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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm editor Kendis King. You're joined by fellow editor Katie Lambert.

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Speaker 1: Take Canadas. See there, Katie. If you are anything like me,

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Speaker 1: you've been pretty upset since the hit series The Real

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Speaker 1: Housewives of New York ended its run. But um, I've

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Speaker 1: been spending my time keeping up with the Discovery Channels

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Speaker 1: Monsters Inside Me about parasitical influences on the human body.

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Speaker 1: And uh, you may be wondering why I'm tying these

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Speaker 1: two shows together, and it's because today we are going

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Speaker 1: to pay homage to Monsters Inside Me by talking about

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Speaker 1: malaria and how it is connected to the building of

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Speaker 1: the Panama Canal, which was financed by an ancestor of

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Speaker 1: one of my favorite New York housewives, Lu and Lu

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Speaker 1: sub Do you see this? It all comes it all

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Speaker 1: comes together. So Um, the Panama Canal, all, as many

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Speaker 1: of you know, is stooped in history and challenge and

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Speaker 1: lots and lots of money and lost lives and it's

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Speaker 1: a fascinating story about business deals gone wrong and disease.

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Speaker 1: Our article on how the Panama Canal works by our

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Speaker 1: own Sarah Dowity really did help me with the research

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Speaker 1: for this one. But basically, the idea behind the Panama

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Speaker 1: Canal is connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and making

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Speaker 1: it easier so ships don't have to go around South

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Speaker 1: America's Cape Horn and instead can just go straight through,

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Speaker 1: because that is a pretty dangerous and time consuming and

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Speaker 1: expensive journey. The canal was designed to shave off eight

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Speaker 1: thousand nautical miles between the east and west coasts of

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Speaker 1: the United States, and it seemed like such a simple

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Speaker 1: idea because the isthmus of Panama was so narrow, but

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Speaker 1: in fact it took centuries between when the idea was

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Speaker 1: initially conceived and when the canal came to fruition. So

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Speaker 1: we're going to go back to fifteen thirty four, which

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Speaker 1: is when the Spanish started looking around and trying to

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Speaker 1: decide where would be the best way to do this,

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Speaker 1: and there were two routes that were actually considered, one

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Speaker 1: through Panama and the other one through Nicaragua all the

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Speaker 1: way up to the twentieth century, and the French chose

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Speaker 1: Panama because of the Panamanian Railway, and the French were

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Speaker 1: led by a brilliant financier named Ferdinand de la Ceps,

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Speaker 1: and he had had a lot of success working with

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Speaker 1: the Siouez Canal, and so he approached the Panamanian Canal

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Speaker 1: with the same guest jo. He thought, I can easily

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Speaker 1: do this. I don't even have to install a complicated

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Speaker 1: canal system. This one doesn't need any locks. It's going

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Speaker 1: to be a c level canal. We'll get through this

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Speaker 1: in no time. So a couple of things were on

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Speaker 1: Dela cup side, one of which was steam technology, which

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Speaker 1: was going to make the task a lot more manageable.

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Speaker 1: But something that was not on his side was his

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Speaker 1: own stubborn nature. He thought that he could build the

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Speaker 1: Panama Canal much in the same way as the Sis

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Speaker 1: can However, he was not accounting for Panama's geography and

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Speaker 1: its distinct characteristics like the mountains and jungle and invoking

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Speaker 1: parasites here mosquitoes. Those were a huge problem, and that's

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Speaker 1: because mosquitoes carry a protozoan parasite that causes malaria, and

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Speaker 1: they also carry yellow fever, which plagued the people building

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Speaker 1: the canal for years and estimated twenty two thousand people

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Speaker 1: died from illnesses like malaria and yellow fever during the

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Speaker 1: building of the canal, so needless to say, that really

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Speaker 1: did hold up progress, and eventually Delssas relented and planned

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Speaker 1: to incorporate locks into the canal. Once he realized that

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Speaker 1: he couldn't burst through the mountains, he was going to

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Speaker 1: have to find some way to hoist the ships through,

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Speaker 1: So he finally hires gustav I Fell and so he

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Speaker 1: hires the great mastermind behind the Eiffel Tower to design

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Speaker 1: a type of canal that did incorporate locks. But but unfortunately,

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Speaker 1: by this time he had wasted more than eight years

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Speaker 1: and uh an obscene amount of money. So the hero

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Speaker 1: behind the Suez Canal simply could not make the Panama

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Speaker 1: Canal happen. And this actually turned into a pretty sad

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Speaker 1: case for his family because at the canal that he'd

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Speaker 1: begun around one didn't get built until nineteen fourteen, not

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Speaker 1: by him, not even by his country, and he was

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Speaker 1: actually convicted in the French court system of mismanagement and

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Speaker 1: he and his son Charles were ordered to pay up

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Speaker 1: and to go to prison. However, because Delisavs was so

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Speaker 1: old at the time, his son served his prison sentence

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Speaker 1: for him. So for a while it seemed that between

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Speaker 1: all the deaths due to parasitical infections and the money

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Speaker 1: trouble and the seeming impossibility of breaking through the land,

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Speaker 1: that the Panama Canal was doomed never to happen. Fortunately

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Speaker 1: another country stepped in then, and that's when the US

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Speaker 1: took a her when in nineteen o two, Congress bought

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Speaker 1: the failed company's assets. And the catch was that we

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Speaker 1: were going to form a treaty with Columbia, who controlled

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Speaker 1: Panama at the time, and when Columbia wasn't particularly interested

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Speaker 1: in this catch that we had, um, we supported Panamanian independence,

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Speaker 1: and it's that Columbia. Yeah, that seems a little underhanded.

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Speaker 1: There were many it is. Yeah, there are many U.

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Speaker 1: S senators at the time who thought that it was

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Speaker 1: dirty and they didn't want to be involved with it. However,

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Speaker 1: many Panamanians today would probably beg to differ. And the

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Speaker 1: treaty was passed, the hay banal Varula Treaty UM, where

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Speaker 1: Panama signed over the rights and didn't actually have a

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Speaker 1: Spanish translation of the rights they were signing over. So

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Speaker 1: again some dirty dealing. Yeah, it seems like we've seen

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Speaker 1: these kinds of dirty dealings before in other errors of history,

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Speaker 1: but that aside. Moving forward, so the United States final

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Speaker 1: has paid about forty million dollars for the company's assets

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Speaker 1: and ten million dollars in good will money towards Panama. However,

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Speaker 1: there is still this raging debate, as there was in

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Speaker 1: the era of Della Steps canal building, as to whether

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Speaker 1: the United States should build a sea level canal or

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Speaker 1: a lock based canal. And finally Teddy Roosevelt, Mr. Rough

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Speaker 1: Rider himself steps up and says, here's the word. It's

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Speaker 1: going to be lock based. And that was that. And

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Speaker 1: with the sea level canal, basically what you do is

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Speaker 1: smashed through the terrain to make it what you want

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Speaker 1: to be, so everything is just flat across. But unfortunately,

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Speaker 1: in a place like Panama we were talking about the

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Speaker 1: mountain ranges and stuff, it is a little more difficult.

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Speaker 1: So they decided on locks, which basically the ship goes

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Speaker 1: into an open lock. There's a good diagram of this

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Speaker 1: and Sarah Dowdy's article on the website if you'd like

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Speaker 1: to see it. And then they close it up and

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Speaker 1: they either raise or lower the water level depending on

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Speaker 1: what the next little stretch of water is like there

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Speaker 1: are three different locks in the Panama Canal and it

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Speaker 1: starts at the cartoon locks. I'm sorry if I'm not

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Speaker 1: pronouncing that right, which lifts a ship eighty five feet,

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Speaker 1: and then the next lock, which is about eight miles later,

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Speaker 1: they lower the ship's thirty feet, and then the next

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Speaker 1: one they get returned to sea level. So incorporating the

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Speaker 1: lock based design into the plans for the Panama Canal

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Speaker 1: meant that despite advance smith and steam technology, and despite

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Speaker 1: having dynamite on hand, crews were not going to have

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Speaker 1: to burst through the terrain necessarily. They were going to

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Speaker 1: dam a river to create a gatoon lake, and then

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Speaker 1: they were going to send ships over the mountains instead

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Speaker 1: of through them. So it seemed like a pretty logical plan.

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Speaker 1: As these plans are coming together and converging on paper

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Speaker 1: and in blueprint, there's another ugly problem still rearing its head,

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Speaker 1: and that's yellow fever in the canal zone. So in

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Speaker 1: steps Colonel William Gorgons and his sanitation campaign that was

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Speaker 1: designed to stamp out all traces of mosquitoes, malaria and

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Speaker 1: yellow fever. And you have to realize that at this time,

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Speaker 1: no one knew what caused things like malaria. They thought

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Speaker 1: it was bad air or bad morals, or bad morals,

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Speaker 1: So we're sorry if it's your own fault that you're sick.

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Speaker 1: And it wasn't until the late eighteen hundreds that Alphonse

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Speaker 1: Lavran discovered that it was a parasite that caused malaria,

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Speaker 1: and then not until later than that that an army

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Speaker 1: surgeon named Ronald Ross discovered that it had something to

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Speaker 1: do with mosquitoes. It was estimated at the time that

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Speaker 1: one sixth of the population in just one city and

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Speaker 1: the Panama Ismus suffered from malaria every single year, and

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Speaker 1: it's still a problem today. Some five hundred million people

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Speaker 1: come down with malaria every year and it kills at

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Speaker 1: least a million. But they needed an attack plan against malaria,

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Speaker 1: and according to the CDC, they came up with a

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Speaker 1: few different ways of attacking and one was drainage. So

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Speaker 1: they drained all the pools near villages, which was actually

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Speaker 1: really good because mosquito's love stay at the water. Yes,

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Speaker 1: it's their favorite thing. They cut brush and grass, they

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Speaker 1: poured oil on near ponds to get rid of all

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Speaker 1: the mosquito larva. Um They found larva side, they gave

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Speaker 1: everyone quinine as a preventative. They put screens everywhere, and

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Speaker 1: then they killed as many adult mosquitoes as they could find.

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Speaker 1: They actually hired people to collect and to kill them.

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Speaker 1: And the death rate from malaria dropped from eleven point

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Speaker 1: five nine per one thousand people in November nineteen o

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Speaker 1: six to one point to three per one thousand people

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Speaker 1: in December nineteen o nine. So that is a pretty

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Speaker 1: insanely wonderful change. Let's take just a second now to

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Speaker 1: pause and think our sponsor, audible dot com. If you

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Speaker 1: go to audible podcast dot com slash history stuff, you

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Speaker 1: can get a free download. And if you're interested in

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Speaker 1: what you've been hearing about the Panama Canal, malaria and

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Speaker 1: yellow fever, you may be interested in this book by

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Speaker 1: Julie Green, The Canal Builders, Making America's Empire at the

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Speaker 1: PanAm All Canal or Panama Fever by Matthew Parker. And

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Speaker 1: again that's a free download of an audiobook when you

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Speaker 1: go to audible podcast dot com slash history Stuff. Okay,

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Speaker 1: so back to the story and the huge scope of

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Speaker 1: this project. You know, you think about undertaking a project

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Speaker 1: at home, Maybe you're painting your living room and you

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Speaker 1: have to clean the walls, and then you prime at

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Speaker 1: first and all that's happening. And know not that I'm

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Speaker 1: undergoing renovations, but to think that that's sort of preparation

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Speaker 1: takes time before you can undergo your real project. And

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Speaker 1: the whole time you have your eyes on the prize,

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Speaker 1: knowing that you're um, you're employing people and it's costing

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Speaker 1: you time and money. And to think about the kind

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Speaker 1: of time it takes to get this disease and these

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Speaker 1: parasites under control before you can move in and start working.

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Speaker 1: And the United States is, you know, under pressure because

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Speaker 1: of the shady dealings with Columbia and Panama, and that

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Speaker 1: because the French had lagged so far behind in their efforts.

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Speaker 1: I'm sure that the eyes of the world were on

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Speaker 1: the United States, wondering what exactly they were doing and

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Speaker 1: if they were going to be successful, where the French

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Speaker 1: were not so, but the eyes of the world upon

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Speaker 1: them and a lot of pressure too. They did eventually

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Speaker 1: um prevail, and they had the most trouble when they

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Speaker 1: were cutting through the Continental Divide. They moved ninety six

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Speaker 1: million cubic yards of dirt and rock and Finally, on

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Speaker 1: January seventh, nineteen fourteen, a crane called the Alexander La

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Speaker 1: Valley went through the canal, but the first time, the

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Speaker 1: first vessel to pass through, and the grand opening of

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Speaker 1: the canal was delayed for a little while another eight months,

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Speaker 1: and the celebrations were sobered about the start of World

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Speaker 1: War One. But what a huge achievement. And there were

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Speaker 1: nearly four hundred million dollars in costs that weren't recovered

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Speaker 1: until the nineteen fifties, a huge expenditure. And if you've

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Speaker 1: been wondering and feeling a little bit uneasy about the

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Speaker 1: the dealings with Panama, you will be happy to know

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Speaker 1: that that situation was rectified too. In nineteen seventy nine,

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Speaker 1: Jimmy Carter signed a treaty saying that for the next

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Speaker 1: twenty years, the US and the Republic of Panama would

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Speaker 1: share control of the Panama Canal, and in the Republic

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Speaker 1: of Panama got to canal back. And so today the

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Speaker 1: canal is not as young and sprightly as it once was,

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Speaker 1: but Panamas in the process of adding a third lane

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Speaker 1: to it and building some larger locks to help non

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Speaker 1: Panamax ships passed through and Panamax ship is one that

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Speaker 1: saw us to fit through the canal. So you see

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Speaker 1: thwarting the nasty, dastardly efforts of Mosquito's paid off in

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Speaker 1: the end for worldwide commerce. By the end of two

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Speaker 1: thousand six, ninety three thousand, forty two vessels had gone

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Speaker 1: through the Panama Canal in Cape porn cries every day indeed,

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Speaker 1: stuff you missed in History Class Blog when you check

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Speaker 1: out the homepage at how stuff works dot com. For

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Speaker 1: Send an email to podcast at how stuff works dot

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