116 00:07:31,280 --> 00:07:34,920 Speaker 1: a sort of more than has been concluded about the 117 00:07:34,920 --> 00:07:40,720 Speaker 1: bucket than before. Gotcha time for shipwrecks, starting off with 118 00:07:41,040 --> 00:07:44,240 Speaker 1: one with a car on it. In April, scientists with 119 00:07:44,280 --> 00:07:48,440 Speaker 1: the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, we're using a remotely 120 00:07:48,520 --> 00:07:52,760 Speaker 1: operated vehicle to explore the USS yorktown when they spotted 121 00:07:52,800 --> 00:07:56,320 Speaker 1: a car in the aft hangar deck. The Yorktown was 122 00:07:56,360 --> 00:07:58,720 Speaker 1: sunk during the Battle of Midway during World War II, 123 00:07:59,040 --> 00:08:03,200 Speaker 1: and the wreck was discover in nineteen ninety eight. It's 124 00:08:03,680 --> 00:08:07,720 Speaker 1: not clear why there was a car on board. Based 125 00:08:07,760 --> 00:08:10,400 Speaker 1: on what researchers have seen of this car, it seems 126 00:08:10,440 --> 00:08:13,320 Speaker 1: to be a nineteen forty or forty one Ford Super 127 00:08:13,360 --> 00:08:17,400 Speaker 1: Deluxe Woody, and its front plate contains the word ship 128 00:08:17,480 --> 00:08:21,600 Speaker 1: service and Navy, as well as some other word that's illegible. 129 00:08:22,640 --> 00:08:25,880 Speaker 1: It's possible that this was a car that officers of 130 00:08:25,880 --> 00:08:28,200 Speaker 1: the ship would use while the ship was in port. 131 00:08:29,120 --> 00:08:31,920 Speaker 1: It's also possible that maybe the car was taken on 132 00:08:32,000 --> 00:08:34,720 Speaker 1: board the ship for some kind of repair. It does 133 00:08:35,040 --> 00:08:38,720 Speaker 1: appear to have been a civilian model car, though not 134 00:08:38,800 --> 00:08:42,360 Speaker 1: one that was made for the military. After the York 135 00:08:42,400 --> 00:08:46,680 Speaker 1: Town was torpedoed during the Battle of Midway, Captain Elliott 136 00:08:46,760 --> 00:08:51,079 Speaker 1: Buckmaster ordered the crew to jettison as much heavy equipment 137 00:08:51,120 --> 00:08:54,400 Speaker 1: as possible to try to keep the ship afloat. It 138 00:08:54,559 --> 00:08:57,000 Speaker 1: is not clear why they did not drive or throw 139 00:08:57,040 --> 00:09:02,520 Speaker 1: that car into the ocean. Mysteries Archaeologists in Barcelona have 140 00:09:02,600 --> 00:09:04,560 Speaker 1: been working at a site that's going to be home 141 00:09:04,640 --> 00:09:08,240 Speaker 1: to a new scientific research complex, and they have found 142 00:09:08,280 --> 00:09:11,040 Speaker 1: the hull of a medieval ship believed to date back 143 00:09:11,080 --> 00:09:15,000 Speaker 1: to the fifteenth or sixteenth centuries. What remains of the 144 00:09:15,040 --> 00:09:19,040 Speaker 1: ship consists of about thirty wooden ribs held together by 145 00:09:19,080 --> 00:09:23,480 Speaker 1: wooden pegs and iron nails. The plan is to eventually 146 00:09:23,520 --> 00:09:26,800 Speaker 1: remove and conserve this ship, but for now it's been 147 00:09:26,880 --> 00:09:30,600 Speaker 1: recovered to preserve the moisture in the wood because it's 148 00:09:30,640 --> 00:09:33,760 Speaker 1: been water logged for years. It would fall apart almost 149 00:09:33,760 --> 00:09:35,920 Speaker 1: instantly if it were simply dug up and allowed to 150 00:09:36,000 --> 00:09:39,920 Speaker 1: dry out. It's been dubbed Chewta della one because the 151 00:09:39,960 --> 00:09:43,239 Speaker 1: site where this excavation is going on is near Barcelona's 152 00:09:43,320 --> 00:09:44,280 Speaker 1: Chewutadella Park. 153 00:09:45,040 --> 00:09:46,960 Speaker 2: I went to that park when we were in Barcelona. 154 00:09:47,080 --> 00:09:48,160 Speaker 2: I think I did as well. 155 00:09:48,200 --> 00:09:50,160 Speaker 1: There was one day with a lot of walking about 156 00:09:51,080 --> 00:09:55,000 Speaker 1: that was not part of our regular scheduled stuff. I 157 00:09:55,040 --> 00:09:57,200 Speaker 1: went there on the early day that we arrived, so 158 00:09:57,280 --> 00:09:59,640 Speaker 1: that I can one can hope, not be terribly jet 159 00:09:59,679 --> 00:10:06,240 Speaker 1: lagged while everyone else was around. Next, researchers working off 160 00:10:06,280 --> 00:10:08,920 Speaker 1: the coast of South Australia believe they have found the 161 00:10:08,960 --> 00:10:12,840 Speaker 1: wreck of the cutting Villain de Tweed, a Dutch merchant 162 00:10:12,960 --> 00:10:15,640 Speaker 1: ship that sank in a storm in eighteen fifty seven. 163 00:10:16,559 --> 00:10:20,120 Speaker 1: Sixteen of the twenty five crew aboard died when the 164 00:10:20,160 --> 00:10:22,520 Speaker 1: ship sank, but that death toll could have been a 165 00:10:22,559 --> 00:10:25,360 Speaker 1: whole lot worse. Just days before this, the ship had 166 00:10:25,440 --> 00:10:30,680 Speaker 1: dropped off about four hundred Chinese miners. This was during 167 00:10:30,760 --> 00:10:33,680 Speaker 1: a gold rush. It took a while for teams to 168 00:10:33,720 --> 00:10:36,760 Speaker 1: become confident that this is the Conning Willem de Tweed. 169 00:10:37,520 --> 00:10:40,880 Speaker 1: Earlier dives had spotted some wreckage back in twenty twenty two, 170 00:10:41,400 --> 00:10:43,280 Speaker 1: but the sand in this part of the ocean is 171 00:10:43,320 --> 00:10:47,320 Speaker 1: extremely fine and it hampers visibility when it's disturbed at all. 172 00:10:48,240 --> 00:10:52,120 Speaker 1: Divers compared it to being in a blizzard. This time, 173 00:10:52,280 --> 00:10:55,520 Speaker 1: searchers used a marine magnetometer to look for signs of 174 00:10:55,559 --> 00:10:59,160 Speaker 1: iron underwater, and they found some iron components that they 175 00:10:59,200 --> 00:11:02,880 Speaker 1: believe came from the ship. They have found a concentrated 176 00:11:02,960 --> 00:11:06,320 Speaker 1: area of iron that approximately matches the dimensions of the 177 00:11:06,360 --> 00:11:10,000 Speaker 1: Conning Willem de Tweed, and no other large concentrations of 178 00:11:10,000 --> 00:11:12,880 Speaker 1: iron that might be some kind of ship. They are, 179 00:11:13,040 --> 00:11:16,120 Speaker 1: of course hoping to follow up on this with future dives. 180 00:11:17,240 --> 00:11:19,000 Speaker 1: I like that they basically looked for this with a 181 00:11:19,040 --> 00:11:26,280 Speaker 1: big old magnet. Next, an autonomous underwater vehicle has been 182 00:11:26,400 --> 00:11:30,199 Speaker 1: used to find and photograph the USSF one, which is 183 00:11:30,240 --> 00:11:34,199 Speaker 1: a submarine that sank during a training exercise in nineteen seventeen, 184 00:11:34,440 --> 00:11:39,000 Speaker 1: killing all nineteen people aboard. This search effort was also 185 00:11:39,120 --> 00:11:42,360 Speaker 1: partly a training mission, allowing the trainees to get some 186 00:11:42,480 --> 00:11:48,400 Speaker 1: experience operating remote vehicles and carrying out underwater archaeological projects. 187 00:11:49,120 --> 00:11:53,400 Speaker 1: This submarine is being described as remarkably intact considering how 188 00:11:53,440 --> 00:11:57,160 Speaker 1: long ago it sank, and the imagery that was captured 189 00:11:57,240 --> 00:11:59,520 Speaker 1: during this mission has been used to create a three 190 00:11:59,559 --> 00:12:03,200 Speaker 1: D digital model of it. We talked about the discovery 191 00:12:03,240 --> 00:12:05,559 Speaker 1: of the wreck of the Spanish Galley in San Jose 192 00:12:05,840 --> 00:12:09,439 Speaker 1: in twenty fifteen, and it has made several appearances on 193 00:12:09,440 --> 00:12:12,760 Speaker 1: on Earth since then, and none of that reporting really 194 00:12:12,800 --> 00:12:15,240 Speaker 1: made it sound like there was any doubt regarding the 195 00:12:15,280 --> 00:12:19,839 Speaker 1: ship's identity. Turns out this was more of a hypothesis, 196 00:12:19,960 --> 00:12:22,360 Speaker 1: and headlines that came out in mid June of this 197 00:12:22,480 --> 00:12:26,400 Speaker 1: year are describing the wreck as just now confirmed thanks 198 00:12:26,400 --> 00:12:30,040 Speaker 1: to analysis of the coins on board. This research was 199 00:12:30,040 --> 00:12:32,600 Speaker 1: published in the journal Antiquity and notes that there have 200 00:12:32,640 --> 00:12:37,040 Speaker 1: been four non invasive investigations of the wreck since twenty fifteen, 201 00:12:37,480 --> 00:12:40,480 Speaker 1: and that the coins and Chinese porcelain aboard the vessel 202 00:12:40,640 --> 00:12:44,280 Speaker 1: suggests that it sank in the early eighteenth century. This 203 00:12:44,360 --> 00:12:48,280 Speaker 1: includes irregularly shaped coins known as cobs, which were minted 204 00:12:48,280 --> 00:12:52,719 Speaker 1: in seventeen oh seven. The San Jose sinking was documented 205 00:12:52,840 --> 00:12:55,240 Speaker 1: and it happened in seventeen oh eight, so all of 206 00:12:55,280 --> 00:12:58,960 Speaker 1: this backs up this identification. When I got into this 207 00:12:59,000 --> 00:13:01,240 Speaker 1: part of the research, I was like, what do you 208 00:13:01,320 --> 00:13:05,360 Speaker 1: mean confirmed. We've been talking about this shipwreck for a decade. 209 00:13:07,040 --> 00:13:11,640 Speaker 1: Earlier this year, the French Navy was conducting some routine 210 00:13:11,720 --> 00:13:15,920 Speaker 1: underwater surveying and monitoring when they spotted something unusually large 211 00:13:15,960 --> 00:13:18,240 Speaker 1: on the sonar and it turned out to be a shipwreck. 212 00:13:18,720 --> 00:13:22,560 Speaker 1: This is the deepest one ever discovered in French waters. 213 00:13:23,200 --> 00:13:26,800 Speaker 1: An underwater vehicle sent down to the wreck captured pictures 214 00:13:26,880 --> 00:13:31,520 Speaker 1: of hundreds of ceramic pots on board. France's Department of 215 00:13:31,600 --> 00:13:36,160 Speaker 1: Underwater and Submarine Archaeological Research sent another vehicle to follow up, 216 00:13:36,760 --> 00:13:39,440 Speaker 1: and it reported that this wreck appears to be about 217 00:13:39,480 --> 00:13:43,800 Speaker 1: five hundred years old. Authorities have noted that this wreck 218 00:13:43,920 --> 00:13:46,760 Speaker 1: was protected thanks to its depth. If it were in 219 00:13:46,840 --> 00:13:49,760 Speaker 1: shallower water. It might have been looted or salvaged by now, 220 00:13:50,240 --> 00:13:53,280 Speaker 1: but it didn't fully protect it from litter. Because one 221 00:13:53,280 --> 00:13:56,280 Speaker 1: of the images of the site contains what very much 222 00:13:56,360 --> 00:14:01,040 Speaker 1: looks like a modern day beer can. What it might 223 00:14:01,080 --> 00:14:03,280 Speaker 1: not be beer, but it looks like beer to me. 224 00:14:05,160 --> 00:14:08,319 Speaker 1: We'll take a sponsor break and then segue into some 225 00:14:08,480 --> 00:14:22,960 Speaker 1: edibles and potables. Now we have some edibles and potables. First, 226 00:14:23,240 --> 00:14:27,720 Speaker 1: excavations at a waste deposit at Prague Castle have unearthed 227 00:14:27,760 --> 00:14:31,920 Speaker 1: the oldest vanilla pod in Europe, which dates to somewhere 228 00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:35,280 Speaker 1: between the early sixteenth and mid seventeenth centuries. 229 00:14:35,320 --> 00:14:36,200 Speaker 2: Obviously, that's not. 230 00:14:36,240 --> 00:14:40,040 Speaker 1: The oldest vanilla pod in the world, since vanilla is 231 00:14:40,160 --> 00:14:44,160 Speaker 1: native to Mesoamerica and not to Europe. But this vanilla 232 00:14:44,200 --> 00:14:47,000 Speaker 1: pod dates back to a time when trade between Europe 233 00:14:47,120 --> 00:14:50,520 Speaker 1: and the Americas was largely dominated by Spain and Portugal, 234 00:14:50,560 --> 00:14:55,080 Speaker 1: and there just wasn't a large commercial network established for 235 00:14:55,120 --> 00:14:59,720 Speaker 1: the sale and distribution of vanilla. So it's not completely 236 00:14:59,760 --> 00:15:02,960 Speaker 1: clear exactly what ruth these pods would have taken to 237 00:15:03,040 --> 00:15:06,360 Speaker 1: get from the Americas to Prague, other than generally saying 238 00:15:06,800 --> 00:15:10,160 Speaker 1: spice trade. The timing of this on this edition of 239 00:15:10,240 --> 00:15:14,320 Speaker 1: Unearth is Uncanny because I just got a book about 240 00:15:14,320 --> 00:15:17,600 Speaker 1: the history of vanilla. Uh oh, I love this Listen, 241 00:15:17,800 --> 00:15:18,880 Speaker 1: we love vanilla. 242 00:15:18,560 --> 00:15:19,320 Speaker 2: Here at this house. 243 00:15:19,680 --> 00:15:23,080 Speaker 1: Regardless, though a vanilla pod would have been extremely rare 244 00:15:23,160 --> 00:15:26,920 Speaker 1: and probably seen as exotic and quite valuable. While it 245 00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:30,280 Speaker 1: was probably acquired through spice merchants, it may have been 246 00:15:30,360 --> 00:15:34,520 Speaker 1: used for something like alchemical experiments rather than delicious cuisine. 247 00:15:35,280 --> 00:15:37,680 Speaker 1: The reign of Rudolph the Second took place during the 248 00:15:37,720 --> 00:15:40,560 Speaker 1: time the vanilla pod dates to, and he had an 249 00:15:40,560 --> 00:15:44,400 Speaker 1: interest in science and alchemy. We covered Rudolph on the 250 00:15:44,440 --> 00:15:49,640 Speaker 1: show on November thirteenth, twenty thirteen. Next according to research 251 00:15:49,720 --> 00:15:53,440 Speaker 1: published in the journal Plus one, it took thousands of 252 00:15:53,640 --> 00:15:58,400 Speaker 1: years to domesticate grape vines in Italy, with that process 253 00:15:58,480 --> 00:16:02,560 Speaker 1: taking place between about one thousand BCE and about six 254 00:16:02,680 --> 00:16:06,920 Speaker 1: hundred CE. The domestication of grapes in Asia and some 255 00:16:07,040 --> 00:16:10,160 Speaker 1: other parts of Europe's already been pretty extensively studied, but 256 00:16:10,240 --> 00:16:15,320 Speaker 1: there has not been as much attention on the western Mediterranean. 257 00:16:16,160 --> 00:16:20,120 Speaker 1: This research involved analyzing more than seventeen hundred grape seeds 258 00:16:20,160 --> 00:16:24,000 Speaker 1: from twenty five archaeological sites. The seeds that were from 259 00:16:24,080 --> 00:16:27,760 Speaker 1: before one thousand BCE all had the hallmarks of wild 260 00:16:27,840 --> 00:16:31,280 Speaker 1: grape seeds. Then over the centuries there were more and 261 00:16:31,320 --> 00:16:34,840 Speaker 1: more seeds that were more similar to modern domesticated grapes, 262 00:16:35,120 --> 00:16:38,600 Speaker 1: although still with a lot of variety among them. Sites 263 00:16:38,680 --> 00:16:41,280 Speaker 1: dating from the year seven hundred and later had lots 264 00:16:41,320 --> 00:16:44,760 Speaker 1: of grape seeds, with virtually all of those seeds closely 265 00:16:44,800 --> 00:16:49,000 Speaker 1: resembling modern seeds. In addition to suggesting that this was 266 00:16:49,040 --> 00:16:53,240 Speaker 1: a very gradual process, it also suggests that growers continued 267 00:16:53,240 --> 00:16:57,480 Speaker 1: to mix wild and cultivated vines for centuries, experimenting with 268 00:16:57,520 --> 00:17:02,880 Speaker 1: different combinations and varieties. Archaeologists working at Kuloba Mound in 269 00:17:02,880 --> 00:17:06,520 Speaker 1: Turkya found a loaf of bread at a fifty three 270 00:17:06,600 --> 00:17:10,280 Speaker 1: hundred year old house. This is the first time a 271 00:17:10,440 --> 00:17:14,720 Speaker 1: nearly intact loaf of bread has been found at this site, 272 00:17:14,760 --> 00:17:18,359 Speaker 1: where archaeological work has been going on for about thirty years. 273 00:17:19,119 --> 00:17:22,120 Speaker 1: Usually when they find some kind of baked goods, it's 274 00:17:22,160 --> 00:17:26,520 Speaker 1: crumbs or maybe some amounts of unbaked dough rather than 275 00:17:26,640 --> 00:17:31,960 Speaker 1: a mostly intact baked loaf. This bread was made from 276 00:17:32,080 --> 00:17:35,919 Speaker 1: wild emmor wheat as well as lentils, and the dough 277 00:17:36,040 --> 00:17:39,600 Speaker 1: was fermented before it was baked. This loaf has been 278 00:17:39,600 --> 00:17:43,240 Speaker 1: put on display at the Escasshe Archaeological Museum, and the 279 00:17:43,320 --> 00:17:47,440 Speaker 1: museum also commissioned bread made from the same recipe from 280 00:17:47,480 --> 00:17:51,920 Speaker 1: that municipality's public bakery. The bakery uses a grain that's 281 00:17:51,960 --> 00:17:55,400 Speaker 1: similar to emmer wheat, as well as lentil flour, lentils 282 00:17:55,440 --> 00:17:59,440 Speaker 1: and bulgar. This bread comes in packaging that has information 283 00:17:59,600 --> 00:18:03,000 Speaker 1: about the Kluoba Mound, and it's been very popular, with 284 00:18:03,080 --> 00:18:06,359 Speaker 1: the bakery selling out of its stock every day. I 285 00:18:06,400 --> 00:18:09,080 Speaker 1: don't think I could love this story more. I would 286 00:18:09,160 --> 00:18:14,880 Speaker 1: buy this bread in a second, Yeah, instantly. Next, research 287 00:18:14,920 --> 00:18:17,679 Speaker 1: in the Roman city of Palencia on the island of 288 00:18:17,720 --> 00:18:22,600 Speaker 1: Majorca suggests that fried thrushes, which have long been established 289 00:18:22,600 --> 00:18:25,920 Speaker 1: as a delicacy that was served in fancy banquets, were 290 00:18:25,920 --> 00:18:30,120 Speaker 1: also a favorite of working class people. This comes from 291 00:18:30,160 --> 00:18:33,280 Speaker 1: a study of animal bones in a cesspit that was 292 00:18:33,320 --> 00:18:35,760 Speaker 1: connected with a taberna, which was kind of like a 293 00:18:35,840 --> 00:18:38,360 Speaker 1: Roman fast food restaurant or food kiosk. 294 00:18:39,160 --> 00:18:40,840 Speaker 2: There were pig bones and. 295 00:18:40,800 --> 00:18:44,200 Speaker 1: Seashells in the cesspit, as well as lots and lots 296 00:18:44,240 --> 00:18:49,760 Speaker 1: of thrushbones, most likely thrushes that were served at lavish 297 00:18:49,840 --> 00:18:53,879 Speaker 1: banquets were fattened up and prepared very elaborately, while the 298 00:18:53,960 --> 00:18:56,200 Speaker 1: ones that were sold out of this taburna were probably 299 00:18:56,280 --> 00:18:59,520 Speaker 1: just caught in nets during their migration and then spatchcocked 300 00:18:59,560 --> 00:19:03,840 Speaker 1: and fried. Speaking of birds, according to research published in 301 00:19:03,840 --> 00:19:07,879 Speaker 1: the journal IBIS International Journal of av and Science, people 302 00:19:07,920 --> 00:19:11,800 Speaker 1: living in northern Morocco about fifteen thousand years ago feasted 303 00:19:11,960 --> 00:19:14,960 Speaker 1: on a large bird known as the great bustard during 304 00:19:15,040 --> 00:19:18,840 Speaker 1: funerary rituals, as well as burying these birds with the dead. 305 00:19:19,800 --> 00:19:23,120 Speaker 1: This was part of research into today's great bustards, which 306 00:19:23,119 --> 00:19:26,879 Speaker 1: are critically endangered. They're only about seventy of them living 307 00:19:27,080 --> 00:19:30,720 Speaker 1: in two small areas in Morocco, and they're genetically distinct 308 00:19:30,960 --> 00:19:35,040 Speaker 1: from Great bustards living in Spain. Doctor Joan H. Cooper, 309 00:19:35,320 --> 00:19:38,720 Speaker 1: lead author on this paper, has expressed hope that confirmation 310 00:19:38,840 --> 00:19:41,840 Speaker 1: of the Great bustard's presence in Morocco and their clear 311 00:19:41,960 --> 00:19:45,960 Speaker 1: cultural importance historically, will help spur action to preserve the 312 00:19:46,040 --> 00:19:52,720 Speaker 1: tiny population that's still living today. Next, archaeologists from Dartmouth College, 313 00:19:52,840 --> 00:19:56,639 Speaker 1: at the request of Menominee tribal authorities, have been studying 314 00:19:57,080 --> 00:20:01,359 Speaker 1: indigenous farming methods in Michigan's Upper penninsul This is a 315 00:20:01,400 --> 00:20:05,440 Speaker 1: forested area with a cold climate and a short growing season. 316 00:20:06,359 --> 00:20:10,240 Speaker 1: Using drones and remote sensing technologies, they have found evidence 317 00:20:10,280 --> 00:20:14,280 Speaker 1: of one of the most complete ancient agricultural sites in 318 00:20:14,320 --> 00:20:16,600 Speaker 1: the eastern United States, with a lot of that site 319 00:20:16,640 --> 00:20:20,600 Speaker 1: still intact. This field system was in use by about 320 00:20:20,600 --> 00:20:23,720 Speaker 1: the tenth century, and it continued to be used for 321 00:20:23,840 --> 00:20:28,800 Speaker 1: about six hundred years. It has raised ringed garden beds 322 00:20:28,800 --> 00:20:31,879 Speaker 1: and one of the foods that was grown here was maize. 323 00:20:32,280 --> 00:20:34,960 Speaker 1: That's a plant that was native to a much warmer climate, 324 00:20:35,040 --> 00:20:37,120 Speaker 1: so it probably would have been tricky to grow here, 325 00:20:37,760 --> 00:20:40,320 Speaker 1: as well as beans and squash, and of course those 326 00:20:40,359 --> 00:20:44,439 Speaker 1: are often described as the three sisters. This system is 327 00:20:44,680 --> 00:20:48,520 Speaker 1: much larger than was previously believed, about ten times larger, 328 00:20:48,880 --> 00:20:51,399 Speaker 1: and part of it extends beyond the survey area that 329 00:20:51,480 --> 00:20:55,200 Speaker 1: was part of the study. Archaeologists estimate they've mapped only 330 00:20:55,280 --> 00:20:59,680 Speaker 1: about forty percent of the site. Next, research published in 331 00:20:59,680 --> 00:21:04,000 Speaker 1: the Old Frontiers in Nutrition presents a hypothesis that our 332 00:21:04,119 --> 00:21:08,439 Speaker 1: early ancestors were smoking meats to prolong their shelf life 333 00:21:08,520 --> 00:21:12,840 Speaker 1: as long as a million years ago. The author's argument 334 00:21:13,200 --> 00:21:16,040 Speaker 1: is that we don't have a lot of evidence for 335 00:21:16,240 --> 00:21:21,760 Speaker 1: early humans and other hommeted ancestors like intentionally using fire 336 00:21:22,119 --> 00:21:25,400 Speaker 1: more than about four hundred thousand years ago. But there 337 00:21:25,480 --> 00:21:28,680 Speaker 1: are sites that are older than that where there's evidence 338 00:21:28,720 --> 00:21:32,720 Speaker 1: of fire existing, but not along with the charred meat 339 00:21:32,840 --> 00:21:34,959 Speaker 1: or bones or things that you would expect if that 340 00:21:35,040 --> 00:21:39,400 Speaker 1: fire was being used for cooking something. So the hypothesis 341 00:21:39,480 --> 00:21:43,040 Speaker 1: here is that early humans were using fire, but only 342 00:21:43,080 --> 00:21:46,639 Speaker 1: sometimes to smoke the meat of very large mammals in 343 00:21:46,800 --> 00:21:50,080 Speaker 1: large quantities so that it could be preserved, not on 344 00:21:50,160 --> 00:21:53,680 Speaker 1: like a more day to day basis, to cook individual meals. 345 00:21:54,560 --> 00:21:56,760 Speaker 1: In this case, the fire would have also served the 346 00:21:56,920 --> 00:22:01,000 Speaker 1: dual purpose of keeping predators away from that meal as 347 00:22:01,040 --> 00:22:06,520 Speaker 1: it was being smoked. Uninteresting hypothesis, indeed not really an 348 00:22:06,560 --> 00:22:11,920 Speaker 1: experiment to establish whether that hypothesis is correct. Research published 349 00:22:11,920 --> 00:22:15,520 Speaker 1: in the journal Science Advances has reported the earliest evidence 350 00:22:15,600 --> 00:22:18,959 Speaker 1: of rice in the Pacific Islands found in an ancient 351 00:22:19,040 --> 00:22:22,320 Speaker 1: cave site in Guam. This most likely would have been 352 00:22:22,359 --> 00:22:26,399 Speaker 1: transported east from the Philippines, about twenty three hundred kilometers away, 353 00:22:26,800 --> 00:22:30,760 Speaker 1: roughly three thousand, five hundred years ago. It's not clear 354 00:22:30,880 --> 00:22:34,240 Speaker 1: whether this rice was used for food or for ritual purposes, 355 00:22:34,520 --> 00:22:37,800 Speaker 1: but it would have been difficult to grow in the area. 356 00:22:37,880 --> 00:22:40,399 Speaker 1: This find is also being used to support the idea 357 00:22:40,400 --> 00:22:42,919 Speaker 1: that the first people to arrive in Guam and nearby 358 00:22:42,960 --> 00:22:46,679 Speaker 1: islands had traveled there intentionally, that they were not simply 359 00:22:46,760 --> 00:22:50,320 Speaker 1: blown off course, since they had brought culturally meaningful plants 360 00:22:50,440 --> 00:22:54,080 Speaker 1: like rice with them. Again, there's a growing body of 361 00:22:54,119 --> 00:22:59,160 Speaker 1: evidence of people, especially in the Pacific, taking longer voyages 362 00:22:59,280 --> 00:23:05,920 Speaker 1: than was thought by the field of archaeology. Earlier than 363 00:23:06,280 --> 00:23:09,160 Speaker 1: we thought that started happening, that's come up, I feel 364 00:23:09,160 --> 00:23:11,360 Speaker 1: like in the last two or three years of unearthed, 365 00:23:11,440 --> 00:23:17,919 Speaker 1: especially next archaeologists working outside of Hella, Germany, have found 366 00:23:17,920 --> 00:23:21,480 Speaker 1: what is described as a fat factory, a place where 367 00:23:21,520 --> 00:23:25,639 Speaker 1: Neanderthals processed large quantities of bone to get at the 368 00:23:25,720 --> 00:23:29,040 Speaker 1: marrow and the nutrients inside of them. This came from 369 00:23:29,080 --> 00:23:32,679 Speaker 1: analysis of roughly one hundred and twenty thousand bone fragments 370 00:23:32,720 --> 00:23:36,320 Speaker 1: and about sixteen thousand flint tools at this site, along 371 00:23:36,359 --> 00:23:41,040 Speaker 1: with evidence of fiery use there. This process involved smashing 372 00:23:41,080 --> 00:23:44,680 Speaker 1: bones with stone hammers and then boiling them for several hours, 373 00:23:45,040 --> 00:23:47,680 Speaker 1: then skimming the fat from the surface of the liquid. 374 00:23:48,359 --> 00:23:51,320 Speaker 1: This is a time and labor intensive process and one 375 00:23:51,359 --> 00:23:54,600 Speaker 1: that requires lots of fuel to keep those fires burning. 376 00:23:55,160 --> 00:23:58,880 Speaker 1: So archaeologists speculate that Neanderthals tried to make this process 377 00:23:58,920 --> 00:24:02,239 Speaker 1: more efficient by bringing animals they had hunted to a 378 00:24:02,320 --> 00:24:05,960 Speaker 1: designated place to do this all at once, rather than 379 00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:10,800 Speaker 1: processing every animal carcass when and where it was hunted. Yeah, 380 00:24:10,880 --> 00:24:15,680 Speaker 1: unlike the earlier Neanderthal and fire thing, this is more 381 00:24:15,720 --> 00:24:21,080 Speaker 1: of a study to research whether a hypothesis was true, 382 00:24:20,960 --> 00:24:25,040 Speaker 1: whereas the other one is just the hypothesis part, which 383 00:24:25,080 --> 00:24:29,399 Speaker 1: I do find very interesting. Again, lastly, researchers at ele 384 00:24:29,480 --> 00:24:33,359 Speaker 1: Cacante Rock Shelter in Honduras have been working to trace 385 00:24:33,840 --> 00:24:39,800 Speaker 1: how humans have domesticated and used avocados over thousands of years. 386 00:24:40,560 --> 00:24:44,159 Speaker 1: This rock shelter is home to an array of fossilized 387 00:24:44,200 --> 00:24:47,280 Speaker 1: plants and other organic materials, and it's in a part 388 00:24:47,320 --> 00:24:49,800 Speaker 1: of the world where the climate often means that plant 389 00:24:49,800 --> 00:24:53,760 Speaker 1: matters is not preserved very well. There are about eleven 390 00:24:53,840 --> 00:24:58,840 Speaker 1: thousand years worth of avocado seeds and rhines at this site, 391 00:24:59,280 --> 00:25:02,640 Speaker 1: and that has a lot researchers to see how indigenous 392 00:25:02,640 --> 00:25:07,399 Speaker 1: farmers cultivated avocados so that they would grow larger fruit 393 00:25:07,520 --> 00:25:11,000 Speaker 1: with a thicker skin, a process that took centuries. So 394 00:25:11,040 --> 00:25:14,480 Speaker 1: these changes improved the yield of the avocado plants and 395 00:25:14,480 --> 00:25:19,360 Speaker 1: then also made the avocados easier to transport without damaging them. 396 00:25:20,359 --> 00:25:23,240 Speaker 1: I am very happy that this took place, because avocados 397 00:25:23,240 --> 00:25:26,879 Speaker 1: are delicious. Yeah, I'm like, blessings upon these ancient farmers. 398 00:25:27,080 --> 00:25:30,520 Speaker 1: We live so far away from where they are native. 399 00:25:31,680 --> 00:25:33,920 Speaker 1: We are going to take one more quick sponsor break 400 00:25:33,920 --> 00:25:36,160 Speaker 1: before we get into our last section of on Earth, 401 00:25:36,160 --> 00:25:38,200 Speaker 1: which is going to kick off with books and letters. 402 00:25:38,720 --> 00:25:52,960 Speaker 1: We're getting to everyone's favorite exhumations now with books and letters. 403 00:25:53,080 --> 00:25:56,040 Speaker 1: It was not at all unusual for books to be 404 00:25:56,119 --> 00:26:00,880 Speaker 1: bound in animal hide during the medieval period, but researchers 405 00:26:00,920 --> 00:26:04,000 Speaker 1: working with a set of volumes at Clairvaux Abbey in 406 00:26:04,080 --> 00:26:07,760 Speaker 1: France noticed that the hide did not look like it 407 00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:10,400 Speaker 1: had come from an animal that would typically have been 408 00:26:10,520 --> 00:26:13,879 Speaker 1: used for that purpose. That they would have expected to 409 00:26:13,880 --> 00:26:17,879 Speaker 1: see things like bore or deer hide, but this didn't 410 00:26:17,920 --> 00:26:22,440 Speaker 1: look like either of those. Using DNA studies and electrostatic 411 00:26:22,520 --> 00:26:26,720 Speaker 1: zoarchaeology mass spectrometry or e zooms, as well as some 412 00:26:26,800 --> 00:26:30,160 Speaker 1: other technologies, they confirmed that many of these volumes were 413 00:26:30,160 --> 00:26:35,120 Speaker 1: bound in seal skin, specifically harbor seals and harp seals. 414 00:26:35,840 --> 00:26:39,240 Speaker 1: It speculated that these hides were chosen for their color. 415 00:26:39,920 --> 00:26:42,880 Speaker 1: These books were bound by Cistercian monks, who were known 416 00:26:42,920 --> 00:26:46,400 Speaker 1: for their use of the color white. These book bindings 417 00:26:46,440 --> 00:26:49,440 Speaker 1: look brown today, but when they were originally made, they 418 00:26:49,440 --> 00:26:53,160 Speaker 1: would have been white or light gray. These seals, of course, 419 00:26:53,200 --> 00:26:56,919 Speaker 1: do not live anywhere near this abbey, so these monks 420 00:26:57,000 --> 00:27:00,439 Speaker 1: must have traded for them. The DNA recas search that 421 00:27:00,520 --> 00:27:03,080 Speaker 1: was part of this study suggests that the harbor seal 422 00:27:03,160 --> 00:27:06,639 Speaker 1: skins came from Scandinavia and Scotland, and that the harp 423 00:27:06,720 --> 00:27:10,880 Speaker 1: seals came from Iceland or Greenland. All of these places 424 00:27:10,880 --> 00:27:15,000 Speaker 1: would have been connected through the Hanseatic League. It's possible 425 00:27:15,160 --> 00:27:17,760 Speaker 1: that these mugs did not know what kind of animal 426 00:27:17,800 --> 00:27:22,120 Speaker 1: these skins came from. There aren't many references to seals 427 00:27:22,200 --> 00:27:25,240 Speaker 1: in medieval literature outside of the places closer to where 428 00:27:25,280 --> 00:27:28,400 Speaker 1: those animals actually lived, and the few that do exist 429 00:27:28,440 --> 00:27:31,560 Speaker 1: depicted them as a four legged animal with a head 430 00:27:31,640 --> 00:27:37,160 Speaker 1: like a wolf. Honestly kind of delights me that the 431 00:27:37,200 --> 00:27:40,439 Speaker 1: pictures of these did not look anything like what the 432 00:27:40,480 --> 00:27:46,000 Speaker 1: animals look like. Next the cultural Heritage Imaging Laboratory at 433 00:27:46,040 --> 00:27:51,720 Speaker 1: Cambridge University Library has digitally unfolded a thirteenth century manuscript 434 00:27:51,840 --> 00:27:55,159 Speaker 1: that had been repurposed as part of the bindings of 435 00:27:55,200 --> 00:28:00,200 Speaker 1: a sixteenth century property record. This allowed experts to study 436 00:28:00,320 --> 00:28:05,399 Speaker 1: and analyze what that manuscript contained without physically unfolding it, 437 00:28:05,440 --> 00:28:08,800 Speaker 1: which probably would have damaged it and possibly could have 438 00:28:08,920 --> 00:28:13,000 Speaker 1: destroyed it. Turns out it is part of the French 439 00:28:13,200 --> 00:28:18,040 Speaker 1: Sweet Volga du Merlin or Merlin, part of the medieval 440 00:28:18,160 --> 00:28:22,600 Speaker 1: Lancelot Grail cycle. The text that this manuscript contains is 441 00:28:22,640 --> 00:28:25,840 Speaker 1: a rare continuation of the King Arthur legend that exists 442 00:28:25,840 --> 00:28:31,280 Speaker 1: in only about forty known manuscripts today. This process involved 443 00:28:31,440 --> 00:28:37,000 Speaker 1: high resolution multi spectral imaging CT scanning and hundreds of images, 444 00:28:37,480 --> 00:28:41,000 Speaker 1: some of them taken using mirrors, prisms and other tools, 445 00:28:41,200 --> 00:28:44,560 Speaker 1: which were then assembled into a fully openable three the 446 00:28:44,680 --> 00:28:47,840 Speaker 1: reproduction of the document. We've talked about a couple of 447 00:28:48,000 --> 00:28:52,000 Speaker 1: digital unfolding projects on Unearthed before, and I always love them. 448 00:28:52,800 --> 00:28:55,000 Speaker 1: I love that we are getting more and more ways 449 00:28:55,040 --> 00:28:59,040 Speaker 1: to look at things that we could not have opened. 450 00:29:00,160 --> 00:29:00,680 Speaker 2: Otherwise. 451 00:29:02,160 --> 00:29:07,400 Speaker 1: Speaking of digital recreations, the University of Leeds has fully 452 00:29:07,440 --> 00:29:13,840 Speaker 1: digitized the oldest known English language book about cheese, which 453 00:29:13,920 --> 00:29:17,280 Speaker 1: dates to the sixteenth century. This is a twelve page 454 00:29:17,320 --> 00:29:24,400 Speaker 1: handwritten book called a Pamphlet compiled of Cheese, containing the differences, nature, 455 00:29:24,520 --> 00:29:29,680 Speaker 1: qualities and goodness of the same pamphlet in that title 456 00:29:29,840 --> 00:29:36,640 Speaker 1: is spelled Pamflyt, which is delightful. Scans of this book 457 00:29:36,720 --> 00:29:39,400 Speaker 1: and a transcript of the contents are both available at 458 00:29:39,440 --> 00:29:43,080 Speaker 1: the University of Leeds Library on the website. You can 459 00:29:43,160 --> 00:29:45,920 Speaker 1: go look them up if you want. Food historian Peter 460 00:29:46,000 --> 00:29:50,760 Speaker 1: Breers has described this as probably the first comprehensive academic 461 00:29:50,800 --> 00:29:53,240 Speaker 1: study of a single food stuff to be written in 462 00:29:53,320 --> 00:29:57,800 Speaker 1: the English language. According to research published in the Journal Shakespeare, 463 00:29:58,520 --> 00:30:01,920 Speaker 1: William Shakespeare may I've had more of a relationship with 464 00:30:01,960 --> 00:30:06,040 Speaker 1: his wife Anne Hathaway than is commonly believed. He's often 465 00:30:06,120 --> 00:30:09,760 Speaker 1: portrayed as basically abandoning her at Stratford upon Avon to 466 00:30:09,840 --> 00:30:13,600 Speaker 1: go become an actor and a playwright in London, but 467 00:30:13,680 --> 00:30:16,600 Speaker 1: this research suggests that a letter first on Earth in 468 00:30:16,680 --> 00:30:21,240 Speaker 1: nineteen seventy eight addressed to a good Missus Shakespeare may 469 00:30:21,280 --> 00:30:24,480 Speaker 1: have been a letter to Anne. This letter notes the 470 00:30:24,520 --> 00:30:27,360 Speaker 1: death of a man named mister Butts, who had previously 471 00:30:27,480 --> 00:30:30,680 Speaker 1: asked mister Shakespeare for money to cover the care of 472 00:30:30,720 --> 00:30:35,640 Speaker 1: mister Butts's son John. This letter asks if Missus Shakespeare 473 00:30:35,720 --> 00:30:40,480 Speaker 1: might pay her husband's debts. So it is not conclusively 474 00:30:40,640 --> 00:30:44,480 Speaker 1: proven that the Shakespeares connected to this letter are William 475 00:30:44,560 --> 00:30:48,840 Speaker 1: and Anne, but there were only four married couples named 476 00:30:48,880 --> 00:30:52,560 Speaker 1: Shakespeare in London at the time. This letter was also 477 00:30:52,600 --> 00:30:55,680 Speaker 1: found in a book that was printed by Shakespeare's neighbor, 478 00:30:55,840 --> 00:30:59,880 Speaker 1: Richard Field. Field also published some of Shakespeare's work. There 479 00:30:59,920 --> 00:31:03,640 Speaker 1: was connection there, so all of this is kind of circumstantial. 480 00:31:04,200 --> 00:31:07,320 Speaker 1: But if this really was a letter to Anne Hathaway, 481 00:31:07,400 --> 00:31:11,120 Speaker 1: it does suggest that she had ongoing contact with her husband, 482 00:31:11,200 --> 00:31:14,160 Speaker 1: and even that she lived with him in London at 483 00:31:14,160 --> 00:31:16,480 Speaker 1: some points, and that she was part of his social 484 00:31:16,520 --> 00:31:19,760 Speaker 1: and financial circle. People would think that if they wrote 485 00:31:19,800 --> 00:31:22,600 Speaker 1: to her about something relating to her husband, they might 486 00:31:22,600 --> 00:31:27,280 Speaker 1: get a favorable response. Next, researchers in China are using 487 00:31:27,400 --> 00:31:30,600 Speaker 1: poetry to track the decline of the finless porpoise in 488 00:31:30,680 --> 00:31:34,440 Speaker 1: the Yansee River. The finless porpoise is the only known 489 00:31:34,520 --> 00:31:37,520 Speaker 1: freshwater porpoise in the world, and today there are only 490 00:31:37,560 --> 00:31:41,160 Speaker 1: about eighteen hundred of them remaining. But since the number 491 00:31:41,200 --> 00:31:44,520 Speaker 1: and range of these porpoises has only been systematically tracked 492 00:31:44,520 --> 00:31:48,080 Speaker 1: for a few decades, researchers haven't had a thorough sense 493 00:31:48,160 --> 00:31:51,360 Speaker 1: of how large their population used to be or where 494 00:31:51,400 --> 00:31:55,520 Speaker 1: in the river they have lived. This new research, published 495 00:31:55,520 --> 00:31:59,440 Speaker 1: in the journal Current Biology under the title Ranged Contraction 496 00:31:59,560 --> 00:32:03,760 Speaker 1: of the Yankie Finless Porpoise Inferred from Classic Chinese poems 497 00:32:04,320 --> 00:32:08,200 Speaker 1: comb through databases of historical Chinese poetry and found more 498 00:32:08,240 --> 00:32:12,600 Speaker 1: than seven hundred references to these porpoises. About half of 499 00:32:12,680 --> 00:32:17,200 Speaker 1: those references mentioned where someone had seen them. Based on 500 00:32:17,240 --> 00:32:20,800 Speaker 1: this work, researchers estimate that the range of the finless 501 00:32:20,800 --> 00:32:25,480 Speaker 1: porpoise has decreased by sixty five percent since the Tang Dynasty, 502 00:32:25,560 --> 00:32:29,160 Speaker 1: which spanned from six eighteen to nine oh seven CE. 503 00:32:30,360 --> 00:32:34,440 Speaker 1: The vast majority of that decline happened in the tributaries 504 00:32:34,480 --> 00:32:37,479 Speaker 1: and lakes that are connected to the river, and just 505 00:32:37,560 --> 00:32:40,800 Speaker 1: looking at those bodies of water, the porpoises have lost 506 00:32:40,920 --> 00:32:45,040 Speaker 1: more than ninety percent of their range. While this decrease 507 00:32:45,240 --> 00:32:48,800 Speaker 1: was gradually going on for centuries, it really plummeted over 508 00:32:48,840 --> 00:32:53,280 Speaker 1: the last century, largely due to human activity, including the 509 00:32:53,320 --> 00:32:57,400 Speaker 1: building of a dam in nineteen forty six Harvard Law 510 00:32:57,400 --> 00:33:00,680 Speaker 1: School bought what it thought was an unofficial thirteen twenty 511 00:33:00,720 --> 00:33:04,120 Speaker 1: seven copy of the Magna Carta for twenty seven dollars 512 00:33:04,120 --> 00:33:08,120 Speaker 1: and fifty cents. It was described as quote somewhat rubbed 513 00:33:08,240 --> 00:33:12,840 Speaker 1: and damp stained, but after seeing digitized images of the document, 514 00:33:12,960 --> 00:33:17,200 Speaker 1: Professor David Carpenter of King's College, London started analyzing it, 515 00:33:17,560 --> 00:33:21,760 Speaker 1: eventually collaborating with Nicholas Vincent of the University of East Anglia, 516 00:33:22,240 --> 00:33:25,080 Speaker 1: and they eventually concluded that it dates from King Edward 517 00:33:25,200 --> 00:33:28,440 Speaker 1: the first reissue of the Magna Carta in thirteen hundred, 518 00:33:29,040 --> 00:33:33,239 Speaker 1: and is an official copy. This conclusion comes from its 519 00:33:33,280 --> 00:33:36,440 Speaker 1: similarities to the format and handwriting used on the other 520 00:33:36,560 --> 00:33:39,680 Speaker 1: copies that are known from the year thirteen hundred, and 521 00:33:39,800 --> 00:33:43,000 Speaker 1: the fact that it adheres exactly to the thirteen hundred 522 00:33:43,080 --> 00:33:47,600 Speaker 1: text that makes it one of only seven surviving documents 523 00:33:47,640 --> 00:33:51,280 Speaker 1: from that reissue. It also makes it worth a lot 524 00:33:51,320 --> 00:33:54,800 Speaker 1: more than twenty seven dollars and fifty cents, even adjusted 525 00:33:54,880 --> 00:34:00,600 Speaker 1: for inflation and at our last book related find Researchers 526 00:34:00,600 --> 00:34:03,520 Speaker 1: at the University of Saint Andrew's have developed a tool 527 00:34:03,600 --> 00:34:07,960 Speaker 1: that can be used to detect poisonous substances in historical 528 00:34:07,960 --> 00:34:12,319 Speaker 1: books like arsenic, which was often used with copper to 529 00:34:12,360 --> 00:34:16,319 Speaker 1: make an emerald green pigment that was also used in wallpapers. 530 00:34:17,040 --> 00:34:19,480 Speaker 1: A lot of the time, it's possible to handle and 531 00:34:19,640 --> 00:34:22,640 Speaker 1: examine books that have these pigments in them without having 532 00:34:22,680 --> 00:34:25,279 Speaker 1: any kind of negative health effects, but for people who 533 00:34:25,280 --> 00:34:29,480 Speaker 1: are doing ongoing research or just trying to maintain collections 534 00:34:29,520 --> 00:34:31,719 Speaker 1: that have a lot of these pigments, there can be 535 00:34:31,840 --> 00:34:36,200 Speaker 1: health risks. This has led some libraries to restrict the 536 00:34:36,320 --> 00:34:39,920 Speaker 1: access to some of their collections kind of out of 537 00:34:39,960 --> 00:34:43,520 Speaker 1: an abundance of caution, but also with the reality that 538 00:34:43,840 --> 00:34:46,200 Speaker 1: they're covered in a pigment that is full of arsenic. 539 00:34:47,360 --> 00:34:50,680 Speaker 1: The University Collections department worked with the School of Earth 540 00:34:50,760 --> 00:34:54,520 Speaker 1: Sciences to make an instrument that shines different wavelengths of 541 00:34:54,600 --> 00:34:57,160 Speaker 1: light at the book and measures how much light is 542 00:34:57,200 --> 00:35:01,960 Speaker 1: reflected back emerald green as a distinct pattern of reflections. 543 00:35:02,000 --> 00:35:05,080 Speaker 1: So this can allow staff to quickly screen books for 544 00:35:05,120 --> 00:35:09,760 Speaker 1: this toxic pigment. And now we will move on to exhamations. 545 00:35:10,000 --> 00:35:12,479 Speaker 1: And as we said earlier, it's been a while since 546 00:35:12,520 --> 00:35:16,840 Speaker 1: there have been enough historically relevant exhumations to have a 547 00:35:16,840 --> 00:35:21,480 Speaker 1: whole section of them for unearthed. First In nineteen seventy one, 548 00:35:21,640 --> 00:35:25,200 Speaker 1: a train derailed near Salem, Illinois, injuring more than one 549 00:35:25,280 --> 00:35:28,759 Speaker 1: hundred and fifty people and killing eleven. One of those 550 00:35:28,800 --> 00:35:32,719 Speaker 1: eleven victims was never identified, but Henry Morton, a journalism 551 00:35:32,800 --> 00:35:35,880 Speaker 1: student at the University of Missouri, has been working to 552 00:35:36,000 --> 00:35:41,000 Speaker 1: change that. After Morton's research into this derailment, the Salem 553 00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:46,319 Speaker 1: City Council approved the exhumation of the unidentified body with 554 00:35:46,400 --> 00:35:49,600 Speaker 1: the hope of identifying who this is. Funds for the 555 00:35:49,680 --> 00:35:52,719 Speaker 1: project were donated by the DNA DOE Project and the 556 00:35:52,760 --> 00:35:57,440 Speaker 1: Salem Tourism Board. The graven question was exhumed in June, 557 00:35:57,560 --> 00:36:00,680 Speaker 1: and it turned out that multiple people had been buried 558 00:36:00,680 --> 00:36:03,480 Speaker 1: in it. As of the research into this episode, it 559 00:36:03,560 --> 00:36:06,680 Speaker 1: was not clear how many people definitely at least two 560 00:36:07,000 --> 00:36:10,480 Speaker 1: and possibly three, and it's also not clear whether one 561 00:36:10,600 --> 00:36:13,080 Speaker 1: victim of the derailment was buried in a grave with 562 00:36:13,120 --> 00:36:16,200 Speaker 1: at least one other person, or if there were really 563 00:36:16,239 --> 00:36:18,719 Speaker 1: more than eleven people who were killed and these are 564 00:36:18,760 --> 00:36:22,680 Speaker 1: all victims of the crash. It will probably be several 565 00:36:22,719 --> 00:36:25,680 Speaker 1: weeks at the very least before DNA test results are 566 00:36:25,719 --> 00:36:29,600 Speaker 1: available to hopefully clear some of this up. Yeah, maybe 567 00:36:29,680 --> 00:36:34,320 Speaker 1: an update in a future Unearthed next. Back in twenty eighteen, 568 00:36:34,440 --> 00:36:37,880 Speaker 1: we talked about the Bonsecour Mother and Baby Home in 569 00:36:38,000 --> 00:36:41,560 Speaker 1: tomb Ireland, which was a home for unmarried women and 570 00:36:41,640 --> 00:36:44,320 Speaker 1: their babies that was run by an order of Catholic 571 00:36:44,400 --> 00:36:50,400 Speaker 1: nuns until nineteen sixty one. In twenty fourteen, local historian 572 00:36:50,560 --> 00:36:54,400 Speaker 1: Catherine Corlis had uncovered the fact that seven hundred and 573 00:36:54,560 --> 00:36:58,560 Speaker 1: ninety six children had died at this home. There were 574 00:36:58,680 --> 00:37:03,200 Speaker 1: death certificates, but not burial records for most of them. 575 00:37:03,719 --> 00:37:06,920 Speaker 1: In twenty eighteen, it had been announced that the site 576 00:37:06,960 --> 00:37:10,160 Speaker 1: of a mass grave at the former home would be 577 00:37:10,280 --> 00:37:14,600 Speaker 1: fully excavated, with all of the bodies exhumed and if possible, 578 00:37:15,239 --> 00:37:19,200 Speaker 1: returned to surviving family members. We've had a couple of 579 00:37:19,280 --> 00:37:22,880 Speaker 1: updates about that since then, but this time in June, 580 00:37:23,080 --> 00:37:26,760 Speaker 1: eleven years after Corlis's report on the home and seven 581 00:37:26,840 --> 00:37:30,759 Speaker 1: years after the decision to excavate, work actually began at 582 00:37:30,800 --> 00:37:33,960 Speaker 1: the site. This work is expected to take at least 583 00:37:34,000 --> 00:37:39,759 Speaker 1: two years, and lastly, for the exhamation news. Today, Poland 584 00:37:39,920 --> 00:37:44,120 Speaker 1: and Ukraine are allied against Russia, but these two neighboring 585 00:37:44,200 --> 00:37:48,680 Speaker 1: nations have a history that has been at times incredibly contentious. 586 00:37:48,760 --> 00:37:52,919 Speaker 1: And violent, and that has continued to affect their relationship 587 00:37:52,960 --> 00:37:56,600 Speaker 1: to one another today, even as they are allies against 588 00:37:56,680 --> 00:38:01,960 Speaker 1: the common enemy. During World War Two, a nationalist group 589 00:38:02,040 --> 00:38:07,280 Speaker 1: called the Ukrainian Insurgent Army massacred Polish civilians in areas 590 00:38:07,320 --> 00:38:10,880 Speaker 1: that are considered Western Ukraine today but at the time 591 00:38:11,000 --> 00:38:17,040 Speaker 1: were Eastern Poland. Eventually, Ukraine and Poland started cooperating on 592 00:38:17,160 --> 00:38:22,120 Speaker 1: projects to exhume Polish people from what's now Ukrainian territory, 593 00:38:22,160 --> 00:38:26,200 Speaker 1: but then in twenty seventeen, the government of Ukraine issued 594 00:38:26,239 --> 00:38:31,360 Speaker 1: a moratorium on these exhumations. This was after several Ukrainian 595 00:38:31,400 --> 00:38:37,080 Speaker 1: Insurgent Army monuments and memorials were destroyed in Poland. Ukraine 596 00:38:37,080 --> 00:38:41,240 Speaker 1: and Poland have now established a joint Polish Ukrainian Working 597 00:38:41,280 --> 00:38:44,480 Speaker 1: Group and have begun cooperating on issues related to this. 598 00:38:45,320 --> 00:38:49,080 Speaker 1: In April, Ukrainian and Polish researchers worked together to exhume 599 00:38:49,160 --> 00:38:53,040 Speaker 1: Polish victims of the nineteen forty five Volan massacre, which 600 00:38:53,120 --> 00:38:57,359 Speaker 1: was perpetrated by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. At that time, 601 00:38:57,400 --> 00:39:01,720 Speaker 1: the region was occupied by Germany. Poland's Minister of Culture 602 00:39:01,760 --> 00:39:05,400 Speaker 1: and National Heritage has also announced that exhumations are expected 603 00:39:05,440 --> 00:39:08,280 Speaker 1: to take place in what used to be Zvoiska, Poland 604 00:39:08,360 --> 00:39:11,360 Speaker 1: later this year, where an estimated one hundred and twenty 605 00:39:11,400 --> 00:39:15,040 Speaker 1: Polish soldiers were killed in combat against Nazi Germany in 606 00:39:15,120 --> 00:39:18,560 Speaker 1: nineteen thirty nine. Zboiska is now part of the city 607 00:39:18,600 --> 00:39:23,040 Speaker 1: of Viv, Ukraine. And we will end this installment of 608 00:39:23,200 --> 00:39:27,720 Speaker 1: Unearthed with one short psa. If you're visiting the Giant's 609 00:39:27,800 --> 00:39:31,640 Speaker 1: Causeway in Northern Ireland, please do not jam coins into it. 610 00:39:32,600 --> 00:39:35,400 Speaker 1: Coins degrade very quickly there because of the salty air, 611 00:39:35,440 --> 00:39:38,719 Speaker 1: and as they do they expand, which puts pressure on 612 00:39:38,800 --> 00:39:42,800 Speaker 1: the basalt columns that make up the causeway. This is 613 00:39:42,840 --> 00:39:46,319 Speaker 1: the thing people have been doing, and decaying coins are 614 00:39:46,360 --> 00:39:50,080 Speaker 1: also leaving streaks of various metals on the rocks there. 615 00:39:51,000 --> 00:39:54,160 Speaker 1: Conservation specialists have done a test project to remove the 616 00:39:54,200 --> 00:39:57,600 Speaker 1: coins in one part of the causeway, which was successful, 617 00:39:58,080 --> 00:40:00,359 Speaker 1: so it's hoped that a bigger project can be taken 618 00:40:00,400 --> 00:40:02,480 Speaker 1: on to take care of the rest of the site. 619 00:40:03,120 --> 00:40:06,680 Speaker 1: Giant's Causeway is both a National Nature Reserve and a 620 00:40:06,800 --> 00:40:10,880 Speaker 1: UNESCO World Heritage Site. And that was the end of 621 00:40:10,880 --> 00:40:13,680 Speaker 1: our Unearthed for this quarter. We'll talk about various things 622 00:40:13,680 --> 00:40:17,640 Speaker 1: on Friday. I am sure, and I have another National 623 00:40:17,680 --> 00:40:22,640 Speaker 1: Park related listener mail fabulous. This is from Amelia, and 624 00:40:22,719 --> 00:40:25,880 Speaker 1: Amelia said, Hi ladies, I already had a trip planned 625 00:40:25,880 --> 00:40:28,799 Speaker 1: when your episode came out. My partner loves going on 626 00:40:28,960 --> 00:40:32,480 Speaker 1: drives and I love National parks, so I thought a 627 00:40:32,480 --> 00:40:36,239 Speaker 1: trip to Shenandoah was the perfect weekend away for his birthday. 628 00:40:36,520 --> 00:40:39,839 Speaker 1: We drove the whole length of Skyline Drive and he 629 00:40:39,880 --> 00:40:43,160 Speaker 1: pulled into all the overlooks that had information boards for me. 630 00:40:44,200 --> 00:40:47,319 Speaker 1: My favorite overlook was at a little stand where you 631 00:40:47,360 --> 00:40:50,400 Speaker 1: placed your phone and took a picture and uploaded it 632 00:40:50,520 --> 00:40:54,520 Speaker 1: to Crotologue to show the time lapse of the ecological changes. 633 00:40:55,800 --> 00:41:00,800 Speaker 1: There is a link to this website here in the email, 634 00:41:02,160 --> 00:41:05,960 Speaker 1: I'm attaching pictures of us with our four legged child, Zella, 635 00:41:06,120 --> 00:41:08,800 Speaker 1: a ten year old Staffy mix who loves car rides 636 00:41:08,960 --> 00:41:11,640 Speaker 1: just as much as we do, and my photo for 637 00:41:11,840 --> 00:41:15,560 Speaker 1: the time laps Amelia Number one. I did not know 638 00:41:15,960 --> 00:41:20,840 Speaker 1: that this existed until we got this email. It is 639 00:41:20,880 --> 00:41:26,320 Speaker 1: that Pass Mountain overlook. This currently, as of this minute 640 00:41:26,360 --> 00:41:30,440 Speaker 1: on July fifteenth, twenty twenty five, there are nine thousand, 641 00:41:30,520 --> 00:41:35,360 Speaker 1: six hundred and twenty photos from nine thousand fifty nine contributors, 642 00:41:35,960 --> 00:41:38,960 Speaker 1: and if you hit play on it, it gives you 643 00:41:39,440 --> 00:41:42,640 Speaker 1: all of these pictures from folks phone going from September 644 00:41:42,680 --> 00:41:46,680 Speaker 1: thirtieth of twenty twenty all the way until now, So 645 00:41:47,040 --> 00:41:51,160 Speaker 1: super super cool. If you google the words Pass Mountain 646 00:41:51,280 --> 00:41:56,520 Speaker 1: Overlook chronologue, it'll take you right to it, so that 647 00:41:56,600 --> 00:42:01,319 Speaker 1: is super duper cool. Also, very cute dog, a white 648 00:42:01,400 --> 00:42:05,360 Speaker 1: dog making a kind of simultaneously to me happy face, 649 00:42:05,960 --> 00:42:08,520 Speaker 1: and I think maybe just wants to jump down and 650 00:42:08,560 --> 00:42:13,080 Speaker 1: start running around. That's the impression that I get. Boy 651 00:42:13,120 --> 00:42:16,400 Speaker 1: do I love the idea of a drive that suits 652 00:42:16,440 --> 00:42:20,160 Speaker 1: one partner and all of the historical signs that suits 653 00:42:20,200 --> 00:42:25,040 Speaker 1: the other partner for a trip together. Super good, very 654 00:42:26,960 --> 00:42:29,680 Speaker 1: lovely thing to do for a birthday. And what a 655 00:42:29,680 --> 00:42:33,960 Speaker 1: great picture of the mountains from this overlook in Shenandoah 656 00:42:34,000 --> 00:42:38,080 Speaker 1: National Park. Thank you again, Amelia for this email. If 657 00:42:38,080 --> 00:42:40,040 Speaker 1: you would like to send us a note about this 658 00:42:40,200 --> 00:42:45,040 Speaker 1: or any other podcast, we're at History Podcast at iHeartRadio 659 00:42:45,120 --> 00:42:48,319 Speaker 1: dot com and you can subscribe to our show on 660 00:42:48,360 --> 00:42:50,640 Speaker 1: the iHeartRadio app and anywhere else you like to get 661 00:42:50,640 --> 00:42:58,239 Speaker 1: your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in History Class is a 662 00:42:58,239 --> 00:43:02,640 Speaker 1: production of iHeartRadio for more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the 663 00:43:02,680 --> 00:43:06,160 Speaker 1: iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 664 00:43:06,200 --> 00:43:06,920 Speaker 1: favorite shows.